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    Владан Миладиновић
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    Byzantine Icon Painting

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    THE HAND OF ANGELOS MARIA VASSILAKI

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    Byzantine Icon Painting

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    14 views259 pages

    The Hand of Angelos Maria Vassilaki

    Uploaded by

    Владан Миладиновић
    Byzantine Icon Painting

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 259
    THE HAND OF ANGELOS AN ICON PAINTER UNAS a Olt oa a ‘| CIP Ardens Edited by Maria Vassilaki re en en ea eee dramaticclly changed the geographical, politcal and oni ee cc ‘many shits daring tis time of flax was the switch of Ave eer teeeeetenrner ts sy apital ofthe Byzantine Empire, to Candia, the capital Exploringthelifeand work of Angelos Akotantos, th eee erent ener ene r aeer te hints Seren discussion, the authors all experts in their fields, cover a range of themes including the contrastin ee see cna) ne ote eee nea tani en a ese ren ithin ths contextual framework, Angelos Ako ides he focus for this unique book, Due tthe tee een ene tet) Sees aetna! ea ete ee eee ec een een isee tet eet steer mer eee eee ay Sees foeteren snr en TS ert ierer: eee eee ee ee a ee Including over eighty colour reproduct Se eee a Sone eet este ree eer ectrums of readers. Thisis an indispensable resource een The Hand of Angelos ey, X¢lP Arles EDITED BY MARIA VASSILAKI The Hand of Angelos an Icon Painter in Venetian Crete LUND HUMPHRIES. IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE BENAKI MUSEUM, ATHENS Fst published in 2010 by Lund Humphries inasoviation with The Benski Museum, Athens and Humphries ‘Way Court East Uso Road and Hampi Stte430 to Cherry Steet Batingion vrosaoinssos ‘smylundumphriescom {and Humphries spur of Achate Publishing The Hand of Angelos © The Benakt Museum 2010 [ish Library Cataloging ableton Data: “Tehand of Angeor:an cna pantera Venetian Cet. 1. Akotantos, Angelos, tee 2c plating Grecce-Ciete History 1 Vasil Maria I Loa, Angell I Akan Angelos, stheent 7s99'a95-dea2 vy (Engle 978-1 84822 064-5 ten (Engh paperinc978:950476-0749 tan (Grepaperback) 978-960-476070-1 Urry of Congress Contre Number: 2010926124 Mara Vas the Hts of Angel Laon, Cryssa aitezou, Davi Jacoby Robin Cormack. Maria Karan [appa and Nano Chatidkishaveasserted heights under the Copyright, Desgns and Patents Act, 1985 tobe ‘entifed athe Author ofthis Work “Tis publication was financed the A. Levens Prundation ‘Argh reserved. No part ofthis pubstion may be ‘produced sored ina etseral system or rast in ‘ny form orb any means letra mechanical oc ‘ervas, without fis secking the permission ofthe “copyright owners andthe pliaher. ited by Abigail Grater Besigned by Nigel Spee tin Minion and Myrna Printed in Slovenia seas QB moss Publish on the ocason ofthe exibition “The Hand of Angels An con Panter in Venetian Creké ena Museu, ens November 2010-32 January 2031 Exhibition curator Mara Vass Exhibition ongisation Panore Benton Vash Dimitoposlow rent Pikoult xtion designers Angelos Vasseoa ovtasMavrsalis ‘Tranlton fom Gresko English: Ale Doumas ‘Tanlton fom Engl to Gree: Maria Daman Sponsarstathe Exhibition ‘he AG, Leventis Foundation "anspotation: Aegean Aishnes Accommodstion: Amalia Hels eer) AMALIA HOTELS Contents Preface 6 AIMILIAYEROULANOU. (PFESIENTOFTHESENAW MUSEUM BOARD or rusts) Sponso’s Preface 7 Acknowledgments § Introduction 9 IMARIAYASSILAK) Scientific Committee 12 Lender: to the Exhibit Contributors tothe Catalogue 13 PARTI: AROUND 1400: HISTORICAL REALITY, ARTISTIC CONDITIONS 1 Before the Fall: Political and Economic Conditions in Constantinople in the Fifteenth Century 15 ANGELIKILAIOU 2 ‘The History of Crete during the Fifteenth Century on the Basis, of Archival Documents. 26 CHRYSSA MALTEZOU 3 Candia between Venice, Byzantium and the Levant ‘The Rise ofa Major Emporium tothe Mid-Fifteenth Century 38 DAVIDJACOBY 4 ‘The Icon in Constantinople around 140048 ROBIN CORMACK A From Constantinople to Candia: Icon Painting around 1400 58 MARIA VASSILAKI CATALOGUETO PARTI 6s PART ll: THE PAINTING OF ANGELOS 6 ‘The Will of Angelos Akotantos xo MARIA KAZANAKHLAPFA, Z. ‘The Artof Angelos 774 MARLAVASSILAKI 8 ‘The Legacy of Angelos 126 NANO CHATZIDAKIS CATALOGUETO PARTI 724 Glossary 232 Bibliography 225 Index 249 Picture Credits 255 Preface Ts 1DEA OF organisingan exhibition onthe iteenth-century Cretan painter Angelos Akotantos was first discussed with ‘Maria Vassilat in 2006, This painter is well known tothe Benaki ‘Museum, both through works by him, such as St George on horseback iling the dragon, which rein its permanent cllections, sundthrough the exhibition Tcons ofthe Cretan School: 15th-16th century which the Museu organised in 1983 and in which the ‘workorthe painter Angeloshad been worthlly represented. ‘Organizing an exhibition ona fteenth-century painter such a5 Angelos Akotantosisan exiting project. project that takes on impressive dimensions ifwe consider the large mamber ficonscar "ying the signature XETP ATTEAOY (Hand of Angelos), wells theiany moreicons that are attributed tohim. Al hese works are githered together fr the fint time in the Benali Museum exhib ton. in an endeavour to evaluate the punters oeuvre asa wholeand to eahance the place of Late Byzantine painting inthe couse of| ropes art ‘An exhibition dedicated fo Angelos and curated by Professor ‘Mala Vass, who as weal know has devoted larg partofher schelary life to studying thispatcular painters guaranteed to be «success, But this success also linked inextricably withthe ‘uniqueness ofthe exhibited works {wish to thank al hose institutions which responded ent siastically to our request forthe Joan of their superb works: the Byrantine and Christian Museum, the Canellopoulos Museum, the Holy Monasteries oft Jon the Theologian and ofthe Annunci- tion on Patmos, the Holy Archbishapric of Crete, the Holy Metropolis of Paros and Naxos, the Holy Metropolis of Syros and mary athersto which theres detailed reference in the appropriate placin the catalogue. express my special thanks tothe Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew for permitting the precious con ofthe ‘Virgin Pafslype to come to Athens, Warm thanks are de also to ‘the collectors Marianna Lats, Costas Krimbas, Costas and Christos (Carras the G, Andreadis family and the C, Zymari family, who made thelr Important works available to us forthe needs ofthis exhibition “Theexhibition owes a grat deal tothe A.C. Levent Founda tion, which responded with generosity and sponsored publication ‘ofthe catalogue, in Greekandin English Itakethis opportunity of| ‘thanking them mos sincerely. Aegean Aisines sponsored the high Ikisclese fom ths brief review of the history of (Crete during the fifteonh century that, unt the Pall of Constantinople tothe Turks, the Cretans continued ‘olive inthe orbit ofthe Constantinopolitan sphere ofnfluence, even though their island had been a ‘Venetian possession already forsometwoand a hal centuries, The Cretang'ieological rientaton was to be disengaged progressively from the notional mvardianship ofthe Byzantine Empire In the face of the new demands of the times and of the new status _quoresuting from the changein teblance of power in the Mediterranean, the Cretans quickly realised that thei chief enemy was the Turk and thatthe ‘Ottomans pose a threat tothe entire region. Even, though the memory of Byzantium was eve vital in thelr minds they were fully aware that Venice was ‘cay and ableta play leading role in military oper- ations to stem the tide of Ottoman expansionism. So, under the banner of St Mark, thelocal population elt protected agains external threats, and free of preju: dices twas to suceeed in merging the innovating messages ofthe West with the values ofthe centuries Jong Byzantine tradition. Asthe oppositions between the two ethnie groups were moderated and erased cover the years, Cretansand Venetians were to engage {na fertile cultural conversation which, in the subse quent centuries, was to leave its imprint on super’ ‘monuments ofart and literature = CL Meas 98h 3-20. 2 Fores Ttevatee Meo 98, Pathe tine Maat 38 4 Mike 1988 pp 39-4. ‘Theres tte vay ofetrbare esnltinhecrrct ote tay asco deena (as8-S9: ASV. Niel Ca, hes «6 Scaler tla te plea ihe cara ent bd Crt, secret sade perth by Thansin whic reac ach ‘uogaey inthe alee voine Anan ook 7 Sefsenamle murah fet des the enh cena feng ae ‘merchant ad sks (pl pdr, ‘ep eos srg whe arene Ines Ioana Ted ed i, anc Bala Son eV, al er acl (ASV. Asal Can 9, aneac Copel 8) fuses Tero, es S.A Cond, ba Gabi Cate £25), eo Teen Peto de SpapaaSV, Natale anti ie, bare Doaa.tsn. 1 ASN tld Cand a5 Gri Candai, segs ame Maker 1536 Maen 9 pg 1 Forthemseae ac of he yamine nd dite Vneanston inept om theo thetreenh etary esky 208 5-77 12 ASNdrii Bead baa 1) For pugs efrsta sont te PAlopornee and peti eth Heron Toes ner .and Venice poly ove yan inh pee Zain 975 and se 1969 99301-3 14 Forte pls fly seeing Mace 98 p78 15 ASV Canario Na ssa, Teblede Mandl se, 6 Fort bd th Geek Caner of SNichsin Venice 498s Mero yp P36 27 AS, Cnr fio pre, rupert ers 484 deca it Sepenberaan 28 Joy 02a gp Fr he ly seas ‘Mauch. 99.p9 77-8. 19 coy som ph Maen ote pn ‘oh coleco bogrpy, 20 See ASV Canals rep 86), 165 (a3 Mrc where teen tothe pro amy arte aye seer Mace 998 pp 7 2 Malev 9298 22 Manse 960h pK 23 Jay atom, 24 ASY, Conia gers.) rast yus 1436-7 (alo de Manes document date 9 Spo tse 25 ForNiclishlarthrpencrsee tapas s96h p37. an; Catapan 97,9294 na Consett ier 25-70 Const Kons ton gps3-s 28 Manoumaias1960- Sp 94:93 Panwopenosnucneniondathesercet ‘sa pset erntioagh esate wth the hone pipes Manoa 960-5 pg 27 Camlab og 1268, 28 Crap 9729238 > Constitutes 90, 98 26 Manosihs so. pp 6 08 Conte Koni. 1 Cmts resis pay ‘Cosa dats he peer 75 ices ttn the tine Pipes vmstorkngia Venice waraot eave 4 AS, Conan repr ah fale sesomn 3 Neo 995.79 278-85 Mensa 5. 1 Fors Gree rating thee pe, Br 5 Maton ah p34 SA Sean 8 1 Pablcion ote Manus 960-68, tsa Forte pce, Vat Naa {pthspraye 9: Ve 209.74 Ya 8 Vara 290.973 59 Malian 98, pas here teiaconcaty veten Calories of aoveedpa. 4 AS Sud Candia ary apr.) Secretion nthe wall own it Hoare pd Sent aay pals ond by Catapan 929.0545 48 Catipan sors pana. doen 43 Capen 368 a. 4s Mahou a "ASV, Nita init bay (p27, ‘Gebel 45 Formic in Crests Pangionlt 586 po sipere Minkonnnon pa. 46 These abe sid ony Manohar 6a p87 Sra Maapealos 208 981-8 4 Meour2009 0246-7 {8 Manos 1960-61716 oe he poss theypotentha ak tne Ines mostra ents he pscy ofthe Paasche ine tootigthe opaoonle. sp ASN. Nad Cana bas. gies "Tas 36 Thenoaralatarbeen bled Gancho sto py 280-3 56 ASN, Nal Cand 15, Ke Grade, tio 5: ASN, tld Cand 5 Nea Geng fase 5 ASN, Nal Cand. Gaprna Ca, fsa. 5 braids stem ols rc ‘ispapyaneelewsofCeo Tens 1998p 54 AS Noted Condi ay fpr.) 2, Fatheryrgogos se Ganpipotoa 55 AS Nid Gain aap 7.48 1 ASV. Abia Gandia bs (pant fo Famine Pilon nerfs, ‘simian ean ath Cin ‘he pr lore th Fae Caetctinple {ASW Now Con 379 penn ce ‘43 Din perp eid whe Consacnnepolian merchant asme swhossmentenesin 47a asst ‘the Veneta icone Bow: Bade 958, iS Ey 59 The chi i cenonedin theo hres n Cao publ nGala938, pdtotte nia 58 Forthertnary nore of sn see 59 ASN, Sena Mar ep, 3862) (6 Abeipinngy Trish tad tached and pig nay lagen Sin her ysis 3. Candia between Venice, Byzantium and the Levant: the Rise of a Major Emporium to the Mid-Fifteenth Century DAVID JACOBY NANDA, called Candia by westerners or Latins (presently Trlion), was the largest city and the major port of Byzantine Crete bythe early thirtenth century. Not sprisngy therefor it was the frst poston captured by Venicoin thesland and the last one relingushed tothe Ottomans after more than four anda balfcenturies (1207-1669). Candis Impressive economic, demographic and urban growth fom a small Byzantine provincial port toa ‘major Mediterranean emporium, achieved bythe fist half the teenth century, was decisively promoted by Venice’ rule over Crete (figs 7,8). More specit- cally this growth was furthered by the citys mple (nctionsas administrative, conomicend naval cen- tne of Crete the conjunction of which attracted Immigrants and generated urban expansion. ‘After occupying Candia in 1307, Venice turned the city into the administrative cente from which it ‘was to rule over Crete In 1212 itsont tothe slanda small contingent ofits cltzens, followed by others In ia2a, 1233 and 1252 in order to extend and strengthen its hold over the population. Most of these Venetian setlrs were cach avarded a house ‘1 Candia and land in the cit’ rural hinterland in ‘turn for miltry service. Te rst wave of mltary setlersincluded merchants who, shortyaler thelr arrival, invested or engaged in trade, the export of local commoditos and maritime ventures Inaddi- tion to state-sponsored immigration and settlement there was a spontaneous inflax of larger number ‘of Venetians another Latin foreigners, who mostly setledin Candia. The Venetian government encour aged this movement and the establishient of Latin cclesiasical institutions in order to consolidate its rile over the Greeks of Byzantine Orthodox faith, who nevertheless remained the vast majority of Crete’ and Candis inhabitants throughout the ‘Venetian period! A small numberof Jers consti- tuted the third component of the population. Candis economy was boosted bythe transition from Byzantine to Venetian rule, This development ‘vas rly furthered by changes inthe operation of the Cretan economy. Byzantine, Venetian and ‘Genoese merchants had been involved from the eleventh century onwards in the export of the island’ agricultural produce, including to distant Constantinople, Alexandria, Venice and Genoa. ‘The abolition of Byzantine state conteol over trade in Crete, and the transfer of most landed resources ‘ofthe island to the Latins inthe wake ofthe Venetian conquest, ciltated direct acess to local producers and the introduction of western trading practices by travelling and settled merchants. Demographic {growth especially in Candia, and inreasing western ©_100 200_ 0 00 u 97 Gndiannenwerket imainetzseintneesiy were tee “terrenean 5, yea | orn - a wR, | re < Bile er] demand provided a powerful stimulus forthe wide spread use of credit and investments of capital and labour to promote the market-oriented and espe- cially the export-oriented production of grain, cheese and wine. Latin and Greek landholders and Latin, Gree and fewish merchants, aswell a the Greek peasantry of theislan, readily responded to market incentives. The conjunction ofthese factors ‘generated a shift in the orientation ofthe Cretan economy Instead of being mainly geared towards ‘Constantinople andthe internal Byzantine market, as before 1204, it was rapidly intersted within the Venetian commercial and maritime networks ofthe astern Mediterranean. ‘Candia role asthe major Cretan macet was pi marily supported by its fuel large population and the operation ofits harbour Itwas asther enhanced by strong and pervasive state intervention. Fiscal expediency prompted Venice to impose the chan nelling ofall commercialised rural products to ‘urban markets, egardless oftheir ulimate destina- tion, in orderto supervise and tax ther sale? Grain . peer eis _ rae Caran thbeging joke buendelnort iermioamarpela rorrce Bes codPuaaoeatin, ‘was of major importance in that context. Asay as 121, when the first Venetian military setlers left for Crete, the Venetian authorities subjected the Island’ grain exports to state control in order to ensure Veniee’ supply inthis commodity. Later in the thirteenth century they imposed on the Latin military settlers and the Greek archontes of the Island the yearly delivery of wheat quotas, which they undertook to buy atstae-regulated prices determined each year according to the anticipated yield. There was also a free grain trade, although, exports in that framework were also controlled by thestate The quality stozage (especialy in Candia) and shippingof grain to Venice or other destinations ‘were strictly supervised as illustrated in 1394, 1403, 1414, 1420 and 1429, Candia shared the export of grain with Canea (presently Chania) in western (Grete, which served as outlet forthe large produc: ‘ion ofits own hinterland ‘Candia also shared with other locations the ‘export of cheese, produced in several regions of (Crete. Sitia and Rethymno, located respectively east and west of Candia served as major outlets fo ship- ments to Cyprus and ports along the coastline ‘extending from southern Aska Minor to Alesandeia In 1367 the Greek shipowner Costa Viisma loaded atsit small vessel sailing to Cyprus. Between 1393 and 14029 Jewish merchant of Rethymno handled more ‘more than 20 metric tons of cheese on his than 100 metric tons of cheese, clearly for export. However, large quantities of cheese produced inthe regions of Siti and Rethymno, Candia own hiner land and the cit itself were concentrated in Candia in order to be shipped to Constantinople and Venice. The export of cheese from Candia to Venice and Famagusta is confirmed by a Venetian trade ‘manual compiled in the second half ofthe four teenth or early fifteenth century? Sx galleys were

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