Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IS 6461 (Part – VII) 1973 defines workability as that property of freshly mixed
concrete or mortar which determine the ease and homogeneity with which it can
be mixed, placed, compacted and finished.
Stability: Mix should not segregate during transportation and placing when it is
subjected to forces during handling operation.
• Workability: ease with which concrete can be moved and placed in forms
without segregation;
• Consistency: degree of wetness of concrete. Means how much wet the
concrete is.
• Consistency cannot measure workability but it can give indication of
workability of concrete.
• It is often said that increasing water increases workability of the concrete.
However, this is not always true. Increasing water or degree of wetness
doesn’t always increases the workability. If water is increased then there
are greater chances of segregation.
Degree of workability
Factors Affecting Workability
• Water Content
• Mix Proportions
• Size of Aggregates
• Shape of Aggregates
• Surface Texture of Aggregate
• Grading of Aggregate
• Use of Admixtures
• Time
• Temperature
Water Content:
• Water is lubricant for fresh concrete;
• concrete with lower a/c ratio, more paste is available to make the
mix cohesive and fatty to give better workability.
Size of Aggregate:
• The bigger the size of the aggregate, the less is the surface area
and hence less amount of water is required for wetting the surface
and less paste is required for lubricating the surface to reduce
internal friction.
Manual
Semi automatic
Fully automatic
Bulk density of materials
• Cement: 1.428 kg/lit;
• F.A. : 1.5 kg/lit;
• C.A. : 1.6 kg/lit
Mixing
(i ) Hand mixing
(ii )Machine mixing
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Compacting Concrete
EXTERNAL VIBRATION
Screeding:
The Mechanical Screed:
Concrete is screeded TWICE.
The first screed levels the concrete roughly and compacts it.
The second screed levels and compacts the concrete more.
The screed is pulled along the top of the forms by two workers.
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Compacting Concrete
INTERNAL VIBRATION
is done with a mechanical vibrator or poker vibrator.
The POKER is put into concrete and vibrates it from the inside.
Method of internal vibrations:
Make sure there are enough workers so some can compact while
others continue to place.
Put the poker into the concrete QUICKLY.
Take the poker out very SLOWLY otherwise a hole, or weak spot, may
be left in the concrete
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Compacting Concrete
INTERNAL VIBRATION
• The SIZE of the poker determines how much concrete is vibrated at one
time.
• The area vibrated at one time is called the RADIUS OF ACTION.
• This can be seen by over what radius air bubbles rise to the surface.
• The radius of action will be greater with a LARGER poker and more-
workable concrete.
• Always compact in a definite pattern so the radius of action overlaps and
covers the whole area of the concrete.
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Compacting Concrete
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Taking the poker out TOO QUICKLY will leave a hole in
the concrete.
2. To close the hole, vibrate near the hole and take the
poker out VERY SLOWLY.
3. NEVER touch the form face with the poker as it can
damage the formwork and the concrete.
4. NEVER touch the reinforcement with the poker.
5. NEVER spread or move concrete sideways with the
poker, always use a shovel.
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Compacting Concrete
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