Subject - Biology
Topic – Classification
Std - VII
ARYA VIDYA MANDIR GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Classification means grouping organisms
together on the basis of certain common
features.
It is an universal system of arranging living
organisms into groups based on similarities and
differences.
Advantages of Classification:
The characters of all members of a group can be studied by studying only the
characters of a few members.
Classification makes the study systematic.
It helps in identifying different organisms and placing them into particular groups.
It also gives us an idea about the evolution of organisms from simpler to more
complex organisms.
Originally there were only two kingdoms of living organisms - Plants (Kingdom Plantae) and Animals
(Kingdom Animalia).
KINGDOM MONERA
Characteristics:
They are microscopic, unicellular and
visible only under high powered light
microscope.
They are heterotrophs but some perform
photosynthesis.
They are prokaryotic as nucleus is not
enclosed in the nuclear membrane.
Example - bacteria and blue-green algae.
Bacteria are the smallest and simplest
organisms found living in air, water ,soil and
also in the bodies of humans, plants and
animals.
There are 3 basic types of bacteria,
depending on their shapes:
1. Coccus : Spherical or ovoid shaped
bacteria. Eg. Streptococcus pneumonia.
2. Bacillus: Rod shaped bacteria.They
may occur singly or in two’s or three’s,
joined end to end in long chains. Eg.
Clostridium botulinum, Escherichia coli
,lactobacillus
3. Spirillum: These are spiral shaped. Eg -
Leptospira species.
Kingdom Protista
Characteristics:
Unicellular organisms except bacteria
Nucleus bound by nuclear membrane
(eukaryotic)
Some are plant-like with one or more
chloroplast. Eg Euglena and Diatom
Some are animal-like and do not make
their own food. They are called Protozoa.
Eg. Amoeba and Paramecium
Amoeba - Structure of Amoeba
https://youtu.be/mv6Ehv06mXY
Unicellular animals. They can be seen only under microscope.
Irregular shape body.Body covered with cell membrane
Prominent nucleus in the centre surrounded by cytoplasm.
KINGDOM FUNGI
Characteristics:
Fungi grow on our food, bread, fruit, soil and even on leather and bark of
trees.
They are eukaryotes with a true nucleus.
They are unicellular, multicellular or filamentous.
Fungi are highly evolved compared to bacteria.
They have no chlorophyll. Mode of nutrition is saprophytic nourishment from
dead and decaying organic matter.
Respiration is aerobic .
Most common fungi are – Moulds, Mushrooms,Yeast, Mildews.
Structure of Mould: The scientific name for common bread mould is Rhizopus stolonifer.They are
multicellular fungi.They are usually black or dark in colour.They thrive in moisture, warm and humid
climate.They have branching thread like structures called hyphae. A network of hyphae is called
mycelium.The hyphae secrete enzymes which digest the food and absorb it.The swollen tip is called
sporangium and contains spores. When the sporangium bursts open, the spores are dispersed into
the air. When they land on a suitable substratum, each can grow to form a new mycelium.
https://youtu.be/dM_g_p4h6CM
Kingdom Animalia:
-Organisms belonging to this kingdom
are heterotrophic in nature.
-Most animals move from one place to
another and in search of food or shelter.
Such a movement is called locomotion.
-Depending on the presence of absence
of backbone, animals are broadly
classified into:
A) Invertebrates (animals without
backbone)
B) Vertebrates (animals with backbone)
A) Invertebrates are further divided into eight groups or phyla.
(i) Phylum Porifera (pore-bearing
animals)
-Mostly found in sea, very few occur in
fresh water. These are fixed to some
object or to the bottom of the pond or
ocean.
-Body is porous as they bear many tiny
pores to draw water into the body
cavity and one large pore to pass it out.
Examples: Sponges like Sycon, Cliona
(ii) Phylum Cnidaria or Coelenterata (hollow
sac-like animals)
-They are aquatic animals with a sac-like body
with only one opening or mouth.
-Mouth is surrounded by finger-like projections
called tentacles for catching food and swimming.
Examples: Jellyfish, Hydra
(iii) Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
-Body is thin and flattened.
-Mostly live as parasites in the bodies of other
animals called hosts.
Examples: Tapeworm, Liverfluke
(iv) Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
-Body is rounded and unsegmented.
-Except for a few, most are minute organisms that
mostly live as parasites in the bodies of animals
and humans.
Examples: Ascaris, Hookworms
(v) Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
-Body composed of rings or segments.
-They have a soft, moist body wall through
which they breathe.
Examples: Earthworm, Leech
(vi) Phylum Arthropoda
-Body is divided into three regions - head,
thorax and abdomen. In most cases, the body
is covered by tough covering of chitin.
-Body has jointed legs.
Examples: Crab, Butterfly
(vii) Phylum Mollusca (soft-bodied
shelled animals)
-Soft body which is not segmented and
body enclosed in a hard shell.
-Move with the help of muscular foot.
Examples: Snail, Octopus
(viii) Phylum Echinodermata
(spiny-skinned animals)
-Body is rough and spiny.
-They are mainly marine and move with
the help of tube feet.
Examples: Starfish, Sea urchin
B) Vertebrates or
Phylum Chordata
are animals with a
backbone that are
classified into five
groups or classes.
