FIBONACCI SEQUENCE FORMULA

𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛−2 + 𝐹𝑛−1 CONJUNCTION (and)

Where F1 = 1, F2 = 1 for n > 2 p q pΛq
Example: 1 1 1
𝐹5 = 𝐹5−2 + 𝐹5−1 1 0 0
0 1 0
= 𝐹3+𝐹4 0 0 0
=2+3 CONDITIONAL (if…then)
𝐹5 = 5 p q p→q
1 1 1
BINET FORMULA 1 0 0
𝑛 0 1 1
𝑓𝑛 =
( 1+ 5
2 )−( 1− 5
2 ) 0 0 1
√5
BICONDITIONAL (if and only if)
Example: Find the 10th term of Fibonacci p q p↔q
Sequence
1 1 1
𝑛 10

𝑓𝑛 =
( 1+ 5
2 )−( 1− 5
2 ) =
( 1+ 5
2 )−( 1− 5
2 ) = 55
1 0 0
√5 √5 0 1 0
Therefore, the 10th term of the Fibonacci 0 0 1
sequence is 55.
SETS
EMPTY SET OR NULL SET. {} or Ø
PROPOSITION. UNIVERSAL SET. U
p q COMPLEMENT OF A SET. ‘
1 1 SUBSET. ⊆
1 0 NOT EQUAL. ≠
0 1 EQUIVALENT. ≅
0 0 INTERSECTION. Ո
NEGATION (not) UNION. U
p ~p q ~q DIFFERENCE. /
1 0 1 0 CARTESIAN PRODUCT. X
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 CENTRAL TENDENCY OF UNGROUPED
0 1 0 1 DATA
DISJUNCTION (or) Mean
p q pVq ∑𝑥
1 1 1 Wherein; ∑x is the summation of all
𝑁
1 0 1 numbers and N is the total number of items
0 1 1
Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
0 0 0
∑𝑥 1+2+3+4+5 15 𝑁

𝑁
= 5
= 5
=3 2

Then look at <cf

Median
( )
𝑁
2
−<𝑐𝑓
- numbers must be listed in numerical 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿𝐵𝑚𝑐 + 𝐹𝑚𝑐
𝑖
order from smallest to largest, then
locate the middle value Where:
- When the total number is odd, locate
the middle value. But when it’s even, LBmc = lower boundary of median
locate the two middle values. Add class
then divide by 2. N/2 = median class
<cf = less than cumulative frequency
Example: 13, 32, 24, 35, 26, 19, 21
of the lower class of median class
13, 19, 21, 24, 26, 32, 35 Fmc = frequency of the median class
Median: 24 I = interval
Mode
Mode
- number that occurs most often.
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝐿𝐵𝑚𝑜𝑐 + ( ) 𝑑1
𝑑1+𝑑2
𝑖

Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8 Where:
Mode: 7
LBmoc = lower boundary of modal
class
CENTRAL TENDENCY OF GROUPED
𝑑1 = difference between high
DATA
To find the number of Classes. frequency and frequency of the
𝑘
lower class next to modal class
2 ≥𝑁 𝑑2 = difference between high
To get the Interval. frequency and frequency of the
upper class next to modal class
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝐻𝑉−𝐿𝑉
𝑖= 𝑘
= 𝑘 i = interval

Where: Example: 11, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
HV = Highest Value 19, 20, 21, 21, 22, 22, 23, 23, 24, 24, 25,
26, 26, 27, 28, 30
LV = Lowest Value
k = number of classes Step 1. Find the number of Classes.
𝑘
Mean 2 ≥𝑁
Σ𝑓𝑥 𝑘
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑁
2 ≥ 25
5
Where: 2 ≥ 25
Σfx = summation of product of
frequency and midpoint 32 ≥ 25
N = total number of frequency
k=5

Median Step 2. Get the interval.

To locate median class.
𝑖=
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
=
𝐻𝑉−𝐿𝑉
=
30−11
= 3.8 ≈ 4 WEIGHTED MEAN, RANGE, VARIANCE,
𝑘 𝑘 5
STANDARD DEVIATION AND
DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE

Step 3. Complete the table Weighted Mean

∑𝑓𝑤
𝑊𝑥 = 𝑛

Where: W𝑥 = Weighted mean

Σ = Summation, sum of
f = frequencies to the given
Step 4. Solve for the Central Tendency
w = weights
Σ𝑓𝑥 508.5
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑁
= 25
= 20.34 n = total number of respondents
𝑁 25 To find the mean (𝑥)
Median Class = 2
= 2
= 12.5 then look at
Σ𝑓
<cf 𝑥= 𝑛

Example:

∑𝑓𝑥 ∑(7𝑥4)+(9𝑥3)+(11𝑥2)+(3𝑥1)
80
𝑊𝑥 = = = 30 =2.67
( )
𝑁
2
−<𝑐𝑓 𝑛 7+9+11+1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿𝐵𝑚𝑐 + 𝐹𝑚𝑐
𝑖
Range
= 18. 5 + ( 12.5−9
6 )4 = 18. 5 + ( )4 3.5
6 - Highest value subtracted by the
Lowest value.
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 20.83
Variance
2
Σ(𝑋−𝑥)
𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑛−1

Where: n = number of observation

X = score of value
𝑥 = mean
𝑑1 = 7 -6 = 1 𝑑2 = 7 - 3 = 4

𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝐿𝐵𝑚𝑜𝑐 + ( ) 𝑑1
𝑑1+𝑑2
𝑖 = 22.5 + ( )4
1
1+4

𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 23.3
 Σ(𝑋−𝑥)
2
124.8334 r = 5% or 0.05
𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 24.9667
𝑛−1 6−1 t = 4 years
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡 = (1,000,000)(0.05)(4) = 200,000
Accumulated/Future Value
Standard Deviation 𝐴=𝑃+𝐼
2
Σ(𝑋−𝑥)
𝑆𝐷 = Present Value
𝑛−1
𝑃=𝐴−𝐼
Where: SD = standard deviation
n = number of observation Accumulated Value under Simple
Interest
X = score of value
𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟𝑡)
𝑥 = mean
Example: *See data on previous example Accumulated Value under Compound
2 Interest
Σ(𝑋−𝑥) 124.8334
𝑆𝐷 = 𝑛−1
= 6−1
= 4.9967 𝑟 𝑛𝑡
𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑛
)
Slovin’s formula
𝑁
Example: Kelly invested ₱75,000 in a
𝑛= 2 savings account with an interest of 1.5%
1+𝑁𝑒
convertible (compounded) monthly. If she
Where: n = sample size does not make any deposit nor withdrawal
N = population into this account, determine the amount in
e = allowable error/marginal error the account after 2 years.
Example: If N = 1,000; e = 5% or 0.05
𝑟 𝑛𝑡 0.015 (12)(2)
𝑁 1000 1000
𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑛
) = 75, 000(1 + 12
)
𝑛= 2 = 2 = 1+2.5
= 286
1+𝑁𝑒 1+(1000)(0.05)
= ₱ 77, 282.64
Present Value under Compound Interest
FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS 𝑟 −𝑛𝑡
𝑃 = 𝐴(1 + )
Simple Interest 𝑛

Interest = principal x rate x time Example: Jemico would like to invest

𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡 enough money in a certificate of deposit
To compute for the time: (CD)now to pay for her son's college
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 expenses. If she estimates that she will
𝑡= # 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 need ₱1,500,000 in 6 years, how much
should she invest now in CD that has a rate
Exact interest - exact numbers of days
of 2.5% compounded quarterly?
between dates / 365 days or 366 days
𝑟 −𝑛𝑡
Ordinary interest- each month is 30 days / 𝑃 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑛
)
360 days
0.025 −(4)(6)
Banker's rule or merchant's rule = exact = 1, 500, 000(1 + 4
)
numbers of days between dates / 360 days
= ₱1,291,664.78
Example:
P = 1,000,000
Accumulated Value of an Annuity
𝑛
(1+𝑟) −1
𝐴 = 𝑅× 𝑟

Present Value of Annuity

−𝑛
1−(1+𝑟)
𝑃 = 𝑅× 𝑟

Prospective Outstanding Balance

1−(1+𝑟) −(𝑛−𝑘)
𝐵𝑘 = 𝑅× 𝑟

Retrospective Outstanding Balance

𝑘
𝑘 (1+𝑟) −1
𝐵𝑘 = 𝐿(1 + 𝑟) − 𝑅× 𝑟
Regular Installment Payment Formula
𝐿
𝑅= 1−(1+𝑟)
−𝑛

Interest Paid = Outstanding Balance x Rate

Principal Repaid = Payment Amount –
Interest Paid
New Outstanding Balance = Old
Outstanding Balance – Principal Repaid

Where:
I = interest
P = principal value
r = rate
t = time
n = number of periods (annually, quarterly,
monthly, etc.)
k = numbers of "future" payment (
Prospective method)or numbers of "past"
payment (Retrospective method)
R = regular payment
L = principal amount borrowed/loan
𝐵𝑘 = outstanding loan balance