Sub-Subject: Modular arithmetic

Topic: Encoding and decoding messages

Step-by-step

Step 1 of 2:

The given equation is (mod26).

To encode and decode messages using a modular arithmetic function to map each letter to
a number. The numbers usually A=0, B=1, ..., Z=25.

Explanation: The numbers for the letters G, W, and P will be 6, 22, and 15 respectively
according to their position.

Step 2 of 3:

Use the modular arithmetic function to map it to numbers.

For the letter G,

For the letter W,

For the letter P,

The letters corresponding to 11, 17, and 3 are K, Q, and D respectively. So, the encoded
message is KQD.

Explanation: For each letter in GGWP, apply the modular arithmetic function
(mod26), where is the numerical representation of the letter. Calculate by
substituting into the formula, ensuring the result remains within the range of 0 to 25,
and obtain the corresponding encoded letter.

Step 3 of 4:

To decode IY, consider and .

Now use the modular arithmetic function to decode.

For the letter I,

For the letter Y,

The letters corresponding to these numbers is .

Explanation: The modular arithmetic function is applied to each

letter, determining the original numerical representation by reversing the encoding
operation and considering the modular inverse of 2 (mod 26).

Final Answer:

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primarily used for business for making decisions.