Concept of closure

and derivable
Functional dependency
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Explicit and implicit dependency
F: set of functional dependencies above R relational
schema.
The schema designer gives just semantically obvious
functional dependencies.
In general there are other functional dependencies
between different attributes.
These are derivable or follow from functional
dependencies of F.

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Explicit and implicit dependency
Impossible to give all dependencies for a concrete
relation
For example:
Onum → Ovez_szsz
Ovez_szsz → Ovez_phone Onum → Ovez_phone
This is a derived functional dependency, no have to give with
prev. noted functional dependencies
Closed: contain all derivable dependencies from F set

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Definition of closure

Closure of F: set of dependencies which contain all

dependencies of F with derivable dependencies from F.
Mark: F+

For example:
F={Dnum →DManager_SSn,DManager_SSn→DManager_Phone}
F+ = {Dnum →DManager_SSn,
DManager_SSn→DManager_Phone, Dnum→DManager_Phone}

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Derivation
X → Y functional dependency is derivable from F set of
dependencies of R if X → Y is in all r relations of R
● When r is true in F dependency then X → Y is also true in r.
● F+ is closure of F and it’s the set of the all derivable functional
dependencies from F.
● Systematic method:
introduction of derivation rules (next lesson).
● F ⊨ X → Y mark: X → Y is derivable from set of
dependencies of F

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Mark
We may leave set marker brackets and element of set
separator commas when attributes marked by single capital
letters on giving functional dependencies
For example: AB → C instead of {A,B} → {C} or
ABC → DE instead of {A,B,C} → {D,E}

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Mark
When X and Y mark set of attributes, on two side of
functional dependencies may use simplification for mark
the union of these attributes.
For example: XY → Z instead of X ∪ Y → Z.

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