Khai nits /@Khi thay nhém OH & nhém 9 cacboxyl cia axit cacboxylic bang nhom OR — este. le Este don chito: RCOOR' = R'OOCR| ES TE Este RCOOR' = tén géo R' + tn géo axit RCOO (ic —,at) © CTC: CaHarO2 (n 22) © Tén géo axit © Tén géc R' HCOO: Fomat -CHb: Metyl Tinh chat vat CHCOO: Axetat -CHy: Etyl G,H,COO: Propionat -G,Hs Phenyl * La chét léng hode ran & diéu CH2=CHCOO: Acrylat — -CH2CeHs: Benzyl kign thudng, it tan trong nudc. « Thudng 6 mii thom do trung CcHsCOO: Benzoat -CH=GH2: Vinyl a mai chudt chin Vidu HCOO CH: metyl format Isoamyl axetat bog (CHsCOOCH2CH CH(CHa2) Géc RCOO (format) Géc R' (metyl) Mai hoa nhai Benzyl propionat * CHsCOOG:He Etyl axetat CHsCH2COO-CHGcH 5 * CH,COOCH=CH.: Vinyl axetat. mui déa chin * CH,=CHCOOGH,: Metyl acrylat a Etyl butirat * GeHsCOOG:He Etyl benzoat (CoH,;COOG Hs) Tink chat héa hoc © Este bi thay phan trong méi trudng axit hode bazo. R-COO-R’ +H-OH = =*— R-COOH + R’-OH °°° H50,.¢ CH3COOC2H; + H-OH =———_ CH;-COOH + C2H;-OH ©M6i trudng axit © Mai trudng bazo R-COO-R’ + NaOH —2°- 5 R-COONa + R'-OH CH3-COO-CoHs + NaOH —#:°" » CH;-COONa + CoHs-OH © Mét sé phan tng thuy phan cia este dac biét (phan tng xa phéng héa) =, RCOOCH=CHR’ + NaOH ——~ RCOONa + R'CH:CHO (andehit) RCOOG,H, + 2NaOQH —— RCOONa + C.H.ONa + H,.O RCOOGH,R' + 2NaOH—— RCOONa + R'CH,ONa + H;O Dita ché 0 Ung dung , oe, ° orCwart Gédcaxitbéo — KAdi nian 1 RICOO- CH. hode (RCOO),CyH g R*COO cH R', R8 R& Géc hidrocacbon (66 thé giéng ho&e khac nhau) Chat béo la trieste oda glixerol véi axit béo, goi chung la triglixerit hay triaxylglixerol. Anit bée thudng gdp * CisHsi COOH: Axit panmitic BEO Mét s6 nguén oung op chat béo tir thc vat, déng vat voy ¥ » * Ww Dp <= Chét bée thuéng gap * (GsHs1COO)sCaHs: Tripanmitin © (CrHeCOO)sCgHs Tristearin # (CyH_C00) sCH5: Triolein Axit béo no * CiHssCOOH: Axit stearic | # CyHyCOOH: Axit oleic Axit béo (chia 4 lién két C=C) khéng no 6 C,,Hs\COOH: Axit linoleic * (CiHo(COOCHs: Trilinolein (chita 2 lién két C=C) Tinh chat vat & © Odiéu kién thudng: la chét lang hodc chat ran. aS) Chait béo long: Chait béo pins chin géc hidrocacbon ‘chia g6c khong no, hidrocacton no. * Khéng tan trong nude, tan nhiéu trong cdc dung mdi hiu co. * Nhe hon nude. . Ung dung a2 ng Nguén dinh duéng Xa phong Se Tai ché lam nhién ligu Thiy phan trong mai trudng axit va bazo a) Phan tng thuy phan trong méi trudng axit (RCOO)3C3H; + 3H2O = 3RCOOH + C3H;(OH)3 b) Phan img xa phéng hoa (RCOO)3C3H; + 3NaOH —+ 3RCOONa + C3H;(OH)3 (C,7H35C00)3C3H; + 3NaOH 5 3C,7H3,COONa + C;H;(OH)3 ©) Phan img ong hidro ciia chat béo léng (CirHxyCOO)3CyHs + 3Hy —"—+ (Cty HgCOO)xCsHe imac ; Phan img hidro héa Chat béo léng Chat béo rén (déu) (bo) * Xa phong la muéi Natri, Kali oda axit béo: CrHaCOONa, CisHs;COOK.... + Déu ma dé lau ngay bi di la do néi déi C=C trong géc axit khéng no cla chat béo bi oxi héa chai béi oxi khéng khi tao peoxit.La nhing hop chat hiu co tap chao thuéng c6 céng thie chung 1a Gn (H20) m le — raced | MONOSACCARIT — PISACCARIT ~ POLISACCARIT _— ey _— ae — cay Glucozo Fructozo Saccarozo Mantozo Tinh bot Xenlulozo CTPT: CeH206 — CTCT dang mach hé: CTPT: CoO 6 CHLOH[CHOH],CHO CTCT dang mach hé: * C6 phan ting trang bac, bi oxi hoa béi Brom tao CH2OH[CHOH],COCH,OH axit gluconic —+ c6 nhém CH=0. La déng phan cia glucoze * Tac dung voi Cu(OH), cho dung dich mau xanh aoe lam +06 nhiéu nhém OH lién ké. Tinh chat vat (i - trang * Tao este chia 5 géc axit CHCOO —+ 06 5 ‘thai ty nhién nhém OH. Khir thu duoc hexan —> 6 6 nguyén tit Gacbon. oe . ‘ie chat ran Khong mau, ‘nau . Ié tan trong nuéc, Tinh chat vat ti - trang thai «Ui ngot hom duéng mia, tu nhién * La chat ran, khong mau. * Dé tan trong nude, cé vi ngot. * Gé nhiéu trong nho, mat ong (80%), mau ngudi (0.1%). * C6 mhiéu trong hoa qué va déo biét trong mat ong (40%) tao vi ngot sdc. Br y Glucozo va fructozo Tinh Y Tac dung véi Gu(OH) {4 nhiét dé thudng)—*dung dich mau xanh lam. VY Tac dung voi AgNOs/NHe—> 2Ag (phan img trang guong). chat V Tac dung véi Hidro: Glucozo + H, —> Sobitol Ey Fructozo + Hp — Poliancol = hoa hoe Tinh “Glucozo lam m&t mau dung dich Brom —> axit gluconic Nhan biét chat an una le Len met glucozo va , whan ting lén men glucozo Ge Hi20.6 “3 26,H.OH + 260, Fructozo, riéng Ung dung Glucozo duge ding Glucozo, Fructozo la déng phan cia ni Trong méi trudng kiém: Fructozo chuy = héa thanh Glucoze. g Fructozo. {—— Glucozo’ _) Sobitol la hop chét hiu co da chic. Trang guong, trang rudt phich Thuéc ting lyet li - trang thai tu’ nhién La cht két tinh, khéng mau, vi ngot, dé tan trong nuée. C6 nhiéu trong ty nhién trong mia, cd cai duéng Tinh chat héa hoe Tac dung v6i Gu(OH)2(6 nhiét dé thuéng) tao thanh dung dich mau xanh lam. Ph&n ung thiy phan trong méi trudng axit. H: Goth nt HO —*.CeH20s + CgHg Saccarozo cau tao tu 1 g6o gluooze va 1 g&o Ung dung fructozo lién két voi nhau [C,HO{NO).] + 8nH,O ae 2. . Xenlulozo trinitrat * Phan dng thay phan (mdi trudng axit) Gng dung (Cy HyoOs),+ nthO-H*, ndsH 10 o(glucozo) pant * Tinh bt duoc tgo thanh trong céy xanh oe” nho qua trinh quang hop. ; ° To visco, to Thuée sung NCO, + SnH2O —>(CH,.0,),,+ 6NQ, Gidy axetat khéng khéi+ Cu(OH) 2 —> dd xanh lam + AgNOg/NHs —» 2Ag (Phan ug trang bac) + Phan ing lén men + He —» sobitol i +Lam m&t mau dung dich brom} Pina ane & i @ Axit gluconic Tinh chat STinkge) ha hoe % | enlulozs| + Phan ting thiy phan— glucozo + Phan tng thiy phan —» glucozo + Phan Ung voi axit nitric ——> Phan tng mau véi iot. + Phan ung mau véi jot xenlulozo trinitrat. Ly thoyét to: @ So sanh dé ngot: Fructozo > saccarozo > glucozo (mat ong > duéng mia > dudng nho) * Saccarozo thiy phan trong mdi trudng axit cho hai monosaccarit khac nhau: + Cu(OH)2 —dd xanh lam + AgNOg/NHs —»2Ag (Phan ung trang bac) + Hp —*poliancol | + Cu(OH), —> dd xanh lam | + Phan ung thy phan — | Glucozo va Fructozo. glucozo va fructozo. Tinh bét va xenlulozo thay phan trong mdi trudng axit cho mét monosaccarit duy nhét la glucozo, * Phan Ging quang hop olla cay xanh sinh ra tinh bét. * Nhd dung dich Iot vao lat cét qua chudi xanh, khoai lang ew mau xanh tim (nhd vao lat ot qua chudi chin khéng 6 hién or. tugng nay do chuéi xanh chtta nhiéu tinh bdt, chudi chin chia nhiéu glucozo). wey * Xenlulozo ld nguyén liéu san xudt thudc sing khéng khdi. Xenlulozo trinitrat duoc ding lam thuéc sting khéng khéi. Vi sao ggo nép déo hon ggo 8? Do gao nép chéa ham lugng | amilopectin nhiéu hon gao té. Ggo té thanh phan amilopectin chiém t6i 80%, 20% cén Iai la amilozo, con trong gao nép thi amilopectin chiém téi 90%, én amilozo chiém 06 10% va amilozo tan duos trong nude cén amilopectin thi khéng tan duce trong nudc, amilopectin trong nuéc néng bi truong lén tao thanh hé. Chinh tinh chat nay quyét dinh dén tinh déo ctia gao=SAMIN =) eat Khi thay thé mét hay nhiéu nguyén tir hidro trong phan tir NHs bang mét hay nhiéu géo hidrocacbon ta duoc amin.. VD: GoHsNHo, CHjNHCHg,..- CTTQ cia amin no, don chiro: CnH2n+8 (n 21): * Cau tao cilia ge hidrocacbon (amin thom, amin béo, amin di véng) * Bac ola amin = $6 géc hidrocacbon lién két truc tiép voi nguyén tit Nito. _NHo i nea o CHNHC/H, (CHO.NGHs amin bac 2 CH NH, amin bao 1 amin béo 3 Dong phan cia amin cé CTPT CsHyN (1) CHs—CH—CH, NH, 4 Dong CHs phan i ota amin cé CTPT CH;~CH-NH-CH: Cat iN - ; CH; CHs (1); DANH PHAP (2) CH; —N—CH, CHy (3) CH3 ——CH,—CH2—NH2 (4) CHs—CH,—NH—CH Hs-CH-CH>-NE> (3) | CHs CHs-¢-NH: (4); CH3~CH2-NH-CH.—CHs (5); CH3s~CH>-CH»-NH-CHs (6); CHs-CH>-N-CHs (8) | CHs Céng thie cau tao Téngoc-chie | Ténthaythé an ode chi Téngocchite: taaxm Metylamin Metanamin Tén géc hidrocacbon + Amin CoHsNH2 Etylamin Etanamin (CH3CH2 CH)NH> Propylamin Propan-lamin Tén thay thé: Tén hidrocabon - CHiCH(NHD)CHs Tsopropylamin | Propan-2-amin HpN[CH2]sNH2 vi tri nhém amin - Hexametylendiamin | Hexan-1.6-diamin CeHsNH2 Phenylamin Benzenamin Anilin (CéHsNH CH; Metylphenylamin | N-Metylbenzenamin | N-Metylanilin CH:NH GHs Etylmetylamin | N-Metyletanamin-Metyl-; -dimetyl-; trimetyl- va etylamin la nhing chét khi mui khai, tan nhiéu trong nude. Cac amin déu déc. Anilin la chat lang, khéng mau, rat déc, it tan trong nuéc, tan trong etanol, benzen. Céy thuée /4 chitia_nicotin. * Amin 06 tinh bazo. * Amin tan nhiéu trong nude 6 khd nang lam xanh gidy quy hoa lam héng phenolphtalein. * Anilin khéng lam déi mau quy tim, khong lam héng A phenolphtalein * So sdnh tinh bazo G.H,NH, < NHgc RNH, < RNHR' < NaOH * Cdéc amin mach hé cling bac néu mach cacbon cang dai thi tinh bazo cang manh. Téo dung vdi dung dich axit RNH, + HCl ——RNH&Cl CHeNH2 + HCl SEE cl Phan ae nt) EE PCM Cer met MTT IT NH2 Br Br a) + 3Br, —_#2 +3HBr * | Két tia vang Br (2,4,6-tribromanilin) GsHSNH2 + 8Br, ——> GH »Br,NH2+ SHBr [ue Anilin tham gia phan tg thé Brom dé hon Benzen do anh hudng cla nhom NH,lén véng benzenAmino axit la hop chat hiu co tap chiro, phan ti chtra a déng thoi nhém amino (NH,) va nhém cacboxyl (COOH). VD: HN — GH2— COOH, HeN-CsHs~ (COOH)2..... Amino axit la nhing hop chat ¢6 odu tgo ion luéng oye nén & diéu kién thuong la chat ran két tinh, nhiét dé | néng chay oao. H,N-CH,-COOH ~— > H. Ne CH, -COO dang phan tr dang ion lyong cyc Tén ban Tén Ki Phan tir Céng thife Ten thay thé bethany) | [thiteg| hapa CHp-COOH NHp axit2-aminoetanoic —_axit aminoaxetic glyxin Gly ty coon anit 2-aminopropancic axit alain NH ‘a-aminopropionic CH-CH-CH-COOH ay anit valin CH3NH2 2-amino-3-metylbutanoic_a—aminoisovaleric HoN-[CHol,~CHCOOH axit axit tysin NH 2.6-diaminohexanoic ct, ¢-Giaminocaproic HOOC-CH-CH,-CH:-COOH Pe rei 2-aminopentan-1,5-6ioic ote glutaric * Thé hién tinh luéng tinh M tang Tinh axit bazo cta dung * Tao dung véi dung dich bazo = 22y dich amino axit PTT: (HN) — R — (COOH)y. (HeN)x R(COOH)y +yNaOH —+(HaN)x R(COONa)y + yH20 y, quy tim khong déi mau H,NCH,COOH + NaQH —+H2NCH2COONa + H20 x>y, quy tim hoa xanh * Tae dung véi dung dich axit M tang x ee nH2N—[CHp] COOH —+(-NH—[CHo]s—CO-) nt nH2O- ~ it ce ami, . i Muéi mononatri Axi glutamic Methionin Axit €- aminocaproic policaproamit Glatt gutamio lam thudc hd. lam thude dinglammichinh. trg than kinh 6 gan1. Khai niém monone xtt°,p TCH? =CH2 nhién. VD: xelulozo, béng, to tam... Polime téng hep: do con ngudi téng hop nén. VD: polietilen, poli(vinylcorua).... Nhan tao (ban téng hop): lay polime thién nhién ché bién mat phan. VD: to’visco, .. Polietilen Polime la nhéing hop chat co phéin tir khdi pat lon do nhiéu don vi nhé (goi la mat xich) lién két voi nhau. VD: Polietilen (—CH2— CH2—)n do cde miit xich —CH2-CHz~ lién két voi nhau. > €CH2 — CH24,, — 6 56 polime hoa 2. Phan loai (dé polime hoa) Theo nguén géc Theo cach téng hop * Polime tl nhién: 66 nguén géc thién * Polime triing hop: téng hop bang phan ung trung hop. VD: polietilen, poli(metyl metacrylat), ... * Polime tring ngung téng hop bang phan tng trung ngung VD: nilon-6, poli(phenol-fomandehit), . To nilon Polietilen + Hau hét cao polime la chat ran, khdng bay hoi, khéng co nhigt dé néng chay xac dinh. Tring ngung Da 86 polime khéng tan trong cdc dung mdi thdng thudng, mét sé tan duoc trong dung méi thich hop. Ta qua trink Ke hop ahiéuphan| timnhé ging nhau hog tuong tunhau (monome) thanh phan ‘titlém (polime). Ta gel wish Eon phan tinhé thin ot én (polime) ong thai giai phong hig phan tirnhd khie (ahwHi0...). Cac polime khac nhau o6 déc tinh khac nhau: tinh déo, tinh ‘wMonome > Polime. ‘n Monome ~ Polime > cde phantirnhé khéc. dan héi, dai, kéo thanh soi, Polime tranghop. Polime tringngung. cach dién, cach nhiét, tinh ban aay Matted Tinh kéo soi Tinh dan héi Céitahathatahom chite c6 kha nang phan ting. Co lien kSt Goi hose vong kam ben. wns Phan img tring ngung HN-{CHy]-COOH —> NH-{CH]-CO-) + nO Nilon-6 (to capron) Phan tig tring hop 20D CHa - CH, fe gdeate ahs, nCH2 = CH2 4 trinh hinh fh poled endung lam mang mdng, binh chia, tui dung,... Poli(vinyl clorua) (PVG): dang lam vat ligu dién, dng dan nude, vai che mua, da Poli(metyl _ metaorylat): ding dé ché tao thy tinh hau oo plexiglas. Thi tinh hua” ‘warren Nhyo PVC * Cao su la vat liéu polime c6 tinh dan héi. * Cao su thién nhién la polime cila isopren. * Cao su téng hop: Cao su buna (poli(buta-1,3-dien). * Cao su buna o6 tinh dan hdi_ va dé bén kém cao su thién nhién. * Déng trung hop buta-1,3- dien véi stiren duoc cao su © Tola nhing vat liéu polime hinh soi dai va manh - To téng hop nhu: to poliamit (nilon, capron), to vinylic (nitron.....)-.- - To ban téng hop nhu to visco, to xenlulozo axetat,... TEN (KL IU) ~Poletlen PE) [Clh=cHoocci, os rn CH1:=C(CH,)COOCH, - Tring hop | Poliphenolfomandehit(PPF) | C.l10H1, HCHO Novela, raol (Tang) | Twang ngung | Bakes hay rit (Kian) | Teflon Cah; hing Tring bop | Bing(Xenlutozo, ten a thon {(poliami - Torsion - 66 Thing Tring ning {Poli amit) L ~ | Thing Trina apg, bibanashh "ONH {Poli amit) Tring hop | Tong hop Tevilon -7 (To Enan) | HyN+CHl,)COOH ‘Thing (Pol amit) | Tring ngung. Ting hop ‘To Lapsan CoH COOH), Thing | ‘ To soi CON, _ (Poi ess) Tivgrens: | ‘Thaler “Fe Niiron (lon) Tang (To Vinyls) Tringhop | Tnahop Tw clorin Nguyén ligu: PVC Thing (To Vinyl) PVC + Ch | Tong bop Poll vinylic (Ta Vinylom) | Nauyén gv. PVA Thing (Ta Vinylic) | PVA + NaH | Ting bop TeV Xenivlozo Thing Taban ting hop 7 | Cre ahin 30) To Axetat (CaKOKOOCEIDY |. Thing Pa Xeakilooo * | Tobin ag bop (CH.CO).0 | _CFanhin 90) Caos Buna Divinyh (CHSCH, “Tring hop | Ting bop Caesu Bana-N Divinyl: (CHs=CH): Ding tring hop | Teng hop va CHy»CHCN | Crosw Buna Diag ring hop [Teng hap Cases boorea [Toeabep Cove Tong bop Ty nhigo Wi COM HCHO Tong hop Keo dintakleal ONG Ro bool [Tink chat hoa hoe —— Re ea Vitri Tinh chat héa hoc chung la tinh kha. © Thudc nhém TA (try H) va ITA (try . ™—— M+ ne He) nhdm IITA (trv Bo), mét phén Tac dung véi phi kim cdc nhém IVA,VA, VIA. 2Fe + 3Cly 2FeCl, * Nhom B. 2Cu +0, 6. 2cu0 * Ho Lantan va ho Actini). Téic dung véi dung dich axit Tinh chat vat li chung * Dung dich HCI, H2SOx long. (Tri Cu, Ag. oan Hg...) SS ie g& Fe + 2HCl FeCl +H, @ i 2Al + BHySO,— AlASO.)3 + BHp Tinh ohét vat li chung la déo, dan] } * Dung dich HNOs, H2SOz dc (tri Au, Pt). dién, dan nhiét va co anh kim. Duge || Cu + 2H,SO, CuSO, + SO, + 2H, gay pa béi cac e tu do 06 trong mang Mg + 4HNOg ——- Mg(NOag)2 + 2NOz + 2H tinh thé kim logi. , Al, Fe thu déng héa trong HNO,dac, ngudi, Kim logi thuéng la chat ran, tru thiy Tée dung véi nue ngan (Ing). aan ; Dd dan dian: Ag> Cu>Au>al>Fe | |Céc kim logi Na, K, Ba, Ga, Sr, Li, Cs... téc (Bac déng dn nhém sat) dung duge voi nude 6 nhiét dé thudng. Tinh chat vat li riéng 2Na + 2H;0 2NaOH + Hp * Kim loai mém nhat: Xesi (Cs) ‘Téc dung véi dung dich mudi * Kim loi cing nhét: Crom (Gr) Fe + 2AgNO, Fe(NQx), + 2Ag * Kim logi c6 nhiét dé néng chay Cho Na vao dung dich CuSO thdp nhdt: Thay ngan (Hg) 2Na + 2H20. 2NaOH + Ho * Kim logi c6 nhiét dé néng chay 2NaOH + CuSQ,— Na,SO, + Cu(OH), cao nhét: Vonfarm (W) * Khi cho kim logi tac dung duge véi nuéc vao * Kim logi nhe nhét: Liti (Li) dung dich mudi, kim logi sé tac dung véi nude * Kim logi nang nhdt: Osmi (Os) tao bazo, bazo sinh ra tac dung véi dd mudi. Day dién héa cia kim loai dang oxi hoa Dang oxi héa va dang khi: cia cing mot = CL nguyén t6 kim logi tao nén otip ox! héa — Te cence), ce dang khir Tinh oxi hod ctia ion kim loai tang K* Ca Na* Mg” AL* Zn Fe Nit Sn Pb* H* Cu’ Fe’ Hg Ag” Pe™ Au K Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb Ha Cu Fe* Hg Ag Pt Au Tinh khie ciia kim loai eiim . Quy téc anfa Fe + Cu2+ Feet + Cu @ 8 ‘cut Fe(NO3)2 + AGNQ Fe(NOz)3+ Ag & 4, * ~ Kim logi tw Cu tr& vé trudo kh duoe mudi sat (III) Se 6 8Mg du + 2FeCly BMgCl, + 2Fe y Gu du + 2FeCls GuCl2+ 2FeCle — JP ~ U An MON KIM LOAL) ® KHAI NIEM - PHAN LOAI ¢ An mon kim logi la sy pha hiy kim logi hodc hop kim dudi tac dung olla cac chat trong méi trudng xung quanh. X——X"+ ne nmin hdahoc PHAN LOAT © An mon héa hoc la qua trinh oxi héa — khik, trong dé cac electron ctia kim logi duoc chuyén truc tiép dén cac chat trong méi trudng va khéng xuat hién déng dién. * VD: Dé s&t ngoai khéng khi sau mét thdi gian sat bi gi, cao chi tiét may bang kim logi bi an mén do tiép xtc tryc tiép vdi hoa chat, hoi nude. tin mén dign héa hoc ¢ An mén dién héa hoc la qué trinh oxi héa — kh, trong dé kim logi bi an mon do tac dung ctia dung dich chat dién li va tao nén dong electron chuyén ddi tir cuc dm dén Ca méi gi@y qua i, 2 tan sat bién hanh gi sit. (| Thi_nghiém 4n mon dién héa hoc * Nhing thanh Zn, thanh Cu vao dung dich H2804 lodng, néi voi hau bang day dan. * Hién tuong: Thanh Zn tan dén, bot khi thoat ra trén o& thanh Cu. * Cuc am {anot): * Cuc am (anot): Fe ——Fe™ + 2e ( qua trinh oxi hoa) Zn ——Zn** + 2e ( qué trinh oxi hoa) * Cuc duong (catot): * Cuc duong (catot): O2+ 240 + 4e —40H™ (qua trinh kha). 2H "+ 2e —— H2(qua trinh kha). ‘TEU KIEN XAY RA AN VON BIEN HOA HOC CHONG AN MON KIM LOAT C6 2 dién cuc khdc nhau vé ban chat 1. Phuong phap bdo vé bé mat (kim logi + kim logis kim logi + phi kim). Dung chat bén voi mdi a ome truong dé phi lén bé mat 4 kim logi : béi dau mo, son, Gy) gs 2 SE Se ma, trang men,.... 3 2 dién cuc cing duoc tiép xuc voi VD: sit tay la sat duge trang thiéo, ton dung dich chét dién li (khéng khi dm). |g. st duge trang ke, + Thiéu mét trong ba diéu kién trén khong 2. Phuong phap dién héa xay ra an dién hda hoc a= + Dung kim loai bén * Trong tu nhién, ain mén kim logi oé thé xay “@ este 06 tinh khir manh hon ra dong thoi od Gn mon dién hoa va an Seas gan vac kim logi can mon hda hoc. bao vé dé lam vat | cho déna va . ‘i ~ thay thé. .y Khi cho déng vao dung dich mudi yp, Bg bao vé vd tau bién bang thép 2.dién cyc phai duge tiép xtc truc tiép 2 hole gidn tiép voi nhau qua day dan. he foe. khéng xy ra én man dién —nuei ta gén cae Id Zn vao phia ngodi vd oa hoc. tau & phan chim trong nuéc bién.9 (uy Ce & mm Kim) Boal M mM" +ne @ © Pham vi: Kim loai co dé hoat déng trung binh nhu: — I Fe, Zn, Sn......(sau Al). © Nguyén tao: khiér ion kim loai trong hop chat & og aG 8 so 8 nhiét dé cao bang cdc chat khir nhu C, CO, Hy, Al. © VD: Fe,0,+ 8CO —— 2Fe + 8CO, 2Al + BPO 2 BPb + AbOs © Pham vi: Kim loai cé mit dé hoat déng trung binh > va yéu. ad LO in ¢ Nguyén tao: Khir nhiing ion kim logi can diéu ché bang nhing kim loai cé tinh khé manh nhu Fe, Zn,.... 9 o B © VD: Fe +CuSQ—-FeSO4 +Cu Lenore ns ooo08 82e0008e08 + Pham vi: Kim loai cé dé hoat . Kim loai 06 dé déng manh: K, Na, Ba, Ca, Al. Pram ve ia oat c6 dé hoat déng trung . Nguyen tae: Khirion kim logi bang. guyan tse Bién phan dung dich musi, eS a Una el\a BIEN PHAN DUNG DICH Kim loai hoat dong trung binh Ba Dién phan dung dich CuCl, VD: Dién phan AlOs "ES . 10: Bie phn nda chy Catat aman Cu**+2e — Cu 2Cl'—Cl, + 2e Phuong trinh: CuCl, 22¢4.cu + Cl, Al + 8e — Al 20°— Q + 4e Dién phan dung dich ZnSO , Phuong trinh: 2AbOs 22% 4al + 80, Zn2* HO SO¥*, HO ‘VD: D1én phan MgC, (Gatet) ae + 2e— Zn 2H,O — 4H* + 02 + de — aI 2ZnSO, + 2H2O Bieehiny 27n + 2H>SO, + Or Anot m: Khdi luong chat thu duoe 6 dién cue (g). COREIEIESISEN 4: Kh! yon mol nguyén tircia chat thu Mg*+2e— Mg 2Cl —Cl, + 2e duge édién cu, ; = n: : Se “electron mda nguyén tir hodc ion da. inh: done, ho hac nh, Phuong trinh: MgCl, 22"%mg + Cl, 3 fee. dién Compe) I: Cutng t: Thoi gian dién phan ay) F: Hang s6 Faraday ( id* Cau hinh electron ngoai cing: ns', thuéc nhém TA % | — trong bang tun hoan. m™®) © La nhiing kim logi nhe, 19 mém, dan dién va dan nhiét tot Liti cho ngon Itta mau dé tia. Natri cho ngon Ita mau vang. Kali cho ngon lia mau tim Rubidi cho ngon lira mau tim hong. Xesi cho ngon lta mau xanh lam. 7 », “—{_ Tinh chat héa hoc ) + C6inhHhirmgnh: M——tt+ te, CHRIRNGERERG BRACE NGIER RBCS * Trong hop chit, kim logi kiém 06 s6 oxi héa +1. © Te dung véi phi kim 4Na + O2£.2Na0 2Na + Oo ~-NaxO2 2K + Ch 2kCl © Tac dyng vii axit . 2Na + 2HCl 2NaCi+ Hr Gay né manh © Téc dyng voi nuse PTTQ: 2M + HO —.2MOH + Hp how 2Na + 2H20—-2NaOH + Ht Y © T&c dung véi dung dich mudi of Déng (ID) 2Na + 2H,O —-2NaOH + Ht _ hidroxit 2NaOH + CuSO, ——Na,SO, + Cu(OH),1 ° © Khi cho kim loai kiém vao dung dich mudi, dau tién kim loai kiém sé tac dung véi nuée sau dé bazo sinh ra tiép tuc tac dung voi mudi. iéu ché - U'ng dung) Ong dung ' ‘@ Hop kim Na - K dung lam chat Y| — trao déi nhiét trong mét sé 16 phan ing hat nhén. * Xesi dung ché tao té bao quang dién. * Hop kim Liti - nhém siéu nhe, dung trong ky thuat hang khéng. Biéu ché * Dién phan néng chay mudi halogenua cia kim logi kiém. 2NaCl —®*-» 2Na+ Ch * Kim loai kiém duoc bao quan trong = * Trong ty nhién kim loai kiém chi tén tai & dang *¢ NaHCOscé tinh luéng tinh. NaHCOs + HCl ——-NaCl + H20 + CO, NaHCOg + NaOH—NaCOs + H,0 * NaHCOs duge dung lam thuée chéa dau da day, céng nghé thuc phaém, ché tao nude gidi khat,... @ aKIM LOAT KIEM THO) . == : vA HOP CHAT Céu hinh electron ngoai cing: ns% thudc Nude vai trong la dung dich Ca(OH)p non TIA trong bang tudin hodn. . CO, + Ca(OH) —CaCOyr #20 La nhing chat ran mau trang bac hodc 2CO» + Ga(OH)2— Gal HCO. xam nhat, c6 dnh bao, dan dién, dan 2+ Ca(OH)2~ CaHCOd2 nhiét t6t, cimg hon kim loai kiém + CaSO42H.O: thach cao s6ng. 2 + CaSQ«,H<0: thach cao nung. © C6 tinh kh manh: M me + 2e, + CaSOz: thach cao khan. * Trong hop chat, kim logi kiém thé co Thach cao nung duoc ding dé duc 86 oxi hoa +2. p tuong, bo bat khi gay xuong.. «Tia hin ong, gay xuong 2Mg + 0, + 2MgO Ca + Cl +. CaCl, © Tho dung vii mite : + Chat ran mau tréng, khong Ca, Sr, Ba tac dung voi nude & nhiét dé tan trong puso. thudng, tao dung dich bazo. CaCO, —— Cad + CO, PTTQ:™ + 2H,O ——-M(OH) + H we CaCO, + COp + H2O—-Ca(HCOs) 2 Ba + 2H,O—-Ba(OH),+ Hp Gatos, c . faa an 2 ——+ CaCOg+ CO, + H0 Mg khéng tan trong nude 6 nhiét dé thudng, tan] loan img tao thach nhii trong hang dékg. cham trong nude néng, Be khéng tan trong nuéo| © Técdang voi anit Trong ty nhién, canxi cacbonat tén tai & Mg +2HCl"—. MgC +H dang da véi, dé hoa, dé phan, la thanh Mg+ 4HNOs —Mg(NOs)2+ 2NO + 2Hs0 phan chinh cita v8, mai céc lodi dc, s6, hén. Nude cig la nude cé chéta nhiéu cation Gas Mg” Phan loai: + Nuée cing tam thdi chita cae ion: Cot, mg, Hoos + Nuée cig vinh citu chia cae ion: Gas Mg”, SO; , Cl” + Nuéc ctmg toan phan: la nude cé ca tinh cing tam thdi va tinh cling vinh citu. => Nudc tu nhién thudng la nudc cing toan phan. Biba phdp le din ribo of + Nguyén tao: Lam giam néng dé cdc cation Ca’ trong nudc cing. Phong phdp hit Gia + Nude cing tam thoi: Bun sdi Ca(HCOa2 + CaCO + CO + H,O Mg(HCO,)2 2. MgSO, + CO, + HO + Nuéc cing vinh ciu va tam thei: 7 Ding dung dich NaxCOz , NasPQ;. Ca" + CO, Phuong phip tran dion PS mg?1. Tic dung véi phi kim 4Al + 80, ©— 2Ab03 4Al + 3Clp ——. 2AICla 2. Tée dung véi axit (Nhom ty béc chay khi tiép xuc vdi Clo). NHOM 2Al + GHC! —2AlCls+ 3H, Al + 4HNO3loGng—-Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 2Al + GH,SO, dac £-Al($O,)3 + 880, + 6H2O Nhém bi thy déng héa trong HNO, dic, ngudi, H, SO, dae ngu . Téc dung véi oxit kim loai (phan ting nhiét nhém) 2Al + FeO3 2. Al.O3 + 2Fe Dung thing bang nhém dé chita H,SO,dée nguéi, HNO, dae ngudi n bé I do 06 mang oxi NHOM OXIT 4, Tac dung vdi dung dich kiém 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O —-2NaAlO2 + 3H2 Nhém bén trong méi trudng khong khi va Al20s bén ving bao > Hén hop teemit: Fe,O, va Al ding han dusng ray xe lia. NHOM HIDROXIT Chait ran mau trang, khéng tan trong nude, néng chdy 6 2050'C | ink chat véit liz La chat két tia keo, mau trang, Tinh chat héa hoc : AL0s ld oni lidng tink AbOs + 6HC] —-2AICl, + 8H:0 ALO, + 2NaOH—+2NaAlO, + H,0 7 Ung dung: Tinh thé Al,O, (corindon) duoc ea’ dung lam dé trang strc. A NHOM SUNFAT - Phén chua: K,SO,.AL(SO, )¢24H,0 hode : KAI(SO,),.12H,0. Phén chua duoc dung trong nganh thuée da, cdng nghiép gidy, chat cam mau trong nganh nhudm vai, chat lam trong nudéc,... khéng tan trong nude. ‘Tinh chat héa hoc: la hidroxit lung tinh. AI(OH), + SHCI—AICls + 3H,0 Al(OH), + NaOH — NaAlO2 + 2H,0 Dé bj nhiét phan hay: 2Al(OH)3 —— Al,O3+ 8HO Nhé tu ter dén du dung dich NaOH vao dung dich AICk, xudt! hién két ta keo trang, sau do két tia tan dé I 8NaOH + AICly ‘AI(OH)3 + 8NaCl NaOH +Al(OH)3 NaAlO, + 2H,0 Nhé tir t dén du dung dich NHgdén du vao dung dich AICh, xudt hién két tla keo trang. SNH + 8H20 + AIC], —-AI(OH), + 8NH,ClFe g * Tao dung véi dd HCI, H,S0, lodng fm Fe + 2HCl +FeClo + Ha ee») Fe + H2804loang— FeSO. + H» = * Tao dung vi dd HNOs loang; HNOs dic néngy H804 aac, néng. Fe + 4HNOg long — Fe(NOQs + NO + 2HO Fe + GHNO, dac ——-Fe(NO,),+ SNO, + SHO 2Fe + 6HeSOsddc—FeJSO,) + 8SO2 + 6H2O * Febi boi axit HNOs dao, ngudi va: HSO4ddio ngudi (giéng Al, Cr). dung thing thép dé chita va cae xitec dé van chuyén HSO4 98% c) Cac céng trinh th st va hop chat.HOP CHAT SAT (01) TINH CHAT HOA HOC Tinh chat héa hoc dac trung: Tinh kh TINH CHAT VAT LY we