ecological analysis of dilla university oday’a campus

Group members name

Merjani zeynu
Mahlet dendea
Million delelegn
Haider hamid
Henok kefelegn
What is vegetation map
A vegetation map is just what it sounds like: a map that depicts vegetation. A vegetation map is critical
information for any land manager, whether the land is managed for agriculture or forestry or recreation, and is
relevant to just about every issue a land manager has to face.
It provides an in-depth look at plant communities as they relate to elevation, geology, topography, and soils. This
baseline data is valuable information to park managers for managing forests, watershed, wildlife, and fire, among
other things. A vegetation map of Yosemite National Park and lands immediately adjacent to the park has recently
been completed
What is a natural vegetation?
Natural vegetation refers to a plant community, which has grown naturally without human aid and has been left undisturbed by
humans for a long time. This is termed as a virgin vegetation. Thus, cultivated crops and fruits, orchards form part of vegetation but
not natural vegetation.
vegetation cover
Vegetation cover defines the percentage of soil which is covered by green vegetation. Leaf area index (LAI) is an alternative
measure of plant cover which gives the area of leaves in square meters corresponding to an area of one square meter of land.

What is green connectivity

It is critical that animals (and the genes and seeds that they carry) can move from one natural area to another, and this “connectivity”
is essential for preserving healthy ecosystems which are rich in species and genetically diverse.
Green corridor
A 'green corridor' (also known as wildlife corridor, biological corridor or habitat corridor) is a strip of land that is established to enable the
bridging of habitat populations that have been split by human development such as a road, settlement or other human activity.

BENEFITS OF GREEN CORRIDORS

Increased biodiversity by having more green areas in the urban environment. Promotion of non-polluting mobility: bicycles or
scooters, for example. Reduced air pollution and noise pollution in the city. Helping prevent heat islands from forming, effectively
lowering the temperature.

Types of vegetation in dilla university Oday ‘a campus

vegetations
 local name scientific name
 yellow oleander flower cascabel a theretia
 chesper palmy brahea
 pinuspatule patule pine
 hoveniaacerba chinese pasin tree
 field pepperweed lepidiumcampestree
 clivia miniata bushliny
 mangifera indica mango
 vegitablehuming bird sesbania gradiflora
 ailanthus altissima tree of heaven
 amelanchier alnifolia amelan chier alnifolia
 silver burr ragweed ambrosila chamissonis
 simeons white egg plant solanum melongene
 arborgen carna afuatica
 chines privert ligustrum sinense
 bonny doonl arctostaphylos silvicola
 weeping fig ficus benjamina
 blue trumpet vine thunbergia grandiflora
 summer savory seeds satureja hortensis
 Thunbergia grandiflora Blue trumpet vine
 Kalanchoe fedtschenkai variegated lavouda scallops
 Alternathera sessilis purple sessil joy wood
 Tradescantia Pallida purple Heart
 Brahea Scieffia
 Yellow Oleander flowerCoscabela theretia
plants
Moringa stenopetala
moringa stenopetala commonly known as the African moringa or cabbage tree isa deciduous tree in the flowering plant genus Moringa,
native to Kenya and Ethiopia. A drought-resistant species, it is characterized by its bottle-shaped trunk, long twisted seed pods, and
edible leaves likened to cabbage, from which its common name is derived. M. stenopetala is extirpated in the wild in Ethiopia, though
still grown there as a crop on the terraces of the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly in the Konso region.

Moringa stenopetala

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids
 Order: Brassicales

Family: Moringaceae

Genus: Moringa

Species: M. stenopetala

Binomial name

Moringa stenopetala

Like its widely cultivated relative M. oleifera, Moringa stenopetala is a multipurpose tree: the leaves, pods, and flowers are edible and
nutritious; the seeds contain an aromatic oil with culinary and cosmetic applications; and the seed press cake or powdered bark can be
used for water purification. It is featured in various dishes and has a history of uses in folk medicine throughout its native range.

Ficus
 is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees shrubs, vines, epiphytes, and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae. Collectively
known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the semi-warm temperate zone.
The common fig (F. carica) is a temperate species native to southwest Asia and the Mediterranean region (from Afghanistan to
Portugal), which has been widely cultivated from ancient times for its fruit, also referred to as figs. The fruit of most other species are
also edible though they are usually of only local economic importance or eaten as bushfood. However, they are extremely important
food resources for wildlife. Figs are also of considerable cultural importance throughout the tropics, both as objects of worship and for
their many practical uses.

Sycamore fig, Ficus sycomorus

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms
 Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Rosales

Family: Moraceae

Tribe: Ficeae
Dumort.

Genus: Ficus
L.

Species

Ecological uses

Figs are keystone species in many tropical forest ecosystems. Their fruit are a key resource for some frugivores including fruit bats,
and primates including: capuchin monkeys, langurs, gibbons and mangabeys. They are even more important for birds such as Asian
barbets, pigeons, hornbills, fig-parrots and bulbuls, which may almost entirely subsist on figs when these are in plenty.
Many Lepidoptera caterpillars feed on fig leaves, for example several Euploea species (crow butterflies), the plain tiger (Danaus
chrysippus), the giant swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes), the brown awl (Badamia exclamationis), and Chrysodeixis
eriosoma, Choreutidae and Copromorphidae moths. The citrus long-horned beetle (Anoplophora chinensis), for example, has larvae
that feed on wood, including that of fig trees; it can become a pest in fig plantations.
Juniper

Junipers are coniferous trees and shrubs in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Depending on taxonomic
viewpoint, between 50 and 67 species of junipers are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, from the Arctic, south
to tropical Africa, throughout parts of western, central and southern Asia, east to eastern Tibet in the Old World, and in the mountains
of Central America.

Scientific classification
 Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

(unranked) Gymnosperms
:

Division: Pinophyta

Class: Pinopsida

Order: Pinales

Family: Cupressaceae

Subfamily: Cupressoideae

Genus: Juniperus
L.

Type species

Juniperus communis
L.

Ecological uses
Juniper plants thrive in a variety of environments. The junipers from Lahaul valley can be found in dry, rocky locations planted in
stony soils. These plants are being rapidly used up by grazing animals and the villagers. There are several important features of the
leaves and wood of this plant that cause villagers to cut down these trees and make use of them. Additionally, the western
juniper plants, a particular species in the juniper genus, are found in woodlands where there are large, open spaces. Junipers are known
to encompass open areas so that they have more exposure to rainfall. Decreases in fires and a lack of livestock grazing are the two
major causes of western juniper takeover. This invasion of junipers is driving changes in the environment. For instance, the ecosystem
for other species previously living in the environment and farm animals has been compromised. When junipers increase in population,
there is a decrease in woody species like mountain big sagebrush and aspen. Among the juniper trees themselves, there is increased
competition, which results in a decrease in berry production. Herbaceous cover decreases, and junipers are often mistaken for weeds.
As a result, several farmers have thinned the juniper trees or removed them completely. However, this reduction did not result in any
significant difference on wildlife survival. Some small mammals found it advantageous to have thinner juniper trees, while cutting
down the entire tree was not favorable.
Some junipers are susceptible to Gymnosporangium rust disease, and can be a serious problem for those people growing apple trees,
an alternate host of the disease.
Juniper is the exclusive food plant of the larvae of some moths and butterflies, including Bucculatrix inusitata, juniper
carpet, Chionodes electella, Chionodes viduella, juniper pug, and pine beauty. Those of the tortrix moth Cydia duplicana feed on the
bark around injuries or canker.
Avocado

The avocado (Persea americana) is a tree originating in the Americas which is likely native to the highland regions of south-central
Mexico to Guatemala. It is classified as a member of the flowering plant family Lauraceae. The fruit of the plant, also called an avocado
(or avocado pear or alligator pear), is botanically a large berry containing a single large seed. Avocado trees are partially self-
pollinating, and are often propagated through grafting to maintain predictable fruit quality and quantity.

Avocado fruit and

foliage, Réunion island

Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Magnoliids

Order: Laurales

Family: Lauraceae

Genus: Persea

Species: P. Americana

Binomial name

Persea americana
 Mill.

Poaceae

Poaceae (/poʊˈeɪsiaɪ/) or Gramineae (/ɡrəˈ mɪniaɪ/) is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering
plants known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated
in lawns and pasture. The latter are commonly referred to collectively as grass.
Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms
 Clade: Monocots

Clade: Commelinids

Order: Poales

Clade: Graminid clade

Family: Poaceae
Barnhart[2]

Type genus

Poa

Ecological use

Grasses are the dominant vegetation in many habitats, including grassland, salt-marsh, reedswamp and steppes. They also occur as a
smaller part of the vegetation in almost every other terrestrial habitat. Grass-dominated biomes are called grasslands. If only large,
contiguous areas of grasslands are counted, these biomes cover 31% of the planet's land. Grasslands include pampas, steppes,
and prairies. Grasses provide food to many grazing mammals, as well as to many species of butterflies and moths. Many types of
animals eat grass as their main source of food, and are called graminivores – these include cattle, sheep, horses, rabbits and
many invertebrates, such as grasshoppers and the caterpillars of many brown butterflies. Grasses are also eaten by omnivorous or even
occasionally by primarily carnivorous animals.
Grasses dominate certain biomes, especially temperate grasslands, because many species are adapted to grazing and fire.
Grasses are unusual in that the meristem is near the bottom of the plant; hence, grasses can quickly recover from cropping at the top.
The evolution of large grazing animals in the Cenozoic contributed to the spread of grasses. Without large grazers, fire-cleared areas
are quickly colonized by grasses, and with enough rain, tree seedlings. Trees eventually outcompete most grasses. Trampling grazers
kill seedling trees but not grasses.

uses

Grasses are, in human terms, perhaps the most economically important plant family. Their economic importance stems from several
areas, including food production, industry, and lawns. They have been grown as food for domesticated animals for up to 6,000
years[citation needed] and the grains of grasses such as wheat, rice, maize (corn) and barley have been the most important human food
crops. Grasses are also used in the manufacture of thatch, paper, fuel, clothing, insulation, timber
for fencing, furniture, scaffolding and construction materials, floor matting, sports turf and baskets.
Papaya

The papaya (/pəˈ paɪə/, US: /pəˈpɑːjə/) (from Carib via Spanish), papaw, (/pəˈ
pɔː/) or pawpaw (/ˈ
pɔːpɔː/ is the plant Carica papaya, one
of the 22 accepted species in the genus Carica of the family Caricaceae.

Papaya
Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Brassicales

Family: Caricaceae

Genus: Carica

Species: C. papaya
 Binomial name

Carica papaya
L.[2]

Nerium

nɪəriəm ... / NEER-ee-əm),[1] most commonly known as oleander or nerium, is a shrub or small tree cultivated
Nerium oleander (/ˈ
worldwide in temperate and subtropical areas as an ornamental and landscaping plant. It is the only species currently classified in the
genus Nerium, belonging to subfamily Apocynoideae of the dogbane family Apocynaceae. It is so widely cultivated that no precise
region of origin has been identified, though it is usually associated with the Mediterranean Basin.
Nerium

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Asterids

Order: Gentianales

Family: Apocynaceae

Subfamily: Apocynoideae

Tribe: Nerieae

Genus: Nerium
L.
 Species: N. oleander

Binomial name

Nerium oleander
L.

Synonyms

Numerous, see text

Nerium grows to 2–6 m (7–20 ft) tall. It is most commonly grown in its natural shrub form, but can be trained into a small tree with a
single trunk. It is tolerant to both drought and inundation, but not to prolonged frost. White, pink or red five-lobed flowers grow in
clusters year-round, peaking during the summer. The fruit is a long narrow pair of follicles, which splits open at maturity to release
numerous downy seeds.

Nerium contains several toxic compounds, and it has historically been considered a poisonous plant. However, its bitterness renders it
unpalatable to humans and most animals, so poisoning cases are rare and the general risk for human mortality is low. Ingestion of
larger amounts may cause nausea, vomiting, excess salivation, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea and irregular heart rhythm. Prolonged
contact with sap may cause skin irritation, eye inflammation and dermatitis.
Ecology
Some invertebrates are known to be unaffected by oleander toxins, and feed on the plants. Caterpillars of the polka-dot wasp moth
(Syntomeida epilais) feed specifically on oleanders and survive by eating only the pulp surrounding the leaf-veins, avoiding the fibers.
Larvae of the common crow butterfly (Euploea core) and oleander hawk-moth (Daphnis nerii) also feed on oleanders, and they retain
or modify toxins, making them unpalatable to potential predators such as birds, but not to other invertebrates such as spiders and
wasps.[citation needed]
The flowers require insect visits to set seed, and seem to be pollinated through a deception mechanism. The showy corolla acts as a
potent advertisement to attract pollinators from a distance, but the flowers are nectarless and offer no reward to their visitors. They
therefore receive very few visits, as typical of many rewardless flower species. Fears of honey contamination with toxic oleander
nectar are therefore unsubstantiated.
Ficus yello plant

Ficus trees can maintain their tree-like shape regardless of their size, so this makes them ideal for bonsais or for massive houseplants
in large spaces. Their leaves can be either dark green or variegate.
Cinnamomum camphora

Cinnamomum camphora is a species of evergreen tree that is commonly known under the names camphor
tree, camphorwood or camphor laurel.
Cinnamomum camphora

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Magnoliids
 Order: Laurales

Family: Lauraceae

Genus: Cinnamomum

Species: C. camphora

Binomial name

Cinnamomum camphora
(L.) J.Presl.

Uses

C. camphora is cultivated for camphor and timber production. The production and shipment of camphor, in a solid, waxy form, was a
major industry in Taiwan prior to and during the Japanese colonial era (1895–1945). It was used medicinally and was also an
important ingredient in the production of smokeless gunpowder and celluloid. Primitive stills were set up in the mountainous areas in
which the tree is usually found. The wood was chipped; these chips were steamed in a retort, allowing the camphor to crystallize on
the inside of a crystallization box after the vapour had passed through a cooling chamber. It was then scraped off and packed out to
government-run factories for processing and sale. Camphor was one of the most lucrative of several important government
monopolies under the Japanese.
The wood has an insect-repellent quality.
Casuarina equisetifolia

Casuarina equisetifolia, the Australian pine tree or whistling pine tree, is a she-oak species of the genus Casuarina. The native
range extends throughout Southeast Asia, Northern Australia and the Pacific Islands;
including Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, East Timor, and the Philippines (where it is known
as agoho pine), east to Papua New Guinea, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu, and south to Australia (north of Northern
Territory, north and east Queensland, and north-eastern New South Wales). Populations are also found in Madagascar, but it is
doubtful if this is within the native range of the species. The species has been introduced to the Southern United States and West
Africa. It is an invasive species in Florida,[6][7] South Africa, India and Brazil.
Casuarina equisetifolia

C. equisetifolia subsp. incana

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Fagales

Family: Casuarinaceae

Genus: Casuarina

Species: C. equisetifolia

Binomial name

Casuarina equisetifolia
L.

Subspecies

 C.
e. subsp. equisetifolia
 C. e. subsp. incana
Uses
Casuarina is widely used as a bonsai subject, particularly in South-east Asia and parts of the Caribbean. Indonesian specimens and
those cultivated in Taiwan are regarded among the best in the bonsai world. The wood of this tree is used for shingles, fencing, and is
said to make excellent hot-burning firewood. Among the islands of Hawaii, Casuarina are also grown for erosion prevention, and in
general as wind breaking elements.[citation needed]
The legendary miraculous spear Kaumaile came with the hero Tefolaha on the South Pacific island Nanumea. He fought with it on the
islands of Samoa and Tonga. As Tefolaha died, "Kaumaile" went to his heirs, then to their heirs, and on and on - 23 generations. It is
about 1.80 meters long and about 880 years old and the tree was cut on Samoa. The Casuarina leaves are usually used for ornamental
purposes in the urban region.[citation needed]
Other than ornamental purposes, the Casuarina was also explored in for its potential in remediation of textile dye
wastewater. Casuarina leaves were found to be useful as absorbent material for the removal of textile dyes such as reactive orange 16
Rhodamine B, methylene blue, malachite green and methyl violet 2b. Similarly the Casuarina dried cone was also reported to be able
to remove Rhodamine B, and methyl violet 2b. The Casuarina bark was reported to able to remove methylene blue. Even
the Casuarina seed was also found to be useful in dye removal of neutral red and malachite green. The carbon derived from the cones
of Casuarina was found to be good absorbent for the landfill leachate, while another laboratory also reported good absorbent for
copper ions from aqueous solution. Casuarina equisetifolia Lin. (Casuarinaceae) has been used traditionally for treating inflammation,
cancer and other diseases, but its efficacy has not been scientifically examined in treating arthritis; the bark extract showed anti-
arthritic activity.[citation needed] Methanolic extract of Casuarina equisetifolia fruit contain significant percentage of secondary
metabolite like poly phenol, it showed antioxidant and anti-arthritic activity. [citation needed] Methanolic extract of Casuarina
equisetifolia Lin. Leaf against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Induced Cancer in Mice; possess protective action on the hemopoietic
system.[citation needed]
Washingtonia
Washingtonia is a genus of palms, native to the southwestern United States (in southern California, and southwest Arizona) and
northwest Mexico (in Baja California and Sonora).[2] [3] Both Washingtonia species are commonly cultivated across the Southern
United States, the Middle East, southern Europe, and North Africa, where they have greatly hybridized.
Washingtonia

Scientific classification

Kingdo Plantae
m:

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Monocots

Clade: Commelinids

Order: Arecales

Family Arecaceae
:

Subfa Coryphoideae
mily:

Tribe: Trachycarpeae
 Genus Washingtonia
: H. Wendl. 1879,
[1] conserved name
not Winslow 1854
(syn
of Sequoiadendron

Delonix

Delonix isa genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It contains trees that are native
to Madagascar and East Africa. By far the best known species is the Royal Poinciana (D. regia).
Delonix
Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Fabales

Family: Fabaceae

Subfamily Caesalpinioideae
:

Genus: Delonix
Raf.[1]

Type species
 Delonix regia
(Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.[2]

Species

See text

Synonyms

Aprevalia Baill.
The name of the genus is derived from the Greek words δηλος (delos), meaning "evident," and ονυξ (onyx), meaning "claw," referring
to the petals. The common name, poinciana, comes from a former genus of the same name in which the members of the current
genus Delonix were classified along with plants now placed in the genus Caesalpinia

communities in odya campass,

local name scientific name
 monkeys cercopithecidae
 apes hominidae
 gureza Colobus gureza
 snake serpentes
 shelemetmat Genet(Geneta Abyssinica), Skunk
 Cat felis catus
 Rat mus musculus
 Termite isoptera
 essist (chameleon) chamaeleonidae
  enshilalit(lizard) lacertilla

monkeys, apes, guereza are mostly live outside of the campus field but they get through in by crossing asphalt that disconnects the
campus from the green area outside & this risks their life.so to improve this defect we include a large shading plants around border
area of the campus to connect the distributed green coverage.
snake, shelemetmat, Cat, Rat, termite, essist, enshilalit: this animal walks on the ground surface so they need a safe passage to
cross the distributed vegetation cover .in order to provide that we think it is best to create canals between the vegetation cover under
the roads and pedestrian walk ways.

ANIMALS
Animals that found in dilla university
Animals are one component of an ecosystem. Their role as consumers helps maintain the cycle of energy in the
environment and ensures the sustainability of their habitat
Some of them are listed and there use in the ecosystem

Snake
 Role of snake in the ecosystem
Snakes Maintain Balance in the Food Web
Snakes play an integral role in maintaining balance in the ecosystem. In most systems, snakes can be both
predator and prey. When a large prey population attracts and sustains a large snake population, those snakes
become prey for birds, mammals and even other snakes! Some snakes specialize in preying on other snakes, like
the king snake, which can prey on rattlesnakes because they are immune to rattlesnake venom.
Snakes are a Natural Form of Pest Control.
As predators, snakes keep prey populations in balance. For example, rodents reproduce exponentially in the
absence of predators, as long as there is plenty of food. This is particularly true in environments dominated by
humans.. Snakes provide an easy, environmentally friendly, free and natural pest control service.
Another example, timber rattlesnakes eats rodents who are hosts to ticks. Those ticks are a vector for Lyme
disease, which is a dangerous bacterial infection that can be transmitted to humans. When the snakes reduce the
rodent populations, the prevalence of Lyme disease in the environment is reduced.
Snakes as predators, feed on frogs, insects, rats, mice, and other rodents, helping to keep prey population under
control. Snakes are also eaten by other species - thus playing a key role in the food-chain as prey.
Snakes as ‘ecosystem-engineers’ facilitate ‘secondary seed dispersal’, thus contributing to reproduction of plants .
When snakes swallow rodents (who consume seeds), the seeds are expelled through excretion into the
environment in an intact manner. As snakes have larger home ranges than rodents, seeds tend to disperse at
greater distances from the parent plant. This mechanism supports growth and survival of plant species without
struggling for common resources of light, water, and soil nutrients and hence essential for biodiversity and
ecological restoration.
Snakes also play a role in disease prevention and provide benefits to agricultural communities. Rodents are
carriers of many zoonotic diseases (like Lyme disease, leptospirosis, leishmaniasis, Hantavirus) which affect
humans, dogs, cattle, sheep, and other domestic animals
Cats
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Felis
Species: F. catus
Role of cat in the ecosystem
Green-house experiments showed that a large percentage of the seeds were able to germinate. In addition, the
seeds’ germination potential was similar to that of seeds obtained directly from doves’ gizzards when the birds
were captured and given a solution to make them bring up the contents of their gizzards.
This determined that seed passage through cougars’ guts does not have a negative effect on the potential of the
viability and germination of seeds. This confirms a new ecological role for cougars as effective secondary seed
dispersers.
Ecological implications
Birds, the most important seed predators in most ecosystems, overlap with wild cats in every habitat where felids
are present. This means that not only cougars, but also other cats, may aid long-distance seed dispersal. This has
implications for several complex ecosystem processes, like spreading plant species to new habitats and ensuring
gene flow between plant populations
They are also strict carnivores. This puts them at the top of the food chain, where they play an important
ecological role by regulating prey populations and structuring animal communities.
Big cats love their meat. They are also strict carnivores. This puts them at the top of the food chain, where they
play an important ecological role by regulating prey populations and structuring animal communities.

Monkey
What is the role of monkey in ecosystem?
Monkeys play an important role in their native habitats by pollinating flowers and dispersing seeds as they travel.
Some monkeys can swim; their webbed toes help them paddle through the water, and they may swim across a
stream or river to avoid predators or get to food.
What is seed dispersal? Why is it important?
Seed dispersal is an essential ecological process in which the seeds of a parent tree are taken to another area by
an animal or the wind. With less competition, the seeds can flourish and grow. Seeds are then deposited in
favorable areas for germination of various tree species. This important ecological process increases tree gene
flow and spurs, allowing forests to grow. Monkeys and apes are seed dispersers, and as such are integral for
maintaining a balanced ecosystem by influencing ecological forest regeneration
The most successful seed-dispersing primates are those who have a mainly frugivorous diet and have larger body
sizes such as howler monkeys, spider monkey s, chimpanzees, and gibbons, since they consume a wide range of
fruits in high quantities. Larger-bodied frugivorous monkeys and apes are the main consumers of large seeded
fruits in tropical rain forests compared to other, smaller-sized seed dispersing animals. Their larger body size
means they can eat fruits with large seeds that other small frugivorous animals can’t swallow.
Carbon sequestration
Large-bodied primates are the primary disperser for large-seeded tree species and hold an active role in the
sequestration of carbon [11, 3]. Carbon storage is the process by which forests and trees absorb and regulate
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which helps to mitigate the effects of global climate change [4].
Compared to trees with smaller seeds, large seeded tree species have higher carbon densities, meaning these
species of trees are better at maintaining carbon storage and serve as a reservoir to diminish the effects of
increased carbon emissions
Insect
Many insects are considered to be pests by humans. However, insects are also very important for numerous
reasons.
The role of insect in the ecosystem
Ecological Importance
Insects can be found in every environment on Earth
Insects are crucial components of many ecosystems, where they perform many important functions. They aerate
the soil, pollinate blossoms, and control insect and plant pests. Many insects, especially beetles, are scavengers,
feeding on dead animals and fallen trees, thereby recycling nutrients back into the soil. As decomposers, insects
help create top soil, the nutrient-rich layer of soil that helps plants grow. Burrowing bugs, such as ants and
beetles, dig tunnels that provide channels for water, benefiting plants. Bees, wasps, butterflies, and ants pollinate
flowering plants. Gardeners love the big-eyed bug and praying mantis because they control the size of certain
insect populations, such as aphids and caterpillars,
which feed on new plant growth. Finally, all insects fertilize the soil with the nutrients from their droppings.
Insects as Food
Insects, of course, are not just eaten by people. Insects are the sole food source for many amphibians, reptiles,
birds, and mammals, making their roles in food chains and food webs extremely important. It is possible that food
webs could collapse if insect populations decline.
Pollination of Plants
Insects are responsible for the pollination of about 80% of trees and bushes on the entire planet. Plants invest
significant amounts of energy in the formation of attractive blooms full of nectar. Such features are produced
primarily to attract insects that act as the chief agents of pollination for most of them. So
Decomposition of Animal and Plant Matter
Insects play a vital role in the decomposition of animal and plant matter, which is essential for the release of
nutrients that are later utilized for growing plants. Decomposition also helps in the removal of disease-causing
organisms in carcasses. Dung beetles and termites are particularly crucial as they provide agricultural service by
removing and assisting in the decomposition of livestock dung, thus limiting the fouling of pasture through the
accumulation of excrement. Such services also help in improving water and carbon storage in soil, reduction of
livestock loss as a result of blood-feeding flies, and the reduction of nitrogen loss due to volatilization and erosion
While all organisms in the ecosystem are essential, the role played by insects is particularly vital insects are “lever
pullers of the world”.
Insects are a rich source of protein, vitamins, and minerals,
Insects have also been used in medicine
In the environment, some insects pollinate flowering plants.
Insects produce useful substances, such as honey, wax, lacquer, and silk.
Insects are food sources in some parts of the world.
To decompose plant life and dead bodies in the environment
Guereza
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Colobus
The mantled guereza is primarily arboreal, but does sometimes descend on the ground to forage and travel,
perhaps more so than most other colobines. It is diurnal and rests for up to half the day. Foraging or travelling is
the next most common activity. Sometime after dawn, mantled guereza groups leave their sleeping trees and will
return to them at dusk. During the day, the mantled guereza has long rest periods in between periods of moving
and feeding.Other activities, including grooming, greeting, playing and being vigilant, are performed to a lesser
extent
The diet of the mantled guereza is predominantly leaves, often of only a few tree species.
Despite its reputation as an exclusive leaf-eater, the mantled guereza is not an obligate folivore.While it mainly
eats leaves and fruit, its diet is quite variable. It may eat bark, wood, seeds, flowers, petioles, lianas, aquatic-
plants, arthropods, soil, and even concrete from buildings.
Like all colobi, the mantled guereza is able to digest leaves and other plant fibers with a large, multi-chambered
stomach that contains bacteria in certain areas.[26] Like most colobines, it prefers foods with high fiber content
that can be easily extracted with its specialized stomach.[25] The mantled guereza is mostly preyed on by the
crowned hawk-eagle,[27] but it is also eaten by other birds of prey such as EverReady's eagle.[18] The common
chimpanzee is known to hunt the guereza.[28] The leopard is another possible predator.[29]
Dogs
What role of dogs in the ecosystem?
Dogs not only interact with wildlife, but can also attack and spread disease to humans, livestock and other
domestic animals. As dogs expand into new areas, the number of species they impact is likely to grow. We can
protect wildlife by integrating human health and animal welfare objectives into dog management.
Animals are one component of an ecosystem. Their role as consumers helps maintain the cycle of energy in the
environment and ensures the sustainability of their habitat
Despite their widespread and sometimes severe impacts on biodiversity, dogs can also benefit some species and
ecosystems.
For example, in Australia, the closely related dingo (Canis dingo) can suppress populations of introduced
predators such as red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and in doing so can benefit smaller native prey. It is possible that
domestic dogs could perform similar ecological roles in some situations.
Example of ways of green conectivity
Dilla university oda’aya cumpas land total area
Fig.1
579.202-meter square
The total area of odaya’s campass accounts 579,202 meter square
This area there is composed of avegitation cover,builldings,pedisterin walk ways and roads.
Dilla university vegetation map in 2014 EC

Fig.2
128.641 meter square
It covers 22.2% of the total area
It is indicated in this map in green color differentiated from the rest.

Vegetation map in 1999 EC

This map shows the vegetation cover and the site situation of dilla
odaya campass in 1999.

We observe that there is no construction and less vegetation coverage in

that time.

The the total vegetation cover estimated to be 35,220.which is 6.08

perecent of the total land area cover.

Fig.3
35,220 square meters
6 .08 % of total area
Building construction map
Fig.3

61,690.9297-meter square
10.65 % of the total area

From this map we can see the building cover of our site,which is indicated in red color in the map.
The building construction covers 61,690.92 meter square.
In percerntage it is essstimated as 10.65 % of total area.
From this map we can have an information about how much distructions happen because of the building construction in that area and
it’s influence on ecological connectivity.
Road path map
Fig.4
In this map the rod and path ways indicated in red line.
In dilla university oda’aya cumpas there is a different types and size of road

 asphalt = 6,367 square meter area coverd

 coblestone = 67, 575 square meter area covered
 total area coverd by path ways is 73,942

 Run off posture =505,260*0.25

MAR=1547.03

Runoff cofficient for coblestone =0.7

Runoff cofficient for asphalt =0.95

(Runoff) asphalt =6367 m2*1547.03 mm *0.95

=9.357.261.55

(Runoff) coblestone =67, 575 m2 *15.47 mm*0.7

=713,769.675
this shows that there is impervious surface coverage of 9.357.261.55 and semi pervious surface of 713,769.675 in the campus area.

Conceptual map of dilla oday’a capmass

This conceptual map prepared in order to introduce solutions to the defects of recent vegetation coverage connectivity and amount of coverage
that need to be modified.

To increase the green connectivity we use canals , bridges and trees

-canals were prepared for animals that can not hang on trees for their passage and choose their lively hood on lands like cats, snakes, insects(we
put them on the area were green connectivity is broken by rod ways

-trees for monkeys, gurreza, birds(is a natural way of creating connection)

-bridges to be accessed by both types of animals and on the areas that need to be free for pass ways