Week 6

COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
PERIOD BETWEEN 1922-1927
Presented by Pratik Nayak
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT

Period Between 1922-1927
Different Social Reforms Rise of Political & Economic Peasant & Labour
Movement - Vaikom Satyagraha - Communalism Reforms Movements
(Satyagraha) - Akali Movement - Caste Movements - Communist
- Nagpur Movement
- Borsad
- Emergence of new leaders Subhash & Nehru

- Revolutionary Activities
- Swawaj Party

- Nagpur Satyagraha
- Aug. 1922 Started @ Jabalpur by Hakim Ajmal Khan
- Nagarpalika function @ Jabalpur
- Which flag to set up
Union Jack Congress Flag
This was Hosted
- March 1923 C. Rajagopalchari, given function @ Jabalpur, congress flag set up

- Circus procession with flag by PT. Sundarlalji
- Jailed for six months

- Impact @ Nagpur Decided to continue flag under sheth Jamnalalji

- Circus with flag @ Civil lines
- Patel asked Mohanlal Pandya to go to Nagpur
- Against Satyagraha writing in the times & statesman
- Arrest of more than 1800people
- Stopping people from going to Nagpu
- Vallabhbhai Patel reached Nagpur – 22 June
- Started Agitating
- Later on compromise
Vallabhbhai Vitthalbhai British Officials

Borsad Satyagraha
- 1st really successful movement Gandhian Satyagraha @ Rural Gujarat

- Sep 1923 Poll Tax imposed on every adult – “Hediayavera”
- Why? Pay up for police work
Police Were suppressing dacoities
- Protest by local people, leadership of Vallabhbhai Patel.
- Not to pay up
- Patel given the title→ The King of Borsad

Vaikom Satyagraha – Social Reforms Movement
- Origin – Till 1917 Congrss – No social Reform.

- From 1917onwards Social Reforms eradicating untouchability in all forms
- By 1923 Strategy Educate & development of opinion among hindus
- Depressed classes Avarnas (Those without caste)
- Untouchablelity
- Theendal – siatance pollution Already reforms by
- Ezhavas & Pulayas - Shri Narayan Guru
- Kakinada Session Eradication of untouchability - TK Madhuvan

- Beginning at Vaikom village in Travancore

- Roads initially not allowed to be used by Ezhavas & Pulayas
- Savarnas & Avarnas – came to gether, march 1924
- Govt. & Temple authorities came to set up barricades
- Leadership KP Kesava Menon
- Impact – all India – Akali Jatha Paticipation
Leadership – Periyar
- Arrested by the Royal officials
- March 1925 Gandhi begun tour of Kerala
Closed
- Compromise Roads open for the avarnas but Sankethan (inside Premises) of temple For Avarnas
Gandhi I will not visit any temple in Kerala
- Again by 1931 A new movement will start up
- Guruvayur Satyagraha→ led by K. Kelappan

ICS is the Steel Frame

of the Country
Political & Economic Changes.
- August 1922 Lloyd George Steel frame speech

- By 1924 – Royal commission (Lee Commission)
- 1926 – Indian Sandhurst committee 50% Indianisation
of the army & the Indian civil services
- 1926 – Hilton-Young committee
- 1927→ Butler committee
- GD Birla & Purshottamdas Thakurdas – Establishment of
FICCI
- Ambedkar→ Bring Financial Reforms in India
- By 1928→ Impact of the Great Depression

- Hence emergence of labour and peasant movment

Chairmanship of Sir Harcourt Butler
relationship between the paramount
power and the Princes of Princely
States
Princely states ….tu toh
giyo

Revolt….
Tribal & Peasant Movements
1. Rampa Rebellion (Aug. 1922 – May 1924)

- Leader Alluri Sitarama Raju
- Issues – old laws, Forest issues, Money leaders
- Role of loyal tehsildar Road construction with unpaid Labour
- Raju, outside but became popular among masses
- Got inspired by non cooperation movement, Flag Satyagraha
- Started guerilla warfare

Long live revolution
Emergence of Communists
- Bolshevik Revolution – 1917

- Revolutionary activities Narendra Bhattacharji (Manabendranath Roy)
- 1919 Came in contact with Mikhail borodin Mexico
- By 1920 – MN Roy attended second second congress international roy vs. lenin debate
- Oct 1920 – Foundation of the communist party of India @ Tashkent
- MN Roy
- Abani Mukherji - Penetrating India Through Afghanistan
- Mohd. Ali
- Mohd. Shafiq

- By 1921-22 – MN Roy shifted to berlin

- Publishing Vanguard of Indian independence
- India in Transition (Abani Mukherjee)
- Revival of old berlin group – Virendranath Chattopadhyay
- Bhupendranath Dutt
- Barkatullah
- Ghadar also joined Rattan Singh
Santokh Singh
Teja Singh
- Spreading in India by – Naini Gupta & Shankat Usmani
Bombay S.A. Dange Socialist Journal Socialist Labour party
Calcutta Muzaffar Ahmad
Madras Singaravelu Labour Kishan party
Lahore Ghulam Hussain

Communist Movement
2.Kanpur Bolshevik conspiracy case
1924→New communists were tried by the Government Why?
S.A. Dange "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India,
Muzaffar Ahmed by complete separation of India from imperialistic Britain by a
Shaukat Usmani violent revolution."
Nalini Gupta

- Between 1922-27
Peshawar conspiracy cases – Muhajir trying to enter India
- May 1924 – Kanpur Bolshevik conspiracy case
- MA - NG
Govt. Supression
- SU - SAD
- Still Dec. 1925 Indian communist conference @ Kanpur
- Hasrat Mohani, Singaravelu
- Number of oraganisation Set up:-
- Peasants & Worker party Muzafar Ahmad, Nazrul Islam, Hemant Kumar Sarkar
Bengal - Gopen Chakravarti Langal
Dharani Goswami Ganabani
1927 Shapurji Saklatvala
- Kriti Kisan Party – Bohan Singh Josh - Indian British MP (Became the 3rd person)
- Communist Member
Punjab Magazine
Kriti Santokh Singh

Communist Movement
3.Meerut conspiracy case In 1929
31 labour leaders were arrested on the charge of conspiracy
3 Englishmen also included in 31

Government took to Public Safety bill to deport foreigners helping
Indian people
on trial under Section 121A→ Criminal Conspiracy
in 1921 S.A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani and Muzaffar Ahmed entered into
a conspiracy to establish a branch of the Comintern in India and they
were helped by various persons, including the accused Philip
Spratt and Benjamin Francis Bradley, sent to India by the Communist
International
inspired the 1932 play Meerut by Manchester street theatre group the
'Red Megaphones',

THANK YOU

REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES-2

ABOUT ME
YEARS
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES

Different Social Reforms Rise of Political & Economic Peasant & Labour
Movement - Vaikom Satyagraha - Communalism Reforms Movements
(Satyagraha) - Akali Movement - Caste Movements - Communist
- Nagpur Movement
- Borsad
- Emergence of new leaders Subhash & Nehru

- Revolutionary Activities
- Swawaj Party

REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM
Revolutionary
Activities
Phase-I Phase-II
1900s 1920s
Q.Nature of Questions asked in prelims?
Fact Based Area of work→ India, Abroad
Name of a revolutionary leader
Organisation Publication→ Book, newspaper,

magazine etc.
Event related to it→ Conspiracy cases

Revolutionary Activities Phase - II
Why – Reasons?
- Bolshevik Revolution (1917)
- Dictatorship of proliteriat
- Political vaccum after N.C.M Revival of Old groupings – Anushilan Samiti – All had taken part In N.C.M
- Rise of trade unionism

- :. Revolutionary Activities
North India Bengal

(Punjab - Up)

Revolutionary Phase 2 →Background
Why sudden increase in revolutionary activities? It is easy to kill individuals but you
cannot kill the ideas. Great empires
crumbled, while the ideas survived
1.Spread of Marxism and Socialist Ideas
Inspired by the soviet revolution (1917)
Upsurge of working class, trade unionism after the War
Rise of Communist & Socialist groups
The rise of a left wing, within the congress Nehru and Shubash

Why sudden increase in revolutionary activities?
इंक़िलाब ज़िन्दाबाद...Long
Live Revolution
2. Sudden withdrawal of the non-cooperation movement
Questioned →emphasis on non-violence
Not attracted to the parliamentary work of the Swarajists & also of No- Changers
Journals , Novels, Books→ memoirs and articles extolling the self-sacrifice of revolutionaries
Bandi Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal and by Sharatchandra Chatterjee

Q. What is the fundamental difference between Revolutionaries of Phase I & Phase II ??
Down with Imperialism...

Both advocated radical solutions for economic, political and social ills of इंक़िलाब ज़िन्दाबाद
the country
Phase II Revolutionary→
Nationalism + Anti-imperialism +Social Justice
Also raised the question of internal class oppression by capitalists

and landlords

Revoultionary Activites-Phase II
1. Formation of → Commmunist Party of India @ Tashkent (1920)
Leaders→M.N. Roy, Abani Mukherji

North India
- Under leadership of Ramprasad Bismil (Photo)

- Had attended the Gaya Session
- Didn’t liked the sudden withdrawal of NCM
- Drafted New party constitution “Yellow Paper Constitution”
- 1 meeting @ Kanpur – October 1924
st
- Joining of other leaders
Ramprasad Sachin Jogesh

Bismil Sanyal Chaterjee
- Formation of the Hindustan Republication Association

Punjab-UP-Bihar
1. Hindustan Republican Association
founded in October 1924 @ Kanpur
later renamed Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Ramprasad Bismil Sachin Sanyal Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee

HRA Programme
- Overthrowing of the British Rule

- Armed rebellion
- Establish Federal republic of the united states of India.
- Govt. elected on the basis of Adult Franchise
- Nationalisation of properties
- Organising peasant & labour Agitation
- Publishing The Revolutionary
- Sachin Sanyal – Abolition of all systems which make the exploitation of man by man possible
- But Q. Revolt Needs Money

- :. Kakori Robbery (9 Aug 1925)

Punjab-UP-Bihar Hindustan Republican Association
Kakori Robbery ( 9th August 1925)
Revolutionaries, led by Ram Prasad Bismil looted, the British treasure from a train at Kakori near Lucknow
Bismil ka sandes hai ki lahore jane wali train

ko hum kakori ke pass lotenge aur unhi
paiso se hathiyar kharidenge

- Kakori Robbery (9 Aug. 1925)

- Trian Robbery @ Govt. treasury
- 10 men taking part @ stopping train near Lucknow.
- Govt. Supression – Capturing & Arresting Conspirators.
Hanged A&N
Ashfaqullah Ramprasad Roshan Rajendra others Chandra

Khan Bismil Singh Lahiri Shekhar
Azad
Fled Away
- Formation of the Hindustan Republication Association

Tried to
Reorganise

Punjab-UP-Bihar Hindustan Republican Association
Kakori Robbery ( 9th August
1925)
Revolutionaries, led by Ram Prasad Bismil looted, the British
treasure from a train at Kakori near Lucknow
Bismil ka sandes hai ki lahore jane wali train

ko hum kakori ke pass lotenge aur unhi
paiso se hathiyar kharidenge

By 1926→ Pather Dabi was written
Pather Dabi (The Right of Way; or Demands of the

Road)
written by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
Secret society named Pather Dabi whose goal is to free

India from British rule
leader of the organization is Sabyasachi Mallick

Formation of Hindustan socialist republic association

- Leadership Chandra Shekhar Azad
- Young Revolutionaries
Bhagat Jaidev Yashpal Shiv Verma Bejoy Sinha Sukhdev Bhagwatt

Singh kapur Charan Vohra
- Philosophy of Bomb
- Indepence in All
forms “Pol, Soc &
Eco”
- Sep 1928 Meeting @ Feroz Shah kotla - Anti Simon Agitation

- Renaming HRA HSRA - Punjab protest – By Lala Lajpat Rai
- Target only Govt. Treasuries

September 1928 @ Feroz Shah Kotla Punjab-UP-Bihar
Formation of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Work under a collective leadership and adopted socialism as its official

goal
Bhagat Singh,
Sukhdev,
Bhagwaticharan Vohra
Bejoy Kumar Sinha,
Shiv Verma
Jaidev Kapur

30 Oct. 1928 - Anti Simon agitation @ Lahore

- Sher-E-Punjab Leader Lala Lajpat Rai
- Lathi Charge
17 Nov. 1928 - Death of Lala
17 Dec. 1928 - Assasiation of saunders (instead of james scott) By Bhagat singh, Sukhdev & Rajguru
- Escaped & Underground – Helped by wife of Vohra Durgabhabhi
- Poster put up by HSRA – Justifying murder
- Wanted revolution by masses.
- Reign of terror by Authorities
- :. New Agenda…..

Revolutionary Terrorism
Formation of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Lahore Conspiracy Case
Saunders' Murder (Lahore,

December 1928)
Why Lahore conspiracy case?
Ab jo tera khun na khaula wo khun

nahi wo pani hai...jo desh ke kaam
na aayi bekar wo jawani hai

Lahore Conspiracy Case
Bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly (April 1929)
The Philosophy of the Bomb written by Bhagwaticharan Vohra

- Bomb @ central assembly 8th April, 1829

- Throwing of bomb – symbolic
- Not to kill, but to make the deaf hear
- Objective Get arrested – using of court trial room to spread propaganda
- Public safety bill, trade disputes bill – protest against this bills
- 8th April 1929
Bhagat Singh Batukeshwar Dutt
- Throwing of bomb @ courted arrest.

- During trial police investigation getting know about Saunders murder (Lahore conspiracy)
- Arrest & Trial of other Revolutionaries
- Inqalab Zindabad, Down with imperialism long live proliteriat, Safaroshi Ki Tamanna
- During Trial & Jail.
- Protest Inside Jail Hunger Strike by Jatin Das
- Oct. 1930 Conviction by Judiciary
- 23 March 1931 Hanging @ Lahore
Inqalab Zindabaad

Q. Impact & Ideology?
- HRA – Abolition of all system

- The Revolutionary nationalization of economy
- Labour & Peasant organisations
- R.Bismil Give up pistol, work in open movements
- Hindu – Muslim unity
- Bhagat Singh – Birth In 1907 Ideological rethinking
- Nephew of Ajit Singh
- Spent time @ Dwarkadas Library
- Setting up of Library, study circles
- Helping others
- Making them read.

- After arrest even in Jail, transformed into a university

- Discussion based approach
- By 1929 Abandoned belief in heroic action Ideological rethinking
Leads to
- Mass movement Revolution Justice.
- Working among Peasants youth
- Punjab Navjawan Bharat Sabha
- Fully secular oppossed youth belonging social – Religions organisations
Joining political organisations
- Also criticized – Lala Lajpat Rai “The Lost Leader”
- Why I Am an Atheist.

Government took to Public Safety bill to deport foreigners helping Indian people
3.Revolutionary Terrorism
Punjab-UP-Bihar Bengal

Bengal
- Origin between 1900 to 1915

- 1915 to 1922 Gandhian Movement
- 1922 End of NCM-Political Vacuum
- Swarajist leadership C.R.Das – all got united
- After death of C.R.Das split in revolutionaries
J M Sengupta S C Bose
Anushilan Samiti Yugantar
- Starting of revolutionary Activities.

Jan. 1924 – Phase – I

- Assasination of Charles Thegart Gopinath Saha.
- Confusion Mr. Day Was killed
- Govt. suppression arrest of S.C.Bose, GopinathSaha – Hanged.
- Function within Yugantar & AnushilanSamiti
- :. Stopping of Activities
- 1926→ Sarath Chandra Pather Dabi
- By 1928 onwards Revival of Activities

- Leaders Surya Sen – Masterda
- Took part in NCM
- Arrested – 1926-28
1929 – Became member of congress

- Admirer of Tagore & Kazi Nazrul Islam
- By 1930 Launching of CDM by Gandhi
- Revolutionary activities started

- Surya – Sen
- Ganesh Ghosh
- Lokenath Baul
- Anant Singh
- Others – 18 April1930
- Plan - Occupying the Armouries @ Chittagong
- Seizing of Arms
- Destruction of Rail & Telephone lines
- Formation of Indian Republican Army
- Attach on Armoury @ 18 April 1930 @ 10 O'clock
- Under Surya Sen’s leadership – Hosting of national flag
- Running away in Hilly areas of Chittagong
- Impact in different areas of Bengal 1931 - 1934

- Participation of Women
- Pritilata waddedar Died while planting & bomb
- Kalpana Dutia (Joshi) – Imprisoned
- Santi Ghosh, Suniti Chadhary Shot Dead & DM
- Bina Das Shot @ Governor, Convocation Function
- JL. Nehru Charged of Sedition
- Muslim support the revolutionaries
- By Jan. 1934 Surya Sen Arrested & Hanged.


THANK YOU

BARDOLI SATYAGRAHA

ABOUT ME
YEARS
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES

Bardoli Satyagraha
- Origin from non co-operation movement

- Bardoli Elected to start CDM in Feb. 1922 but Chauri Chaura had
stopped it
- 1922 to 1928 – Constructive work by no changers
- Local leaders – Kalyanji Mehta Emergence
- Kunvarji Mehta
- Dayalji Desai
- Local tribal community – Kaliparaj (Dark People)

- Used as hereditary Labours
- Uliparaj (Fair People) – Hali System
- Setting up of Ashrams for work Among Kaliparaj

Bardoli Satyagraha
There’s problem in
miscalculation
- Kaliparaj renamed as Raniparaj (Forest dwellers)
- Annual Kaliparaj conference
- Exploitation, poverty, discrimination
- January 1926 Local official – Jaykar – 30% increase over existing assessment
- Local protest started, press young India & Navjivan
- Matter in Leg. Council Reduced enhancement to 21.97%
- But still high, local leaders invited Vallabhbhai Patel
- Vallabhbhai Patel Wrote to the Govt. about miscalculations
- Govt. s Lurt reply
Prabhu Hindu-Muslim Unity

- Peasants Oath
Khuda

Bardoli Satyagraha
- VallabhBhai Patel Asked to lead campaign

- Already – Nagpur, Kheda, Borsad
- Withholding of revenue
- Toured Bardoli, given title of sardar by local women (Bhikiben)
- Social influence – No one should pay
- Division of tallaqa in to 13 Chavni Camps
- Satyagraha patrika, Publishing pictures of Jabti
- Mobilisation of Women
Mithuben Petit Bhakti ba Maniben Shardaben Sharda Mehta

(Wife of Shah
Darbar
Gopaldas)

Bardoli Satyagraha Thankyou very
much…..
Sardar……

Bardoli Satyagraha

Bardoli Satyagraha
- Resigning of K.M.Munshi & Lalji Naranji

- Shifting of Gandhi to Bardoli
- Formation of Land League
- Entry of Bombay youth league I’ll do something big…….
- Merging of communist + peasant movement
- Govt. Enquiry conducted by broom field (Judicial officer)
Maxwell (Revenue officer)
- Revenue increase unjustified
- Enhancement Reduced to 6.03 %

THANK YOU

THE RISE OF THE LEFT WING

ABOUT ME
YEARS
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES

THE RISE OF THE LEFT- WING
Origin in the 1920s and 1930s
INM→ Exploitation and Poverty, Came together .
Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose.

Socialist ideas acquired roots in the Indian soil;
emerged two powerful parties of the Left,

• the Communist Party of India (CPI) and
• the Congress Socialist Party (CSP).

The rise of the left wing
Communist Movement Socialist Movement

On 7 November 1917, the Bolshevik (Communist) party→ Lenin→ 1st Socialist

State
Impact
Several socialist and communist groups came into existence all over the country.
In Bombay, S.A. Dange published a pamphlet Gandhi and Lenin and started the
first socialist weekly→ The Socialist;
In Bengal, Muzaffar Ahmed brought out Navayug and later founded the Langal in
cooperation with the poet NazruI Islam;
In Punjab, Ghulam Hussain and others published Inquilab; and
In Madras, M. Singaravelu founded the Labour-Kisan Gazette.

On 7 November 1917, the Bolshevik (Communist) party→ Lenin→ 1st Socialist State
Impact
The common people — the workers and peasants and the intelligentsia
Socialist doctrines, especially Marxism, the guiding theory of the Bolshevik Party,
acquired a sudden attraction, especially for the people of Asia.
Bipin Chandra Pal, the famous Extremist leader, wrote in 1919:

‘Today after the downfall of German militarism, after the destruction of the autocracy of the Czar, there has
grown up all over the world a new power, the power of the people determined to rescue their legitimate rights —
the right to live freely and happily without being exploited and victimized by the wealthier and the so-called
higher classes.’
Youth Unhappy with the NCM, Swarajist etc. .

How it originated ? Factors ?

Student and youth associations were organized all over the country from 1927
onwards.
Hundreds of youth conferences were organized all over the country during 1928
and 1929 with speakers advocating radical solutions for the political, economic and
social ills from which the country was suffering.
Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose toured the country attacking imperialism,
capitalism, and landlordism and preaching the ideology of socialism.
The Revolutionary Activities → by Chandrasekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh also

turned to socialism.
Trade union and peasant movements grew rapidly throughout the 1920s.
Great Depression→ More unrest, Unemployment . Unemployment soared all over

the capitalist world. People criticising capitalism, more acceptance of Marxism and
Socialism.
Impact of Jawaharlal Nehru
imparted a socialist vision to the national movement and who became the symbol of socialism and socialist
ideas in India after 1929.
freedom could not be defined only in political terms but must have a socioeconomic content
propagated the ideas of socialism and declared that political freedom would become meaningful only if it led to
the economic emancipation of the masses
interest in economic questions when he came in touch with the peasant movement
1927, he attended the international Congress against Colonial Oppression and imperialism, held at Brussels
1928→ Independence for India League to fight for complete independence and ‘a socialist revision of the
economic structure of society
Became President in 1929, 1936 and 1937

How it all started ?
M.N. Roy, who along with Lenin, helped evolve the Communist International’s policy
towards the colonies. Others→ met at Tashkent in October 1920 and set up a Communist
Party of India.
number of left-wing and communist groups and organizations had begun to come into
existence in India
came together at Kanpur in December 1925 and founded an all-India organization
under the name the Communist Party of India (CPI).
S.V. Ghate → general secretary of the party.

Long live revolution
Emergence of Communists
- Bolshevik Revolution – 1917

- Revolutionary activities Narendra Bhattacharji (Manabendranath Roy)
- 1919 Came in contact with Mikhail borodin Mexico
- By 1920 – MN Roy attended second second congress international roy vs. lenin debate
- Oct 1920 – Foundation of the communist party of India @ Tashkent
- MN Roy
- Abani Mukherji - Penetrating India Through Afghanistan
- Mohd. Ali
- Mohd. Shafiq

- By 1921-22 – MN Roy shifted to berlin

- Publishing Vanguard of Indian independence
- India in Transition (Abani Mukherjee)
- Revival of old berlin group – Virendranath Chattopadhyay
- Bhupendranath Dutt
- Barkatullah
- Ghadar also joined Rattan Singh
Santokh Singh
Teja Singh
- Spreading in India by – Naini Gupta & Shankat Usmani
Bombay S.A. Dange Socialist Journal Socialist Labour party
Calcutta Muzaffar Ahmad
Madras Singaravelu Labour Kishan party
Lahore Ghulam Hussain

- Between 1922-27
Peshawar conspiracy cases – Muhajir trying to enter India
- May 1924 – Kanpur Bolshevik conspiracy case
- MA - NG
Govt. Suppression
- SU - SAD
- Still Dec. 1925 Indian communist conference @ Kanpur
- Hasrat Mohani, Singaravelu
- Number of oraganisation Set up:-
- Peasants & Worker party Muzafar Ahmad, Nazrul Islam, Hemant Kumar Sarkar
Bengal - Gopen Chakravarti Langal
Dharani Goswami Ganabani
1927 Shapurji Saklatvala
- Kriti Kisan Party – Bohan Singh Josh - Indian British MP (Became the 3rd person)
- Communist Member
Punjab Magazine
Kriti Santokh Singh

Communist Party of India
came together at Kanpur in December 1925 and founded an all-India organization
under the name the Communist Party of India (CPI).
S.V. Ghate → general secretary of the party.
Programme
CPI called upon all its members to enroll themselves as members of the Congress,
form a strong left-wing in all its organs, cooperate with all other radical nationalists,
transform the Congress into a more radical mass-based organization.

Main Work by Communists ?

organize peasants’ and workers’ parties and work through them.
Formation of Institutions
1923→ A Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan in Madras
1925→ Labour-Swaraj Party of the Indian National Congress organized by Muzaffar Ahmed, Qazi Nazrul Islam,
Hemanta Kumar Sarkar, and others in Bengal.
1926→ Congress Labour Party was formed in Bombay and a

Kirti-Kisan Party in Punjab.
1928 → provincial organizations had been renamed the Workers’ and Peasants’ Party (WPP)
All India party, whose units were also set up in Rajasthan, UP and Delhi.
All Communists were members of this party.

Main Work by Communists ?
Workers’ and Peasants’ Party (WPP)
The basic objective of the WPPs was to work within the Congress to
give it a more radical orientation and make it ‘the party of the people’
and independently organize workers and peasants in class
organizations, to enable first the achievement of complete
independence and ultimately of socialism.
The WPPs grew rapidly and within a short period the communist
influence in the Congress began to grow rapidly, especially in
Bombay.
Supported by Jawaharlal Nehru and SC Bose and other leaders.
The WPPs also made rapid progress on the trade union front →
Labour movements

Communist Activities ?
1922-24→ Communists trying to enter India from the Soviet Union had been tried in a series of
conspiracy cases at Peshawar and sentenced to long periods of imprisonment.
1924→ Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy

trying S.A. Dange,
Muzaffar Ahmed,
Nalini Gupa and
Shaukat Usmani in the Case.
All four were sentenced to four years of imprisonment.

Communist Movement
2.Kanpur Bolshevik conspiracy case
1924→New communists were tried by the Government Why?
S.A. Dange "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India,
Muzaffar Ahmed by complete separation of India from imperialistic Britain by a
Shaukat Usmani violent revolution."
Nalini Gupta

Communist Activities ?
March 1929, Meerut Conspiracy Case
Government→ arrested thirty-two radical political and trade

union activists, including
three British Communists —
Philip Spratt, Ben Bradley and Lester Hutchinson —
Came to India to help organize the trade union movement.
Public reaction ?
cause celebre.
Defence lawyers→ Jawaharlal Nehru, M.A. Ansari and
M.C. Chagla.
Gandhiji visited the Meerut prisoners in jail.
Writings in Newspapers.


Government took to Public Safety bill to deport foreigners helping
Indian people
on trial under Section 121A→ Criminal Conspiracy
in 1921 S.A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani and Muzaffar Ahmed entered into
a conspiracy to establish a branch of the Comintern in India and they
were helped by various persons, including the accused Philip
Spratt and Benjamin Francis Bradley, sent to India by the Communist
International
inspired the 1932 play Meerut by Manchester street theatre group the
'Red Megaphones',

Relations with Congress?
Sixth Congress of the Communist International, the Communists broke their

Congress→ Called as party of bourgeoisies
Congress → slogan of Poorna Swaraj were seen as sham efforts to gain influence over the masses by
bourgeois leaders who were working for a compromise with British imperialism.
Congress left leaders, such as Nehru and Bose, were described as ‘agents of the bourgeoisie within the
national movement who were out to ‘bamboozle the mass of workers’ and keep the masses under bourgeois
influence.
The Communists were now out to ‘expose’ all talk of non-violent struggle and advance the slogan of armed
struggle against imperialism, in 1931, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was described as a proof of the Congress betrayal
of nationalism.

Decline of the Communist ?

Ending of WPP
formation of an ‘illegal, independent and centralized’ communist party.
isolation from the national movement at the very moment when it was gearing up for its
greatest mass struggle and conditions were ripe for massive growth in the influence of the
Left over it.
Further, the Communists split into several splinter groups.

The Government took further advantage of this situation and, in 1934, declared the CPI
illegal.
Later on Reorganised by PC Joshi

Re-organisation ?
1935 CPI→ Reorganised under the leadership of P.C. Joshi.
7th International→ Once again take part in National movement ordered

against Fascism and Nazism
The Indian Communists were to once again participate in the activities of the
mainstream of the national movement led by the National Congress.
1936 by a document popularly known as the Dun-Bradley Thesis.

The Anti-Imperialist People's Front In India" written by Rajni Palme Dutt and
Ben Bradley
According to this thesis, the National Congress could play ‘a great part and a
foremost part in the work of realizing the anti-imperialist people’s front.’

Re organisation ?
PC Joshi
The Communist Party now began to call upon its members to join the
Congress and enrol the masses under their influence to the Congress.
1939→ P.C. Joshi → party weekly, National Front, that the greatest
class struggle today is our national struggle’ of which Congress was the
‘main organ.
Communists now worked hard inside the Congress.
Many occupied official positions inside the Congress district and

provincial committees; nearly twenty were members of the All India
Congress Committee.
During 1936-42, they built up powerful peasant movements in Kerala,

Andhra, Bengal and Punjab.

Formation of → Congress Socialist Party
group of young Congressmen →

disenchanted with Gandhian strategy and leadership
attracted by socialist ideology.
did not find themselves in agreement with the prevalent political line of the CPI.
came together and formed the Congress Socialist Party (CSP) at Bombay in
October 1934
leadership of
• Jayaprakash Narayan,
• Acharya Narendra Dev and
• Minoo Masani.

Congress Socialist Party
four basic propositions:

that the primary struggle in India was the national struggle for freedom and that nationalism was a
necessary stage on the way to socialism;
that socialists must work inside the National Congress because it was the primary body leading the
national struggle and, as Acharya Narendra Dev put it in 1934, It would be a suicidal policy for us to cut
ourselves off from the national movement that the Congress undoubtedly represents;
that they must give the Congress and the national movement a socialist direction;
and that to achieve this objective they must organize the workers and peasants in their class
organizations, wage struggles for their economic demands and make them the social base of the
national struggle.”
Meerut Thesis of the CSP

the CSP as a whole accepted a basic identification of socialism with Marxism.
Jayaprakash Narayan, for example, observed in his book Why Socialism? that ‘today more than ever before it
is possible to say that there is only one type, one theory of Socialism — Marxism.”
Gandhiji’s politics→ large doses of Gandhian

and liberal democratic thought were to become basic elements of the CSP leadership’s thinking.

Impact of the CSP and left movement ?

JL Nehru→ 1936 and 1937
Subhash Bose→ 1938 and 1939
Acharya Narendra Dev, Jayaprakash
Narayan and Achyut Patwardhan, to his Working Committee
CSP didn’t confronted Congress like the communists

Entered Congress in various positions
Karachi Resolution 1937
National Planning Committee 1938
All India Student Federation
All India State’s people conference
All India women conference

Impact ?
Subhas Bose and his left-wing followers founded the Forward Bloc in 1939 after Bose
was compelled to resign from the Presidentship of the Congress.
The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association,
the Revolutionary Socialist Party, and
various Trotskyist groups also functioned during the 193Os.
There were also certain prestigious left-wing individuals,
such as Swami Sahajanand Saraswati,

Professor N.G. Ranga, and
Indulal Yagnik, who worked outside the framework of any organized left-wing party.

Why the left(communist/socialist) failed ?

fought the dominant Congress leadership on wrong issues and,
forced to trail behind that leadership or was isolated from the national movement.
failed to show ideological and tactical flexibility.
It sought to oppose the right-wing with simplistic formulae and radical rhetoric.
In 1936-37, the Left fought the Right within the Congress on the issue of elections and office acceptance which
was seen as a compromise with imperialism.
In 1939-42, the tight was waged on the issue of the initiation of a mass movement, when Gandhiji’s reluctance
was seen as an aspect of his soft attitude towards imperialism and as the missing of a golden opportunity And,
1945-47, the Left confronted the dominant Congress leadership, including Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana
Azad, on the question of negotiations for the transfer of power, which were seen as British imperialism’s last
ditch effort to prolong their domination and the tired Congress leadership’s hunger for power or even betrayal.

Why the left failed ?

The Left also failed to make a deep study of Indian reality.
the Left saw the dominant Congress leadership as bourgeois its policy of negotiations as working towards a
compromise with imperialism any resort to constitutional work as a step towards the ‘abandonment of the
struggle for independence’.
It took recourse to a simplistic model of analysing Indian social classes and their political behaviour. It saw all
efforts to guide the national movement in a disciplined manner as imposing restrictions on
the movement.
It constantly counterposed armed struggle to nonviolence as a superior form and method of

struggle, rather than concentrating on the nature of mass involvement and mobilization and ideology.
It was Convinced that the masses were ever ready for struggles in any form if only the leaders were willing to
initiate them. It constantly overestimated its support among the people.
Above all, the Left failed to grasp the Gandhian strategy of struggle.
Why the left failed ?
failure of the different Left parties, groups and individuals to work unitedly except for short periods. All efforts at
forging a united front of left-wing elements ended in frustration.
Their doctrinal disputes and differences were too many and too passionately held, and the temperamental
differences among the leaders overpowering.
Nehru and Bose could not work together for long and bickered publicly in 1939.
The CSP and the Communists had differences.
The inevitable result was a long-term schism between the Socialists who suffered from an anti-Communist
phobia and Communists who saw every Socialist leader as a potential bourgeois or (after 1947) American
agent.

THANK YOU

ANTI-SIMON PROTEST & THE ROAD TO POORNA SWARAJ

ABOUT ME
YEARS
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES

Gandhi in Jail 1922 Swarajists & No Changers
Political Vaccum Revolutionary Activities Phase -II

1924
Political Vaccum
Establishment of HRA
Gandhi comes out from Jail 1924
Kakori Conspiracy
Constructive Work 1925
Muslim league→Delhi Proposal
(1927)
Simon Commission 1928
Establishment of HSRA
Lahore Conspiracy
Civil Disobedience Movement 1930 Chittagong Armory Raid

Anti-Simon Protest & The Road To Poorna Swaraj
- Origin – Govt. of India Act, 1919 After 10 years statutory commission to be set up.
- But by 8 Nov. 1927 All white commission for constitutional reforms
Conservatives→ Ruling Party,

- Why elections in England
Labour→ Opposition, getting popular day by day
- :. Indian statutory commission John Simon + All white members

- Reaction Boycott in all forms

Liberals Congress – JL Nehru Muslim League

- Dec. 1927 – Madras
- Snap Resolution for
Tej complete Jinnah
Bahadur independence as the
Sapru goal

Simon Commission
Q. Why chorus of protest?
Seven-member→ All English(White) Statutory Commission to look for constitutional reforms
Congress session in Madras (December 1927)

boycott the commission "at every stage and in every form".
Boycott→ Congress+ Muslim League + Hindu Mahasabha

- Arrival of Simon & Co @ Bombay @ 3 Feb. 1928

- “Simon Go Back” Hartal, Black flag Demonstrations
- Reaction – All party conference @ Bombay, Feb. 1928
- Lord birkenhand (Photo) Himmat Hai Toh, make your
own constitution
Do you think you

can make your Let’s see…..
own constitution

In between→ Simon Commission
Q. Why chorus of protest?
commission landed in Bombay on February 3, 1928 'Simon Go Back'
countrywide hartal
mass rallies
black flag demonstrations

- Anti – Simon Agitation

- Simon Visited – Calcutta, Lahore, Vijaywada, Poona, Lucknow
- Bombay – Poona Rail-road protest
- Lucknow Kite protest & ballon protest by Khaliquzzaman
- G.B.Pant & Nehru Beaten
- Lahore – Lathi Charge @ Lala Lajpat Rai
- Controversy→ Ambedakar
- controversial decision to co-operate with the all-British Simon
Commission which was to look into setting up a responsible Indian
Government in India


- Anti – Simon Agitation Yaad rakhna...I

headed the - All party Conference
Committee - Feb. - Delhi
- May 1928 Nehru Committee
- August
- Motilal Nehru – Chairperson

- Tej Bahadur Sapru- Liberals
- Ali I Mam & Suhaib Qureshi – Muslims
- M.S. Aney & M.R.Jaykar –Hindu Mahasabha
- Mangal Singh – Sikh
- N.M.Joshi – Labour
- G.P.Pradhan – Non Brahmin
- S.C.Bose – Congress
- JL Nehru – Secretary
- Report submitted on 10 Aug. 1928

Nehru Report
Declaration Of Rights Dominion Status Joints Electorates Secular State Parliamentary form of Govt.
- 19 FR. - Seats Reserved for Muslims - Lower House – 500 – 5 Years
- Equality for women only in minority areas members
- Unions
- Upper House – 200 members – 7
- Universal Adult
Years
Surface
- Gov. general to work with Aid &
Advice of central executive council
- Allocation of subjects
- Residuary power with centre
- Provinces on linguistic basis
- Independent judiciary – supreme court
- Reaction ?

Nehru Report
Dominion Status
Q. Recommendations by Nehru Report?
1.Dominion status on lines of self-governing dominions
2.Rejection of separate electorates, Joint electorates with seats

reserved for minorities
3.Linguistic provinces
4.Nineteen fundamental rights
5.Full protection to cultural and religious interests of Muslims
Complete dissociation of state from religion Western Secularism

Nehru Report No more
separate
Q. Recommendations by Nehru Report? electorates
2.Rejection of separate electorates, Joint electorates with seats reserved

for minorities
Q. Will Muslim league accept this??
Recall, 1916→ Lucknow Pact
Congress accepted the principle of Separate electorates

Nehru Report
Q. Outcome??
No Separate
electorates for Meri demands nahi
us...nahi mani na...! Aisa
No muslim kaise
chalega... majority
provinces
Sikh Hindu Mahasabha Muslim League

Nehru Report Dominion status.....No way...its a thing
of past...Now its time for Complete
Q. Outcome?? Independence
Congress led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Bose
rejected the Congress' modified goal and jointly

set up the Independence for India League

Nehru Report
Q. Outcome??
Bhai meri toh Suno

Kya chaie but….i want 3
apko…itna toh dia amendments to the
hai…. Nehru report
Muslim League
Which 3 amendments Jinnah was talking about ???

Activities by Muslim league
December 1927 Muslim League session
four proposals for Muslim demands→ to be incorporated in the draft constitution
'Delhi Proposals'
•joint electorates in place of separate electorates with reserved seats

•for Muslims;
• one-third representation to Muslims in Central Legislative Assembly;
• representation to Muslims in Punjab and Bengal in proportion to their population;
• formation of three new Muslim majority provinces— Sindh, Baluchistan and North-West Frontier
Province
•They were turned down by the Nehru committee……..3 demands….!!!!

•Now Muslim league will not work with congress

Nehru Report December 1928, Calcutta
We have to give them two Ruko... Itni bhi kya Nothing short of complete
years....or one year min, jaldi hai Independence..पूर्ण स्वराज
Gandhi and Motilal Nehru
Dominion status demand not be dropped in haste
Two-year grace period be given to the Government to accept
Late on,period was reduced to one year

In between
Q. What If the Government did not accept
constitution based on dominion status by the end of the year??
If government does not accept What if the government does not

than i’ll launch Civil accept our Dominion status demand
Disobedience to attain पूर्ण स्वराज within a year.?
launch a Civil Disobedience Movement to attain its goal

In between
Simon Commssion Feb,1928 Muslim League activities
All Parties Conference Feb, 1928 Delhi Proposals(1927)
Nehru Committee Report Aug, 1928
Independence for India League Dec, 1928

Jinnah’s 14 Point(March 1929)
Delhi Manifesto Nov.1929
Purna Swaraj @ Lahore Nov.1929
Civil Disobedience Movement

Mar1930

If government does not accept

than i’ll launch Civil
- Period between 1929 & 1930 – The Built up. Disobedience to attain पूर्ण स्वराज
- Gandhi cancelled European tour
N
- Travelling the Country W E
S
- Constructive work – Khadi, Hindu – Muslim Unity, Untouchability
- Foreign cloth boycott committee
- Bonfire of clothes, Gandhi arrested but allowed to go Burma on return arrest & trial
- Meerut conspiracy – march 1929
- Public safety bill & Assembly bomb case.

Its too much….
Muslim League

Its too much….
Muslim League

Yeh kya ho raha hai

- By May 1929 – Situation Tense Yes
India mein, please
sir…reporting…
Labour Party Govt. – Ramsay Mcdonald called Irwin to London report to London….
- Oct. 1929 – Irwin declaration Dominion status (implicit in 1919)

Convey of round table conference after Simon submits its report
- Nov. 1929 – Delhi Manifesto
- 23 Dec. 1929 Irwin – No assurance
:. Stage set up for Confrontation.

In between
"It is implicit in the 1917 declaration (Montagu's
statement) that the natural issue of India's
Civil Disobedience progress, as contemplated there, is the
karunga mein... सविनय attainment of dominion status."
अिज्ञा आंदोलन
I will also convey a Round Table Conference

गोलमेज परिषद once my friend John Simon
Submits the report...पक्का...कसम से....ab toh
andolan band karo....
Viceroy Irwin(October 31, 1929)
Promised a Round Table Conference when the Simon Commission submitted its
report

In between
1. RTC only for Dominion
November 2, 1929 "Delhi Manifesto" 2. Congress Majority in RTC
3. Reconciliation
•Purpose of the Round Table Conference (RTC) should be to

formulate a scheme for implementation of the dominion status
•Congress should have majority representation
•Government should apply policy of conciliation prominent national leaders

In between
Q. Government’s Response?
1. RTC only for Dominion
2. Congress Majority in RTC
3. Reconciliation
क्या बात... क्या बात ... क्या बात .....
कुछ नह ं ममलेगा
prominent national leaders

Viceroy Irwin rejected these demands
"Delhi Manifesto"
Stage Set for Confrontation

- Lahore Congress
- President – Nehru - Patel
Gandhi
- 3/18 provincial committees voted in favour of JL Nehru

- But Gandhi Intervention
- JL Nehru made President – Poorna Swaraj
- 31 Dec. 1929 – Banks of river Ravi – Tri colour unfurled
- 26 Jan – Independence pledge all over country

In between
Lahore session of the Congress (December 1929)
हम क्या चाहते.... आज़ाद ... पूर्ण
स्वराज
"We have now an open conspiracy to free this country from

foreign rule and you, comrades, and all our countrymen and
countrywomen are invited to join it"
Complete Independence declared as the aim of the Congress

26 January 1930...1st
In between Independence
day.....
RTC to be boycotted
CWC →launch a programme of Civil Disobedience
सविनय अिज्ञा आंदोलन

Including non-payment of taxes and all members of legislatures asked to
resign their seats
January 26, 1930 fixed as the first Independence Day, to be celebrated everywhere

In between
December 1929→ Poorna Swaraj
31 January 1930
Gandhi’s 11 Point Letter
February 1930→ Bardoli CWC Meeting
12 March 1930→ Dandi March
Aar Paar………

UPSC Prelims-1995
The radical wing of the Congress Party with Jawaharlal Nehru as one of its main leaders, founded the
Independence for India League in opposition to:
A. the Finance Commission

B. the National Development Council
C. Nehru Report
D. the Constitution of India

UPSC Prelims-2011
With reference to the period of Indian freedom struggle, which of the following was/were
recommended by the Nehru report?
1. Complete Independence for India.

2. Joint electorates for reservation of seats for minorities.
3. Provision of fundamental rights for the people of India in the Constitution.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
a) 1 Only (b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

UPSC PRELIMS-2006
Q. Under whose presidency was the Lahore session of the Indian Congress held in the year 1929, wherein a
resolution was adopted to gain complete independence from the British?
A. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

B. Gopal Krishna Gokhale
C. Jawaharlal Nehru
D. Motilal Nehru

THANK YOU

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

In between
हम क्या चाहते.... आज़ादी... पूर्ण
स्वराज
"We have now an open conspiracy to free this country

from foreign rule and you, comrades, and all our
countrymen and countrywomen are invited to join it"
Complete Independence declared as the aim of the Congress

In between 26 January 1930...1st
Independence
day.....
RTC to be boycotted
CWC →launch a programme of Civil Disobedience

Including non-payment of taxes and all members of legislatures
asked to resign their seats
January 26, 1930 fixed as the first Independence Day, to be celebrated everywhere

In between
26 January 1930...1st
Independence day.....

In between
Ultimatum of January 31, 1930 to accept or reject these
demands
आखिरी मौका हैं ...11

Q. 11 Point Demand? point demand मान
लो िनाा...... सविनय
अिज्ञा आंदोलन
General Specific to Peasants &
others
Reduce expenditure on Army and civil services by

50 per cent
Total prohibition
Reforms in Criminal Investigation Department (CID)
Change Arms Act
Release political prisoners Postal Reservation Bill

In between
Ultimatum of January 31, 1930 to accept or reject these
demands
Q. 11 Point Demand? आखिरी मौका हैं ...11 point

demand मान लो िनाा......
Specific to Peasants & others
Reduce rupee-sterling exchange ratio
Introduce Textile Protection
Reserving Coastal shipping for Indian Co.
Reduce land revenue by 50 per cent
Abolish salt tax and government's salt monopoly

In between
आखिरी मौका हैं ...11 point

demand मान लो िनाा......
भाईसाब में कुछ समझा नहीं....Lol सविनय अिज्ञा आंदोलन
No positive response forthcoming from the Government

Inbetween
February 1930 सविनय अिज्ञा आंदोलन... जानी हम आंदोलन
करें गे ज़रूर पर जगह हमारी होगी और समय
भी हमारा होगा
Congress Working Committee invested Gandhi with full

powers to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement
(CDM) at a time and place of his choice
Gandhi had decided to make, salt→ Centre to CDM

Inbetween
February 1930 सविनय अिज्ञा आंदोलन... जानी हम आंदोलन
करें गे ज़रूर पर जगह हमारी होगी और समय
भी हमारा होगा
2 March, he addressed his historic later to the

Viceroy→ British rule as a curse
disobeying the Salt Act

Inbetween
Q. Why Salt?
Remember my technique...Converting
no other article like salt, the most inhuman poll tax the Specific issues into National issues
ingenuity of man can devise
linked the ideal of Swaraj with a most concrete and

universal grievance of the rural poor
symbolic identification with mass suffering

Civil Disobedience Movement सविनय अिज्ञा आंदोलन Chalo Dandi...
Dandi March (March 12-April 6, 1930)

Gandhiji, along with a band of seventy-eight members of the
Sabarmati Ashram
Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement, began on March 12
Gandhi broke the salt law by picking up a handful of salt at Dandi on April 6

Civil Disobedience Movement सविनय अिज्ञा आंदोलन
Spread of Salt Disobedience
Tamil Nadu, C. Rajagopalachari

salt march from Trichinopoly to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore
coast
Malabar, K. Kelappan
the hero of the Vaikom Satyagraha
Calicut to Payannur
Assam, satyagrahis walked from Sylhet to

Noakhali (Bengal) to make salt
Andhra, a number of sibirams (camps) came up

Satyagrahis marched through villages

Civil Disobedience Movement सविनय अिज्ञा आंदोलन

Q. Government’s Response?
Arrest all congress
leaders.....
Congress→ the Government is afraid of persons like ourselves,’
arrest of Congress leaders in the North West Frontier Province
Nehru's arrest in April 1930
Gandhi's arrest came on May 4, 1930
Q. So, did the movement stopped post the arrest of national leaders?
No, Organisation was still working

After Gandhi's arrest, the CWC sanctioned
Motilal Nehru, who was functioning as the Congress President
Different forms of Protests emerged over a time………

Q. Other Forms of Upsurge during CDM?
1. Surya Sen's →Chittagong Revolt Group
2. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, Peshawar→volunteer brigade

'Khudai Khidmatgars', popularly known as the 'Red-Shirts'
3. Sholapur→ virtual parallel government

2. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, Peshawar→volunteer brigade

'Khudai Khidmatgars', popularly known as the 'Red-Shirts’
Arrest of Badhshah Khan→ Newspaper Pakhtoon
Arrested during the movement
Local Leader→ Malang baba/ Abdul Shakoor

massive wave of protest at Gandhiji’s arrest.

thousands of textile and railway workers
Solapur→ Most fiercest form of protest
Parallel Government established

हााँ मैं भी
चौकीदार हाँ
Bihar→refusal to pay chowkidara tax
Chowkidars, paid out of the tax levied specially on the

villages,
hated because they acted as spies for the Government

started in Bihar
Government retaliated by confiscation of property worth

hundreds
visit by Rajendra Prasad and Abdul Ban from Patna

became the occasion for, a huge mass rally

Bengal, Anti-chowkidara tax and anti-union

board tax
This isn’t right…
No Salt because of monsoon
Bardoli taluqa in Surat district, and in

Jambusar in Broach, a determined no-
tax movement was in progress
tax refused houses were broken into, their

lands confiscated
Vallabhbhai Patel’s→ Mothers house

ransacked→ utensils kicked out

You’ll not give
me money…..
UP→ a no-revenue, no-rent campaign.
no-revenue part was a call to the

zamindars to refuse to pay revenue to
the Government
No rent a call to the tenants not to pay

rent to the zamindars
zamindars were largely loyal to the

Government

Maharashtra, Karnataka, Central Provinces→

defiance of forest laws
Why?
Indian Forest Act of 1878. Both the 1878 act
and the 1927
consolidate and reserve the areas

having forest cover,
or significant wildlife,
to regulate movement and transit of forest
produce,
and duty leviable on timber and other
forest produce
size of the crowd that

broke the forest laws swelled to 70,000
Assam→ Agitation against Cunningham circular
blanket ban on any anti-British and pro-

swadeshi activity by students. He also ordered
them to sign an undertaking to the effect that
they would have to quit their schools and
colleges if they participated in anti-government
demonstrations or movements.
swadeshi school in the city on the lines of

national schools being established
Kamrup Academy

Manipur and Nagaland→

Rani Gaidinliu of Nagaland
joined the Heraka religious movement

resisted the conversion of Nagas to Christianity &
derived from ancestral Naga practices known as "Paupaise“
emphasized the worship of the supreme being "Tingkao
Ragwang“
arrested in 1932 at the age of 16, and was sentenced to life
Nehru gave her the title of "Rani“
Released in 1946
Opposed NNC, Awarded Padma Bhushan

Dharsana, On May 21, 1930→Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib and Manilal

Dharsana, On May 21, 1930→Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib and Manilal

a band of 2000 marched towards the police cordon that had sealed off the Dharasana salt works
police rushed forward with their steel-tipped lathis and set upon the non-resisting Satyagrahis
Webb Miller, the American journalist
→ In eighteen years of my
reporting in twenty countries,
during which I have witnessed
innumerable civil disturbances,
riots, street fights and rebellions

Wadala→ raids on the salt works

crowd of 15,000
Karnataka, 10,000 invaded the Sanikatta salt works
Madras, the defiance of salt laws
Andhra bands of village women walked miles to carry

away a handful of salt

Q. How was the mobilisation done?
Prabhat pheries
Vanar senas
Manjari senas
Secret patrikas
Magic lantern shows

Q. Impact of Agitation?
Imports of foreign cloth and other items fell
Government income from liquor, excise and land revenue fell
Elections to Legislative Assembly were largely boycotted
Mass Participation was seen
Women
Students
Tribals
Muslims Participation?
Workers
Merchants and Petty Traders

Q. Government Response to the agitation? कन्फज कर ददया हैं...क्या करें
??
Throughout 1930 was ambivalent
faced the classic dilemma of-'damned if you do, damned if

you don't
if force was applied, the Congress cried 'repression'
if little was done, the Congress cried 'victory'.
The hegemony of the Government was eroded

Friends....Remembered, I came to India
in 1928, now finally submitting the report
in 1930
भाईसाब में कुछ समझा नहीं.... Lets talk...RTC mein
courted arrest
Madan Mohan
Malaviya and
M.S. Aney
Publication of the Simon Commission→ no mention of dominion status
July 1930 viceroy suggested a round table conference (RTC
Tej Bahadur Sapru and M.R. Jayakar be allowed to explore the possibilities of peace between the Congress and the
Government

First Round Table Conference (November 1930-january 1931)
The Congress and most business leaders‘ boycotted the First RTC and continued with CDM
Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha, the Liberals and princes attended
सविनय अिज्ञा आंदोलन... No taking

part in 1st RTC

First Round Table Conference (November 1930-january 1931)
Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha, the Liberals and princes
attended
1st RTC→ Inaugrated by King George V

Presided by Ramsay Mcdonald (PM)
No Consensus emerged out- even in Muslims
Hence Concluded→
• Indian Administration would be given to the Legislative assemblies
• All India Federation to be formed
• Executive→ Answerable to the legislative (except Defence, Foreign
Affairs and Emergency)
• Provincial Autonomy
• Governement realised the failure of the CDM

January 25, 1931
Gandhi and all other members of the CWC were released
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
Meeting between the Viceroy and Gandhi @ Delhi (5 March 1931)
सविनय अिज्ञा आंदोलन... Okay i’ll Stop CDM and

stop CDM only if you accept my Participate in RTC ...pls...
demands

Civil Disobedience Movement Stop CDM...I’ll have to go to
London
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (Delhi Pact)
Q. Government agreed on ?
Immediate release of all political prisoners not convicted of violence
Remission of all fines not yet collected
Return of all lands not yet sold to third parties
Lenient treatment to those government servants who had resigned This is the way world
ends/not with a bang
but a whimper
Right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing
The congress agreed to:
Suspend the civil disobedience movement
Participate in the next RTC

Yaad karo movements ki gravy......
Q. Was Gandhi-Irwin Pact a Retreat?
No, because:
1. mass movements are necessarily short-lived
2. capacity of the masses to make sacrifices→ limited
signs of exhaustion
3. placed the Congress on an equal footing with the Government

Difference
NCM CDM
remedying two specific wrongs

objective → Khilafat,Punjab and a complete independence
vaguely-worded swaraj
methods non-cooperation violation of law from the very

beginning
Muslim High
Low
participation

In between
Karachi congress session 1931 (26-31 March) I presided the Karachi
congress session...
Q. Resolutions at Karachi?
1. While disapproving of and dissociating itself from political violence, congress admired the bravery
and sacrifice of the martyrs
2. endorse the Gandhi-Irwin or Delhi Pact
3. Two resolutions were adopted
Fundamental Rights National Economic Programme
First time the Congress spelt out what swaraj would mean for the masses

In between
Karachi congress session 1931 (26-31 March)
I’ve drafted the resolution at
Fundamental Rights- Karachi
Please revise the economy
Speech and Thought topics
Assembly and Association
Equality before law
Neutrality of State→ Religion
Elections→ Universal adult Franchise
Free and Compulsory primary education
Protection for the minorities
Adopted by the Constituent assembly

In between
Karachi congress session 1931 (26-31 March)
I’ve drafted the resolution at
Please revise the economy
Karachi
Substantial reduction in rent and revenue topics
Exemption from rent in case of economic holdings
Relief from agricultural debts
Control of usury
Better condition for workers, limited hours of work
State ownership of industries, mines and transport
Right to form unions
What is this confused This is Russian Model….can’t

document accept……

Its time to go to England for attending છે લ્લો કટોરો ઝેહર નો આ પી
2nd RTC જાઓ બાપુ
Even this last cup of poison,

you must drink, Bapu! –
Jhaverchand Meghani
ઝવેરચંદ મેઘાણી

2nd RTC @ London

2nd RTC @ London
key participants from India
B. R. Ambedkar,
Mohammad Ali Jinnah,
Mahatma Gandhi,
Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru,
V. S. Srinivasa Sastri,
Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan
and Mirabehn, Sarojini Naidu
Princely States Representatitves

In between
Second RTC, December 1931 सविनय अिज्ञा आंदोलन... भाग→२.०
Not much was expected

Minority member demanded representative rights→ 11.5 Crore
Population
Gandhi→ We represent 85 crore of population
Gandhi returned to India on December 28, 1931
On December 29,1931
The CWC decided to resume the civil disobedience movement
Phase 2 of CDM
What was government’s response?
British officials had drawn their own lessons from

Changed Government Attitude the Delhi Pact

In between
British officials had drawn their own lessons from the Delhi Pact
Government’s response:
Three main considerations in British policy हम यहााँ के नएं िाईस रॉय हैं....
1. Gandhi would not be permitted to build up the tempo
2. Goodwill of the Congress was not required
3. National movement would not be allowed to consolidate
Viceroy Willingdon

In between
Can we
No
meet.....?
December 31,1931
January 4, 1932, Gandhi was arrested
Congress organisations at all levels were banned
Arrests were made of activists, leaders, sympathisers
Press was gagged and nationalist literature, banned

Large Repression took place
April 1934, Gandhi decided to withdraw the civil disobedience

movement
In between Now...separate
electorates for
Communal award and Poona pact Depressed classes
Announced by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, in

August 1932
Muslims(1909), Sikhs and Christians(1919)→ Minorities
Depressed classes→ Minorities→ Separate Electorates
Effort to separate the depressed classes from the rest of the Hindus
by treating them as separate political entities

In between
It’s an attack on Indian
Communal award and poona pact Unity
में उपिास पे जा रहा हाँ।

Gandhi saw the Communal Award as an attack on Indian unity
Went on an indefinite fast on September 20, 1932
B.R. Ambedkar, M.C. Rajah and Madan Mohan Malaviya

September 1932, Signing of Pact
मान जाओ दे िो बाप उपिास

क्यों..पर ??? पे हैं।

In between
ये हुई ना बात
Communal award and Poona Pact
Abandoned separate electorates for depressed Class

18% of the seats allotted→ Central legislature
Seats reserved for the depressed classes were increased from 71 to 147 in provincial
legislatures
Poona Pact was accepted by the Government as an amendment to the

Communal Award.

UPSC PRELIMS-1997
Q. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer:
List-I List-II
A. Morley Minto Reforms 1. Country-wise agitation Reforms
B. Simon Commission
2. Withdrawal of a movement
C. Chaurie-Chaura 3. Communal electorates
incident
4. Communal outbreaks
D. Dandi March
5. Illegal manufactures of salt
Codes:
A. A-3; B-4; C-5; D-2

B. A-4; B-1; C-2; D-3
C. A-2; B-3; C-4; D-5
D. A-3; B-1; C-2; D-5

UPSC PRELIMS-1997
Q. The Poona Pact which was signed between the British Government and Mahatma Gandhi in 1932
provided for:
A. Creation of dominion status for India
B. Separate electorates for the Muslims
C. Separate electorate for the Harijans
D. Joint electorate with reservation for Harijans

UPSC PRELIMS-2002
Q. During the Indian freedom struggle, the khudai khidmatgars, also known as red shirts called for:
A. The union of Pakhtun tribal areas in north-west with the Afghanistan
B. the adoption of terrorist tactics and methods for terrorising and finally ousting the colonial
rulers
C. the adoption of communist revolution ideology for political and social reform
D. the Pathan regional nationalist unity and a struggle against colonialism

THANK YOU

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT

ABOUT ME
YEARS
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES

Government of India Act, 1935
The Government of India Act, 1935
The British parliament passed the government of India Act in August 1935.
Basis of the Act :

(a) The report of Simon Commission
(b) The report of the all parties conference (Nehru Committee report)
(c) The discussions of the three round table conferences
(d) The white paper (March 1933)
(e) The joint select committee report.
(f) The Lothian report which determined the Electoral provisions of the Act.

Lothian Committee→ Lord Lothian is chairman of the committee

Indian franchise committee
a franchise which would be a suitable foundation for a system of responsible government
per cent and 5 per cent of the seats in both provincial legislatures and the assembly should be reserved for
women
proposed educational and property qualifications for voter
Gandhi demand for universal adult suffrage was rejected
increases in the number of qualified voters in the provinces and made special provisions to guarantee
representation for women and the "untouchables,"

Why this Act ?
worried about mass movement in India→ especially due to post world war event in India.
Carrot and Stick Policy

Suppression→ weaken the nationalist movement through divide and rule policy.
Aware→Congress party and other political parties would support ‘Constitutional reforms’ a
limited political package to Indians
The government of India Act, 1935 should be seen in this perspective too.

Government of India Act of 1935
1. Establishment of an All-India Federation
Provinces and Princely states
Ye lo...ek aur
act...Ratta mar
lena...
Viceroy Willingdon

Government of India Act of 1935 Ye lo...ek aur
act...Ratta mar
lena...
1. Establishment of an All-India Federation
Provinces and Princely states
2. Divided the powers between the Centre and Units in terms of three lists
Viceroy Willingdon
Federal List Provincial List Concurrent List

Ye lo...ek aur
act...Ratta mar
lena...
3.Abolished Dyarchy in the provinces
Introduced ‘provincial autonomy’
The Governor was required to act with the advice of ministers responsible
to the provincial legislature
4.Adoption of Dyarchy at the Centre Viceroy Willingdon
Federal subjects
Reserved Transferred
5.Introduced bicameralism in 6/11 provinces

Provisions
1. Federal Executive
Diarchy was removed from the provinces and brought at centre.
External affairs, Defence, administration of tribal areas were given to

governor-general and counsellors (not more than three), appointed by
the governor-general.
The other federal (Central) subjects would be administered by the

governor-general and council of ministers (not more than ten) chosen
by him, and to be responsible to the Federal Legislature.
On certain matters, like peace and security of India, the governor-

general had ‘special responsibilities’ and had full freedom to accept or
to reject the advice of the ministers.
Instrument of Instructions
Provisions
2. Federal Legislature
The Federal Legislature was to have two Houses

1. Council of States (upper house) and
2. Federal Assembly (Lower house), As also provided

in government of India Act, 1919.
(i) Council of states was to be a permanent body with

one-third of its membership being vacated and
renewed every three years.
(ii) It was to have 156 directly elected members of
British India and up to 104 members from the Indian
states, to be nominated by the princely state’s rule.

4. Provincial Executive with Autonomy
The provinces were to be administered by a council of ministers headed by

the prime minister and appointed by the governor from elected members of
the provincial legislature.
The governor enjoyed some ‘real’ power.
For the provinces like central provinces and Sindh, he had special
responsibilities in which he was not bound to seek the advice of council of
ministers.
He could, by a proclamation, take the entire government of the provinces into

his hands (for six months) if he was satisfied that the government of the
province could not be carried on in accordance with the normal provisions of
the Act.

5. Provincial Legislatures
The members of the provincial Legislative Assembly were to be directly

elected by the people. Bi-Cameral legislative – Legislative council and
Legislative Assembly, were introduced in six provinces –
Madras,
Bombay,
Bengal,
U.P.,
Bihar and
Assam
Some of the members of the legislative council were nominated by the

governor.

Separate Electorates
The provision of separated electorate continued.

For depressed class, certain seats were reserved in the general constituency, as
agreed at Poona .
It was claimed by the government that maximum autonomy was granted to the
provinces, but in reality the governor, centre’s nominee, retained special powers.
He could veto legislative and administrative measures concerning the issues of –
(i) The Minorities

(ii) The rights of civil servants
(iii) Law and order
(iv) British business interests
The governor also had the power to take over and run the administration of a
province indefinitely.
6. Federal Court
Federal court at centre which had both original and appellate powers, besides power to
interpret the constitution, but the final court of apple was privy council in London.
7. Secretary Of State
Secretary of State (In England) was given advisers, who might or might not be consulted.
Indian council was abolished because of much agitation in India.
With the Act, the government hoped to divide the nationalists and weaken the nationalist
movement. To some extent, they succeeded too, which became evident at the time of
formation of ministries (1937). Nevertheless, the Act also inspired the members of
constituent Assembly (1946-49) to frame the constitution of free India.

Establishment of a Reserve Bank of India
.Establishment of a Federal Court, which was set up

in 1937
Establishment of Federal Public Service

Commission

Q. Evaluation of the Act?? Ye lo...ek aur
act...Gajar
Process of constitutional advance in India
governor still had extensive powers
Act enfranchised 14 per cent of British Indian population
provided a rigid Constitution with no possibility of internal growth

Q. Evaluation of the Act??
Kisi ko batana mat...
The Long-Term British Strategy
To weaken the movement and integrate large segments of the movement

into colonial, constitutional and administrative structure
Once Congressmen tasted power, they would be reluctant to go back to politics of sacrifice

Q. What was Congress reaction to this act?
rejected by the Congress
Congress demanded, convening of a Constituent Assembly elected on the basis of adult franchise
हम नह ीं मानेंगे...Reject.....
Constituent Assembly banao abhi k abhi
Other group’s proposal Hello Nehruji...ab maan
bhi jaie na
Its like full time responsibility without
Enter councils →to create deadlocks power...!!!

Question UPSC Pre 2004
2. Consider the following statements
Some of the main features of the Government of India Act, 1935 were the
1. abolition of diarchy in the Governor’s provinces
2. power of the Governors to veto legislative action and to legislate on their own
3. abolition of the principle of communal representation
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3

THANK YOU

Week 6

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COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

PERIOD BETWEEN 1922-1927

Presented by Pratik Nayak

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Period Between 1922-1927

- Emergence of new leaders Subhash & Nehru

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Union Jack Congress Flag

This was Hosted

- March 1923 C. Rajagopalchari, given function @ Jabalpur, congress flag set up

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

- Impact @ Nagpur Decided to continue flag under sheth Jamnalalji

Vallabhbhai Vitthalbhai British Officials

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

- 1st really successful movement Gandhian Satyagraha @ Rural Gujarat

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Vaikom Satyagraha – Social Reforms Movement

- Origin – Till 1917 Congrss – No social Reform.

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

- Beginning at Vaikom village in Travancore

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

ICS is the Steel Frame

- August 1922 Lloyd George Steel frame speech

- By 1928→ Impact of the Great Depression

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

1. Rampa Rebellion (Aug. 1922 – May 1924)

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

- Bolshevik Revolution – 1917

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

- By 1921-22 – MN Roy shifted to berlin

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

1924→New communists were tried by the Government Why?

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

31 labour leaders were arrested on the charge of conspiracy

3 Englishmen also included in 31

on trial under Section 121A→ Criminal Conspiracy

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Presented by Pratik Nayak

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Period Between 1922-1927

- Emergence of new leaders Subhash & Nehru

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Q.Nature of Questions asked in prelims?

Fact Based Area of work→ India, Abroad

Name of a revolutionary leader

Organisation Publication→ Book, newspaper,

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

- Rise of trade unionism

North India Bengal

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

1.Spread of Marxism and Socialist Ideas

Inspired by the soviet revolution (1917)

Upsurge of working class, trade unionism after the War

Rise of Communist & Socialist groups

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Questioned →emphasis on non-violence

Bandi Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal and by Sharatchandra Chatterjee

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY