2-М Іноземна мова за професійним спрямуванням

Тема 3. Залізниця. Лексико-граматичний аналіз тексту.

Письмове виконання лексико-граматичних вправ до тексту у

робочих зошитах.
TEXT 1
Railroad

Railroad is one of the most important means of transportation. Every day,

thousands of trains speed along railroad tracks throughout the world. Some trains
carry passengers. Others haul coal, grain, lumber, machinery, and other products on
which people depend. 0nly ships carry heavier cargoes for longer distances. And
only airplanes provide a faster means of public transportation than do railroads. A
freight train can haul thousands of tons of goods across a continent. The fastest
passenger train in regular service travel at speeds of up to 170 miles per hour
(mph), or 275kilometers per hour. In test runs, these trains have reached speeds of
more than 203miles per hour (370 kph).
Railroads use a two–railed track to guide trains of cars along a permanent
rout. Trains therefore are not steered, unlike airplanes, automobiles, and ships.
Powerful diesel-electric or electric locomotives move most trains along the track.
But older steam locomotives still haul trains in some parts of the world.
Almost every country has at least one railroad. The world’s longest rail line is
in Russia. It extends about 5.600miles (9.010kilometers) and connects Moscow
and Vladivostok. Laid end-to-end, the tracks of the world’s main railroad routes
would stretch about 750,000miles (1.207.000kilometers) – about 3 times the
distance from the earth to the moon.
The world railroad may also refer to an organization that provides rail
transportation. In most countries government owns all or most of the railroads. A
government agency or government-owned corporation operates these railroads. In
the United States, private companies own and operate almost all railroads. One of
Canada’s two major railroads is government owned. A private company owns the
other.
The first public railroads began in England in the 1820’s and 1830’s. They
used steam engines to haul wagons loaded with freight or coaches loaded with
passengers. By the mid-1800’s, other countries also had steam-powered railroads.
During the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, thousands of steam trains puffed their way
across the United States countryside, carrying most of the nation’s freight and
long-distances passengers. The first railroad across western North America was
completed in 1869 and so helped open the American west to settlers.
Over the years, railroads have faced ever-increasing competition from other
forms of transportation. In most countries, the central government supports the
railroads. But United States railroads get little government aid. In the 1971’s, a
number of United States railroads faced serious financial difficulties and some
went into bankruptcy. Financial conditions improved somewhat in the 1980’s.
Profits in the railroad industry remain lower than those in almost every other major
industry.
Railroads provide two main types of service: passenger service and freight
service. The importance of each type of railroad service varies from country to
country.

Exercise 1
Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following English words and word –
combinations:
ever-increasing competition, to get aid, means of transportation, people depend on,
went into bankruptcy, at least one railroad, profits, government-owned corporation,
a two–railed track, steam-powered railroads, to support, to provide, to carry
heavier cargoes, to extend about, was completed in, a private company,
throughout the world, serious financial difficulties, across, the world’s longest rail
line, from country to country, over the years, of each type of railroad service, to
remain.

Exercise 2
What’s the English for:
найважливіший засіб пересування, перевозити, залежати, вантажні
перевезення, найшвидший пасажирський потяг, досягає швидкості, вздовж
постійного маршруту, на відміну від, урядовий (державний), майже всі
залізниці, використовували парові двигуни, поселенці, конкуренція,
підтримувати, прибуток, вантажні вагони, умови покращились, залишається
низьким, забезпечити, допомога.

Exercise 3
Complete the following sentences according to the text and translate them:
1. The first public railroads began in …
2. The world’s longest rail line is in …
3. A … train can haul thousands of goods across a continent.
4. … use a two-railed track to guide trains of cars along a permanent route.
5. In most countries, … owns all or most of the railroads.
6. Railroads provide two main types of service: …

Exercise 4
Answer the following questions:
1. What is one of the most important means of transportation?
2. What are the main types of railroad trains?
3. What speed do the fastest passenger trains travel at?
4. What kinds of locomotives do move most trains along the track?
5. Where is the world’s longest rail line?
6. What may the word railroad also refer to?
7. Who owns all or most of the railroads in most countries?
8. Where did the first public railroads begin?
9. What traction was used on these railroads?
10. What helped to open the American West to settlers?
11. What happened with railroads in 1970’s in the USA?
12. What types of service do railroads provide?
 С.р.2 Залізничний транспорт.
Письмове виконання самостійної роботи в окремому зошиті.

Original work №2
Theme: Rail transport

Task: write down the text “Rail transport”, translate it in writing using the
vocabulary. Answer the questions.

rolling stock – рухомий склад however – проте, однак

rail – рейка resting on – спираючись на
sleepers/ties – шпали is carried out – здійснюється

Rail transport
Rail transport is a means of transportation of passengers and goods by way
of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks. In contrast to road transport, where
vehicles run on a prepared surface, rail vehicles are also directionally guided by the
tracks they run on. Track usually consists of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and
ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels, moves.
However, other variations are also possible, such as slab track where the rails are
fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface.
The operation is carried out by a railway company, providing transport
between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by
locomotives which either draw electrical power from a railway electrification
system or produce their own power, usually by diesel engines. Most tracks are
accompanied by a signaling system. Railways are a safe land transport system
when compared to other forms of transport.

Answer these questions:

1. Where does rail transport run?
2. What does track consist of?
3. Is the operation carried out by a railway company or by building
contractor?
4. What is a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of
transport?