Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 1711–1717

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Biomechanical analysis of human tibia bone based on FEA

Jyoti Joshi a, Avi Raj Manral a,⇑, Sudhanshu Maurya b, Medhavi Vishnoi c
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India
b
Department of Computer Science Engineering, Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal, India
c
Department of Professional Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The main focus of this paper is to carry out computational analysis based on the technique of finite ele-
Received 24 October 2020 ment analysis. The vibration analysis is carried out for two different boundary conditions. Firstly, the
Received in revised form 11 November 2020 medial and lateral condyles are fixed and lateral and medial malleolus are free for the fix-free condition.
Accepted 17 November 2020
Whereas, in second condition the medial and lateral condyle are fixed and lateral and medial malleolus
Available online 3 February 2021
are free for the fix-free condition. A three dimensional model of tibia bone for human is developed by
using the data of MRI/CT Scan which were available online in the format of dicom and further simulations
Keywords:
were carried out for the starting six modes outcomes. The analysis result shows that natural frequency of
Tibia
Vibration
tibia bone which is made of material AZ31(magnesium alloy) is less than tibia bone made of CP Ti
Biomechanics (Commercially Pure Titanium alloy) material but its natural frequency is more than the natural tibia
AZ31 bone. Moreover, the weight of natural tibia bone of human is 0.418 Kgs, the weight of the tibia bone made
CPTi up of CP Ti is 1.31 Kgs and the weight of tibia mode of AZ31 is 0.541 Kgs. The Bone made up of AZ31 was
Biomechanical lighter and it gives almost double the natural frequency of natural tibia bone for both the boundary con-
FEM dition. So, AZ31 is more suitable material for the tibia implant whereas, the heaviest material is CP Ti in
Natural frequency all of them. So, this result is helpful for the selection of best suitable material for the tibia implant.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Materials, Processing & Characterization.

1. Introduction
In the field of biomechanical the principles of mechanics and
the knowledge of biological object plays a vital role to analyse
the behaviour of biological object. Many researchers are working
on the Biomechanics for the response of the system and for
advancement in the field of biomechanical. They have used the
fem techniques to determine the loading condition and its beha-
viour. There are vast ranges of FEA tools which are used for the
modelling and to compute them for the behaviour of biological
object [1]. Human anatomies are very complex to design and hard
to analyse them therefore, the FEA approach was used to simulate
the non-linear biological objects.
Tibia bone, also known as shin bone, it is attached with fibula
bone which is to support the tibia and carries the human body
weight because the majority of portion of weight are on the tibia
bone. It connects the knee joint to the ankle joint [2]. The static
structural of tibia bone is performed using ANSYS. Analysis is car-
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: avi18.me@gmail.com (A.R. Manral).
ried out for upstairs and downstairs they validated the simulation
results with the experimental results [3]. The author’s tried to uti-
lize the Hegedus and Cowin concept that depends up the elasticity
of adaptive for the formulation of theory plate and bone [4]. They
developed the CAD model for the part of human anatomy by the
utilization of CT scan data. Static Structural simulation was per-
form to investigate the minimum, maximum stress area and max-
imum pressure area [5]. The author performed the dynamic and
kinematic pressure condition for the tibia and performed the struc-
tural analysis by the use of FEM approach. By the utilization of
ANSYS software the result are record to different condition and
the results were helpful to identify the actual damage [6]. The
author utilized the thin sheet of aluminium for the modal analysis.
The geometric parameters for that sheet are 10
10
0.2. The
author determined the natural frequency and ten modes shapes
under the boundary condition of fixed support on circumference
[7].
In this work, the two biocompatible and biodegradable materi-
als are considering for the implantation tibia bone, which are CP Ti
and AZ 31. The further work are organized within the following
sections. In section 2, the material properties were discussed. In

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.877
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials, Processing & Characterization.
J. Joshi, Avi Raj Manral, S. Maurya et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 1711–1717

section 3, Methodology and Boundary Condition were discussed. In Table 2

section 4, Results are given. In section 5, Conclusion and outcomes Material properties of AZ31.

were discussed. At last the paper was concluded. Material property Unit AZ31
Density (q) (g/cm ) 3
g/cm^3 1.81
2. Material properties Poisson’s ratio(c) – 0.35
Modulus of Elasticity (E) GPa 45
Ultimate tensile strength MPa 260
It is a living and growing tissue, made up of collagen. Collagen is Ultimate yield strength MPa 160
a protein used for soft framework. Another mineral is there called
calcium phosphate which hardens the framework. Some of the
materials like Glass Ceramic; Calcium Phosphates show properties Table 3
similar to human bone. In this work, the two materials were uti- Material properties of CP Ti.
lized for the behaviour of biological object. Other than natural tibia
Material property Unit CP Ti
bone material for tibia bone implants AZ31 and CP Ti were consid-
Density (q) (g/cm3) g/cm^3 4.4
ered to perform the computational analysis.
Poisson’s ratio(c) – 0.37
Modulus of elasticity (E) GPa 113
2.1. Tibia bone Ultimate tensile strength MPa 397.2
Ultimate yield strength MPa 758–1117

It is a living and growing tissue, made up of collagen. Collagen is

a protein used for soft framework. Another mineral is there called
calcium phosphate which hardens the framework. Some of the
materials like Glass Ceramic; Calcium Phosphates show properties
similar to human bone. Tibia is the Shinbone. It is the largest bone
among the two bones in the lower leg. Natural tibia bone of human
is porous in nature, but in this study the material is an orthotropic
elasticity material and [8] its mechanical properties are given
below in Table 1.
2.2. Magnesium alloy (AZ31)
It is an alloy of magnesium with aluminium, having low mass
density with good mechanical properties. Magnesium alloy
(AZ31) has less weight but its gives high strength. It utilized for
the biomedical applications due to its biocompatible and
biodegradable properties [9]. Properties of Magnesium alloy
(AZ31) are given in the below Table 2 [11].
access the dicom format. Manipulate the images by utilizing the
tool of inbuilt segmentation a hull surface has been developed then
MeshLab freeware software were utilized to developed file into .
iges format. The created computer aided design was imported in
ANSYS 19 R2 in .iges file extension, further analysis were carried
out by the use of ANSYS (Table 4).
Firstly, assign the material mechanical properties after that it
discretized the model into small parts. The meshed tibia bone
model was shown in Fig. 1 (b). Quadratic elements type mesh
was utilized for the tibia bone model in which 341448nodes and
211610elements. The vibration analysis is carried out for two dif-
ferent boundary conditions. Firstly the medial and lateral condyle
are fixed and lateral and medial malleolus are free for the fix-
free condition Whereas, in second condition the medial and lateral
condyle are fixed and lateral and medial malleolus are free for the
fix-free condition (Fig. 2).

3.1. Vibration analysis

2.3. Commercially pure titanium alloy (AZ31)
Tibia bone with respect to weight and geometry vary from
CP Ti is Nanostructure commercially pure titanium. Commer-
human to human according to age and body type. So, for the model
cially Pure Titanium Alloy (CP Ti) has similar properties as AZ31
analysis the following presumption were used (Table 5):
in term biomechanical field and it has the It has the strength which
can be used to reduce the size of biomedical implants and have the
 Tibia bone is homogenous and orthotropic in nature.
capability to absorb high energy [10]. It is biodegradable and bio-
 Neglecting the fibula
compatible. Properties of Commercially Pure Titanium alloy (CP
Ti) are given in the below Table 3 [11].
FEM techniques [12,13] was used for vibration analysis. For the
analysis the equation were used:
3. Methodology and boundary condition
½Mf€xg þ ½C fx_ g þ ½K fxg ¼ 0 ð1Þ
A three dimensional model of human tibia bone is developed by where [C] = Matrix for the coefficient of damping, [K] = matrix for
using the data of MRI/CT Scan which are available online in the for- stiffness, [M] = Matrix for mass
mat of dicom [2,11]. Freeware ITK-Snap software was utilized to For undamped free vibration [C] = 0, hence the resultant equa-
tion will be
Table 1
Material properties of natural tibia bone of human.

Material Property Unit Tibia Bone Table 4

Frequency table for natural tibia bone under boundary conditions.
Density (q) (g/cm3) g/cm^3 1.4
Poisson’s Ratio(c) XY – 0.35 Modes Frequency (Hz)
Poisson’s Ratio(c) XZ – 0.12
Fix-Free Fix-Fix
Poisson’s Ratio(c) YZ – 0.12
Young’s Modulus XY Direction MPa 4800 1 85.828 802.52
Young’s Modulus YZ Direction MPa 4800 2 123.22 1000.7
Young’s Modulus XZ Direction MPa 9640 3 488.35 1767
Shear Modulus XY MPa 1410 4 577.45 2076.7
Shear Modulus YZ MPa 1280 5 730.17 2283.2
Shear Modulus XZ MPa 1280 6 1371 2835.3

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J. Joshi, Avi Raj Manral, S. Maurya et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 1711–1717

Fig. 1. Tibia bone three-dimensional CAD model.

Fig. 2. First six mode shapes for Natural Tibia bone under fix-free condition.

fxg ¼ fXgeixt ð2Þ

Above, {X} shows the respected mass amplitude, xindicates the
corresponding frequency for each Eigen vector. Finally, the govern-
Table 5 ing equation is
Frequency table for CP Ti under boundary conditions.  
½K   x2 ½M fX g ¼ 0 ð3Þ
Modes Frequency (Hz)
Fix-Free Fix-Fix
1 173.54 1729.5
2 250.29 2211
4. Results
3 1103.8 3984.5
4 1463.3 4916.2 The tibia bone has been computed for the analysis of vibration.
5 1694.4 6677.7 The analysis was carried out for all three materials to determine its
6 2953.5 6847.9
frequencies of vibration at 6 different modes (Table 6).
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J. Joshi, Avi Raj Manral, S. Maurya et al.
Table 6
Frequency table for AZ 31, under boundary conditions.
Modes Frequency (Hz)
Fix-Free
1 173.02
2 249.56
3 1100.4
4 1463.8
5 1698.7
6 2944.2
4.1. Tibia bone
1. Natural tibia bone material for the mode shapes under fix-free
boundary condition are visible below:
2. Natural tibia bone material for the mode shapes under fix-fix
boundary condition are visible below:
The frequencies of vibration for Natural tibia bone of human are
in the range of 85.828–1371 Hz under the boundary condition of
fix-free in which fix side are medial and lateral condyle (knee side)
and the free side are lateral and medial malleolus (ankle side) and
the frequencies of vibration for Natural tibia bone of human are in
the range of 802.52–2835.3 Hz under the boundary condition of
fix-fix in which both medial and lateral condyle (knee side) and lat-
eral and medial malleolus (ankle side) are fixed (Fig. 3).
4.2. CP Ti (Commercially Pure Titanium alloy)
1. CP Ti bone material for the mode shapes under fix-free bound-
ary condition are visible below:
2. CP Ti material for the mode shapes under fix-fix boundary con-
dition are visible below:
Fig. 3. First six mode shapes for Tibia bone material under fix-fix condition.
Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 1711–1717
The frequencies of vibration for CP Ti are in the range of 173.54–
2953.5 Hz under the boundary condition of fix-free in which fix
side are medial and lateral condyle (knee side) and the free side
Fix-Fix are lateral and medial malleolus(ankle side) and the frequencies
1723.6
of vibration for CP Ti are in the range of 1729.5–6847.9 Hz under
2204.1 the boundary condition of fix-fix in which both medial and lateral
3971.3 condyle (knee side) and lateral and medial malleolus (ankle side)
4902.7 are fixed (Fig. 4).
6656.5
6877.6
4.3. AZ31 (Magnesium alloy)
1. AZ 31 material for the mode shapes under fix-free boundary
condition are visible below:
2. AZ 31 tibia bone material for the mode shapes under fix-fix
boundary condition are visible below:
The frequencies of vibration for AZ31 are in the range of
173.02–2944.2 Hz under the boundary condition of fix-free in
which fix side are medial and lateral condyle (knee side) and the
free side are lateral and medial malleolus (ankle side). And the fre-
quencies of vibration for AZ31 are in the range of l723.6–6877.6 Hz
under the boundary condition of fix-fix in which both medial and
lateral condyle (knee side) and lateral and medial malleolus (ankle
side) are fixed (Fig. 5).
The analysis results show that natural frequency of tibia bone
made up of material AZ31 is less than tibia bone made up of CP
Ti material but, its natural frequency is more than the natural tibia
bone.
Moreover, the weight of natural tibia bone of human is
0.418Kgs, the weight of the tibia bone made up of CPTi is
1.31Kgs and the weight of tibia made of AZ31 is 0.541 Kgs. The
weight of CP Ti is almost double the weight of AZ31 and natural
tibia bone whereas, the tibia bone made up of AZ31 is slightly more
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J. Joshi, Avi Raj Manral, S. Maurya et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 1711–1717

Fig. 4. First six mode shapes for CP Ti material under fix-free condition.

Fig. 5. First six mode shapes for CP Ti material under fix-fix condition.

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J. Joshi, Avi Raj Manral, S. Maurya et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 1711–1717

Fig. 6. First six mode shapes for AZ31 material under fix-free condition.

Fig. 7. First six mode shapes for AZ31 material under fix-fix condition.

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J. Joshi, Avi Raj Manral, S. Maurya et al.
than the weight of natural tibia bone but, it can be considered
because it gives almost double the natural frequency of natural
tibia bone for both the boundary condition. So, AZ31 is more suit-
able material for the tibia implant as AZ31 is biodegradable and
biocompatible material. So, it will easily decade in human body
with time period, the weight is lighter and material is enough
strong to be used for the tibia bone (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7).
5. Discussion and conclusion
In the above sections, the modeling of natural tibia bone has
been carried out using the data of MRI/CT Scan in ITK-Snap free-
ware software and the model was analyzed by the utilization of
simulating software ANSYS 19 R2. The analysis was done for natu-
ral tibia bone and other two materials to analyze the natural fre-
quency of vibration of tibia bone and compared with the
frequency of vibration for the tibia bone made up of CP Ti and
AZ31 material utilized for the implantation. CP Ti as well as AZ31
are biodegradable and biocompatible material. The main advan-
tage of this type of material is that they decade easily in the body
with time, so there is no other surgery required to remove the
material after the injury heals.
For the frequencies of vibration analysis medial and lateral con-
dyle (knee side) and lateral and medial malleolus (ankle side) are
fixed for the fix-fix condition. Whereas, medial and lateral condyle
(knee side) are fixed and lateral and medial malleolus (ankle side)
are free for the fix-free condition. Simulation was carried out for
the starting six modes outcomes. The analysis results show that
natural frequency of tibia bone made up of material AZ31 is less
than tibia bone made up of CP Ti material but, its natural frequency
is more than the natural tibia bone. Moreover, the weight of natu-
ral tibia bone of human is 0.418 Kgs, the weight of the tibia bone
made up of CP Ti is 1.31 Kgs and the weight of an tibia mode of
AZ31 is 0.541 Kgs. AZ31 was lighter and its gives almost double
the natural frequency of natural tibia bone for both the boundary
condition. So, AZ31 is more suitable material for the tibia implant.
Whereas, the heaviest material is CP Ti in all of them. So, this result
is helpful for the selection of the best suitable material for the tibia
implant.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Jyoti Joshi: Conceptualization, Software, Formal analysis, Writ-
ing - original draft, Data curation, Resources. Avi Raj Manral: Con-
ceptualization, Software, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation,
Data curation, Writing - original draft. Sudhanshu Maurya:
1717
Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 1711–1717
Resources. Medhavi Vishnoi: Data curation, Resources, Visualiza-
tion, Writing - original draft.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to Management of Graphic Era Deemed
to be University, Dehradun for its necessary funding towards pub-
lication of this work.
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