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I pre ces z I t I z 1 s 1 fr FZ z 1 z 1 z 1 € 1 Olt s I £ I 00S 1-867 O0SI-867 O0SI-867 00S1-867 00ST-867 00SI-867 O0SI-867 00S1-867 O0LE-£17 00sI-862 000-0051 O0SI-SI'867 ST867-0S OOLE-€L7 000-0051 OOS I-SI'867 S1'867-0S 0061-867 00S 1-867 OOLE-€Lz 00S 1-867 s0ze's 969 v9soe 167 LLz9'T OPEL'O- Ol X SZUIL 99°0- 9981 I— Ol X 8'80I- 9z'I- 0z0'0 soy vLr ol Ol X SPNz— 400°0— vElO- 7856 wo £1980°1— bk nas 1z¥6 12— 89- 60Ls'01— TH 876S'S— 0%80'0 Lrg 91'0- Cevl'e 1270 vl 1e€ sez'0- £161— 689SE 16L1'0- or £00°0- 09s"0- 867 Le0- esse €8b'0— eoe ¥6b0'67 ove 6rE0'ST ysl 9LIS'9 1966'L lse0 78 6Lt'I— BBP g0- te1- 1801 oct61 uss— sosT a 0990 2087 BETO 1L7 6100 pore w0- geor's 968 v9les, ses 9879 soo Teou'L 409 LL90'L ots'9 6669 LOL ves ZI Lo6'> ws wel ESOL LL Neo ssoo wo 909L'L 0169 ore ‘os ‘os ‘HN, ‘oO ‘0 OH apixoun anyding 2pixop snyding (rmorerp) anyding ecw uasomy, 2u0zO, u28ix9 IDEAL 168 Stoichiometry ve 196" wv wosty ve 196% oN uoaN, ve 196" oH GINHeH oO oT 00S1-862 S¥ES'PI 90sb'Is— 820'79 196L°8 SON aprxoiad us8onruq oO of 0051-862 L608" €LI€'61- 6b6'1Z 65568 ‘oN aprxorn tafonrag oOo of 0051-862 €1z6"L— 2008°21 Ize9's € 1 00S 1-867 96'L- vel es's "ON aprxorp wa8ontN 00¢ 1-867 sous8 Tego'ee— SB8c'sp rOL'L "ON sprxonay usdong oO of 00s 1-262 Ist t— 080L'2 z06r'0— 8740'L € I 00s 1-862 860- 7 $90°0— 69 ON 9PIKO OLIN oOo of 00s 1-862 ssevz SITOI- zL00'S1 zers's € I 00s 1-862, £€7 29°6— sol 9's ON 2prxo snostN £ 1 00S 1-867, Ive wsi- sil 34H aprmosq uaSoupiH £ 1 00S 1-867 187 9L'0- $69 1h 2prpor uafoupsyy £ 1 001-867 x0 vel 10'1- ork dH apliony ua8orpAH e 1 00s 1-862 01 Loe 9 I- wt OH apLio[yo wa8ospAH ow 00s 1-867 wil ay's— 69 68s tq suLon[y £ 1 00s 1-867 zw 7 wz 13 ng surwosg, £ I 005 1-867 Oe 6p sos 00° 19 su0TyD uonenba jo ‘pu wor y ‘oduey Ol XP gol x2 Olx9 ” punodwo>, Cpiuod) Ps 148. Energy Balances 169 i OAT MAT MON AT ATMA AA MA HN an aa ae aaa - =a OOSI-ST°ELE 00S1-867 OOI-ST°ELZ 0001-867 00S 1-S1'867 00S I-S1"867 00S 1-S1°867 00S 1-867 O0SI-G1'86 006 1-S1"867 00S 1-S1°86Z 00S 1-867 00S 1-$1°867 00SI-S1'86e 0051-867 00ST-S1'867 (0001-862 8866 a8 ese'0 oP 060'9 ool’ zs8'6 86 (Ol x C901 wort OX ¥e- £46 9€6'91 sel BEL Ol X 9'SSE6— 9S6°81 ost Ol Xx S'SEIS 19" L0e sis 1t— £'62— T8L'1t= 9'6t— ‘Tae bE ‘TSb'Or— 9EL'St— ssh ol- ‘TO8'ss— otI— £89°8P— SOELS— ses— 990°St— ¥'0s— 79L°9L— ro- oor— €'sI- ooI- vies Tee 80°98 116 L6S'TL 81808 Cle es res LV69 ‘07001 ove 98S'6 PSE PB TI8 7s0'S9 6101 SeVLil oot ole ISIE ver 61 971 Los € 1st Te €L8'I- 69S'0- sis0- 6E 6217 6£05°8 s8s'0- vot I 950- seve tet'S— £40°6— 6L'8— 66pL'E sees "109 HOW'D "HD ‘HOD ‘H'D oR oD *H'O "HO *H?D "HKD 11°8- *HN‘H?O (euewourosopysenst) apuoyyoenay uoqseD (jouerng: [oyooye Aing-u auaing-7-supat auang-¢-57 auaang-1 (euedosdyéyyour-z) oueing-) ouwing-u austpemngre'T aualpeing-¢'1 ouezueg (oudmpa) su2Si20y (euyurm suayd) ouyrery spunodwo 210819 '@ 170 Stoichiometry rue < = Ol X 125601 €s"OI- 9L0E 9L10'1 ee et 0001-s1'ELz 8LL'0I- £00°r1 IstZI 6S (ouemay) € I 0001-867 = soL- 6M @€ = HOTHO Toyooye [kway Teabre| oost-€1z £9°7- £08 ozI sly fis 2% oa Ol X 9°8rp— ose 69- Loze's oT O0s1-S1'867 £0L'7— 987 Leet 865'r £ 1 00sI-862 Ls— ag te'6 v's "HO suEMOW, Fi --% — Ol X 0'€69b2— V0s— so'ser REPS" coef 00¢1-sI'67 908°ST 989'L— 66°81 *01- "HYD auexay-u (oueypatxods) Cee o0sI-86¢ ee Ve- vrs 907- O'HID Sprxo ouayAyag ¥ eu z = Ol X 92608 oz 99 zav'9 c i 00S 1-S1"867 ss0'b LLy'61- 9z0L€ 9860 (2uaqi9) £ I 00sI-867 lov €6I- 698 760 "HO sushi, cL 00s1-s1"86z sree 86L'001— sox'09t 1LL'8— Eo | o0sI-267 “et $'66- 06s! t8- — SHIO-SHD suazuaq (Am, t I 00S1-ST'ELz a ) T0L'61— cp0'0s 68h7 (lourmna) a 00sI-86¢ “v6 90°8¢- £7 6t7'0 = HOFH'D Toyoore (kmag Veen? = Ol X Vest Ly 7 oles z I 00s 1-51"86 7207 ous'91— sesty £62" a 00s 1-867 9b'0- ou 19¢ we HD suena z I O0SI-SI'ELz zen ove 8z— ¥80'9¢ OL (sueyremosoqyouy) t I 00s 1-862 oe v9— ve It = OHO wHOjOI0T4 ge Ert 00s 1-862 1% 6'38- ofzI i6'S— SHO 2uzzueqos01y uonenba ge ‘py wioy y ‘oduey Ol XP ol Xo olxg D punoduto> (PID) T's sige, Energy Balances 171 uodsup1y ‘X101s0qv7 po11uaD (41) ‘aouv4y *: mbrT AV. (2H) ¥SA “0D Surysuand JN9 (8) “VSN “0D YOOS INH CHA “uy [IPH -2a1TUE4g (A) pun opp ‘raganG ‘éurspuyy wean ayy (1) fo uowsnaiad ays ysm paonposday) ON ATM MAT MN MAT MNT MA aA an ma AN = ee Re ne nee 00S I-S1'86z 0051-867 00SI-ST'867 00S 1-867 O0SI-ST'86z 00S 1-867 O0ST-S1'86z 00s 1-867 O0SI-ST'867 0051-867 0001-C1"€Lz 0001-867 00S I-$1 867 00S 1-867 0001-862 00¢1-S1'867 O0SI-SI"ELz 00S 1-867 OOS I-ST-EL7 00ST-862, €s7'81 981 €S9°61 $961 £66741 ZBI Ol X O'26163— LO 90% OLX ET 16r's os SI¢r" Isl Ol X L'190€ 819" +59 soz Ol X 6°68Sb L971 7389'S rs BL8'1 sez lev'e8— vy8— Les’ 18— og 80618 ze vss— Lys t8— w18- oe 8601Z— 9'8¢— $88°0¢— OLe- se 608°LE— 6ze- 9LY'SPL O'9FT Ep8'8hT O'6bI 865" IPI OI 8v'8IT fIS vel Sel T6E £68°Ss 89S 59°99 989 £0'0r STL 669 Oot LT 6 vero Lyset Lee 60'S TH orl £9- 819°9— L9°9— 119'— 89°e— ltrr— 90b'8— tee soEe's 568'0 390 sore Ue ont ong one 'HOSHD °HD HOH HED HOSHD YS toHO (auazuag [Aqnaunp-p'T) ausihy-d (euazueq [Aqpounp-¢'1) 2uaihx-ur (auazuag [Ayjeunp-7‘]) aua|sx-o uonyoy, (euedorg) auayédorg, (touedoxd-1) joyoote thdorg-w auedoig louaud auequag-u (ueysawoxo[ystp) apuoryo auarkmayy (eueyrawos01y5) Sployys Amo 06 |- =e ai er | — ie | 0s 0 fen] 0 a a a aD Remperature, C Fig. 5.3 Heat capacity of gases Substituting c,° in Eq. (5.10), for equation form | (Table 5.1), o=f[ at bT + cT? + dT’) dT = AT, ~ Ti) + (0/2) (TP — TH) + C/3) (T? -— Ti) + (d/4) (Ti — T,') (5.16) and for equation form 2 (Table 5.1), o=f @tortertaryar Energy Balances 173 f | Temperature, C Fig. 54 Heat capacity of gases = aT, — T) + (b/2) (TP — T?) + (6/3) (TP — T) = dll/T, - 1/T)) ; = aT: — Ti) + (b/2) (TP — 7) + (c/3) (T? — TY) + dT — T)/TiT, (5.17) 174 Stoichiometry SE88 10) eo “200 0 200 00 60 80 00 Koo Temperature °C Fig. 55 Heat capacity of gases Solution Basis: | kg mol methane T, = 30 + 273.15 = 303.15 K T, = 250 + 273.15 = 523.15 K (A) Reference 2: Q = 4,598 (523.15 = 303.15) + 12.447 x 10°((523.15)? 176 Stoichiometry soc'L L1zs01 S8o'L 1908 r0Rst Sue (o0zz) F021 ead £96001 6C9L we08 £96011 069°8 (0012) 6'8b11 lore ¥'PL96 OLS L 66'L O'S1901 £998 (0002) €"£601 Oris 95676 Zs'L £96. O'sElOl 9198 (0061) ¥L£01 ozre ¥Or88 Sse Leek 81596 vlS'8 (oog!) 7'286 ore r9ocrs 668L 888. 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(006) 7'78h> 9869 o0r8b oe reve 1'9s0s S88'L (008) L:9% 6169 recbb F10L EL T129p Wee (oe) 11Le 1L6°9 r6r0r Z00'L 90€L RZ61b v9'L (009) 9°s1¢ 1969 1199 £66°9 peek TULLE zIsz (008) 0°097, 096'9 SULeE 186°9 Ose ERSEE Let (oor) P'r07. 1569 osesz 166°9 LUVL L1s6e EL (008) 6871 $69 8'L6t7 £569 €£0°L 9.0ssz I'L (002) €°¢6 £169 vule 506°9 000" vesiz SEOL (oor) Bue = 6 £202 188°9 = 00207 L102 (LL) 0S¢ = 68561 18°9 = 6 £007 pooe (09) 9°51 = ress ree'9 = ver! 6869 (we) 0 wt GH — off 2 “iy °oH — off 2 (4) 90 ty ‘uadorpsq 20 ‘UaBixQ araymiaduiay, ae V ps) NOUIGNOD SL¥AS TWA] NI SISVD) 4O AdIVHLLNG ATION ONY “ALIOVaYD aH NVI, Way *AUOVAVD EVE IVIONN 7S AAT Energy Balances. 177 (pruop) ooRrey— oz S'L9011 (o0za) v'rozt 6'360r>— TOT 7'L0901 (0012) 6 8hII vOOLYy— 87601 6101 (0002) £"£601 TTIESp— 6LL Ol (0061) 8'c£01 1906S¢— 97901 (0081) 7786 8'26>9r— L9v'01 (O0LI) L976 FOLLY so¢‘ol (oo91) 1°128 6 8E9Lb— 6Er0l (Oost) 9°S18 "9618b— 1166 (oori) 0'09L Osrese— 0086 (O0E!) 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(ooo) sees TELOL 6€7R98— HVZ 6rd Ors IZ— ars (006) czar 6ss°01 VO8YL8— ove" ISL cuseee— OspL (008) L 9¢% PLEO Coriss= 09s'I1 ore 6'399%2— TEL (002) rtze 84101 EeLLe8— e671 €LOL b'Plogc— 9st" (009) 9's1¢ 1966 e8geos— 168°01 roe o'serez— ore (00s) 0097 0ri'6 8'78668— 66601 TOL ViLgec— 160% (OOF) F'r0z 3676 6 £SS06— 85001 1669 ee9ebe— ZeOL (008) 6'8r1 9E0°6 ¥66016— $9S°6 re) RZS9b7— 0669 (002) ¢"¢6 996'8 r91916— 0106 1869 s'0v0sz— 3969 (ool) 8:Le = FOELI6— 0L8'8 = vocisc— $969 (LL) o's@ = 6£1816— 8908 = O's61s7— 7969 (09) 9's1 = ¥ 64616- 965°8 = €e0ES7— 6569 (a) 0 wt,y “HY + OH — oH 2 dg %HV + SH — oH 2 2 (lo) Do 70D ‘PIXoIp Uoqi> 09 “eprxouow uoqied aunaesodinay (puop) Ts aig, Energy Balances 179 (piw0D) * 88° Loizsz fe€l oss'zI esol lest (o0zz) F071 LISI SLLboz asvel 86671 19802 os'st (o01z) 6811 Ove'tt G8ELET wel wee! czee9 lest (0002) €"¢601 09911 gs00ce srel 84071 oeRes +0'SI (0061) 8'L€01 9s 1 RLL2E 80'E1 z16 11 6Essy 6Lb1 (oost) 77786 6gr TI gsssiz 6671 11 ororee es'bt (onc) £976 68E IT EEE80T 6s'zI es Il PEROT Str (0091) TIL 06711 Te10e 6L7I L6E 1 L191z 96'E1 (ost) 9°18 esr £9161 8971 SIZI1 oseel Sorel (OOPI) 0-092. 890°1T LOIL8T PSZl L201 Cert feel (O0EI) rrOL Oroor TezO8I et! 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vpsise— TIE (00L) ILE 61162 S'799SE+ SEC LE €80'bZ © €199¢— €s'67 (009) 9's1¢ POS Le 9'S98EE+ vss've 290" ez Tzopse— 89'L7 (00s) 0092 £81'S2 6'8z0ct+ LES'I€ lice EEPO6E— ost (oor) ¥v0z weEL €'R0C06+ 91°82 pel lz FOIEIb— 8SeC (00¢) SFI 94612 6 0687+ Tye 180°02 Lossee— welt (007) €'£6 01861 T9s9de+ OLb'0z 609°81 T169¢h— 8e'8I (oor) sue = TUOvLt+ vis 61 —~ 6 806tb— R81 (4) o'sz = LUT 68L'81 = s.001rr— 68 LI (09) 9's 7a ose6oc+ E0L'LT as eel ery— ort (ze) 0 “9 CHV + GH — oH to “2 “HY + SH — oH 2 (0) De 2}°D ‘suazusg, aimeadwey SHOODHD “suoI20y (pio) z's age Energy Balances 193 PIu0D) 182'99 9°S1086 o8'ss SoE'SS LpLLe obIL (00zz) F021 I98'¢9 TUG aa'b8 PI9'Ps Lostes LOL (ootz) osrit 868°F9 +8588 88'e8 ales 9 0LT6L 18°69 (0007) £'€601 168"¢9 685688 0878 9r6%s 68crSL : 96°39 (0061) s:ze0r S829 6 88E6L 7918 0907s 6'8E91L 86°19 (oo!) 7°86 969°19 TTR8bL veos 60°15 6919 06°99 (o0z1) L926 £2509 T19b0L 968L soos Leis £L's9 (0091) 1128 787'6S TL1199 SH LL reO'6P 90509 oF'r9 (O0S1) 9°S18 LOLS 779819 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70698 056s ££98011 6S°SL (o00z) €'€601 81679 V9p6Ly £1698 fop'as L9ISpOr 89°bL (0061) 8'z¢01 99919 Lister L98"¢8 6zsLs ¥'6£001 69'EL eos 81986 9EL't8 f95'95 SLTE96 19L F685 826005 102"08 ossss SLUEC6 wll ogy Ls 9°59967 yS8°8L BLr'bs $'P6E8R 910L Tp6'ss o'0vEST LL6°9L teres Cecsrs 189 R0€'rs CET 068'rL vel'zs ¥'S5208 svg sos ts 109 PLB'0S £990LL 65°59 (o0z1) 6869 Los @'Esost $80°0L tes'6y TULPEL Leo (oor) e'¢6s easy 68E76 O0E"L9 S80'8 £°£8669 BL19 (ooo1) gzec vel TL8ss 6179 tss'or 111999 65°65 (006) czar 8esy eelie+ 0z8'09 El6'ry L99EE9 ores (008) c:9zr azz 6EoTI— 850s 6rl'ty 119709 PPS (00L) V1Le oz6'6E TLLIP— L16¢s S8C'ly Tees wis (009) 9's1¢ ere T'9€0L— see BrC'6E orossrs oer (o0s) 01097 S6v've 1'9856— 99E'ey 960°LE eesels ceyy (oor) voz wOL It eBrBlI— 966'LE OL'VE TLE96Y oor (O0€) 6'8r1 12887 £-908¢1- oor'ze Ose'ze TLESLY wrse oe'sz 9'SbosI— 929°97 81°62 TZ LOLs ge°08 - r9eest— T8€'sz = Lovesey 81'6z = 8'L009I- sov've a o'ssosy £87 = €89691— 90877 = 8 LC9KF w9t @e) 0 “a HY + tH — 2 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Leus0-—-*OS aprxorp anyding Ivo sors psIc0— "HEOSH9O auaikig = £891 90Lr'0 HD. austkdorg uso £Ls8 19t0- HO‘H'D jouedorg-u = weez gree'0 "HD auedold i giz8 9699°0- HOH. louaud a pete Lasro— ‘0 ua8KxO, 2 very s167- ON aprxo snosin a 66°81 sto I— ‘ON aprxorp usBo.11N, = eusee Ly6s $90"1— 'N wadonN a o-lizrt vers 90'6I- ON aprxo 9UnIIN = £9°61 zIvI- HD susqeyryden, sao Lol LIN1O0 = HOH ePHOTYD aualkyreyy oe €L'67 88h EZ1H0'0 I‘HD aptroryo [AMIN 309°0 6891 "0— leze- zaex0 = HOH journo = EL0I- e€'0l— il "HO aueMaW, Do$Z we F Ol XP lx? DP. — BINUIOY punodwo Cpiuod) €'s 1481 200 Stoichiometry 1-04. 1-000} 960} 8 R Specific heat, keal/kg-deg C) 3 @ 8 8 600! 0 10 20.30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Temperature, °C Fig. 5.6 Specific heat of caustic soda solution? (Reproduced with the permission of Hooker Chemical Corporation, USA.) EXAMPLE 5.5 How much heat must be added in order to raise the temperature of a 20% (w/w) caustic soda solution from 10 to 90°C? Use Fig. 5.6. Solution Basis: 1 kg 20% NaOH Solution From Fig. 5.6, for 20% caustic soda solution, cy = 0.854 keal/(kg deg C) at 10°C and 2 = 0.888 keal/(kg deg C) at 90°C Mean specific heat, Cm = (0.854 + 0.888)/2 = 0.871 keal/(kg deg C) Energy Balances 203 Sulphur trioxide: 803° CPso3 = 0.0045 (3.96 + 34.6 X 10°T — 26.8 x 10°T? + 6.96 x 10° 7%) = 0.018 + 0.156 X 10°T — 0.121 x 10° 7? + 0.031 x 10°7? Nitrogen: *nz"Cpn2 = 0.8191(7.07 — 1,32 X 10°T + 3.31 X 10°T* — 1.26 x 10°T*) = 5.791 — 1.081 X 10°T + 2.711 x 10°T — 1.032 x 10°7% Summing up, 3x Gh = 6.88 + 4.53 X 10° T + 1.764 X 10° T? — 0.818 X 10° 7? T = 25 + 2735 298.15 K = 500 + 273.15 773.15 K ty Using Eq. (5.16) O = 6.88 (T — T;) + 0.453 X 10° (Ty - T?)/2 + 1.764 x 10% (7) — 7/3 - 0.818 x 10° (13 — T,/4 = 3268 + 115.3 + 256.5 — 71.5 = 3568.3 kcal Ans. (b) Use of c?,, data : From Table 5.2. the following c%,, values are interpolated at 500°C. Table 5.4 cy, VALUES : Component (Gm between 25 and 500°C SO; 11.200 O: 7513 SO; 15.831 Ni 7.148 2Xi * Gmi = 0.0709 X 11.2 + 0.1085 X 7.513 + 0.0045 x 15.831 + 0.8191 X 7.148 0.794 + 0.793 + 0.071 + 5.855 7.513 keal/(kg mol. deg K) Q = 3xi° Com (Tr — T) 7.513 (475) = 3568.7 kcal Ans. Energy Balances 207 OF 1 0¢ siueisuo> auio1uy 0z ss6e $76.62 isto ADHD — (@pHUo}yo ua Ayow) aueyiaWo1o]yr1q oz S+ 1 st— £6re 9°85 SE60L ID'HO (2puo|yo {AyseW) aueyeWIOsOIYD 07 191 01 96 Yoo! 6716 €ss7'9 OHSS JourxayoraX>, Wz Sol VL 92z s10zt E1Ps'9 HD aueKaqo}<> 07 Z€1 01 z9 LIZ Vier 18169 1o*H°D auazuaqos0fy.) 0% L007 6807 usec 31269 "00 apuioqysesioy udque.) 4 Og 1 S'E ove V69IT 8769 oe aptydinsip uoqie) (4 LL 1 611— 7697 s's6zl 36996 09 aptxoip woqre) 0z ZEZ 1 841 ror oebor Lora OD, soydure>) 0 401 1 Ze £891 oustt e1oze OHS ((oueing-z) foyooqe (Aing-~vas 0z 971 01 68 vel csort Lege L o"'HD (joueing-1) loyooqe [sing-u Ic L+. 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