Designation: D 395 ~ 03 Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set’ is sand a en pve ore see he Dept of ele 1. Scape 1.1 These test methods cover the testing of rubber intended {ar use in applica in which the rubber willbe subjected to ‘compressive siresesin aro uid media. They are applicable Particularly wo the rubber used in machinery mountings, vie ‘ion dainpers, and seals, Two test methods are covered 28 Fallows Smit Cs a ze 2 The choice of test methad is options, but consideration should be given to the nature of the serviee for which ‘eorelation of tes results may be sought, Unless etherwise Stud in a detiled spoifcation, Test Meth B sll be used 1L3 Test Method B is not stitble for vuleunizates hier ‘han 90 IRED. 14 The values stated in ST units are to he regarded as the sand 13 Thiv standard does not pugport to address all of the safety concems, if ans, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user ofthis standard to estas appro= priate safety and heath practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior 10 use D L349 Practice for Rubber—Standard Temperatures for Testing! D182 Practice for Rubber—Muterals, Equipment, and Procedures for M ing Standard Vulcanized Sheets? 1D 3188 Practice for Rubber—Preparaton of Pieces far Test Purposes from Products 1D 3767 Proetoe for Rubber —Meesurement of Dimensions? ‘ods Standards in the Rubher snd Carbon Black Industries? Rar and re the dst elit of Sacrmtse ILD a Py sc Cur tin sp Ave 1.230 ‘ot Bid of AST Sok, Nd 0 E145 Specification for Gravity-Convecton and Forced- ‘Ventilation Ovens? 3. Summary of Test Methoxls J. A test specimen is compressed to either a deflection or bby a specified force and maintained under this condition for 2 specie ine nd at specie temperature “3.2. The residual deformation of a lest specimen is measured 30 min after remeval from a suitable compression device in Which the specimen ha been subjected fora definite time 10 compressive deformation under spesihed conditions. 3.3 After the measurement ofthe resdal defoxraton, the ‘compression set, specified in the appropriate test method, is caleulated aoconing to Eq 1 and Ey 2 4. Significance and Use 4.1 Compression set ests ar intended to measure the silty ‘of rubber compounds to retain elastic properties fler pro- longed action of compressive stresses. ‘The actual sessing service may involve the maintenance of a definite deflection, the constant application of a known force, oF the rapidly repeated deformation and recovery resulting fram intermitent ‘compressive forces. Thougl de latter dynamic stressing, like the others, praces compression se, is effects as & whole are Simulated more closely by compression Nexing or hysteresis tects. Therefore, compression st tests are considered to be mainly applicable 10 service conditions involving static streses, Tess are frequently conducted at elevated tempera- sures. 4. Test Specimens SL Spscimens from each smal may be tested in dupliate {Option 1) o triplicate (Option 2). "The compression set ofthe sample in Option I shall be the average of the two specimens ‘expressed as a percentage, The compression set ofthe sample {in Option 2 shall be the median (middle most value) of the ‘three specimens expressed as percentage 5.2 The standard test specimen shall be a eylindical disk ‘ut from a laboratory prepared slab 52.1 The dimensions ofthe standard specimens shall be: aml Bk of ASTM Sods No 12he o» ’ + thir min) a Sewonmny Typo 2 pocean's uss Tox Memos 6 5.2.2 When calling the standard specimen, the circular die having the required inside dimensions specified in S.2.1 shall be rotated in a drill pres or similar device and lubricated by ‘means ofa soap solution. A minimum distance of 13 mm (0.51 {n.) shall be maintained between te cutting ede ofthe die the ede of the slab. The eutting pressure shall he possible t e cupping of the cut edges. The dies shall be maintained carefully o that the cutting edges are sharp and lie of nicks. ‘5.3 An optional method of preparing the standard specimen may be the diet molding of a circular disk having the mensions required for the test method used and specified in S21 Nowe taba be esognied tat alia temperate. i wed for bth the sib ai lded specimen. will mot proce an ‘sutalen sae of care inthe two yes of pectmen. Ahighe degre of ‘re willbe btaned inthe mos specimen Adjust peer ‘ov 13001 rm S10 = M00 Tn thickness and 2920 = 0.08 tn (1 148 = 0.0 yin samc. wit eran sees, wl provise Typ | spsimens for Te Metis A an Test Meth! B.A sii mo inm (0s? = 0004 In) in damier ill pone Type 2 spscimons for Tet Math B ‘5.4 When the standard tet specimen isto be eplaced hy specimen taken from a vulcanized. rubber part of steater thickness than the ome indicated in 5.2.1, the sample thickness Shall he reduced frst by cutting transversely witha shanp knife and then followed by buffing to the required thickness in fccordance with Practice D 3183, SS Am altemative method of preparing specimens is by ‘plying up cylindrical disks cut from a standard sheet prepared In accordance with Practice D 3182 using the specimen sizes specified in 5.21 and eutting as deseribed in 5.22, or where & il press is not available cutting the specimens with a single Stroke from a eusting die ‘SS.1 The disks shall be plied without cementing, to the thickness required. Such plies shll be smooth lat, of uniform thickness, and shall not exceed sexen in number for Type | specimens sind four in number for Type 2 specimens, 5.52 Care shall be taken during handling and placing of the plied test specimen in the test fixture by keeping the circular aces parallel and at right anzles to the axis of the eylinde: 553 The results obusined on plied specimens may be “diferent from those obtained using sole specimens and the results may be variable, particularly iar is tapped between disks. as —08 "HOLE yc Rts mp ee = ee eee oe a a lara saa ss “emer itera Se Toa ian FR epeauaby in ena wa (Ry srepouchty im pecea 554 The results obtained on the specimens prepared by one ‘ofthe methods may he compared oaly to those prepared by the sane method [5.6 For routine or product speci some- jmes more convenient to prepare specimens ofa different size for shape, or both. When suel specimens are used. the results should Be compared only with these oblained from specimens | ‘oF similar size an! shape and. nor with these obvained ith Standard specimen, For such cases. the product specification should define the specimen as 10 the size and shape If suitable specimens cannot be prepared from the product. the test method and allowable limits must be agreed upon between the producer and the purchaser. 6. Conditioning {6.1 Store ull vulcanized test specimens or produet samples to be tested atleast 24 h but not tore than 60 days, When the ‘date of vuleanization is not known, make ests within 60 days fier delivery by the preducer ofthe article represented by the specimen 62 Allow bulled specimens 10 rest at least 30, specimens ane cut for testing Set properties are affected by atmospheric ted for minimum of 24 hin an atmosphere controlled lative hum 7. Precision and Bias * 7.1 These prveision statements have been prepared in c= ‘eorlance with Practice D 4483, Please refer Practice D 4483 for terminology and other testing and statistical concepts. "72. Prepared ist specimens of two rubbers for Test Methods Aaand B were supplied to five laboratories, These sere tested in duplicate each day on two separate testing days. test result. therefore, is the average of Neo tes spocimens, Foe both Test Methods and B. 773 One laboratory did not rum the Test Method A testing: therefore, the precision for Test Method A is derived frm four laboratories. 7.4 The Type 1 precision results are given in Table 1 and Table 2. ip neo at ASTM act Hapfh 0200-00 TABLE 2 Typ 1 Pacon Renu Compression St—Ten le pet im meaner ‘eet in pe tte ity ani sin ‘sy-woay tn pen 7.5 Bias—In test method statistical terminology, bis isthe siference between an average test vale andthe reference er trae tes property value, Reference values do not exist forthe fest methads since the value or level of dhe test property is exclusively defined by the test method, Bias therefore, cael he determined ‘TEST METHOD A—COMPRESSION SET UNDER CONSTANT FORCE IN AIR 8. Apparatus 81 Dial Micrometer— dil micrometer specimen thickness, in asoodance ith Prt AL 82 Compression Device, consisting of a force application spring and twe parle! compression plates assembled by ve 3767, Method rhcans of a frame’or threaded bolt in such manner that the ‘device shall be portable ant self-contained afr the force has been applied and that the purllelism of the plates shall be smuimsined‘Te force may he applied in accordance with ether S21 or 822. 82.1 Calibrated Spring Force Application—The required force shall be upplied by'a sorew machunism for compressing ‘calibrated spring the proper amount, The spring stall be of properly heatweated spring steel with ends ground anal per- penkicular to the longitudinal axis of the spring. suitable fompresion device is shown ia Fig. 1. The spring shall confor to the following requinement 8.2K The spring shall he calibrated at room temperature 23 2 SC (734 = OFF) by upplying successive increments of Towee not excooding 280 N' (30 Ib) and measuring the corresponding deflection to the nearest 0.2 mim (01 in). The curve obtained by ploting the forces against the correspor Seflotions shall have a Slope of 70-35 kN/m (400 Ibiin.) at 1-8 KN (400 Ib). The slope is obtained by dividing the two forees above unl below TS KN’ hy the wilference between the comrespending deflections 8.21.2 The original dimensions of the spring shall not change duet fatigue by more than (13 mm (0.01 i) ale i has been mounted in the compression deve, compressed under a force of 1.8 KN (400 Tp. and heated in the oven for fone wosk at 70°C = 2°C (158 = 36°F). In ordinary use, 3 ‘weekly check ofthe dimensions shall show no ereater change than this over a period a I year 8.2.13 The minimum force required to close the spring (sold) Shall be 2.4 KN (530 I). FG. Device for Compression Sot Tet, Using Caliorat Teeaing, Tee Method A 82.2 Euernal Force Applicarion—The required force shall be applied 10 the compression plates and spring by extemal means afer the test specimen Hs muted in the appara, Either a calibrated compression machine or known masses may be used for force application. Provision shall be made by the tse of bolts and nus or other devices to prevent the specimen and spring from losing their initial deflections when the ‘external fore is removed. The spring shall have exsentialy the Same characteristics as described in $2.1, but calibration is ot required. A suitable compression device is shove 3 Plases—The plas between wt ‘compressed shall be made of steel of sufficient thickness 16 ‘withstand the compressive stresses without bend ‘83.1 The surfaces against which the specimen is held shall havea chromium plsted finish and shall be cleaned thoroughly and sped dry before each test 83.2 The stool surfaces comcting the rubber specimens shall be ground to maxima roughness of 250 on (10 i.) and then chromium plated and polished. ‘83.3 The chromium plating and subsequent polishing shall or affect te final finish beyond the tolerance stated nos) ofthe omc sae of he Fae coe considered oy at he {ine of matte refine aH mot pepe ta sly to the specication for & Type IB laboratory oven given in Speciation E 145,(fly 0295-09 "0. 2 Device for Compression Set Tes, Ug External Lancing 8.4.1 Type IIB ovens specified in Test Method E 145 are satistactory for use through 70° C. For higher ‘Temperstures “Type ILA ovens are necessary ‘Soh The interior size shall be as follows or of an equivalent volume: = 3008 300 my 360mm 12 12 5b by 0 oy 120 men 36 38 A) 8.4.3 Provision shall be made for placing test specimens in the oven without touching each other or thesis oF the aging ‘chamber. ‘8.44 The heating medium forthe aging chamber shall be ai éeulsted within it a atmospheric pressure, [Bal The source of beat is optional but shall be locate i the air supply outside of the aging chamber ‘SA. Asullale temperature mexurement device lasted in the upper eentral portion of the chamber near the test speci ‘mens hull be provided to record the actual aging temperature ‘3A Automatic temperature contol by means of thermo static relation shall he used ‘848 ‘The following special precautions shall be taken in ‘od tha accurate, uniform hesting is obtained in all parts of | the aging chamber, 'SAS.1 The heuled air shall be thoroughly circulate in the ‘oven by means oF mechanical asiation, When a moter driven Tani used. the air must not conne in contact with the an toe brush discharze hecuuse of danger of ezone formation 848.2 Baffles shall be use as required 40 prevent local ‘ovetheating and dead spot. S483 The thermostatic contol device shall be located aso give accurate temperature contro ofthe heating medium, “The prefered location is adjacent tothe temperature measuring device listed in section 8:46. R484 An actual chock shall he male hy means of mas rum rang thermaeters placed in various parts ofthe exer to verily the uniformity of the heat 9, Procedure 9.1 Original Thickness Measurement—Measue the original thickess ofthe spscimen tothe nearest 02 my (04) in) Place the specimen on the anvil of the dal micrometer so that presser Foot will indicate the thickness atte central potion othe top and bottom faces, 9.2 Application of Compressive Force—Assemble the specimens in the vompression device, using extreme care to place them exacly inthe center between the plates to avoid ling. I the calbated spring device (see Fig. 1) i used. apply the compressive force by tightening the screw until the defection as eal orn te scales equivalent to Ut shown om the calibation eurve for the spring coresponding toa force of [LN KI 400 th), With the external loading device See Fis. 2), apply this force to the assembly inte compression machine or hy alin required muses, but in the latter ease, ake exe to add the mis. sadly without shock. Tighten the nuts and hols just sufficiently to hold the initial defletions of the spec that no aitional force he apie ntghtening ‘03 Test Tine and Text Tenperature—Choose 4 suitable {temperature and time forthe compression set, depending upon the conditions ofthe expected service. In comparative tests use “dentcal temperature and eatin periods. Iti suggested ta the tet temperature be chosen from those listed in Practice D149. Sugzested text petiods are 22h and 70-h. The specimen shall be at oom temperature when inserted in the Compression device. Place the assembled compression device in he oxen within 2 h after completion ofthe assembly ad allow ito remain there for the require test period in dry rat the test temperate selected, At the end ofthe test period, tke the device from the oven and remowe the specimens immedi ately and allow it to cool ‘944 Cooling Pevid—While cooing, allow the spi rest on poor thermally conducting surface, such as woo, for 30 min before making the measurement of the inal thickness Conc the cooing period ata standard laboratory tempera tue of 23 = 2°C (73.4 = 26°F), Specimens whese compres- sion set propery is alflected by aimospherie moisture shall be 915 Final Thichress Measurement—Afer the wet_petod imessure the fina thickness at the center of the specimen in stevordance with 9.1 10, Caleutation 10.1 Calculate the compression set as & percentage of the hickness follows: 6.= 14, )> 100 0 elas nl Syn) puro Lic Avement Na fut eet uzAlp 0 395-03 Cy = Compression set (Test Method A) as a percentage of the original thickness, 4, = original thickness (See 9.1), and nal thickness (4 9.5), 11. Report Lt Report the follssing information: TLL Original dimensions of the test specimen, inchading the orisinal thickness, 1, HL12 Actual compressive force on the specimen sx deter- mined from the eahiwation ctrve of the spring and spring deflection realing see 8.21) ors applied by an extemal farce (see 8.22, TILT Thickness of the test specimen 30 min after removal from the clam, t. LLL Type of test specimen used. together withthe time and temperature of tes, ILLS Compression Set, expressed as a percentage of the ‘original thickness. T1-16 ‘Test method used (Test Methed A), and IL Nomer of specimens tested TEST METHOD B—COMPRESSION SET UNDER CONSTANT DEFLECTION IN AIR 12. Apparatus 121 Dial Micrometer—A dial micrometer, foe measuin the specimen thickness, in accordance with Practice D 3767, Method AL None For anv tang ade elo 35 IRD, te force 122 Spacer Bars, 1o minsin the constant deflection re- quite under Test Method B. 1 Spacer bars for Type 1 samples shall havea thickness (0.02 mm (0.375 = 0.001 in), racer bars for Type 2 samples sal have a thickness of 450 = 0.01 mm (0.1770 = 0.0005 in. 2.3 Compression Device. consisting of 10 oF mine Hat steel plates between the parallel faces of which the specimens ‘may be compressed as shown in Fig. 3. Stcel spacers for the required pereentge of compression given in 132 shall be placed om exch side ofthe rubber specimens to control their thickness while compressed. the ste! surfaces comtcting the rubber specimens shall be ground to maximum roughness of| 280 (10 i.) and thon chromium plated nd polished (ose Nate 3). 124 Oven, see 8 FG. $ Devic for Comprossion Set Tost Undor Constant Deliecton, Tel Method B ap hy ASO tal gs red Tha Ot $1515: EDT 2007 Dohrn rime ty 12.5 Plaxes—Ihe plates between which the test specimen is ‘compressed shall be made of sel Of sificiont hiekness {0 withstand the compressive stesses without beni 125.1 The surfaces agains! whieh the specimen i held shall havea ehromium-plited finish and shall be cleaned thoroughly ad sped dry before each test. 12.52 The stool surfaces contacting the rubber spacimens shall be ground to 2 maximum roughness of 250 um (10 in.) and then chromium plated and polished 1253 The chromium plating and subsequent polishin shall not affect the final finish beyond the tolerance stated in 152 13, Procedure 13.1 Original Thickness Measuremem—Measure the origi ral thiekness of the specimen to the nearest 02 mam «2.001 jn.) Place the specimen on the anvil of the dial micrometer so that the presser foot will indicate the thickness atthe central Portion of the top and bottom faces. 132 Application of Compressive Foree—Place the test specimen hetween the plates of the compression deviee with the spacers on each side. allowing sufficient clearance for the bulging of the rubber when compressed (se Fig. 3). Whowe lubricant is applied. it shall consist of a thin coating of & lubicant having substantially wo action on the rubber Fer most bolts so tat the plutes are drawn toe sre in contact with the spacers. The 133 Test Time ard Temperature—Choore & suitable perature and tine forthe compression set. depending upon the Contitions of the expect service. In eermpurative tests, use identical temperature and test periods. It is sugested tha the test temperature be chosen ffom those listed in Practice 1D 1340. Suggested test periods are 22 fan! 70 h. The test specimen abl be at room temperate when inserted in the Gompression devi, Place the assmbled compression devise ‘aller completion of the assembly ad allow itto remain therefor dhe required test period in dy ar at est temperature selected. A the end ofthe test pero, take dese from the oven and remove the test specimen ‘immediately and allow them to cool B34 Covling Period—While cooling allow the test speci meh to est on poor thermally conducting surface, sueh as ‘wood, for 30 min before making dhe measurement of the final thickness. Mainain the conditions during the cooling percd in accordance with 94 135 Final Thickness Measurement —Afir the rest period, measure the inal thickness at the center of the test specimen in fcoordance with 13. 14, Caleutation 14,1 Calelate the compression set expressed 38 percent sage of the original deflection as follows Ge Hegel, #9) 100 2 ‘Boa Mr leo Systems pant oie Agree. No eb reson seeBh 020s where (Gy= compression set (Test Method B) expressed as pereentge of the original deflect a= otizinal thickness of specimen (13.1), 1, final thickness of specimen (3.5), and 1, thickness of the sper bar used. Now: $action of he operating sits device opto! while gv mote epee rex Semett er he comps se alles, 15, Report 15.1 Report the following information: 15.11 Original dimensions of the test specimen inclading the orginal thickness. 1. 15.1.2 Perventaze compression of the specimen actully employed, compression Tabiation ay 15.1.3 Thickness ofthe test specimen 30 min after removal ‘rom the clamp. 15.14 “Type of ust specimen used, together sith the time and temperature of test, 15.13 Whether or not the surfaces of the compression device are lubricated. IF they are. what type lubrication was wed, 15.1.6 Compression set expressed as a percentage of the ‘original deflection, TS.17 "Test method used (Test Method B), ad IS. Numher of specimens tested 16, Keywords 16.1 compression sett compression set unsr constant de- Nection: compression set under constant force: deflections deformation: elastic property: hysteresis: recovery ASTM meatoratkae no poten exon oval of ary ots Yh aserua in oecken wh ay amy mang ‘aie sane Yor! Caras ro sey sda Sornaon! vay way capt nh he “Vivian! ch is eey ha ow opens ‘Ts gare anton at xy toby ogo ele canbe an ba ood eo To yous and spateusesuerropovaaewnanan Yr smu sented tunen cna anc eater ae “rust absemed 9 AS Th! rena Heater an crm race eh conan a2 een 3 ee ‘Reet cco, ch You ray aor yoo at eg carpi fave rat eves sar Pen You sats “Te cance copyared by ASTM teratral 100 ar Het Dive, PO Box C70, es Coreratckan PA 98 233, Unted Sic. rwanl fp org emule cp) he Sand ray be Sted Wy contig AGT at ows “laos © S1082.8a8 rum), BIO8 988 (on) eribe Beare oma, Areugh Pe ASTM nedels ivan