“5-9. GEOMETRIC MEAN The geometric mean iualy abbreviated as G.M.) of a set of m observations is the nth et ‘Phas if, Xs... are the given n observations then their G'M. is given bya memos AGM. = 4 Kip XM Xo Ky = (MK) a if we are dealing with two observations only then G.M, c oduct. For example, G.M. of 4 and 16 is Vax 16= Ves - ae be computed by taking th square root “But ifm, the f observations is greater than 2, then the a os aciated by making was ore atO9 OF the m4 root is very caiculati .. In such a. tedious. In sus Jegarithms. Taking logarithim of og hi%s---An) --S21a) aNAVERAGES OR MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 561 gaits MES that the logarithm ofthe GM. of st obsersaions is the arithmetic mean of ter Taking Anil ofboth sides in (5:26), we Fly oi, GM. =Aniiog[ Soar] v (5-2) tn ease of frqueny distin Xf) f= 1, 2 on hae the tll numberof observations is (XX af ties) Ok af mes) % 2 OG My of ties) OF x aghix. hl hah (522) Taking logarithm ofboth sides in (5:22), we get Cnn? log GM. = [og (xf. ah.) [log Xf + log Xfi +... +10g Xf] Uf toe. +f t08.%5+ +f TE slog.x 4 (20 = GM. =Antilog [FE flogX] (5226) Inthe cate of grouped or continuous fequencydsbuns, the values of Xare te mi-ales of the corresponding classes, Steps for the Computation of G.M. in (5226) 1. Find log X, where Xi the value ofthe variable or the mid-value of the clas (in ease of grouped or ‘continuous frequency distribution). Bh coon og, pty i vale eg cied iemp1 Wyte comsjendig '3. Obiain the sum ofthe products flog ¥ obiained in step 210 get Flog X. 4. Divide the sum obtained in step 3 by N, the total frequency. 5. Take the Antilog ofthe value obtained in step 4. The resulting figure gives the value of GM. 591. Merits and Demeritsof Geometric Mean, Meris:() Geometric mean is rigidly defied, ~~ (i) Nisbased onal the observations. 7 (i) Is suitable for futher mathemati ‘rups of sizes mandy respective tm i given by lope MEG. MIE Wa treatment. If G, and Gz are the geometric means of two then the geometric mean G ofthe combined group of size Proof, Lt XipeXia»=-eMia, be the m, observations ofthe Fist series of size mand geometric mean G, let Xp Kno Naa be they servations ofthe second series of sie mand geometric mean Gy. Then definition, we have Gy = Kr Xa Aw > G, = Qi Xn Arad > of size m +: is piven by “The geometric mean G of the combined group of: is ° G = hin Min Kim Xa Xr Kaa" Xia) o Ya) ooFUNDAMENTALS OF gy, 364 (n replacing the wrong observations Xs and Xs By the comet valves Ne Ome yay, seometc mean, uy, "is given by ne \ a .) mcr agay xa SESE a8 3] a [From (***)) acaagy (f a : ‘Tere in (24 eel ose of mr tan Ie EN Fri seetnyie sample 54, (0) Find he Gomer Mean of 248 12, 16nd 4 (8) Ifthe observations 2, 4, 8 and 16 occur with frequencies 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively, indy, seomemic mean WCW, (Foundation), Dex Solution. (a) x 2 ‘ 8 2 6 24 [Toa ~ fogx | 03010 06021 09031 10792 12041 13802__[ $4697 > Jog (GM) = 13 log = 546% ~ 09116 [Using (521 4)} GM. = Antlog (09116)=8:158 Ailer GM, = 2x48 12% 16% 24)!= 294912)! log GM, = fog 294912 =548% =09116 = GM.= Antlog (09116) =8158 (©) Weare given [=7? «3 fol 2 GM, = Qh x 82x 1610 [256 @P xP ZIM 2 Ob) Boreeeraeeeeserti Gonne 548. Find he geometric mean fr helen tribution 0-10 10-20 20-30 3040 40-30 a. of students 5 7 1s 2s 8 Solution. ‘Marks ‘MubPoin (6) No.of Students) ee fleet 0S a 10-20 15 7 1761 82327 20-30 25 5 13979 209685 3040 38 25 saat 38.6025 40-50 4s 8 16532 1256 B53 exec mean = ag [29 log 4874-256 mas Example 54. The geometric mean of 10 observations on a certain variable was calculated as 162.11 was later discovered that one ofthe observations was wrongly recorded as 129: in fact it was 21°. App) ‘appropriate correction and calculate the correct geometric mean. Solution, Geometric mean G of observations is given by GO ap A OMe K A, 05-10. HARMONIC MEAN If X), Xpy...5 X; is a given set of n observations, then their harmonic mean, abbreviated as H.M. 0 simply H is given by (5-28)jveRAGES OR MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Inaer wd, Harmonie Mean he cpa fh erie mean ofthe recipe of he gen nate of fequeney dssbuton, we have abies hy ay if wma tZ) 72) = neg (5280) were N= Eis the total frequency, Xs the value ofthe vevible or the mid-val Se teen eee ‘stable or he mid-value ofthe cass (in ease of poupedof continuous frequency dstrbuton) and is the coresponding fequency of Remark, Effect of Change of Scale on Harmonie Men py observations Ifthe variables teesformed othe new varableuby cheng ofscle seek nt) by change of sale w= kx, #0 ..(*) then, by definition at HM.@ [Using (*] Aa > HMA) = ex HIM.) . Hence, we have the following result : Mum kx, #0, then HLM. (4) = kx HM. (x) [5286] 5404, Merits and Demerits of Harmonic Mean, Merits: () Harmonic mean is idly defined (1) It is based on all the observ (in iss for further IF and H, are the harmonic means of two groups of sizes My and N respectively, then the harmonic ‘mean #1 ofthe combined group of size N; + Nis given by boxe zl (5289 the values of the variable are involved, it gives greater weightage to ‘and suc is not very much affeced by one or two big observations, — ot affected very much by Auctuations of sampling. = (i) [tis particularly useful in averaging special types of rates and ratios where time factor is variable and the act Being performed remains conan, Demerits, (tis no easy to understand apd calculate. (ts value cannot be obsined if ny oe ofthe observation is 20 it) is not-a FepresenTative TguTeof Tie Tisibution unless the phenomenon requires greater oe eer ant allt ens Ai zh 1s hry Used i busines problems ‘examples wil clarify the point ——— ‘mean weight using (i) Geometric mean and (ii) Harmonic mean. ioaieels alley i ¢. 86 5 is 2 oodes FUNDAMENTALS OF STATIS, 572 Solution, Weight (lbs.) | No.of persons log X slogX ¥ i g -00769 002307 130 3 21139 63417 fe 135 4 21303 85212 0-00741 noe He) 6 21461 12:8766 0-00714 oe us 6 21614 12-9684 000690 cata 146 3 21644 64932 0-00685 ; 148 5 21703 10-8515 0-00676 3380 1 2 21732 43464 000671 001342 150 1 2.1761 21761 0:00667 0-00667 157 1 21959 21959 0-00637 0-00637 | syen=3t log X= 66-710 DUT X) = 021776 G.M. = Antilog ( 3/tog x) = Antilog (SF 66771 ¢) = = Antilog (2:1539) = 142°5 x 31__- 14236 HM.=S(fiX) 021776 Hence, the mean weight of 31 persons using (i) geometric mean is 142°5 Ibs. and (ii) harmonic means 142.36 lbs.Example 560.4 eylis pedals from his house this college at speed of 10 km. ph. and back from the college to his house at 15 km. ph Find the average speed, Solution, Let the distance ftom the house to the college be x kms In going from house to college, the distance (x kms) is covered in x/10 hours, while in coming from clleg® to house, the distance is covered in x/ 15 hours. Thus atoll distanee of 2r kms & eoveed ie (sei) toe = Total distance travel 2x Toualtimetaken 7x x) 1, 1 (iota) (c5"ts) Remarks 1 In this case the average sped is given by the harmonie mean of 10 and 1S and not by the wthmetic mean. 2. equal distances are covered (travelled) per unit of time with speeds equal to V4, V3...V sy, then the average speed is given by the harmonic mean of Vy, Vayu, Vy he, ence, average speed = 12 km. ph. ‘Average speed = ————#___ =n ty 1) yt li morn) (h) Proof. Lets denote the equal (constant) distance travelled in cach ease. Let the times taken to travel his distance with speeds V4, Va.V Be fy espocively. Then, since Distance Distance » Speed = Pavane = Time = Sed “ Weeet, 1 Total time taken ‘Total distance travelled 8 (n times) = ns, Total distance travelled “Total time taken (4 Average spee (529) y hich is the harmonic mean of Vi, Vay.541 RELATION BETWEEN ARITHMETIC MEAN, GEOMETRIC MEAN AND HARMONIC MEAN The arithmetic mean (A.M.), the geometric mean (G.M.) and the harmonic mean (H.M.) of a series of n observations are connected by the relation : AM. 2 GM. > HM. the sign of equality holding if and only if all the » observations are equal. We shall establish the result (5-31) for two numbers only, although the result holds in general for n observations. (531) Let a and b be two real positive numbers ie., a> 0, 5>0. ee Then AM=222 5 GM.=Vab ; AM TEER alo" Wehne, AM.-GM, «225 ap = 2*6=2Vab 1 5p) J 4) Since the square of a real quantity is always non-negative, we have (Va—\b)? > 0. S AM.-G.M.20 => A.M. 2G.M. ++(5:32) the sign of equality holds if and only if Va-Vb =0 => Va=Vb = a=b ie,, ifand only if the two numbers are equal.UNDAMENTALS 5-76 " os, ain fom) wep . GMa, ab - 208 = (1-2) fay SOO, essai) “Oe wes (AEF) Since a>0,> Oand sure ofarel quit ialmaysnonnsives ve Meta 20 > . Shesign osu otifenenyit Vo-VE=0 2 ob Thos coogi estan (32) e039) MO RsoMsHe teen of sqiy hls if anny ite tr uo Aer Porproig 3. We have ove in (32) at ay 0 Psi my Ast2 Gn conseig the mers 1 and andung AM-2GM. ee a(b)=(24)" a he 5 ab 222% = GM2HM. [Us Remark, Fortwo numbers we also have 8 where, G and represent arithmetic mean, geometric mean and harmonic mean respectively root: Leta™0, > betwo postive numer. Then om (*) above, we get es. 203 at gab For more than two observations, the result (5:34) holds only ifthe values are in geometric pope (G.P), as for example the seties of observations 2,4, 8,16, say, which isa G.P. series with comms 2; ora setes of observations 3, 9,27, 81, 243 which is a series in G.P with common ratio 3 Example $65. HM, A.M. and G.M. ofa set of $ observations are 10:2. 16 and 14 respect Comet Solution. Weare given the above satement i core. Example S66, Tie artmeic mean of wo obseratons is 127'5 and their geometre mean s 60% (Other harmonic mean and (Hi) the 0 observations. AM. = 16; GM. “14 and HM, = 102. Since A.M. > GM.>i! [Delhi Univ. B.Com. (Hons), (External) 261 Slaton. (9 Let theo obseratons be wand. Then were gens nn ns atb=255 a GM. =Vaxb=60 = ab=3600 a“ Harmonic mean of two numbers a and b is given by = 2ab__2%3600_ 480 BM Geb 255 17 72824 (rom (*) and (**)) Alter, Fortwo numbers, we have Onan <4 2804_aveRAGES OR MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY S77 OWE, spe aae (0-8)! = (a+ 8) —4ab = (255). 4 x 3600 rom (*) and (°* 165025 ~ 14400 ~ 50625 Bem anee a-b =41s0m=4 295 atb=255 and a-b=225 25 and a Adding, we get Adding, we got 22 =480 = a= Sm 240 2a =30 b=255-a From 5) 255-4 [From (4) , = 285-240= 15 =255-15 = 240 Hence! the two observations are 240 and 15 Example 5.67. Ifthe geometric mean of two observations is (I/n) times their harmonic mean, prove that the ratio ofthe svo observations is (1+ 1—n): (IN 1m). (CWA. (Foundation), Dec. 2001) Solution. By definition, we have for two positive real numbers @ and b, (a> B), GM, =Vab and HLM. Weare given om. = zo) Aso. (a=B) = (a 6) al = ab esr ep a bea sai) ‘ding and subtracting (and (i), we get respectively 2a =2 Mab [14 T= mF] Ai) and 2b 2 ab [1 Vim nF] () Dividing (ity by (iv, we gt. @ View Ga SE 5 asbe tis Vimys ivi SEE 2 aoe nO 1 ample $68. What isthe fundamental inequality of arithmetic and geometric means of n numbers iy? Under what conditions is the inequality strict ? Assuming that this inequality struc, derive asia ay beeen gomerc and harmonic ean (baton a (Boon ows) 08 Solution. The fundamental inequality of arithmetic and geometric means of m numbers X}, Xjyon i -Aritheti Mean (A.M) 2 Geometric Mean (GM) ie, 1 (x,y ta) 2 AM ra ‘The sign of equity holdin (9 Fed only if == Lis of 9=L@+ k= 8 RHS of () = (eke nk)! = OM km () ia siet ie, AM. > GM, if and oly I tho 4s mre not eal Hence, the neat