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Legal Translation Arabic -English- Arabic
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Arabic–English–Arabic Legal
Translation
Features include:
• a thorough description of the features of legal translation in both English and Arabic,
drawing on new empirical research, corpus data analysis and strategic two- way com-
parisons between source texts and target texts
• coverage of a broad range of topics including an outline of the chosen framework for
data analysis, a historical survey of legal discourse developments in both Arabic and
English and detailed analyses of legal literature at both the lexical and syntactic levels
• attention to common areas of difculty such as Shariʿah Law terms, archaic terms and
model auxiliaries
• many examples and excerpts from a wide selection of authentic legal documents, re-
inforced by practical discussion points, exercises and practice drills to encourage active
engagement with the material and opportunities for hands-on learning.
Wide-ranging, scholarly and thought-provoking, this will be a valuable resource for advanced
undergraduates and postgraduates on Arabic, translation studies and comparative linguistics
courses. It will also be essential reading for translation professionals and researchers working
in the eld.
Hanem El-Farahaty is Teaching Fellow in the Department of Arabic and Middle Eastern
Studies at the University of Leeds, UK, and an Associate of the Higher Education Academy.
She is also a Lecturer in the University of Mansoura, Egypt.
Arabic–English–Arabic Legal
Translation
Hanem El-Farahaty
To My Family
Cancel Anytime.
Contents
List of gures xi
List of tables xii
List of abbreviations xiii
Acknowledgments xiv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Aims of the book 1
1.2 Hypothesis and research questions 1
1.3 Research on the problems of legal translation: a brief review 2
1.4 Methodology 3
1.5 Data analysis 3
1.6 Structure of the book 3
viii Contents
3.2.2.2 Passivization 23
3.2.2.3 Wh-deletion 24
3.2.2.4 Conditionals, prepositional phrases and restrictive
connectors 24
3.2.2.5 Complex sentences 24
3.2.2.6 Performative verbs and modals 25
3.2.2.7 The use of negation 28
3.2.2.8 Binomial expressions/doublets and triplets 28
3.2.3 Textual features 29
3.2.3.1 Elements of cohesion 29
3.3 Features of Arabic legal discourse 31
3.3.1 Introduction 31
3.3.2 Lexical features 31
3.3.2.1 Religious, culture-specic and system- based terms
and expressions 34
3.3.2.2 Formality 35
3.3.2.3 Gender-biased terms 37
3.3.2.4 Archaic terms 40
3.3.3 Syntactic features 40
3.3.3.1 Nominalization 40
3.3.3.2 Passivization 41
3.3.3.3 Modals 42
3.3.3.4 Complex sentence structure 42
3.3.3.5 Doublets and triplets 43
3.3.3.6 Participles 43
3.3.4 Textual features 44
3.3.4.1 Lexical repetition 45
3.3.4.2 Reference 50
3.3.4.3 Conjunctions and punctuation 51
3.4 Exercises and discussions: features of legal English and legal Arabic 52
Contents ix
4.4 Baker’s levels of equivalence 63
4.4.1 Equivalence at word level and above word level 63
4.4.2 Grammatical equivalence 65
4.4.3 Textual equivalence 65
4.5 Methodology 65
4.5.1 The lexical level 66
4.5.2 The syntactic level 66
4.5.2.1 Modal auxiliaries in English and Arabic 66
4.5.2.2 Modal auxiliaries in English 66
4.5.2.3 Modal auxiliaries in Arabic 69
4.5.2.4 Passivization in English and Arabic 71
4.5.3 Addition and omission 75
4.6 List of documents for data analysis 75
4.6.1 English–Arabic documents 76
4.6.2 Arabic–English documents 76
x Contents
6 Analysis of Arabic–English–Arabic texts: the syntactic level 118
6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 Analysis of modal auxiliaries in English–Arabic documents 118
6.2.1 Quantitative analysis of modal auxiliaries in English–Arabic
documents 118
6.2.2 Qualitative analysis of modal auxiliaries in English–Arabic
documents 121
6.2.2.1 Translation of shall 121
6.2.2.2 Translation of may 125
6.2.2.3 Translation of other less frequent modals 127
6.3 Analysis of modal expressions in Arabic–English documents 130
6.3.1 Quantitative analysis of modal expressions in Arabic–English
documents 130
6.3.2 Qualitative analysis of modal expressions in the AChHR 130
6.3.2.1 Translation of (it is not permissible/not allowed) 131
6.3.2.2 Translation of less frequent modal expressions 132
6.4 Translation of the passive in English–Arabic documents 133
6.4.1 Quantitative analysis of passive in English–Arabic documents 133
6.4.2 Qualitative analysis of passive in English–Arabic documents 134
6.4.2.1 Passive → active 135
6.4.2.2 Passive → passive 138
6.5 Translation of passive in Arabic–English documents 139
6.6 Exercises and discussions 140
Notes 154
References 159
Index 166
Figures