yeaa DRGwebinars ing a and exchanging knowledge risit ah 43 ft Se Undies us pu hal io. rig and v £ to yy yt ? HB DyniDynaflow Research Group Introduction Pulsations are the pressure fluctuations caused by the pump. which travel through the piping system Problems due to (excessive) pressure pulsations: 1. Shaking forces causing vibration and fatigue failure 2. Reduced service life of pump valves 3. Noise Secu coeiene rnc eC acect tec a PeNeuacee( eeu dy CUT RCTS {© Dynatow Research Grou, all gts sored ‘Speaker: i. C.W.SchoemakersDynaflow Research Group DRG leading Engineering Consulting firm Focused on three activities Bone een Grom alowis eonsDynaflow Research Group Our services in Engineering Consulting Services Pressure & thermal equipment and piping Fiberglass piping Gas, LNG, compressors and pumps Flow analysis Software consulting {©Dynatow Research Grou, lights resend Examples = Stress and fatigue analysis = Various equipment and piping = Fiberglass stress analysis and design = Inspection of fiberglass systems. = Pulsation and vibration analysis = Mechanical response studies = Flow assurance, Subsea systems ® Liquid slug and vibration analysis = In-house software development = Software consultingDynaflow Research Group Road map for pulsations and vibration analysis m ET Piping Geometry i {©Dynaow Research Grou, al ight resendDynaflow Research Group Intermezzo - Resonance explained When the excitation frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the system resonance occurs. https:/Avww. youtube.com/watch?v=iyw4AcZuisk Ee eek Groen al wis wooedDynaflow Research Group Acoustical resonance in piping system When the excitation frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the system resonance occurs. Acoustical resonance IF Excitation frequency = Natural frequency Ei {©Dynatow Research Grou, al ight resendDynaflow Research Group Road map for pulsations and vibration analysis Initial acoustic excitation bh (eT Piping Geometry Shakin; {©Dynatow Research Grou, al ight resendDynaflow Research Group Working principles of reciprocating pump outlet suction discharge {© Dynaow Research Grou, al ight resend motor pulls piston out motor pushes pistonDynaflow Research Group Main aspects which determine pump flow profile Con rod length Crank shaft radius Number of cylinders Clearance volume Valve characteristics Fluid properties {©Dynaow Research Grou, al ight resendDynaflow Research Group Reciprocating pump always causes pressure pulsations Flow profile single cylinder Pressure profile 550 soo ‘80 “09 350 250 ow Rate 2h) 209 = ar {© Dynatow Research Grou, al ight resend ar Tine[s] = ree [ba] Wit 21 wi wa m2 ma 202 m2 Time(s}Dynaflow Research Group Reciprocating pump always causes pressure pulsations Simplified flow profile single cylinder Combination of frequency components at different frequencies Always n*f_pump*N_cylinders! 50 soo ow Rate 37h) = ar ar a Times] {©Dynatow Research Grou, al ight resend Fw Fat 03h} (me a09 —s00 «ao 000 108 Freeney]Dynaflow Research Group Con Rod length Finite length con rod causes a deviation from an exact sin wave Fw Rat ih) “Time(s {©Dynatow Research Grou, al ight resendDynaflow Research Group Example - Number of cylinders Flow pump multiple cylinders (Triplex) Frequency domain sao 800 730 eco “0 s 0 el PI : E aso a a E 20) ice 360 220 0) 130 29 ee soo m0 tata Tee oOo Te ‘© Dynatow Research Group, al rights Frequency Hi]Dynaflow Research Group Example - Clearance volume Flow profile Frequency domain Presi [ba] a Fw Fat nah} Witoa mi oa ma ma m2 m2 m2 ne an9 a0 ao 000 108 Tine) Freauecy ] {©Dynatow Research Group, al nightsDynaflow Research Group Example - Clearance volume (triplex) Triplex (no clearance volume) Triplex (with clearance volume) 9 2g za zed i i go ri i i 3 sno = v0] xa Py xa xd Bo eats Bia Be es oes {©Dynatow Research Gro, al ight resendDynaflow Research Group Road map for pulsations and vibration analysis Dampening of initial excitation Pump Dampener RKO ed | meer b Rene {©Dynatow Research Group, al ight resend raDynaflow Research Group System dampening characteristics Dampener can significantly reduce initial excitation Important aspects input. 4.95 bar -> 0.6 bar at lowest harmonic - Distance between pump and dampener - Volume 1 - Type (connection type, oss charging medium) - Connection diameter eo - Diameter of downstream ree piping a - Other forms of dampening (orifice plates / partially closed valves) 110 165 eo me Frequeny (he) {©Dynatow Research Grou, al ight resend 0Dynaflow Research Group Example —- Dampener volume Pulsation level at first harmonic = 1 Liter: 3 bar = 5 Liter: 0.8 bar = 10 Liter: 0.4 bar Pressure (bara) = 20 Liter: 0.2 bar Generally, pulsations reduce approximately to some power function: ~VV h Constant x can change significantly per system (between 1 and 2) ©Dynatow Research Group, lights resend 18Dynaflow Research Group Example — Distance between pump and dampener Acoustic resonance pump- dampener Natural frequency of open- closed system: Le Ao f= Dampener on equal tee ForL=1m->f= 350Hz Pump For L = 2m -> f= 175 Hz > es Infinite long pipe If natural frequency becomes IE low, resonance at lowest harmonics can occur. Results in reduced valve life and cavitation. i ‘©Dynatow Research Grou, al ight resend 2Dynaflow Research Group Example — Distance between pump and dampener Pulsations upstream of dampener Pulsations downstream of dampener reve] ‘©Dynaow Research Group, al nightsDynaflow Research Group Road map for pulsations and vibration analysis Acoustical natural frequencies Dampener Pum PRS ea {©Dynaow Research Grou, all ight resend 2Dynaflow Research Group Typical natural frequencies in a system Between two similar boundary conditions (f = k aa = Between two vessels = Between vessel and dampener = Between header-box pump and dead-end branches Between two dissimilar boundary conditions (f = ke) = Between header-box and dampener = Between dead-end branch and large diameter header Many more complex modes exist can Prevent a system where: f = Number_of_cylinders x frequency of pump / N Where N = 1,2,3,4 {©Dynatow Research Gro, al ight resend Closed-Open FundamentalDynaflow Research Group Road map for pulsations and vibration analysis i Eten aire ry Shaking forces iping & supporting {©Dynatow Research Grou, al ight resend 4Dynaflow Research Group Example — simple systems Triplex pump, rpm = 300, c ~ 1400 m/s First harmonic at: f = 3*300/60 = 15 Hz Distance between vessel and dampener = 47 m -> f = 1400/2/47 = 14.9,28.8,... Hz High likelihood of resonance Distance between vessel and dampener = 94 m -> f(k=2) = 7.45, 14.9, ... HZ Also high likelihood of resonance Distance between vessel and dampener = 40 m -> f = 20 Hz Good initial design eC LS f = Number_of_cylinders x frequency of pump {©Dynatow Research Grou, al ight resend Closed-Open Fundamental Speed of sound RS IXDynaflow Research Group Computer aided analysis methods for pulsations To capture all interactions between different elements computer software is required Uncertainties in dimensions, fluid properties (temperature/density), pump rpm should be taken into account for a robust design. Frequency domain solvers: b Time domain solvers (BOSpulse): + Relative fast + Computationally more expensive - Limited validity, especially when pressure —_ + Larger range of validity drops are large (note: orifice plates / high velocity flow) {©Dynaow Research Grou, al ight resendDynaflow Research Group Why go further than only pulsation analysis? Main problems due to (excessive) pulsations: ® Shaking forces causing vibration and fatigue failure = Reduced service life of pump valves = Noise When using standard or guideline on pulsation limit ® If pulsation limits are met, excessive vibrations and fatigue failure might still occur! But also: # If pulsations limits are exceeded, excessive vibrations and fatigue failure are not guaranteed to occur. Safe operation still possible. {©Dynaow Research Group, lights resendDynaflow Research Group Road map for pulsations and vibration analysis Initial excitation mechanical {© Dynaow Research Grou, al ight resendDynaflow Research Group Shaking forces due to pressure imbalance between elbows = Caused by pressure temporal Py) AP(t)= P(t) -Pult) Pay pressure difference between elbows = Force always acting in the axial direction AF(t)=AP(t) XA av Where P, and P, are the pressures at the two bends {©Dynatow Research Grou, al ight resendDynaflow Research Group Road map for pulsations and vibration analysis v Mechanical natural frequencies Paina Es Mitel {© Dynaow Research Group, lights resendDynaflow Research Group Typical mechanical natural frequencies Axial movement of an poorly supported expansion loop Vibration of unsupported branches Watch out for “relative” flexible supporting structure! An axial stop on a 4m T- Pe ees RCE RIT Meee ACC) ae Sees alce ‘© Dynatow Research Grou, lights resend 2Dynaflow Research Group Road map for pulsations and vibration analysis {© Dynatow Research Grou, al ight resendDynaflow Research Group Forced and resonance response ‘Amplitude Amplitude Forced {©Dynaow Research Grou, al ight resend Resonance Pulsation induced VERE Weces curity shaking forces Frequency Mech. Resonance 1 ] i ] Modes Frequency Mechanical Vibrations Frequency Cees rn Meum ech Rcie load Mode shape at 4HzDynaflow Research Group Road map for pulsations and vibration analysis Et PETs=iaa elena Mitel {© Dynaow Research Grou, lights resend 3Dynaflow Research Group Design improvements to reduce pulsations Improve efficiency of dampener = Dampener volume = Reduce distance between dampener and pump = Increase connecting diameter to dampener relative to downstream piping Eliminate or dampen acoustical resonance modes ™ Avoid system lengths at lowest harmonics during design stages = Placement of orifice {© Dynaow Research Grou, al ight resendDynaflow Research Group Design improvements to reduce vibrations Reduce pulsations Eliminate or dampen mechanical resonance modes ® Add/change supporting (restrain piping as much as possible) = Stiffen support structure (on-ground supports used as much as possible) = Use of special supporting. Last resort {©Dynatow Research Grou, al ight resendDRG Training Schedule: http://www.dynaflow.com/training/training-courses/ BOSpulse: www:bospulse.com Pulsations studies: http://www.dynaflow.com/engineering/api618-api674-pulsation-studies, If you liked the webinar, follow us at linkedin! b Houtsingel 95 T +31 79 361 5150 D R 2719 EB Zoetermeer F +31 79 3615149 The Netherlands E info@dynaflow.com Dynaflow Research Group Reg nr. 27320315 W www. dynaflow.com