14 Aspirin inhibits an enzyme by reacting with an amino acid that forms an essential part of the 3D structure of the enzyme. Part of the aspirin molecule binds firmly with the amino acid, What describes this inhibition? 1 competitive inhibition 2 non-competitive inhibition 3 A tand3 © 2and3 2only6 Which processes occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? 1 2 3 4 hydrolysis mitosis, transcription translation PEA 1007/6 ome D 2,3and438 Why is it necessary for a person with a bacterial infection to take antibiotics at evenly spaced time intervals? ‘Ato increase the concentration of antibiotic slowly to a level which is lethal to the bacteria © to maintain a concentration of antibiotic in the body which is lethal to the bacteria (Cro prevent the development of resistant strains of bacteria D_ toselect and kill the resistant strains of bacteriauv 3 Aortic stenosis is a heart valve disorder in which the aortic semilunar valve opening is narrow. Which effect could aortic stenosis have on heart structure and function? Dane cardiac muscle of the left ventricle wall is thinned by blood leaking out of the left ventricle during ventricular diastole. B There is less cardiac muscle in the left ventricle and reduced diastolic blood pressure, caused by the smaller blood volume entering the left atrium. - The tendons of the heart valves are weakened by blood being forced back through the left atrioventricular valve into the left atrium. D he wall of the left ventricle thickens, leading to an enlarged heart and inability to relax and il completely during diastole.27 Which xerophytic adaptations reduce the water potential gradient between leaf surface and atmosphere? PPP?MDM—D) ore 1 rollep Jéave 2 haifieéves 3 sunken st 4 fewer Yomata 5 fleshy leaves Oe )r2, 3,4.and5 1.2 an 3 only © 1,3.and4 only D 2and5 only23 Which statements about tRNA structure are correct? 1 There is a binding site for the attachment of a specific amino acid and a different binding site for the attachment to the ribosome, so that translation can occur. 2. There is a ribose-phosphate backbone with strong phosphodiester bonds and areas within the polynucleotide chain where base pairing occurs. 3 There is an anticodon that contains the same triplet of bases as the triplet of DNA bases that has been transcribed to produce the mRNA codon. ee A 1,2and3 & ronazeny (6 1Jonly Paes \an it is the maximum number of codon-anticodon interactions within one ribosome? 2 B c4 Dé p18 What happens to the telomeres during mitosis of a cancer cell? 3g miosis ? A The length increases. 18 16 28.9 Which statement about the ratio of short fatty acids (4-16 carbon atoms) to long fatty acids (18 of more carbon atoms) in the milk of cows and whales is correct? ‘A The ratio in cow milk is higher because newborn cows need more energy than newborn whales The ratio in cow milk is lower because newborn cows need less energy than newborn whales. ° The ratio in whale milk is higher because newborn whales need less energy than newborn cows. o (") The ratio in whale milk is lower because newborn whales need more energy than newborn YK cows. aAsscientist used a blender to break open a sample of animal cells and release the organelles. The extracted mixture was spun in a centrifuge at a low speed. The heaviest type of organelle sank to the bottom of the centrifuge tube to form a solid pellet, pellet 1 ik liquid above pellet solid pellet The liquid above pellet 1 was poured into a clean centrifuge tube and spun at a higher speed. The next heaviest organelle sank to the bottom to form a solid pellet, pellet 2. The scientist repeated this procedure twice more to obtain pellet 3 and pellet 4, each containing a single type of organelle. What is the function of the type of organelle extracted in pelle estion of old cell organelles production of ATP by respiratidh synthesis of mRNA D__ synthesis of protein30 Irrigating crop plants with water containing low concentrations of salt causes an increase in the concentration of salt in the soil What explains why the increase in salt concentration eventually kills the crop? t é o t se Se water potential | water potential | direction of water in roots in soil movement + into the roots into the soil solution out of the roots into the roots key + = water potential increases 4 = water potential decreases22 The enzyme telomerase prevents loss of telomeres after many mitotic cell cycles. Which cells need to transcribe teloms ‘enzyme? 1 stem 2 activated memory B-lymphocytes 3 helper T-lymphocytes secreting cytokines A 1.20003 (2) rep cesensee orem46 Which is correct for competitive inhibitors of enzymes? 1 2 3 4 1,2and 3 They occupy the active site of an enzyme. They have exactly the same shape as the substrate. They can be used to control the rate of enzyme activity. They can pind to a site on an enzyme other than the active site.6 A single-celled organism lives inside the body of a fish. This single-celled organism is rod-shaped, 700um long, enclosed in a cell wall and has cytoplasm containing thousands of copies of small, circular DNA. Which statement about this single-celled organism is correct? Tygte, an Itis a eukaryote, because it is too large to be a prokaryote. C tis a plant, because it is enclosed in a cell wall [y It is a prokaryote, because it has small, circular DNA in its cytoplasm38 Immune response to a vaccination against a virus can be assessed by making three measurements: —_— 1 the concentration of anti-virus antibody in the blood _ 2 the time taken to increase the antibody concentration significantly after a booster vaccination 3 the number of virus-specific lymphocytes per cm’ blood. What describes the immunity of an individual when the values of 1, 2 and 3 are all n years after vaccination? AD wive immunity due to the presence of memory cells B low immunity due to the adséfice of antibodies Oo low immunity due to the absence }inemory cells D__ passive immunity due to the presence of antibodies.30 When active tissues have high carbon dioxide concentrations, oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen to these tissues. ‘What encourages this release in the presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide? 2 oxyhaemoglobin dissociatds snore readily 3. haemoglobin needs higher concentrations of oxygen to become saturated ‘A /i,2and3. Bt and2only 1 and 3 onl and 3 only24 The photomicrograph shows a vascular bundle. 3 2 Which describes the relationship of water potential in the labelled cells? 3s less negative than cell 1. B Cell is less negative than cell 3. © Cell 3 is more negative than cells 1 and 2. Pycets 1. 2and a nave tp dame water potent21. The cell cycle includes mitosis. Which are features of nuclear of nactear division? —~> 4 forms cells of equal size to Sian 2. forms geneticdlly idettical ni 3. semi-conservqfive replication of DNA A/1,2and3. B tand2only C tito 2only16 An experiment was carried out to comparé the ener ph of the activity of an enzyme that was in solution and the same enzyme that had been ‘on a gel. All otfier variables were kept the same. The results are shown in the graph. enzyme key activity * immobilised enzyme = enzyme in solution Which statement explains these results when the enzyme is immobilised? A The primary structure naddhanged. B _The secondary structure has changed. he tertiary structure has changed. The quaternary structure has changed.9 Which rows show the chemical groups present in the biological moleculesfiqted? biological carboxyl | presence of ee more molecule 1) groups: hygroxyl (OH) groups amino acid yes now 2 B-glucose a yes oe si glycerol no no 4 | saeracia yes no 1,2and3 (6) 1,2end4 1,3 Le (es) e 3and4 $2, Sanda ‘AMo 6 Which types of RNA are preser Cresta an&in eukaryotic cells? mRNA | rRNA | tRNA v v vl key By v 7 | 4= present ec] x v ¢ = not present p| «x v x419. Agar cubes can be used to demonstrate the effect of changing surface area to volume rato on ‘fusion Three different agar cubes made using a dlute acid were placed into an indicator solution that itfused into the cubes. When the indicator came into contact with the acid it canged colour. “The cubes were tom? Zem* and Scm? and were left in te indicator solution for 10 minutes. Al ‘other variables were kept the same. The results were recorded as diagrams, ‘The results forthe 2cm? cube are shown. HF tube changed colour not to original colour— | toa depth of 0.50m scale \Which diagrams represent the resuits forthe tom? and he Sem? cubes? rat to scale _- cube changed colour _--eube changed colour A/F completely toa depth of 05am om? ‘scm? ny TL cube changed colour cube changed colour Pi completely [toa depth of tom Yom? Sem? |_— cube changed colour _--cube changed colour e toa depin of 0.256 toa depth of 05am tom? Som? cube changed colour _— cube changed colour . to a depth of 250m =] toadeptn of tem tom? Sem¥ 16 The enzyme telomerase prevents loss of telomeres after many mitotic cell cycles. Which cells need to transcribe telomerase enzyme? 1 cancer cells 2 stem cells 3. activated memory B-lymphocytes: jefe & 12082 only © tand3only 0 2and3ony 17 The diagram shows some of the stages which take place during the cell cycle. 1 number of DNA molecules in cell doubles Koos a 2 Seas [ASU JL cto 3 chromosomes become visible Whict! two stages take place during interphase? A/1and2 tand 3 2and4 3and411. A fixed volume and concentration of substrate and enzyme were kept constant. The enzyme-catalysed reaction Which graph shows how the rate of reaction changes with time? A B rate of rate of reaction reaction 0 0 0 time 0 time 7 @) rate of rate of reaction reaction 0 0 9 time 0 time10 A fixed volume of the enzyme catalase was added to a fixed volume of hydrogen peroxide solution. The diagram shows how the concentration of product changed over the course of the reaction. concentration of product time What explains the shape of this graph? @ The active sites become saturated. B_ The enzyme tas denatured. © The hydrogen pkipxide inhibited the reaction. <” ‘substrate molecules were used up.Two different types of cell, P and Q, were broken up using ultrasound and their contents analysed. Both types of cell contained small circular DNA. The circular DNA from P all carried the same base sequence, but those from Q were of two types, with different base sequences. What may be concluded about the identity of cell types P and Q? Pp Q heart muscle fibres root cortical cells 0 lymphocytes mature red blood cells contaminated by bacteria C_| mature red blood cells phloem sieve tube element root cortical cells leaf mesophyll cells‘34 The graph shows the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen at different partial pressures of oxygen. Which range of partial pressures of oxygen results in the greatest change of percentage saturation of haemoglobin per kPa? 100 80 percentage ©? saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen veer 40 20 0 5 10 15 20 partial pressure of oxygen/ kPaF 33. Which row correctly identifies the locations in which a type of molecule or cell is present? [ 2 be of molecule orcell | blood | lymph | “ese antigen v v v glucose v x v lymphocyte x v x neutrophil x Z ih Ae = is present key X= is not present13 A student carried out an investigation into the effect of Veqnperativesgn the rate of an ‘enzyme-catalysed reaction. ‘At each temperature, the substrate concentration was measured after 10 minutes. All the other variables were kept constant. ‘Which graph shows the effect of increasing temperature on the substrate concentration after 10 minutes? substrate concentration substrate concentration ‘substrate a temperature /°C temperature /°C_ ais temperature /°C. temperature/°C(0 nucleotides 3 2 What is the total number of amino acids in this polypeptide? 3 bowen oad Z On 500 (‘s) 1000 ©) D 300 “=e = = = fs 2A solution of amylase was added to a suspension of sfarch, After 30 seconds, three samples of the mixture were tested with iodine solution, Benedict's Salutfon or with biuret reagent. Which are the expected results? colour with test reagent iodine solution | Benedict's solution | _ biuret reagent ° g g 5 is 2 = &Ka The large arteries close to the heart have a thick elastic layer in their walls. Which statements about this layer are correct? pees to maintain the blood pressure in arteries. 2 reduces friction within the arteries @ prevents {Op much pressure bursting the artery wall A 1,2and3/ B/1and3only C 1tonly D / 2and3 only28 Ata certain point in a cardiac cycle, the pressure in the right ventricle is lower than that in the right atrium and lower than that in the pulmonary artery. Which row is correct? atrioventricular Gane semilunar valve A closed closed @ closed open ce b? ‘open closed D open open22 What is correct for phloem sieve tube elements? cell de struct ipport toe phloem rents. salts by mass Phloem sieve tube elements become narrower as movement of sucrose occurs. lasmodesmata allow movement of water and solutes across cell walls of phloem sieve tube elements,4 Which row correctly describes the function of the cell structures? hydrolytic enzymes smooth lysosomes mitochondria endoplasmic Golgi body reticulum digestion of | abundant insites | processing a stack of unwanted of active transport | of proteins flattened sacs structures B) digestion of ATP synthesis | _ lipid production glycoprotein unwanted production ‘structures El spherical sacs | abundantinsites | lipid production glycoprotein containing _| of active transport production hydrolytic enzymes spherical sacs. | ATP synthesis alycoprotein lipid production containing production3° Which cell structures may contain cisternae? chloroplast ban prog Golgi body | mitochondrion v 4 v x B v x x v Cc x v v x D x v x v key /= may contain cisternae X = does not contain cisternaeu aa 38 How many variable regions are there on a | Y-shaped antibody rosea) ff perictda. (Y B3 4 D630 Which statement explains why the ventricles contract after the atria? A The band of fibres between the atria and the ventricles conducts the excitation wave slowly. W & The excitation wave has to pass through a small area of conducting fibres in the septum. D The excitation wave has to travel further to reach the base of the ventricles than to spread across the atria The excitation wave travels slowly through the Purkyne tissue to reach the base of the septum.as usd 23 Asection of a DNA molecule has the coding et Aatragese. aw S Which statements are correct? y This coding sequence foritains 3 pyrimidine & J fa Theouble-stranded DNA of this sgetfon contains 26 hydrogen bonds between coriplementary bases. wes The double-stranded DNA of this section has 20 sugar-phosphate bonds. (x 2and3 \B ‘enn 2enty 1and3only Af] 2and3 only20 Which of these statements about e always true? 1 Cell strictures replicate. 2 Cell structures are shared between two cells. 3 Nuclear envelope reform; plun. A 1,2and3 tand 3 one 2only D 3only28 Which statement concerning transpiration is correct? On a humid day, the water potential gradient between the intercellular air space and the external atmosphere increases to stimulate water loss by evaporation SS ko) Water diffuses down the water potential gradient from the saturated air space through the guard cells before evaporating from the surface of the cells into the atmosphere. » (> /ater arriving at the spongy mesophyll cells via the symplast pathway must move by A, dsmosis through the cell surface membrane before evaporation from the surface of the cells Water moves up the xylem in the apoplast pathway and can continue on this pathway by ‘osmosis to reach the spongy mesophyll cells before evaporating into the intercellular air space.18 When red blood cells are put into pure water they burst (haemolysis). Which statements explain this haemolysis? 1 The water potential of the surrounding liquid is lower than the water potential of the contents of the red blood cell 2 The cell surface membranes of red blood cells are not supported by cell walls. 3. More water moves into the red blood cells by osmosis than leaves the cells. 4 Water enters the red blood cals by osmosis but does not leave the cells. A tand3 B tand4 2and3 Q 2and416 The diagram shows the transport of ions across the cell surface membran Outside the cell there is a low concentration of K” and a high concentratior( of N is a low concentration of sodium ions (Na*) and a high concentration ane ‘The carrier molecule is a pump which exchanges Na’ for K" 1 inside cell ‘Which ionic movements are represented by the arrows? @ active transport | active transport diffusion diffusion > _ofk’ of Na* of Na* of K* 2 3 1 4 2 3 4 1 3 2 1 4 3 2 4 1 Inside the cell there13 A mutation occurred within the DNA sequence coding for an enzyme, causing a decrease in the rate of a reaction catalysed by this enzyme. Which statements could explain the decrease in the rate of reaction? 1 An inhibitor for this enzyme has an increaséd affinity for the enzyme and forms an enzyme-inhibitor complex more easily. 2 The active site of the enzyme might have changed shape and so is no longer complementary. 3. The activation energy for the reaction with the mutated enzyme is greater than with the non-mutated enzyme. A/1,2and3 B_ 1and2only ) and 3 only Lb 2and 3 only10 A triglyceride consists of glycerol and three different fatty acids, linoleic acid (L), oleic acid (0) and palmitic acid (P). The diagram shows one possible arrangement of the fatty acids L, O and Pin y L is cen RSS AP = Pol }onyS —t aL] ont ° °o glycerot — }— 0 e e Pp ze =*tle ZS iat is the total number of different "en of the fatty acids in sfrgvoener 6 c Bo4 5 D97 A glycosidic bond is broken and two monosaccharides are formed during a positive test for a non-reducing sugar. Which row identifies the catalyst and reactants in this process? catalyst reactants hydrochloric acid | fructose and glucose hydrochioric acid sucrose and water | sucrase enzyme | fructose and glucose sucrase enzyme sucrose and water37 What explains why most viruses that cause diseases in humans are unaffected by antibiotics? A. Viral antigens do not bind to antipiGtics— aAbe A e B Viral nucleic acids are protected by a projgthneoat. c firuses contain no ribosomes or MRNA. D os ‘Viaaene sponuaues Inabe viog exaryoso vote k / 7 -27 Aheating sleeve was placed around the trunk of a small tree at a heigi({of 1 nAbove the ground. This allowed a narrow region of the tree trunk to be heated to 60°C. How will heating this region to 60°C affect the transport of phloem sap and xylem sap between the roots and leaves? movement of | movement of phloem sap xylem sap v v v x x v x x X = transport stops20 Embryonic stem cells are able to replicate continuously. —— What happens to tne(lomere3 ing repeated mitotic cell cycle: SVS ‘A__ Their lengths increase. Their lengths decrease. C They are completely lost. (or stay the same length. Genova)19. Dytring mitosis in animal cells, which process occurs after prophase? a) Centrioles move towards the poles of the cell. (2/ ‘Centromeres attach to spindle microtubules” WM I g Chromatids join to form chromosomes. p> Chromosomes condense and become visible.24 Four students were asked to suggest a set of four labels to add to a plan diagram of a transverse section of a dicotyledonous leaf. Which student suggested a correct set of labels? label 1 label 2 label 3 label 4 f 7 A lower phloem spongy palisade epidermis, mesophyll mesophyll D phioem sieve upper spongy xylem vessel tubes epidermis mesophyll elements 9 |_sndotiormis | xen vessel )| patisade yl elements mesophyll waxy cuticle xylem companion spongy cells mesophyll39 Which statements correctly describe lymphocytes? 1 Each B-lymphocyte has the ability to make several types of antibody molecules. 2 Some B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes become memory cells. 3 Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood plasma. 4 Some T-lymphocytes stimulate macrophages tp“ill infected cells. A 1,2,3and4 4, 2and 3 only 2,3 and 4 only 40 Addison's disease can occur when antibodies are produced in response to an enzyme found in some organs of the body. Which statements correctly describe Addison's disease? 1 2 Itis a non-infectious disease. Itis a type of auto-immune disease. Anti produced against a self-antigen. 3 (:} =e B |1and2only © 1and3only Pzmesom® = letanus Is a bacterial infection. ees The graph shows the blood antibody concentration of two people, piacere Bie, eo ar ior), Sonconmraton ct Bre peor On day 0, person G was injected with antibodies to the tetanus toxin and person H was injected with the vaccine for tetanus. = = 25 20: antibody 15 concentration Jarbitrary units 10 t time /days time of injection could be the result if G and H were infected with the tetanus bacteria on day 20? ‘etanus antibodies would not be produced in person G. Antibody production would peak after day 32 in person G Antibody concentration would stay constant in person H. YO A.second antibody peak would occur in person H that would be lower than the first peak35 What helps to maintain a steep oxygen concentration gradient between the air in an alveolus and the blood? es ammuagsren of air with a relatively high concentration of oxygen to the alveolus. 2 2 Blood flow brings blood with a relatively low concentration of oxygen to the alveolus. 3 The relatively low concentration of carbon dioxide Im the alveolus results in the carbon dioxide leaving the red blood cell, allowing haemoglobin to combine with oxygen. A A,2and3 Lo Araim A sy 2and 3 onlyel a 20 20 ary | moving n ef 30 ary ‘not moving 40 Mw > 20 humid | not moving 165 (OJ - 20 humid moving 3 Ol. 30 humid | not moving ss Ol>A ‘Which row shows the slowest and fastest rates of water uptake for this investigation? =P = [AT os a at tb se ae D 13 08 Oi\e_% GeV NS bee ane Sac oe Poke? Ose = &17 A single-celled organism lives in freshwater. Water that enters the cytoplasm of the cell by ‘osmosis is collected into a structure called the contractile vacuole. To remove the water the contractile vacuole fuses with the cell surface membrane. ‘A student counted the number of times that the contractile vacuole filled and emptied when the cell was placed in solutions with different water potentials. The results are shown in the table. water potential of | rate of contractile external solution | vacuole emptying (kPa dmin* 0 31 100 20 200 13 300 8 400 ( 500 Which statement explains the pattern observed as the water potential of the external solution decreased? K The w tential gradient between the cell and the solution increased, causing water to move into fhe cell more rapidly and the contractile vacuole to empty more frequently. (8) The water potential gradient between the cell and the solution increased, causing water to ‘move into the cell less rapidly and the contractile vacuole to empty less frequently. The water potential gradient between the cell jon decreased, causing water to ‘move into the cell more rapidly and the contractile vacuole to empty more frequently. 1D )\The water potential gradient between the cell and the solution decreased, causing water to ‘move into the cell less rapidly and the contractile vacuole to empty less frequently.43 Which properties of water are the result of hydrogen bonding between water molecules? > eee ted A ‘tand3 fiom D 2 only' 3° Whatis the length of a typical prokaryote, such as the bacterium Escherichia coli? If32 What explains how the maximum volume of oxygen is taken up as blood passes through the illaries of the lungs? — (a Jeach haemoglobin molecule can temporarily bind to four oxigen atoms. B The dissociation of carbon dioxide from carboxyhaemoglobin allows more haemoglobin to be available for binding oxygen. C The bin the first oxygen molecule to haemoglobin decreases the affinity of binging other oxygen molecules. formation increases the ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen.23 a of the three stop codons are shown. UAA UAG UGA Which mutation in the template (transcribed) strand of a DNA sequence that codes for a polypeptide would cause translation to stop prematurely? AL, ‘ATT changed to ATC’ B ACT changed sata (© ACC changed to ATE ‘ly D ATC changed to TAG17 A SRIGSMK St Up GN EXPETENSM [0 NIVESQENS CHRON. block of agar, 1.0cm x 1.0cm x 1.0cm, was stained uniformly with a water-soluble blue dye. ‘The block of agar was put into a test-tube containing 10cm: of distilled water at 20°C. ‘The intensity of the blue colour of the water after five minutes was measured. Four other experiments, A, B, C and D, were then carried out using different numbers of agar blocks, different sizes of agar blocks and different temperatures. All other variables were yon yf standardised. ‘Which experiment would give alighter blue colour in the water after five minutes compared to the first experiment? A size of each number of temperature of agar block cm agar blocks | distiled water/*C A| 05x05x05 8 30 05 x0.5x05 z 20 05 1.01.0 2 30 o | 20x10x10 i 20 18 Which description is correct? centromere holds two chromatids together until the end of prophase and attaches to the microtubules of the spindle. B_/A chromatid is one of two identical parts of a chromosome and is made of proteins and two molecules of DNA. © Achromosome is a structure with two identical parts, made of DNA and proteins, found in the nucleus of a prokaryotic cell telomere is a sequence of DNA nucleotides, such as GGGTAA, repeated many times and found at the ends of each chromatid.16 Liver cells contain vesicles that have proteins in their membranes which are specific for the transport of glucose! When these cells need to take up glucose, the vesicles fuse with surface membrane. How does © glucose occur? (7 e0n0s B diffusion G C endocytosis fo) facilitated diffusion aN (13 Which row Is correct about the structure of proteins?“ primary secondary tertiary quaternary A termined by occurs by disulfide, ionic, _/“ always formed by fhe sequence of | hydrogen bonding | hydrogen association of two DNA nj s | between NH and | and hydi or more C=O groups of | interacti polypeptides ‘amino acids im ina single the bonds are | always formed by polypeptide itis | formed at specific | two or more either an a-helix | points determined | polypeptides held | Sones | senasbeeces | ‘structure form the polypeptides ft c formed by an a-helix is only globular always formed twenty different formed by proteins have this by two or aminoacids | hydrogen bonds | levelof structure | more different linked in a between side polypeptides to specifig order chains of give the final shape Wi amino acids D | thesequence | a p-pleated of amino acids in | js the 17 [eit7 A student carried out four tests on a sample of biological molecules. wv g 4 Starch was not present, 6 1,2,3and4 1, 2and 4 only 1, 3.and 4 only 2and 3 only test observation emulsion cloudy Benedict's yellow. ci 2 Ae 38 Which description of a T-mphocyte’is correct? C ater’ = = ‘A They are only found in blood and secrete cytokines in résponse to infection. ety They can leave the blood and accumulate at sites of inflammation. Py ‘© / They can leave the blood and secrete cytotoxins when exposed to bacteria. D__ They circulate in the blood and always present antigens in response to infection. 8 Where are antibodies fin ditina an immuina reanonan? A ou37 Which description of multiple drug resistance in bacteria is correct? ‘ Bacteria ‘a ‘Wi Tesistant genes for several different types of antibiotic. “ ferent species of bacteria have DNA with resistant genes for one type of antibiotic. Fein numbers of one species of bacteria are immune to several different types of antibiotic. D Many different species of bacteria are immune to one type of antibiotic.25. The table shows the observations made by a student about three different cell types, P, Q and R, seen in a transverse section of a plant stem, using a light microscope. ratio of cell wall width to whole | structures observed in cell contents cell width P 1:10 none Q 220 regular pattem of circles in some cells R 4:20 granular appearance of all cells What type of cells are P, Q and R? Q R companion cell phloem sieve tube element | xylem vessel element companion cell xylem vessel element | phloem sieve tube element xylem vessel element companion cell phloem sieve tube element / xylem vessel element _| phioem sieve tube element companion cell11. Which feature of collagen enables it to fulfil a structural role in skin and in tendons? A. Adjacent collagen molecules are linked by \at6* iors, 2 Collagen fibres form layers with the fibres in different directions. C ) Collagen molecules are formed as a triple helix of polypeptide chains. D Polypeptide chains of collagen are tightly folded into compact shapes39 The diagram shows the simplified structure of an antibody, % > lich statement is correct? Uaand X allow the antibody to bind to two different antigens, allows the antibody to fit around the antigen. can bind to one specific antigen. D_ Xcanbind with a specific phagocyte receptor.29 Which row is correct for the location of a type of molecule or cell? type of molecule or cell | blood lymph - A antibodies x v 7 plasma proteins v ¥ lymphocytes a v Z D phagocytes v x a key Y= present X= not present17 Three molecules found in prokaryotes are listed. . sprue Which molecules ayé found in prokar A 1,2and3 B tjand2 surface membranes? D_ 2nd 3 only doubled? The ratio decreases by a quarter. N The ratio decreases by half. ‘The ratio doubles. \ h D The ratio.increases by four times. 18 What happens to the surface area to volume ratio of a cube when the length of each IN14 Which letter in the flow diagram shows the effect of adding a competitive inhibitor to an enzyme-catalysed reaction? is a reversible reaction yes no, affects the Via Value affects the K, value ; the enzyme of the enzyme _ a é8 15. The cell surface membrane st is described as a ‘fluid mosaic’. Which statement describes the ‘mosaic’ part of the cell surface membrane? A the different patterns that are obtained by the moving phospholipid molecules B the random distr{kgtion of cholesterol molecules within the phospholipid bilayer C ther fern produced by the phospholipid heads and membrane proteins Adan of the diferent proteins within the phospholipid bilayera EN ‘Some cell structur lus, chloroplast microtubules / ribosomes mitochondria plasmodesmata Which cell st ‘can pe seen in the micrograph? eoanony is graft of tissue, such as skin, from a different person is usually rejected by the body. ich statement about graft rejection is correct? The graft is rejected by B-lymphocytes because they make and release antibodies which react with the surface antigens on the graft cells. - ‘The graft is rejected by B-lymphocytes because T4ymphocytes are not stimulated to produce antibodies. Graft is rejected by T-lymphocytes because the graft tissue causes T-lymphocytes to antibodies, ‘The deft ecie y ‘T-lymphocytes because they circulate in the blood and can gather at36 An earthquake caused damage to sanitation systems in a large tropical village. Drinking water became contaminated with sewage. Heavy rain then caused flooding and left large pools of water in the village. Housing was destroyed and people in the village had to live in very overcrowded conditions. ‘Which infectious diseases could increase in the village population as a result of the earthquake and heavygin? cholera 2 malaria tuberct A 1)2and3 ‘and 3only tonly D 2and3only sil32 Which are present in bronchioles? 1 endothelium, 2 ciliated cells 3. smooth muscle tissue a A 1,2and3 © B 1and2onl 1 ais the mammalian circulatory system described as a double circulation? blood lows twice through the heart in one complete cardiac cycle, <—~ eect ti nian natentiienmoean erHebal: 7s “© Biood remains within arteries, capilaries and veins Blood transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide. 28 Which sequence of letters corectly identies the order of events during the cardiac cycle? Tata wals contact ¢ Impuseie delayed afraciontasecond ys wave of exctation enters the afovenicular node wave fect pao done tn Put tae ove fexctaten rns tom anal pe : ge 4 QB & ee re Fe Fe Qoe® @®HM &@H 29 29 Which factors affect blood pressure? B_ giving routine preventative antibiotics to people who are having an operat = ularly changing the type of antibiotic used to treat particular bacterial infections D4 bya bac22 How many statements are true for ee ONAGa.g prokaryotic cel” O 1 z 3 4 the process takes place in the cytopla: an adenine nucleotide will ine up against a uracil on the template strand each new DNA molecule will contain one strand from the parent tie? if the parent molecule contnge Se ing guaine nucleotides each new DNA molecule ‘Cv % guanine nu op13 The Vax and Ky are determined for an enzyme-catalysed reaction. What will be the effects on the Vu and Km in the presence of a seek Vi Kon decreases increases increases decreases stays the same decreases stays the same increases{6 the ciagram snows ine monosaccnanae xyose. 4 J oH 8 rN Ho Y— l H ‘Many xylose monomers can be joined by glycosicie bonds to form a polysaccharide which is found in plant cll wal. — \Which diagram shows the formation of @ glycosidic bond between two xylose monomers? x Vy FICOLL =4 A od fk " 4 4 wow : VA AV vi ; ao a et I vt 4 im. 4 ye vim wif i—\ iM I 4 ‘i aN Vi rh I 4 oom5 The antibiotic chloramphenicol inhibits protein synthesis in mitochondria and in some prokaryotes.-Ghioramphenicol does not inhibit protein synthesis in thé cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. — = - What would be the effect on the cells of a person being treated with chloramphenicol? rate of ATP production tran: ‘Of nuclear DNA decreases decreases decreases no effect increases decreases no effect no effect34 Which of these processes are responsible for the Bohr shift? 3 Haemoglobinic acid is dissociation gf carbonic acid. [) 2009 B tonly 2 only 3 onlyze in a length of DNA containing 700 ne c 1400 Xx24 A. gene codes fr the sequence of amino ai ina yemoglobin consists of two a-globins and two f-g ———, —— Btied to code for a single haemoglobin molecule? Yo Da Cr eo Un d ' 16°24 Uncontrolled cell division can form tumours. Seni apr rntae FE Metaphase does16 Liver cells contain membrane-bound organelles called peroxisomes, which contain the enzyme catalase. This enzyme hydrolyses hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. A student cut two identical sized pieces of liver and placed one in a refrigerator at 5°C and the, other in a freezer at -18°C. After 12 hours both pieces were raised to room temperature and placed in equal volumes of hydrogen peroxide. The liver that had been at -18°C produced bubbles of oxygen more rapidly than the liver that had been at 5°C. Which statement explains why the liver that had been at ~18°C produced bubbles of oxygen more rapidly than the liver that had been at 5°C? At 5°C the cell surface membrane allowed water to enter cells and dilute the catalase. Freezing at -18 °C made the cell walls more permeable to hydrogen peroxide. crystals damaged the cell membranes of the liver cells at-18°C. The higher temperature had denatured some of the catalase.the smallest distance to see two points as distinct separate points decreases, the resolution also decreases. EC Ifthe resolution is 220nm, then a bacterium 0,244; diameter will not be visible. If the wavelength of light is 600m, then two membranes 300nm apart will be visible as two distinct membranes. Kosa visible light of a longer wavelength, such as red light, will improve the resolution. pie34 A good gas exchange system maintains a steep diffusion gradient, has a large total surface area and a short diffusion distance. Which feature of the human gas exchange system helps to maintain a steep diffusion gradient? A Alarge number of alveoli are it each lung. B Avveoli walls contain fibre: 1g expansion. ‘The air brought into‘the alveoli by ventilation js high in oxygen. The endothelium of the capillary wall igpedi?ot flattened cells.32. The graph shows changes in the volume of the ventricles during the cardiac cycle. volume Jarbitrary units, | * ventricular diastole atrial systole systole stages of the cardiac cycle Which valves open and close at P and R?22 What is the maximum number of fy nds in a length of DNA containing 700 x3 nucleotides? Z ]m]| A 360 B 700 ¢/1050 10015 An experiment was carried out in which the enzyme lipase was used to hydrolyse a triglyceride. The pH was recorded at regular intervals during the reaction. The results are shown in the table. time /minutes pH 0 7.0 2 62 4 56 6 54 8 47 10 46 12 46 14 46 At 14 minutes unreacted triglyceride was still present What explains the results after 10 minutes? E/ive end-products acted as competitive inhibitors. B The end-products acted as non-competitive inhibitors. The enzyme reaction had regefied Vina tertiary structure of the enzyme had been lost.7 Astudent carried out four tests for biological molecules on a sample of milk. The tests and their results were as follows. ‘* Heating to 80°C with Benedict's solutio ‘* Adding Biuret solution gave a purple colour. ‘* Adding iodine solution gave an orange coloy © Boiling with acid. followed by neutralisatig qn gave a brick red colour- Which biological molecues |, then heating to 80°C with Benedict's5 Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from prokaryotic cells that were ingested by an ancestral cell feature havd st during their evolution into mitochondria? ‘cell wall circular chromosome Fl bl 6b endopasm¢ ica } . Gla D ribosomes2 One of the smallest viruses is the polio virus, which has a diameter of approxingety 30mm) In 2003, the Mimivirus was discovered which has a diameter of approximately 680mm. In 2013, the Pandoravirus was discovered which has a diameter of approximately 1000nm._ —— —— Which row correctly matches a cell structure with a virus that has a similar approximate size? polio virus Mimivirus | Pandoravirus 25) _lysosome nucleolus nucleus nucleolus | lysosome | mitochondrion c nucleolus | mitochondrion | _ lysosome 1 ) ribosome lysosome _ | mitochondrion40 The statements refer to vaccination programmes for each of the diseases cholera, measles, smallpox and tuberculosis (TB). Which statement is correct for TB? CA _) Most children are vaccinated before their first birthday. B_ The pathogen has not mutated or changed its antigens. he pathogen lives in the intestine where antibodies cannot get to it. ‘The vaccine is not effective against some strains of the pathogen.23. Transpiration is the consequence of which feature of plants? spre {Q) the presence of symplast and apoplast pathways \Aphioem sieve tube © vein xylem vessel Ceo” ee16 Ihe diagram shows the cell cycle. During which phase do chromosomes condense and become visible? ee (nv 17 Colchicine is a chemical atts chromatids from separating during mitosis. A cell is treated with colchicine. Which stage of mitosis will this cell @ enapnese1%The following are all processes that allow movement into cells. agocytosis 2 active transport 3 itated diffusion ich ses require ATP? \ise2 B 2and3 Cc tonly A 15, The fluidity of the cell surface membrane can be changed by a number of factors. the fluidity of cell surface membranes decreases, which process would be least affected? active transport diffusion © endocytosis D osmosis41 Some RNA molecules, called ribozymes, can catalyse reactions in a similar way to protein enzymes. — Most of these ribozymes have other RNA molecules as their substrates and catalyse reactions that break specific sugar phosphate bonds in the substrate molecules. Which statements about these ribozymes are correct? 2 The active site of a ribozyme is formed, Ribozymes can form because RNA structure. [+ vows JC san2ony Tapmethod of infection bacterium virus food borne30 Which statements are correct? 1 The activity of carbonic anhydrase increases the hydrogen ion concentration in blood passing through active tissue. 2 Carbon dioxide can react with haemoglobin in red blood cells to form carboxyhaemoglobin. 3 When haemoglobin binds withthe hydrogen ion its affinity for oxygen decreases. (+) 2mes ea 1and3only D 2and3only26 Which parts of a plant have plasmodesmata? 1 companion cell 2 phloem sieve tube eléfents 3 root hair cell GC 4,2and 3 (G\ 12002 ey © 1and3only D 2and3only22. The following events occur during transcription. 1 2 3 4 Bonds break between complementary bases. Bonds form between complementary bases. ‘Sugar-phosphate bonds form. Free nucleotides pair with complementary nucleotides. ‘the mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus, which events will have occurred twice? 1,2,3and4 B 1,3and4only C 2, sand 4onk B\ 1 an 2o0146 Equal volumes of five concentrations of sodium chloride solution were placed into five containers. An identical piece of plant tissue was placed into each container and left for 48 hours. The plant tissues were removed and the volumes of the sodium chloride solution were accurately measured. The results are shown below. 15 1.0 05 change in volume of 0 solution/em? concentration of sodium chloride /mol dm Which statements explain the results from 0.80 to 1.00moldm’* sodium chloride? 1 There was no net movement of water into or out of the plant tissues. 2 The plant root tissues hag/a water potential of 3 The plaphtissues were fully plasmolysed. A tand2 tand3 & 2end3 3 only15. The following are all processes by which substances can enter a cell 1 endocytosis 2 facilitated diffusion Which processes are passive? A tand2 B tand3 ¢ /2and3 @ som2 Which letter on the logarithmic scale corresponds to the size of a typical prokaryote? 1mm 100 ym 10um+ +—aA 100mm g) 10nm D 4m39. The following are all responses made by cells of the immune system to a pathogen. 1 mitosis 2 bind to infected cell 3 produce memory cells : Eo psittaci 4 secrete antibodies tm sesponens in coat 3) hocytes? sand 4 . 5 miteake annem D 2,3and4 only37 Which disease is A e malari€? kle cell anaemia D poe35 What maintains the steep concentration gradients needed for successful gas exchange in the lungs? 3. Blood is constantly flowing through and out of the Tings) bringing a fresh supply of red blood cells, A 12anda 6 Pran2 ony fe wiv Ind 3 only34 A student made some labelled drawings of lung tissue using the high-power lens of a light microscope, but did not label two airways, P and Q. The drawing of the lining layer of P showed both ciliated cells and goblet cells, whilst the drawing of the lining layer of Q showed ciliated cells but very few goblet cells. What are airways P and Q? airway - Q A | bronchiole trachea By) bronchiole bronchus ¢ j bronchus bronchiole trachea bronchus23 Bacteria were grown in a medium containing “N. Alter several generations all of the ONA contained ""N. Some of these bacteria were ‘containing the common isotope of nitrogen, “'N. The bacteria were alowed kde once. Th DNA of some of these bacteria was extracted and analysed was all ‘containing equal amounts of — "Nand ei Sas In another experiment, some bacteria from the medium wih "N were transfered into @ medium ‘of “N. The bacteria were allowed to divide thee times. The ONA of some ofthese bacteria was ‘extracted and analysed — What isthe composition of his DNA? ne 8 100 10. 8: 78: percentage percentage ona ona 25; 25: ° ° 1 NNN NON 100: 100. 734 75: percentage 59 |. percentage ena orpna 25: 2: ° °. oN NP NN 24 Which processes are involved in the mass movement, through xylem vessels? 1. hydrogen bonding between 1 esau 2: aliens selenide 2nd (resem © tend only 2and’3ony20 Which row correctly shows the behaviour of the nuclear envelope, the centrioles ant during a stage of mitosis? tt oe ope stage of behaviour of. organs >_ mitosis nuclear envelope centyigjes’ spindle prophase disappears te spindle microtubules begin to form B | metaphase to move to_| spit poles of cell fully formed CT) anaphase | begins to reform + poles of the cell | microtubules shorten D | telophase reforms one beside spindle microtubules each nucleus break down 21 Which group of cells can alll divide by mitosis? Hw bacterial cells, cancer cells, stem cells18 The stalk of a dandelion flower is a hollow tube. Pieces of the stalk are cut as shown and placed in sucrose solutions of different water potentials. thick walled outer cells hollow centre ofstalk cuts —i thin walled inner cells Which diagram shows the piece that is placed in the sucrose solution with the highest water potential?14 The graph shows the results of an investigation into the effect of amylase on starch at three different temperatures. 50°C concentration of ai reducing sugar 70°C Jarbitrary units 0 30 60 time/minutes Which statements are correct conclusions using these sesult a 1 The optimum temperature is 50°C. 2 The initial rate of reaction is highest at 3. The higher the temperature the mor ly the enzyme denatures. 1, 2and 3 £ tand2ony vaouy [0 maton38 What describes a function of a T-lymphocyte? ‘A They are only found in blood and secrete cytokines in response to infection. (® ‘They can leave the blood and accumulate at sites of inflammation. ‘They can leave the blood and secrete cytotoxins when exposed to bacteria. They circulate in the blood and always present antigens in response to infection.35. In some cases where a person has lung disease, the partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary veins is less than the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. What could explain the difference in partial pressure of oxygen? 1A high proportion of alveoli are collapsed and do not have enough alveolar capillaries. 2. The partig! pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary arteries is lower than in the alveolar air. 3. The rateréf diffusion of oxygen from the alveolar air to the surrounding alveolar capillaries is too slow. 0 1,2and3 B 1and2only /C]1and3only D 2and3only 36 Why is it difficult to control the spread laria? 1 Global air travel for commerce and tourism has increased. The mosquito vector rapidly evolves resistance to insecticide The Plasmodium pathogen shows great antigenic variability, Civil unrest and poverty result in overcrowded kon 19 conditions 1,2and3. «BB s1,2and ©) 2and3only D 3only‘33 A stugent viewed tnree siiges at potn tow magnimicanon ang nign magninicauon. tach side was a section through a different airway of the gas exchange system. ‘The student observed three features in each slide. slide three features observed by student irregular arrangement of cartilage 1 | highly folded inner layer cilia on epithelial cells very few goblet cells 2 | cilia on epithelial cells thick layer of smooth muscle relative to wall thickness smooth muscle tissue 3. | blood vessels many goblet cells Which row is the correct set of identifications for the three slides? slide 1 slide 2 slide 3 bronchus bronchiole trachea bronchus trachea bronchiole trachea bronchiole bronchus trachea bronchus bronchiole31 Which statement explains why the oxygen dissociation curve for haemoglobin is S-shaped? A Athigh oxygen concentrations, oxygen dissociates from the haemoglobin molecule. B Haemoglobin becomes saturated at low partial pressures of oxygen. 9) Oxygenated haemoglobin accepts hydrogen ions from carbonic acid. ‘The shape of the haemoglobin molecule changes when oxygen binds to it.21 When a gene mutation occurs, which of the following may be altered, resulting in the production of a non-functional protein? 1 amino acid sequence 2 DNAnucleotide sequence 3 mRNA nucleotide sequence 4A /1,2and3 B tand2only/C /2and3only D 2only“14 Which molecules are found atthe outer surface ofa cell surface membrane? @) cholesterol | glycolipids | phospholipids = present mS Kes Kx 415 Which substances can pass directly through cell surface membranes without using a carier protein or channel protein? 1 co 2 Ca and Nat 3 Ho A tand2 c= Je 2and3 D 2only 16 Wich statements abou he roles in cl surace menteanes are comet? 1 Theycan be mlved nace transport and facatd ation 2. Theycanbelnced mn anigen edn, 3 They hydrophilic R groups to interact with the inner portion of the membrane. A nami ( sandacay (6) renssony © 2addcny ‘17 Which row is correc for a human cel just before the cell enters prophase of mitosis? Soom ["abmaie® | sender | mc sore : : — : : = fs : : 7 | 2culture of human cells had its cell surface membranes removed, releasing the cell contents. This material became contaminated by bacteria The material was then centrifuged, separating out the various cell structures according to size and mass. Which cell structure would be separated out along with the bacteria? A endoplasmic reticulum & mitochondria nuclei D ribosomesbaal ORS CORRES Sree poe ony oe ee Ae Sse i Set 3 Haemogiobinic acid is 4 Carbon dioxide and water are ions. / 4 and2 B 3and4 35 (vem Pine / formed = a 3only (0 Foniy Which features are important for the process of diffusion of oxygen out of an alveolus? 1 blood pressure forces red blood cells through capillaries juce features : 4 , substance to red roe surface tension’ respirat 3 Moist squamous. epitheliunrpresent Tena = Sens se oven J yemoglobin and hydrogen ions. hydrogencarbonate ions and hydrogenich statement correctly links muscular or elastic arteries to their function? ‘A_/The aorta is an example of a muscular artery as it transports blood from the left ventricle of ~~ the heart. > Arteries further away from the heart are msi pi as they transport blood at high pressure. ey ) “Elastic arteries when the heart contracts and then fo as the heart relaxes to / Maintain presst — : = luscular arteries facilitate smoother blood flow than elastic arteries as their walls expand and recoil13 Whats a feature of competitive enzyme inhibition? A The inhibitor binds ‘to the active site. (8) Inhibiton can be reversed by increasing the concentration ofthe substrate © The inhibitor molecule changes the secondary structure of the enzyme. ©) The substrate and the inhibitor are the same shape.7 The concentration of reducing sugar in a solution can be found if an observational measurement is compared to a standard. Which observational measurement could be used to estimate the concentration of reducing sugar in an unknown solution? 1 the colour of the solution antel0 Sin 2. the time for the first colour ial 3 the rate of formatjakat solid particles ) A 1,2and3 (° 11and 2 only é 2only (foo33 Which description of movement of substances during tissue fluid formation is correct? A snouts pressure forces substances out of the cain athe aa at the arterial end allowing sad oe inces to enter the fluid that batt .B and fluid moves back into thé venule due to a net hydrostatic pressu change jf the _ capillary. ‘Movement of water/in tissue wh wae into the capillary by osmosis is due to the low water Itial and low hy we eae ti oo he capilary A7 — ———_—— high water potential of the surrounding issue fuid causes substances to leave the capillaries at the arterial end.a mammalian heart? 27 Atrial paeeace oor Scrge, 3 Ven a= ae D 3only20 What conus ging emehaapan animal cells? 1 fragmentation of the nuclear envelope ——_e 2 nucleolus disappears —— stained chromosomes become visible 3 (Eve 1,2,3.and4 1,2 and 3 only 2and 3 only and 4 only eee16 Which features are required to allow for efficient diffusion? 1 alarge surface area a short diffusion pathway LS 3 maintenance of a constant diffusion gradient 1/2 and 3 1and2only © 1and3only D 2and3only tis a role of mitosis? ‘growth B__ production of geneti a cells ¢ SH ment of cancerous tissue S/14 When animal cells are cultured, salt solution is added to keep the cells alive. What is the purpose of the salt solution? ~ to allow facilitated diffusion of salts into the cells to prevent diffusion of other ions in or out of the cells prevent net movement of water into or out of the cells to provide a source of energy for active transport40 Which types of celljare stimulated to dividé\by the cytokines produced; niece) rages B-lymphocytes only <4 en cells only OC vomomeeiwe)36. The surface tepSion of the layer of "quid lining the alveoli tends to pull the walls inwards so alveoli could collapse. Which statements could explain how this is prevented? A tand2 pO" (rms inlyCy —5 RX4— 34 Which statement explains the importance of the chloride shift in red blood cells (RBC)? A Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood plasma into RBC and chioride ions diffuse out of RBC to maintain a balance of positive and negative ions. | B_/Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse into plasma from RBC and chloride ions diffuse into RBC to maintain a balance of positive and negative ions. Carbon dioxide in RBC together with chloride ions stimulate the release of oxygen from haemoglobin to allow increased levels of respiration. Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse into RBC from plasma and chloride ions diffuse into plasma to maintain a balance of positive and negative ions.30 The diagram shows a transverse section through an artery. Which are present in layer X? A iho ‘smooth muscle only B elastic fibres and cofagen ‘only lastic fibres and smooth muscle only lastic fibres, Cyagen and smooth muscle26 Which row is comect forthe movement-af water in a root? pathway last pathway through intercellular spaces ipoplast pathway through plasmodesmata symplast pathway through plasmodesmata symplast pathway through intercellular spaces molecule. in Casparian strip Tignin lignin23 Abacteial circular DNA molecule is 2600 €S6 base pairs long. 26% of the bases are adenine. How many cytosine bases would be in t molecule? Si i 624036 B 676039 248072 =D «135207814. Ine aiagram snows a liposome. Liposomes can be used to move therapeutic drugs into cells of the body to treat conditions such as cancer. Which row shows the property of a drug that could be transported in the sections of the liposome 6 labelled 1 and 27 property of drug property of drug transported in location 1 | transported in location 2 apy hydrophilic hydrophilic B hydrophilic hydrophobic Cel hydrophobic hydrophilic D hydrophobic hydrophobic40 Monoclonal antibodies are used to test for the presence of the hormone HCG in the urine of a human female during early pregnancy. Which statements describe how the monoclonal antibodies used in this test are produced? 11 HOG te Injected Ita is mouse, and plasma cells in the mouse produce antibodies 3. Single hybridoma cells are cultured and they divide by mitosis to produce a clone of hybridoma cells. uns B 1tand2only @) 1and3only D 2and3only16 An indicator mixed with agar forms a pink colour. The pink-coloured agar becomes colourless when put in acid. Blocks of pink-coloured agar are cut to different sizes and put in acid. All other variables are kept constant. ies colourless most quickly? WO _ 0% mm x 30mm x 30mm 4 mm x 6mm x 6mm \ © 6mm x 12mm x 12mm Me seit D 12mmx12mmx 12mm “OM —14 The enzyme f-galactosidase can catalyse the hydrolysis of four substrates with similar ‘structures. Each substrate gives a different K,, value. For which substrate does f}-galactosidase have the highest affinity? substrate K,/moldm”> A 1 4x 10° 2 1% 10% (/ c 3 2x 10 - CL) ad2° The diagram shows an eyepiece graticule and part of a stage micrometer scale as seen using %100 magnification, " yw eyepiece graticule | nt enero | HAT | ——aiew Which is the correct method for calculating the value of one eyepiece graticule unit in ? micrometres (\um)’ (we = \oco xfeee vide 100 by 0.1 then mutiply by 10007 ol = [eco cee B__ divide 100 by 0.1 then multiply by 1000 divided by 100 ~ Imuitiply Q.1 by 1000 then divide by 100 ——_ == 'D\ |multiply 0.1 by 1000 then divide by 100 then divide again by 100 @.co\ xXIeco \39. Which statements correctly describe lymphocytes? 1 Each B-lymphocyte has the ability to make several types of antibody molecules. 2 Some B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes become memory 3 Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood plasma. 4 Some T-lymphocytes stimulate mafrefhages to kill infected cell Qa D) 2,3.and4 only Y& 1 and 4 onlyEe a ee OS SES SF See Pe Le ee NE LS © a Soe cycle. W, X, Y and 2 indicate when a valve opens or closes, ° oz 0s ©6068 time/s Which row is correct? Ww x Y Zz ‘| opens closes closes ‘opens ‘opens ‘opens closes ‘opens closes opens closes opens ID | closes, closes opens opens 29 What can combine withthe haem group of a haemoglobin molecule? 1 oxygen 2 carbon : (eZ Maem 6 omy sate25 Astudent wanted to find out the rate of transpiration using a potometer as shown. cut foot \ reservoir air bubble capillary tube 1 volume beaker scale of water The student was told to work out a value for transpiration using the eG dati and hour". Which measurements would the student need to take? eo A yolume of water in the reservoir, length of the capillary tubing, temperature and how many leaves are on ‘shoot eo volume of watérif the reservoir, radius of the capillary tingid surface area of the leaves distance air bubble moves, radius of the capillary tubing, time and surface area of the leaves. distance air bubble moves, length of the capillary tubing, temperature and how many leaves are on the shoot23 Which descriptions of the adaptations of xylem vessel elements to their function are correct? potion pits between vessels allowing water to pass from one vessel to another. They are thickened with lignin to stop them collapsing when the column of water is under tension. 3 They form a continuous hollow tube through the plant providing little resistance to water movement. F 1, 2and 3 tand3only C 2only mm47 Human chromosomes have different parts. Some parts are more numerous than others. Which parts are listed in order from most numerous to least numerous in a human white blood ? cell’ cegtromere —» nucleotide —» histone protein INA molecule -» telomere -» centromere histone protein —» telomere -» DNA molecule D_ telomere > as ~> nucleotide412. The diagram shows sucrose and sucralose. CH,OH CH,OH CH,OH CH,CI 0, O cL 0, oO H HO H HO OH ° CH,OH ° CH,CL OH OH OH OH sucrose sucralose ‘The enzyme sucrase breaks down sucrose but cannot break down sucralose. Four students were sucrase can break down sucrose but not sucralose. juggestion cannot be correct? Clatoms change the shape of the sucralose molecule so it is not the same shape as the ‘active site of sucrase. ‘The Clatoms of the modified fructose cannot bind to the active site of sucrase. © The Cl atoms cannot cause an induced fit, so sucralose does not enter the active site of sucrase. ()rre Clatoms cfuse fewer temporary hydrogen bonds in sucralose and the active site of sucrase.4 Different antibiotics function in different ways. Ideally, the antibiotic kills the bacteria, but does not harm the infected human. ‘One type of antibiotic, tetracycline, can affect the way in which human mitochondria function. What explains the effect of tetracycline on human mitochondria? a" The antibiotic prevents the synthesis of peptidoglycan cell walls. 2. The antibiotic prevents synthesis of linear DNA. 3 The antibiotic prevents translation by binding to 70S ribosomes. ww and 3 Ser eat (Cy38 What are functions of T-lymphocytes? 1. production of cytokines 2 production of toxins 3. recognition of an antigen bound to an antigen-presenting cell [1] 2089 B 1and2 only EE vescon 0230030 Which row is correct for the mean blood pressure in different parts of the human circulatory system? mean blood pressure tight | artery in | vein in | capillary atrium arm arm in arm + tte tH + +H + tee + Hehe +H + cea key ++++ highest mean blood pressure +H oa + lowest mean blood pressurefore 141 Which description of collagen is correct? oc hhc B_A collagen molecule consists of three polypeptide cha three chains are wound tightly together into a triple together as a fibre. A collagen saplecule consists of three polypeptide chains wound tightly into a triple helix fagen molecule consists of three polypeptide chains in which every third amino acid is ine. The three polypeptides are wound tightly together into a triple helix. Many of these helices form a fibre.6 The very large (1000nm) Pandora viruses found in Chile and Australia are considered to be viruses because they cannot replicate their own genome and cannot make proteins. They also share essential structural features with other viruses. ‘What are the essential structural features of viruses’ 3 both DNA and RNA © either DNA or RNA A 1,2and3 ,2and4 © 1 and 3only Eases.2 A specimen of plant tissue is observed twice with a micros wavelength of 650nm and then using green light with a wavel , firstly using red light with a of 510nm, What happens to the magnification and resolution when using green light compared to red light? decreases increases remains the same remains the same increasesa 1 fifampicin - enue Merry 2 streptomycin - inhibits 70 ribosomes —< tik Bddewp s icin — inhibi péptioglycan synthesis ch Of these antibiotics will affect the activities of bacterial cells 1,2,3and4 B 1,2and3 only joo only(31 The graph shows the oxygen dissociation curves of adult haemoglobin at two partial pressures of ‘carbon dioxide W and X. 100: percentage Saturation of va ogen 40 2 o 12 38 4 5 6 3 8 0 TT te paral pressure of oxygen AP Wich pai of statements are comect? 1 Curve W shows the oxygen dissociation curve at a higher concentration of carbon shox than curve X. Curve X shows the oxygen dissociation cure ata higher concentration of carbon ‘owe than curve W. 3 AVG ayia! pressure of oxygen of 7.0KPa the haemoglobin from curve W has a ‘higher, for oxygen than haemoglobin from 4a Pressure of oxygen of 7.0KPa the from curve X has a 6 tor oxygen Jobin tom oe W- A tand3 B lands 2and3 (“D) 2anda27 Which description of movement in phloem is correct? {ding sucrose to a sieve tube element in its water potential so that water enters and increases the hydrostatic pressure. ta sink, such as a storage organ, sucrose is removed from a sieve tube element and ‘olymerised into starch. At a soyrpe, such as a photosynthesising leaf, sucrose enters a sieve tube element by sagen , sucrose is Igfded into a companion cell using a protein that carries both n ions and suct lecules.region of DNA with no centromere chromatid ofa single DNA polynucleotide with ith Ro DNA histone proteins~ B | | regién of non-coding DNA ti stranded holding two 1 le with | many short repeated chromatids together ins sequences of bases DNA molecule coiled | region of DNA with no round histone proteins proteins that protects the end of a chromatid histone proteins that allows ‘separation of chromatids to form a chain of during anaphase nucleosomes D region that attaches one of two identical | region of non-coding to spindle microtubules | DNA molecules that DNA holding the and divides was replicated ends of the during prophase during interphase | chromatids together15. Blocks of agar are stained with a pH indicator and used to investigate the diffusion of an acid solution. Which block would completely change colour the fastest? ees - gue) _ a ALLS te _ a 2. UF 4 O) 20m «0.5mm «0.5mm va eeye rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction when in the presence of a inhibitor? enzyme concentration inhibitor concentration substyate concentration 4/2and3 \B 1 and2 only Spacey pose10. The flow chart shows some of the steps in the formation of collagen. three polypeptide chains |e together by X bonds triple helix |r together by intermolecular bonds Y | Z Which row correctly identifies X, Y and Z? x ¥ z disulfide fibres fibrils hydrogen fibrils fibres hydrogen microfibrils fibres D | peptide and hydrogen fibres microfibrilsB_ Golgi body © lysosome © mitochondrion 4 Amolecule of carbon dioxide is Assuming there are no other cell stru in its pe carbon dioxide molecule have to ugh ip order A2 4) 3 c J36 The table compares total antibiotic use (X) and the percentage of antibiotic-resistant pneumonia cases (Y) in five countries. (0) total antibiotic use (Y) percentage of country | /defined dose per 1000 penicillin-resistant people per day pneumonia cases Austria 13 10 Denmark "1 4 loeland 7 15 Spain 30 50 USA 24 33 What is supported by the data? ‘A When X decreases there is an increase in Y. B®) When X increases there is an increase in Y. When X increases it causes an increase in Y. © Jrrere is no relationship between X and Y.30 Which components of blood are present in lymph? rath replicate condense form v x v x x x v v x x v [ ¥=true x= false 18 The protein p53 is produced in a cell in response to DNA damage. This protein stops the cell cycle for a short time just before the DNA is replicated, so that the DNA can be repaired AM ZA) ‘At which phase of Ag‘Eell g16 Batrachotoxin is a poison found in frogs in the Columbian jungle. The poison is used by Native Indians to produce poison darts. The poison works by increasing the permeability of some cell surface membranes to sodium ions, which move out of the cells. LS Which statements are correct for cells affected by batrachotoxin? 1 The intracellular fluid has roe Ae than the extracellular fluid. @& The extracellular uid has ative water potential than the intracellular fluid. 3. Water leaves the cells by osmosis, causing the cells to shrink. Water enters the cells by osmosis, causing the cells to swell A 1pnd3 B tand4 © 2and3 (200437 Which feature of the disease cholereldecreases the spread of the pathogen Vibrio cholerae? P 15.38% of it f ark symplornigSs carers. Ce Cholera rapidly kills up to 50% of people with symptoms if they are not treated. 6) simple rehydration therapy successfully treats about 99% of people with symptoms of cholera33. The maximum pressure in each 6f the four chamberS of a healthy human heart was recorded during one cardiac cycle. The maximum pressures recorded were 3mmHg, 10mmHg, 25mm Hg and 120mmHg. — gicat le Which value was recoded for the right ventricle? A 3mmHg 40mm Hg 25mmHg =D 120mmHgFT Blood ‘rom the vena cava passes through, or past, several structures before —e aa Five ofthese sttucures are incluced inthis ist. sain 71 semitunar valve ee eA nian? Pyne tase ev soma roe pcr try ‘After arranging these ive structures in the corect order of blood fow from the vena cava tothe 08, A. avioventrcuiar node Purkyne tissue | seminar valve sinoatral node < ont ‘ oO AK ier29 Which feature of some xerophytic leaves reduces the rate of transpiration by decreasing the water potential gradient between the intemal leaf surface and the atmosphere? ‘A__atthick waxy cuticle on the upper surface of the leaf leaves reduced to spines with a small surface area to volume ratio Z7Estomata located in sunken pits onthe leaf surface D elongated leaves that are swollen storing large amounts of water 30 The diagram shows a cross-section through a mammalian heart. — no Ue. Which chambers of the heart are represented by G and H? 4 right ventricle (eft atrium right ventricle left ventricle23 The diagram represents a nucleotide containing adenine. Ms Which statements about this nucleotide are correct? 11 The carbohydrate is a pentose. 2 The base contains nitrogen. Base pairing occurs with uracil ‘4 Adenine is a pyrimidine. 2, 3 and 4 |. 2 and 3 only - 11nd 2 only D 3.and4only we 24 Which row is correct for the replication of a DNA molecule? arctan i lagging strand (> sos DNA polymerase sos DNA ligase: S'to3! DNA polymerase 5'to3! DNA ligase20 The protein p53 is produced in a cell in response to DNA damage. This protein stops the cell cycle for a short time just before the DNA is replicated, so that the DNA can be repaired. . SO ee At which phase of the'¢ell cycle will this Stop occur? AM {*|* Gs DG18 High concentrations of ethanol disrupt cell membrane structure by denaturing proteins and increasing the separation of adjacent phospholipid molecules. As a result, cell membranes can decrease in thickness by up to 30% and become more permeable. ‘Yeast cells release ethanol as a waste product of metabolism. In response to increased ethanol concentration in their environment, yeast cells are able to increase the tolerance of their cell membranes to ethanol. Which statement correctly explains a response to ethanol that could account for the increase in tolerarjce of yeast cell membranes to ethanol? A sing the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids within cell membranes helps to prevent the tails of phospholipids on one side of the bilayer from sliding past the tails of phospholipids on the other side of the bilayer B Increasing the proportion of palmitoleic acid (a C16 unsaturated fatty acid) to oleic acid (a C18 unsaturated fatty acid) in the phospholipids of the bilayer increases the fluidity of the cell membrane. © Activating a cell-signalling pathway triggers the unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum. The unfolded protein response pauses protein synthesis and initiates cell death in st cells with a high proportion of mis-folded proteins. creasing the proportion of ergosterol in the cell membrane prevents the accumulation of polar molecules, such as ethanol, within the cell. Ergosterol in yeast cells has a similar effect ‘on membrane permeability as cholesterol in mammalian cells.16 Which relationships could be investigated using a colorimeter? V+ the efect of light intensity on the rate at which a solution of a light-sensitive dye changes from green to colourless oT the effect of temperature on the rate of breakdown of cell membranes in tissues with igmented cells, such as beetroot (red beet) — 3 / the étteoy of the rate Of rMease of o: ie bres of hydrogen peroxidg by catalat 4 the effect of light intensity on the rate of change of skin colour of lizards that become12. The general formula for a saturated fatty acid is C,H,O2. Which of these fatty acids are unsaturated? iP le CF CicHwCOOH z CH COO Ib 2 ws - A ae 3 Cy7Hy}COOH Fe 4 CiHsCOOH 33 A 1,2and3° BB 1,2and4 1,3and4 CD) 2,3and438. There are two main classes of antibiotics, broad spectrum and narrow spectrum. Broad spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria, while narrow spectrum antibiotics affect specific types of bacteria. Which uses of antibiotics may result in antibiotic-resistant bacteria? 1 abroad spectrum antibiotic given to reduce the effects of the influenza virus 2 abroad spectrum antibiotic to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans 3 anarew spectrum antibiotic to treat diarrhoea and sickness in cattle 4,2and3 2) sanszony © tand3only D 2and3only31 The table shows the results used to draw an oxygen dis partial pressure of oxygen | TkPa volume of oxygen per gr cot haemoglobin em’ g 2 ont oae 088 )oz7 | 0.96 | 107 | 4.15 What is the percentage increase in the volume of oxygen’ par gram of haemoglobin when the partial pressure of naygen increases trom 3kPa to 5kPa? A 328% B\ 396% © 604% \6s5% 8 132. The graph shows the oxygen dissociation curves for adult haemoglobin at two carbon dioxide concentvations 100: Ls Gs bevcentage, saturation of hhaemogiobin with oxygen ‘< a partial pressure ‘of oxygen/kPa \Which letters show measurements taken in the capillaries of the lungs and in the capillaries of ‘active muscle? Tangs ‘active muscle P R P 8 Q R D a s25 Some of the parts of a plant root involved in water transport are listed. 1 Casparian strip 2 cell walls of cortex cells 3 srideciectel vale 4 epidermal cells 5 xylem vessels Which sequence @ part of a pathway through which water can move across a root? A 2/5355 ae dl19 Which statements about mitosis are correct? 1 Mitosis results in genetically identical cells. 2 Mitosis is involved in asexual reproduction. 3° Mitosis occurs immediately after cytokinesis. 4 Mitosis can be used to repair damaged cells. A 1,2,3and4 2and 4 only \1 and 2 only D 3and4 only3° Which letter identifies cell structures semi-conservative replication of NA occurs? r43 Scientists grew bacteria in a medium containing heavy nitrogen, "'N, as the only source of nitrogen. After many generations, both strands of all of the bacterial DNA molecules contained heavy nitrogen. These bacteria were then moved from the heavy nitrogen medium into a medium with only light nitrogen, '‘N. The bacteria divided once to form the first generation and once more to form the second generation. A sample of bacteria was collected from the second generation and the DNA was analysed to find: ‘* the percentage of DNA strands that contained only light nitrogen ‘© the percentage of DNA molecules that contained light nitrogen and heavy nitrogen. Which row shows the results of this analysis? percentage of DNA strands | percentage of DNA molecules that contained only light | that contained light nitrogen nitrogen and heavy nitrogen 50 25 50 50 75 25 A ® c 0 75 5048 A plant cell with a water potential of ~600 kPa was placed in a solution with a water potential of 410 kPa for 10 minutes. Which row is correct? miporment | wae paetat | etectonca into cell becomes higher becomes turgid into cell becomes lower bursts out of cell becomes higher swells D out of cell becomes lower | becomes plasmolysed17 A student measured the time taken for complete diffusion of a dye into agar blocks of different sizes. The results are shown in the table. size of agar block time for fmmxmmxmm | diffusion/s 5x5x5 62 10x 10x10 16.1 15x15x15 34.5, 5x 10x15 What is the predicted time for complete diffusion of the dye into the agar block measuring wm x 10mm x 15mm? 62s B 161s Cc 34.58 more than 34.5s12, Hydrogen bonding explains many of the properties of water, including the high latent heat of ‘vapoursation and high spectic heat capacity For which processes in plants is hycrogen bonding in water important on hot sunny days? 1 2 a 4 preventing denaturation of en2ymes in leaves reducing water loss by evaporation ‘allowing leaves to cool down quicly at night holding the column of water in xylem vessels together A}.2.3and4 ‘4, 2and 4 only 1, 3nd 4 only B 2and3 only 13, What is the most appropriate s@(“OF controls 16) use in an investigation into the rate of an ‘enzyme-catalysed reaction over a rom 25°C t0 65°C? (A cq sd siete ta pecan tad 1 enzye and bole suet tl impertes tested © voted enzyme ony a a tempaaties estes (Cesta erenien 14. Aninvestigation is carried out with an enzyme at its optimum temperature and pH, ‘The rate ofthe enzyme reaction is measured at concentrations, ‘The investigation is repeated in he presence btor How wil the resuits withthe competiive fom the orginal resus? Ke with competitive | Vea with competiive ‘noon nto" higher lower — higner the same | the same lower the same the same1 ~ 11 "The diagrams show three examples of diferent bonds. / bond 3 nH oa ee ich re of proteins together? 1,2and3 B 1and2only 4 only D 2and3 only9 Sugars with a ring structure can also have a linear structure. H | c=o H—C—OH HO—C—H H—C—OH H—C—OH CH,OH Which of these sugar molecules could be represented by the linear structure in the diagram? 1 glucose 2 ribose 3 sucrose 1 and 2 B 2and3 c jfonly D 2only es.4 Which cell structures contain RNA? copitétes mitochon nucleus ~ ribosomes. —~ A 1,2,3and4 2% 1.and2 only 2,3. and 4 only 3.and 4 only Bono24 The diagram represents a molecule of ATP. P | —— ei ———— What are the components of ATP labelled P, Q and R? P Q R adenine deoxyribose phosphates adenosine pentose ‘a phosphate group adenosine ribose phosphorus purine pentose phosphates sural Ne42 When hydrolysed, which molecules have products containing a carboxyl group? 1 phospholipids 2 polysaccharides 3 proteir A tand2 1 1and3 © 2and3 D) 3only10 Sugars with a ring structure can also have a linear structure. Which sugar molecules could be represented by the linear structure shown in the diagram? H! (Y 1-004 HO— H H—Q—OH H— —OH ,OH A. apflucose, deoxyribose and ribose ‘o-glucose only © deoxyribose and ribose only D deoxyribose onlyz A ich concentrations could be produced by a serial ditioroF an 8.00% glucose solution? a 4.00%, 2.00%, 1.00%, 0.50% and 0.25% 4.00%, 3.00%, 2.00%, 1.00% and 0.00% 6.00%, 4.00%, 2.00%, 1.00% and 0.50% B c fp 200%, 6.00%, 4.00%, 2.00% and 0.00% }A student was asked to use the scale bar shown to calculate the magnification of a cell on a photomicrograph. us 2um Which method could the student use to calculate the magnification of the cell? A divide the diameter of the cell by the length of the scale bar, both measured in the same units of length 8) measure the diameter of the cell in millimetres, multiply by 2000 and divide by the length of the scale bar measured in millimetres <) measure the length of the scale bar in millimetres, convert to micrometres and divide by 2 measure the length of the scale bar in millimetres, convert to micrometres and multiply by 2415 The table contains results recorded by a student from an investigation into the effect of temperature on an enzyme-catalysed reaction. All other variables were standardised. temporature/"C | Tatra ints 10 3 20 7 30 16 40 3 > = | 60 14 lat is the correct conclusion? 40°C was the optimum temperature. The data for 50°C was anomalous, at €) The optimum temperature was between 30°C and 50°C. 1D The optimum temperature was between ool 50°C.14 An enzyme was added to a small excess of its substrate. All variables were kept constant. ‘A student was asked to sketch a graph to show how the concentration of the enzyme-substrate ‘complex changes over time. Which graph shows this correctly? A concentration concentration concentration1 The diagram shows the ultrastructure of a typical animal cell Which structure synthesises and transports lipids? 7: of 2 Allight microscope is used to observe two structures that are 200nm apart. How far apart are t res when fhe magnification is changed from 40 to «400? A 2um B /20um 200nm D 2000nm22 The table shows the mode of action of two antibacterial drugs that can affect the synthesis of proteins. wen antibacterial eet me rifampicin streptomycin mode of Binds to R causes errors in action polymeras transiation If bacteria are treated with both drugs, what will be the immediate effects? 1 Transcription will i cent ater mamal 2 If translation has started, proteins may be faulty. 3° Trans il be inhibited. A 4,2and3 |B fordony © 4and 3 only ‘and 3 onlyt 17 The diagram shows cells in different stages of the cell cycl Which is the last stage before cytokinesis? B c "ibited by antimycin? 1 active transport 2 facilitated diffusion 3° endoo A 1,2and3 faeces 1and3only D 2and3only 16 Which statements about the cell cycle are correct? 1 The cell cycle consists of both interphase and mitosis, 2 DNA replication takes place in interphase. 3 Acell can remain in interphase for several months. and 3 LB? 1 and2 only C ‘and3only D 2and3only12 The graphs show the effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity. Q R rate of rate of reaction reaction temperature pH hich statement is a correct explanation of the enzyme activity? ‘At, hydrogen bonds are formed between enzyme and substrate. ‘AtQ, the kinetic energy of enzyme and substrate is highest. CAR, disulfide bonds in the enzyme begin to break. D_AtS, the enzyme is completely denatured. a aS