10 ‘Analysis of Hand Held Phones Using the Fine Integration Algrthm R. DLOUHY Radioengineeing Vol. 5, No.4, December 1996 ANALYSIS OF HAND-HELD PHONES USING THE FINITE INTEGRATION ALGORITHM Richard Diouhy. Dept. of Electromagnetic Field Czech Technical University in Prague ‘Technické 2, 166 27 Praha 6 Czech Republic cmail:richard@hfO thf e-technik.uni-erlangen.de Abstract Two different hand-held phones operating at 1.8 GHz are numerically analyzed, applying a field calculation program MAFIA (Maxwell's equations using the Finite Integration Algorithm). One phone contains a Back-Mounted Microstrip Double Patch Antenna (BMMDPA), the other, for comparison a conventional monopole. Realistic models of the the hhandset, the head and the hand are used to gain a detailed understanding of the antenna properties, as well as of the antenna-tissue interaction. Keywords: BMMDPA, Model, Handset, Microstrip. patch, Absotted power, Antenna 1. Introduction There is a growing public concern about possible health hazards caused by the use of handheld transceivers. ‘Of course, this has an impact on the antenna development for such handsets, To get rid of the most often used, but unfavourable monopole antennas, various antenna configurations have been studied in the literature. Most of| them are small, flat configurations which can be conveniently integrated with the handset. Among existing builtin antenna schemes much attention has been paid to planar inverted F antennas (PIFA) as described by Tokio Ui} , Jensen and Rahmat-Samif (2], Jensen [3], Rahmat- Samii [4], and also radiation-coupled dual-L antennas (RCDLA), investigated by Fubl et al {5}, Shtrikman and Fruechting [7]. Recently, Ruoss and Landstorfer proposed 4 double-T slot antenna with reduced absorbed power in the human body (8]. However, their antenna is bulky and Jas a small bandwidth, ‘The limited bandwidth is also an unpleasant feature ‘of microstrip patch antennas, Therefore, a second ‘adiation-coupled patch is used in our work to overcome this difficulty without enhancing the thickness of the antenna It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that a backside-mounted microstrip double patch antenna (BMMDPA) is an alternative configuration with great advantages in terms of the absorbed power in the user's hhead, without an unacceptable degradation of ‘other important antenna parameters, On contrary, the antenna efficiency, for example, is greatly enhanced for the ‘microstrip structure compared (o the monopole. 2, Model and Method ‘The structure of the BMMDPA and the model of the handset are given in Fig. 1 stent BD stata ae ey Fig. 1. Model of te handset wth BMMOPA For both antenna configurations the chassis is a ‘conductive box with dimensions: 130 mm x 50 mm x 30 mm, The BMMDPA consists of two microstrip patches with the same width of 15 mum. The larger patch, which is connected to a coaxial line, has a length of 22 mm, the shorter with length of 18 mm. Both patches are short- circuited at one side, whereas the opposite side near the upper rim of the handset is open. The substrate with a dielectric constant of s, = 2.0 has a thickness of 8 mm, In the other example, the monopole consists of a wire of length L = 41.6 mm, placed in the center of one small side of the box.Ratioengineenng Vol. 5, No. 4, Datember 1006 Analysis of Hand-Held Phones Using the Fine Integration Agatti " R.DLOUHY In order to obtain reliable results, the model of the head is derived from high resolution CT-data by transforming the original Housficld units into values for the permittivity and conductivity at the operating frequency. As indicated in Fig. 2, the model distinguishes five different tissues, the electrical parameters of which we taken from literature, For the limitation of CPU-time, a cell-size of 5x5x5 mm: is chosen, Fig. 2 Cut through the 30-Model of he heads main ‘The whole configuration of the two handsets, together with the heads and the hands is illustrated in Fig, 3a) and 3 b) Fig $a) Handset wth head and hand - Monopole Calculations are performed applying the field evaluation program MAFIA, developed by Weiland et al 161, Fg, 36), Handset with head and hand - BMMOPA 3. Results For the handsets with monopole and microstrip antenna, the SAR-distributions in the heads and hands are given in Fig, 4a) b) and Sa) b) for two different cuts. In all ‘cases the transmitted CW power is IW. Fig 4), SAR. catibuton in horizontal cut for the Monopole2 ‘Anaiasis of Hand-Held Phones Using the Fine Integration Algorithm Rasoengineeing RDLOUHY Vol. 5, No.4, December 1998 AAs is clearly demonstrated, the peak power density absorbed in the lead of the user is much smaller in the case of the BMMDPA. In the case of the monopole a relatively large amount of power is absorbed in the head, not only in the auricle, but also in the brain and along the cochlea ‘The time averaged poynting vector for the monopole antenna is given in Fig 7a). The large amount of the power enters into head especially into brain and auricle. The ‘main direction of the radiation is not full horizontally as in the case of the monopole with conductive plane. The handset radiates a litle down, Fig. 7a), Power flow for the Monopole (ime averaged poynting vector) Fg 40), SAR triton in hotel et forthe BMMOPA The power flow in the case of the BMMDPA in the same cut through the head as in previous figure is given in Fig Sa. SAR -dtrutonin_verieal cit forthe Monopole Fig. 7b). In comparison with the monopole antenna only very small part of power enters into head, On the other Ihand, the power entering into hand i larger in comparison With the monopole, Also in this case the main power flow is moved down fiom the clear horizontally direction ‘The logaritmiec scale is the same for both figures ‘Fig. 7b). Fig, £3). SAR -distibuton in vertical cut forthe BMMOPA sorbed power dest Wen!) x= <_< ° 5 10 Fig. 7b), Power flow for the BMMOPA (ime averaged poynting vector) Fig 6. Scale forthe Fig: 4a) b) and a) b)R ng ‘Vol. §, No. 4, Decomber 1996 R-DLOUHY ‘Analysis of Hand Held Phones Using te Fine integration Algorithm zoos Ve Te has a's ae Sasa Simulation = —— gain ose Fig. 8: Reflection coefficlent ofthe model wth BMMOPA BMMDP! ‘absorbed power in the head 7% absorbed power in the hand 23% S radiated power 683% Conductor losses * 0.4% dielectric losses ** 7 13% Table 1: Power balance for monopole and BMMOPA ("conductor copper; * tané = 0.001) ‘A conceal point of flat antennas for personal communication systems is bandwidth. To confirm the calculated results, both the simulated and the measured reflection coefficients are given in Fig. 8, For that purpose a model has been realized according to Fig. 1 The calculated and measured curves of Fig 8 are ‘obtained from realistic conditions with the handset in the hand ofthe ear, Details about the radiated and absorbed power fractions are summarized in Table 1. 4. Conclusions A. backside-mounted microstrip double patch ‘antenna (BMMDPA) offers a useful alternative to other ‘antenna structures for portable phones. Thanks to the ow permittivity, the high thickness of the substrate and the application of (wo radiation-coupled patches, the ‘bandwidth of the BMMDPA is sufficiently large. Compared to handsets with monopole antennas the following advantages can be stated: “Reduced power in the head. The peak power densities are 10.6 mW/cm} and 1.5 mW/cm3 for the ‘monopole and the BMMDPA, respectively. “Enhanced antenna efficiency of 70 % for the BMMDPA compared to 50 % for the monopole. Up to now, most producers of handsets prefer ‘monopole antennas or slight modifications. However, as is demonstrated in this paper, this antenna type is disadvantageous from a medical point of view. Further, it wastes valuable battery energy only to heat the head, References [1] TAGA,T. "Performance Analysis ofa Buitin Planar Inverted Antenna for 800 Miz Band Portable Rado Unts, “IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communicatons, vol. SACS, 00 5, June 1887. JENSEN, MA. - RAHMAT-SAMI, Y.: “Performance Analysis ‘of Antennas for Hand-Held Transceivers Using FOTO,” EEE. ‘Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vo. 42, no. 8, August 1994, [9] JENSEN, M.: “EM Interaction of Handset Antennas and a ‘Human ‘in Personal Communications" Proceeding of the IEEE, vol83, no. 1, pp. 7-17, January 1986. RAHMAT-SAMI, Y-: “Antennas in Communications: Modern Development and Chalenges,” The Rado Science Bulletin, 10.272, pp. 6-20, March 1996, FUHL, J. - NOWAK, P. - BONEK, E: “improved Interat ‘Antenna fr Hand-Held Terminals,” Electors Letters, vl 30, no. 22, pp. 1816-1818, October 1994, WEILAND, T. et al: “Finte Integration: Ein univesel nwendbares Verfaren zur Berechnung sekromagntischer Felder,” VDE-Fachberictt 45, 109, 1993, oy SHTRIQMAN, |. - FRUECHTING, H. “Comparative Study of ‘Antennas fc Hand-Held Telephones RUOSS, H.0. - LANDSTORFER, FIM: “Slot antenna for hand held mobile telephones. showing significantly reduced Interaction win the puman body" Electronic Letter, vel. 32, 0.6, pp. 513-514, March 1966.4 ‘Analysis of Hand-Held Phones Using the Finite Integration Algorithm Rechoengineering ROLOUHY Vol5, No. 4, December 1996 About author. Postgraduate student at the Department of Electro Richard DLOUHY was bor in PoSitky, in 1970, He received the MSc. degree at Czech Technical University of Prague, in 1994. From October 1994 he is a magnitic Field of the CTU in Prague. From October 1995 he works in Laboratories for High Frequency ‘Technology, University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany. CALL FOR PAPERS hitp:/uranw vsb. cz/KALENDAR/KONFERENCE/ddecs. htm! 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