Single Piles and Pile Groups Under Lateral Loading Pea eee Pieanea ukAnnes — 2 2d Single Piles and Pile Groups a under Lateral Loading LYMON C. REESE ‘Naser LAL Rashid Char Emerita, Department of Ci Engineering, Uv af Teas Aun, USA WILLIAM F. VAN IMPE Ful Profs of Chi Engineering, Direc Laborator for Sl Mechanis, (Ghent Universi Profesor, Catholic Universi Leuven, elim Yun oD aR THU VIEN] |AA.BALKEMA PUBLISHERS Lane\/Lonean Now Yor PaLABLMA/Socarcne{CD-ROM with special version of Computer Prograns LPILE and GROUP is excl in The back athe cover Copyright © 2001 Tayo & rns Gropp, London, UK Alrighs rexrved. No part ofthis peta rte information contained heel may Ie reprodhee, stored a retina semor anid ay form or by any means, ‘eran, mechanical, by playin coin ork wih Wren pri _permson rome pubr Aloha cares taken oer the integrity an quai of is publication a th ‘nfrmaton erin no respon x anamed yt pubshers nr he tio for ay damage to propery or persons sa res of operon or ae of is publieion andor ‘he information comtaned herein Published by: Thylor& Femis/ Balkema P.O. Box 47,2300 AK Leder, The Nether ema PubNLaiand oa Ssonalkemat nein ak, teres ont Hdhousd edo: ISBN 9 5809 3409 Papen ein” SBN 90 58093684 ‘dboedeftin: ISBN 97890 5809 3400 Paperback eto ISBN 9789 5409 3486 epi 007 ‘itd ond bo in Eland by Anony Rowe Ld Chipesham, Wisi‘Toow cureatasd forme gradu det, tou colleagues, an oor Universities Where sademi conbtons we eeusoo eee aom oeContents PREFACE 1 TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN 1 teeaacton 12 Osaenc of arly lode piles 13 Notre ftw pone 14 Response apie, 142 Site toading 1S. Gt nding A Saraied ang LCS. Dynami nding 1.5 Nadel frase in arles fa single pie T'S Ela ple aod Uc sai 132 Ee pl and te cles fr soit 133 pape an plan sat 134 Chants met 15 Nene ple ed py eel or sil 1.6 Nes fr groups ple der cal oaing 1 Satu ofcuent ae othe DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS AND METHODS OF SOLUTION 21 Ineaton 22. Deaton ofthe diterenal equation 221 "Seluon of Redced Form o Dili Equation 222 Soon of te Dif Egan by ference Eqeaons 23. Solin or By = 231 Dinentonal holy 232 Eon for Ee = hes 233 Example Slvion 234 Duceston 24 Vay othe estas [MODELS FOR RESPONSE OF SOIL AND WEAK ROCK 31 lation 4.2. Mechnis concerning respons of soto ata loaling B21 Stes deformation of sil 322. Poposed mel or dey of 323 Vatuion offs of (and) with deptILL Contents a3 as 36 a7 a8 39 an an aas 36 ‘nia sts and vite esisnce of py cures fom {ol opens Shed oda este to es unde era nding ‘These solion by Sherpon for spade mds ad for rycarve or saured lays este ef Skemplon'segabas and vals sbyrade fis naming peer! eng Infiencof mieron py caves, mar a2 Cis Siot Intense fei lading xan 342 ‘Gay Sat Experimental etd of bing -y cures ast 332 333 "Saespone fore dest menses Slrespme fom experimental moment cues ancimensoa! mots fo obtring sl sponse ‘Emly seman orcomputing caves Sat 362 “fame NEG ad Fok fr ny (958) pews rch saa sna Stina ofa ; Reson cfs cay nthe presence of mtr Response of sll in he resene of Ge wer espns of i lay wi oe wa eure frau sbove adele the water ile eat poeta Recommended sis Example eaves Precomesorliyeed so 393 Weal of Goris Bramlepycuves pcan fro beth cbesion ad itera tion Tn Background 31m Resemsnendions computing py carves 3103 Dosusion ‘iter commendations fr computing ures sinc 3 Sand Nodifinos to pears for sloping ground Siar toda $3122 ‘egos rw existance incloy 3.123 unos fr timate reste nae est of ster Shearing force t ao of pile prycurves for weak ock S151" Ineodction 3152 tae 1133 ner recommendations {LISA Comments on qanton for predicting py curves for reck 11 int 102 102 106Comes 1X 36. Seestionof py sree Set hotacton 3162 Facer tobe comidered 63 Specie suggestions STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PILES A Iorotin| 42. Computton ofan equivales dane of pie with sons 443, Methanis or computation of mani 4, 352 fnction of ena ‘toment uteind 444, Stes aa ces for normal weight conte a rt ses 45 Impleneition ofthe mato fora el heeton 446 Implementation a the mtb fora sel pipe 49 plementation othe meio fora rennet concrete ston {UIT "Eeampl computation fra square tape 4122 Example computations fr ecelrsape 448, Approcinaton of moment often for Tefrcdconcee section ANALYSIS OF OROUPS OF PILES SUBJECTED TO INCLINED {AND ECCENTRICLOADING SI inrodason 52 Appears of pies 33. REtew ofan ote ego of opt piso tnd ad $4 lon equations forthe respons of roof pis mer fered oan SC ladon 4, 282 Ein fe evens pom pes 55 Lateral pes SST Monemet of pe had ue tsp ating 553 crortane 36 Atay aed pes S81 tarsiaton 562. Reva prams coreg deforaon fo 5383 inven of tod of alsin ono cacti, 484. Matha of ommlaingavastien caver 445 Diferenial equation slur of fe eterenceeqaton frat ond pes 566 Paiwaifeene seston 569 Loatamtercanee 5.7 Clty apced ple enoer ite oding S27. MBtitetion fart curs fo closely sed ples 332 Comeqofmeneton nd inal tine £533 Proper soving for ince coexntsfr chsl spaced eae ac ating 1:74 Deion sol aa exerimens wih host paced piles i nan by 1575 Pelion egos or cleey-sced pls insted inne sndstedy ase 106 i 100 a na He us ui to by cy57.6 Useof modo preston equations ia deeoping canes Toramaiying rete of egrets wth full ea foope 59 Diseusion ofthe meth of pedting the eaten ole Space piles ander ater! ling 558. Proposas for slving for inten cuties fo cosely pce piles toner nal lating SE roscton 582. Comeptof interaction ander axa oang 583 Revow of eewat lente 534 Ineim ecormendtions fo comping te elise of rps ples under ia aig 59 pointe expe wih ne pes 31 Desist th ting angen 552 Ropes often) 59.3 Proper fe pipe piles 394 Plepoup 530.3. Experimenal are of xl had ves etement fr sngl ple 596 Rel Gomesperimen snd om says 39. Comments on tay! tnd ANALYSIS OF SINGLE PILES AND GROUPS OF PILES SUBJECTED TO ACTIVE AND PASSIVE LOADING G1 Nature of ater! oaing 62. Aatve leading 621 Wind ding £22 Wee lig 3 Gren oni 624 Sow 625 ke owing 626 Ship impact, {627 oats om mixin russ 163. Single pls r gouge af piles subjected To ee ong 831 Ovetbeadsign 632 Breasing dip 63.3 Pe Yoracterig a ship iso sit 83. Offa parlors ct Earth presses 62. Moving so {643 Tiros romdead lesting of stacices 65. Single pls or preps of ples subject i pasv ding GE Plesuppoed iin va 652 Anchored bead 63.3 Pllsuppored mat tthe Pyrami Bulg 63% Pes oraabing ope (33 Piles inn setting lia oping valley casesrupies Ti teston 172 Pes siled int ebeive si with fe water 72.1 “Bagnoke ra on 13 i M4 ra vt i 9 i i i 8 Hs i 9 1 ans ao 26 26 a Ey as 29 23 XoContents XI 122 Howse 263 723 Bento Bet 3d apn 2st 113 Pilea coesv soi with ie water above roan sure 269 TA "Lake Aarin 28 132 Sibir m 133, Manor ms 14 Pie gtd coerce it ne 74 "Msg In He 73 Aetna River re 25. ieinaled in ered soi = 21 Talibesk a 152 ecard Sot 236 133 Price am 753 pape mm 76 Plexi inc sot 250 78 ‘Kev 230 7862. Low Angles By 77s ina weak rock Bs 521 “imorata Bs 17.2 San ranceco bs 73 Aalsisof esas ofesstades Be 19 Comment oncas des Bo ‘TESTING OF FULL-SIZED PILES 1 Tnodeton EIT See of reseution 2. Summary of metodo anise 4 Gunsincaton oe 114 Fetes unique to tstg of piles under ter ing 2. Desig te eat program 421 Plning ote esting 1822 Secon oft ple ad ut ste 53. Sibi nesestion 1 Intinon oe pe 85 “Teaing ecniies udingarangemets nt insrumeatatin atthe pile head 86. Londgarangements td actucmtaton te pile hed, "Losing rangement: 1862 tonxataton 87 “Testing for desi of rodction piles 17 inden 18:72 Imeem of aa 873 Example Compuitioe 88 Tesing fr obtaining dels on esgonse of sit S81 “inrodaten a9 882 Propane of et pes 39 S83 Testseup an lading eqpmens ua RR Inromentaion m RS Calton of st pies BS 886 Soborings and leroy ets ReXN Contents {587 Insalasion of tet piles a2 ES Teal rocedrer and dei of losing 3a SRD. Pentromsor te as 8810 Ground seiemen ae ie civing Su S811 Gropdsetiemen dit era ouding 33 51.12 Recast oft piles, 38 52.13 Grapicalpesetaton fcarver sowing being momest 0 SA.18Tnerpreato of being momencurvertocbiaa pycimes 341 89 Sonmary 36 {9 IMPLEMENTATION OF FACTORS OF SAFETY an 1 taroetion a 2 Cima ter us 93 Conqaones of fie 3a 3 Phisopy conning safety cote 390 85 sens of neo acre 3s t Special poten in charctering sil 351 961 tnrodoton 31 9152, Chracterstic valu of i prameters ia. 92 Lave of gait contal Fo 9.5 Two general oprschestoseltng the ft fey sss 99 Glos approach Be 9811 Intodicary comments Be 9922 Reconmenisoa of he Amercta Petleun Insti ass 9.10 Metod of ut sty ators 336 St Inreducon 336 I 9102 Suggested ates for para acts for dig of ately piles 56 l 9103 ample computations at 9:1 Method of od and rensanee fcr LRED) 3 Sit towodueton 3a i 5.112 nae ade by the LRPD specications = l 8.113 Resistance ese by te LAPD specications 39 8114 Desig of pies by he URED spec cnons 30 , 912 Conlin commer sa [ 10 SUGGESTIONS FoR DESIGN a TO! tnooiton ES r 102 Range of ator to be consiere in design Ses 103 Vadsaton of tess fom compataton fr single pile Soe 103. aroun 360 1032 Solution of examp problns Set 103.3 Check of echo prt pa dats ee 1034 mestiaionf ag of word employed io inernal computations 365 103 Selection of tlre and eg freon us 1036 Check foi estance xs 1039 Check of metas 66 1033 Use ofaondimenional canes 46 {044 Valdaion a es fom compuion arse powp 36 105 Adina sepsn des a l 103.1 Risk manager! ast 1032 Peerreve arContes 10.53 Tecnica eonibations 103.4 Thedesign war APPENDICES 2 Broms mend for analysing ple under nr lig B Nendinensowal coeeiens fo pes wh fie length, taut, ‘ust Ey ad cons E, Diferenceetions for saving the rblem of eptpered beams ‘faunas ang varie sttess _ Inerutins forse fet verins cape programs LPILE tnd GROUP Nepimensional cures fer ies ude ral oaig for case where Ey = Ky Totks fvluesofefficeny menturodin ess of poeple unde tart odin Horizontal stesso aa sha rng inliaion of ile Use of dan rom unitate es wer ste ening 9 Bin ‘ol espe 1 Barocode pipes ested gctecnil design 4 Discos of ate of sey se es nde ail oa REFERENCES. ‘AUTHOR INDEX. x0 as es “0 “st 461Preface ‘The informatio preset hei pt of emer eld sista interaction. [Notonly as he caine compute he bai at whch Toulon wl colpe, bat the detoration athe soilstctue ration boundary must be ova the expected leading. Fart, tbe tection o he foundation with he speatrictre mat he oni: tent wih he dei of he eign and constuction. Te methods presented re would mt hve been posible exept forthe perfomance of all-season sigs ad pile ‘zoupe where rene eaing insraments allowed he response of the ple tobe mes tr Fur, th computer neces t solve the complex models ht were developed for pediing the response of he pies. ‘Whe fer platoons wore sing isle in sigsifeanmamer in he 1950s, 0 oers quickly realized bt cores solutions eed at ways be fovd ak he oi Ferprs th era elect os pile. A number of experiments wer performed with fasted pis, inrumeid forthe mesement of beding moment lng the eg Sui and yet ning wa ployed Te expert sd others erred ines ‘ear allowed epeinetal poy curves tobe prodiced Sol merbenis td tet hms were wud lo develop mutols of peicing py cues fr vari sal tht ‘eles excelent greement with te respns of he pl. ‘Solon fe elevation egusons in ft diene form Became posible with th emergence of the manne dial omer for rtine compusions i he 1950, Solus oni prsaral comput an be eae ey wh le ese, low Ingthc oiiy aay of many sein parameter Inpro of orp cles te ocuring at pd pce, an experiment dso the response of singles and ile ‘ups to lal en sapere he etal cra with ely "The ey meted eae ed to Sack a we vary of probit eceetere in Pac ‘ie a enon bythe examples given in Caper White computer cote {eed to mock sch problns and vas hates of ued resus and raphe re Sean be rode with ea, he porn of competent engineering jaigeent on ‘ot be ove emphsized orexarpe te comput codes wil ead fo he ee pte {ton of he le spying an ovrbeal sgn suc to Wid loading: however, he oowledeahe engineer wl hae ote tian many eases one dt are sbi to ‘lite Sch eu and wl ake eprprate stp eau a ale design. Ones ‘peo fe he performance ofa onl st of experiment. esl of threaten f good gal a ela ol a smpertant Brow canbe pind fom el experiment pray with th uc of stunt pk Sena in Caper 8 : fom ecrig the perforce of completed sive, Medes ‘ods of monorng male enya the sequin, under serie coins, Sch information a ple hea Jeetion ad eter sch aXVI Pree ‘The wits with to ackoowledge many whe cntibte various spe fhe book, (F paruar moranee ae those aur who have ade sontibatoe of he echoeal liar thats efrenced. The wes expest aks fo Profesor Hele Bra, De Wilt Cox ant Professor Hudson Mab fr reding the es sad mong portant omens, Professor Mitel W. Nell, Universi of Howson ed pelmina ‘te took necking a eoure o gradute tafe, Thanks ae eens to hin a i ‘ens for lp sogesion. ‘Apreiaion is extended to De Rober Gilet and Dr, Aleandee Avram for asf suggest on Chap 9. Ia Austin De Shin Tower Wang, De. Willam leno wer and Mr Jost Amtaga wore very hel in viewing art ofthe tt, sky numerous ‘omit un and in preprog gual cup. Appisuion te esendd to Nee) Rede, Cheryl Wavrzynowics and Surante Burs lor deistion and diligence inform Tinga eng te ex {in Ghent te writers appece heats of Mr, icone Beak for some ofthe rpc output spport and the eof Mr Linda Vas Cesterge fore otis Sd cling ofthe text version repued in Ghent. Moreover te autor chops Prot. De Rous, Prot R. Van mp an Ch Ba lor puting resale some of ‘heiofrmationon ise reeds rcet Europea developneat for sta desig,‘CHAPTER | ‘Techniques for design 1.1 peTRoDUCTION Ar sling is for the pie funtion o make se of dari, te espn bein with he componctsa lading 0 teste porte eoup. With ihe xa end, Ie! ba abd overuaiag moment he engineer must cae tha teal ie othe eel ple inthe group, safe gatas alge and oes ot ested movements sty service, Ite loading is parla the design of ple an eget be seo plished by sing the oquon of tte equim. The sign of + singe pile or {oep of pes, unde Intel oda ote ther hand requ the sluon fs nso iret equation. Lina ston of the eiffel equation for ingle avaiable ven nse oves of prc, bt ao ie ve. Another spon fo stun tht aed les in a arop donot deft erally the equations th esa can be sled ely bat Such olution ae uty sous in ene. The flows how tht esting the ‘oi and someties the teria the pl, 2 olinear comptes the thea fer the ingle pe and pie ouput olin an be made by numeri methods tat ‘onal ad ile to sso apreemet with ete os flea exponents “he wade! ecmqa flint say, so afl ding te wate eat of| muy fousdons, has oly + mara splcsion f eel the Bhar oa arly Tose pile. As wl be easel, copabl sions re only Poe exit one Tne eins are eloyed ha ge sl sees and rte cielo stecton, pty po lng eg of le The sno tering ston ‘te, cm be made wa he requied onions of gia sad compu “The problem inves te inraton ofthe lmtp sone of be cas of i strut ieracion problen, ad is esd ws Gove! Category 3 by the Eo ‘de 71980 The ssstane of he on ce pe ut eg at oi slong the ple ‘epenson he deco o te ple nd thee estan mist beat hand In oie fo sole the rev qos. Therefore, deratonnecesary ot slic, Tae del, Inwhieh he ple tae a Gee body nd tev ama by seri of Winkle ‘ype mechan, sGseabed ler in hi cher. The atone sled forte r= ‘pons ofthe come dey om erdiary meen. ‘A pesto is al ital ofthe rctods of sin fr sled esa piles. A ‘archer wll wih he sgn of ple group. Two cases of pile poup pots ede |The isrbton fing te esd of vars pls nh oo td 2 Te effceny ech fe pi nthe prop «problema plese neato,2 Pes wer tral easing Both poems aa hewn; he Fists sliedsectriy by name pos res adhe send case ally with resp to eval, epi! infomation 12 OCCURRENCE OF LATERALLY LOADED PILES With ep thse in rat, ner lone piles my be red actin passe ‘An active ple bs Iediag appt principal ote tp in sppoting 9 superset, such a 2 bridge piv ple ha loaing apie! pina along nth doe fo arth pesre, sch fr sn» moving slope ofr seule wal. Chap 6 wil ost examples ofthe design ofboth active an pasive ils, gue 11 shows the lsalaion of pes fr noes ps, These neve pes us sin ater bai from rmven aves ad Wd. With Ue advent of fF pL lin pi eae atom.Techniques for design 3 sore seach din of sch piles wa a primary conser sed promod number of fitscl dest The em of ome of hae es re said i Chapt 7. ‘The desig ofthe ps fram ft plaorm press interesting obs i al src itracion. An xl in Chap 6 shoe teem n the ein press ‘Other examples fave peste aud inthe desig of fountions for ds, high rise setae, ovebead S935 and ples for slp. Active pr mat be designe for ‘oon dpi, besingdphins, and ple groupe that pret the feundatons for Teidger apse ship mpact. The mpoance ofthe lt apple emp’ by he los ein the Und Snes during fale of patina he usin Sway Bilge at Tampa Bay beens of ens of badge pir by soot ship ‘The sketch a Figur [2 bows a example ofa passe le. Wh he ile wil be sbject to lotings it te pry concer the alae ofthe sing of toe sel inte ape, Caer 6 pees an approach forthe esi of such ples. nation {fo ue in sing ope, pasve ples ae sd forth cetnstion tango ‘tpl wal, fre bos, nd fr ypporing the eo nme walls 1.3. NATURE OF THE SOIL RESPONSE ‘The main unmet om he sinh design of ile we lt aang i reaction Imo (PL) ceed a a esac (F) om the i a oi long tele daly the deeton of ple at tha pois) The eaten mali econ bah of Twlow tbe ground sure an te deena af the pile The enon dul can be fined in vais ways: cones hat ado» convenient soto fe elevates tre presented in Figure 13. The lsh is Figure | Sshows a vine le nd aera load witha in sso ol shown atthe eth below the gro ie of (Nt te aya bole sued sow ph below he rund sure nd te bola show deh eased fom th op of he pl) The wil dstbutn of wit eset ra the sell ote ile in ig 13 crt th ae pl tet hs been ial wid bending te pl is ese 9 delta dstanes (exaggerated in the sch Sc Ct), the sstibuton fant stress wld be ilar to tt shown i ies Theses wilave deceased or he bck se of pile and ined onthe ete Some he Sess will ve both noma and sewn creo. so arms oom Fag pe 12. Sachi yered abts4 Pl under ara oaing Figs 13, ison cf untsrnes pt i ie aa afer deen Integration ofthe uit sess wil xan the quay p, which at opps ie dee Yin 0 Thedinensoos of pare lad por ut lengh along the pl Pesewits e ‘ets! othe nthe slation of he orn equations frst on a elas bes Te ection mas an be ened eh sop of he sean op) cue ‘A ypil py eave is sown in Fgce Idan i the fest gua for comer ieee, The ene ison member 08 family of cares tha how esi ese as © fenton of eth (2). The curve in Figure 14 dps the vl Ey ta sonst fr sll efeston fra parca dept, ba dees wth ieee deflection ys Proper temed rccton mds fora pie under lar! lading. While Ey wil Tay ‘with be proper ofthe parla soi te tm does ct niaey epee 2 pop hy. Rater By inp a param fr covert we in compations. Fore ‘Seuar practi sluta, he lem i modified pints slang he eat a he le ‘itraton ou. The eran asf combi betwee pile elected so Te Stee, necting he monica py crest ate bean seco ‘ue fans who St wrt sb plural ing sed the tem Fr ‘5p, bt htm Es se heen sdb the cacti of he el el ‘Chap 3 resents ecomsnendios fo orang ents for py caves, Exp sme ced whee ber od fet were armed on ps at were tance ‘he metuenent of being manent athe pe ann of depth, Dileretatn andTochlgs for design 5 ge 14 Type py cae nd rating i ods Integration of those uve yd exeinesal py cues. Conlon wee ten des ‘ope bon hess experimental cures nd he shares of he so. "xargs of py cer oie! fom ila expert with piles with isn ‘eof 6 mm ands penersbon of 152 m ae how a Figs 15 and (6 (Rees ta 1918) The pes were srumented at cle spacings for measiremer of ending monet td were tated overcomes ey. The pan of te carve in Few 14s For pins 0b shows tate vale of pis increasing at decreasing rate wits cresing elton y Thi behavior endo is relcting te somes porton ofthe inst eesti cv, Many suggestions hive been made foe predicung tea porto ofa pcre ut tee fo way accepted sali grocer. Kater, that pat ofthe carves is empl apd based on resus of fact tof les aa vat soe with ot moncon and yee “he saihtlite, hort pion of te py curve a Fig 4a pest the in sia Sil beavieg platy with no let of sear eeagt wih ierening sta, Wid ta assume, analytes! mods can be el fo compete uit resstnee a2 2 fnction of ple dimension an ol pope, These models are dissassed in Chapter, ‘Amore diet apoach forma py curves wold to consider the respons of sh su rae thane pile Figure 13 shows an lr asa tht aon ny ‘oad by the eslement mind (FEM, At appropiate soon wih the FEM ‘ores nte-nensionl mel and near he ground src saat he pons of the upper sis ve » dominant ee on le bear. The anlar eset a srs ofthe si st be modeled. align scout lage sa. Propeies mst ‘selected for the various esa si sound the pile, In ao, manne pee) ‘mat Be coasiee, paral eur the round surface, where gap in obese sil ‘occur behing a land upward bulging ix Gon. For abel sol there wil bet ‘tement ofthe loud suture eo dnscatn expel ur repli ‘A olin wih he FEM mas sat wi be cnstve modsing othe ints, ts the nese oft installa oft lor ples mt Be dele ae Ely the at ag must ales te infor of be vrs Lila nding (Gea inthe ext ssi). ‘Ste sluons have ben propel hates dnesional FEN, for example, She & Brown (199) Homogeeaus sas wee sada, a py eaves wer eloped fin Sal lesan pls in grup Te oltons were rnd ith perc, compte Une6 Pew era ain Pe 15. pcre deve fm sii {5 of 6 mse ple ay Ree i, Fre 14 py ces developed tm sce ond et of 6 Samer pe om Rese cal rd,Techiqusfor design 7 ws conse, and ome alia eats were encore, Wh the rss were ‘sctive,prcuy wh espe ple oop te FEM can mak oly ied on ‘ton taning py carve fr te general poem desorbed shove 14 RESPONSE OF A PILE 141 nod The satire of the losing, ps he kin of sound the ile, of jr imp a reiting the response a sgl ple or a group of piles, Wih espet ose adigs he pl hea, for pes can beet et em oF sae, cyl, suse, and ‘yam. nation, psive lacing ean occ along te Ing a «le fom ving ‘oi when plied as an cer. Another probe io be alesse is wher exiting ples are inthe vicinity of pe dingo et Work. Bie, general dsasions ae pre: ened blow ofthe response of ple to be varius loliags Arye ae preset n Isr ehpterst ills te inthenes of me ofthe kinds fing 142 State lading “he eurve ia Figure 14a represents the case fora parla vale of «where shart term, monotni loading wat spied oa ple. Tis as, led sae loading fo an. ‘ence, wil seldom, fever, be encountered in pace. However, tae cues are (ef beeause 1. Analyt prossdare an be wd ty develop expesins to corelae sith some putas ofthe cures, 2 The cures serve ara baseline for Seong Ue efforts ofother types ding nd. The cures canbe aed for stil loading {or some lays and sas “he curves ia Figur 1 reauled om tai ating ofthe pile, Serle re of imeest I. The nia sess ofthe cave aceses with depth 2. The ulate Since inereases wth dep and 3. The eater the carves rates eo beret in the process of enlaitgauercal ress om measurements of tending meat ‘wih ep Pins {and 2 demonstrate hat amalses employing sil ropertes can be ferened wih the experinenal esa, emphasising the nest dost onding woh earings opis 143. Gti ang ge 7a shows atypia py cure pra dep Pot repens the ae fpf ‘te loin feted renin ont defn ner ht for Pat “Toe shaded pron of Figure 1.7 eas the sof ssc dst yee ting, For thease sb, he Sate nd esti cess etl tog he ital sap ine po ‘onto Poin x anda sal dance no th wanna orton a an. Wt elec lng nthe fe Poa th vals op decease arly dew ec odin ae ‘Poin Insome exprinens, be vale ofp enaied cena beyond Pot Th a of Fesitnc sown by be sbaded wen, fora hen sal, ply 2 econ of mer of ‘els ofl As may be se, fas crt valu of elcon, e vleof y o ‘Se sigan event lal lw saleby, dete eee ing§ Pile under lata ooing ‘A comparison of the curves ia Figures 1 snd 1.8 demons det th int ce of ee ting a lat tt hte thi sf ely ofa gens of care ‘ees As mig be expected tow mga of elton, the allies oe only model affected. However, at Inge magnitude of ett th vals show Spesctlardeciases. The ves of Pa af lin desreeed. Wale hess of sti Toadng of ple may be comelted wt sail propeie, pial the ren of ec lat ing wil ot easy ie vo analysis. Discus nthe flowing psrgaphs il nist he diction of some resewch. OF most emprance ae the ese fom easily pe formed test of ills ples ude aera aig in aif is, Forel for taking ei lating io account wl be pret in t hate wher he methods te ised on teva result o teting file, ily intend ple. The eee Fwing of ltl leaded piles ocers wih oshore str, ees, ‘vehea signs eating and mowing doping andor srs, Fors a ahve ‘he water ble and fr sands, the ele of ti oadig i portato strated lays below wat, which includes sof clays, the asf resting in enmparson fat frm steading ean bem. Experiments hve shown ta sey remains ps ‘say ner the pound sare when ple dee, sch shown ia Figue 1.8, where ‘worvay eying is ssuned Therapie of oud cuss wae tobe reed from the opening soca the Seqenc of lang The wl consequence is that scour of th elay acu witha onal of itera este Te i fats xperients wit if clay that have ben permed the scour of esol ing ei Seang realy observed by clouds of suspen near the fot an bck aes of the ple (Rees tal 1975. The gapping woud pl nlm prominent asf ly ebay taut the cy 50 weak to cape men he leading i ced. Th lous of upon sfon wet not bred uring he eng of pies a sft o madam ey ut he cing used substan To in ate sate aoe 1970). ‘Amn te se in Figure 1, te sol etn net te saline wal be 0 upto sven defeston No fire of thsi ha ecard eons the rescane i nsf tothe lover prin of he sa profile. Tht wl bet crs nee beng amet ‘epi, of ean forgiven ae of rl ode 146 Saino loading Figate 1b shows an inrensing deflection with ssned lauding. The decreasing valee ofp implies the siting of resistance to lover element f tlhe effect of pe 17. fel fmumr of lone py hv yw eye sta ngTechies for design 9 ‘ssid lating aly tbe negligible for overonsldate lays and for ral sai ‘Stained leading of pile oly wold ely rei sigan noun of tiled defecton Analyt slstion could be mae, wig the vee dessin "theory of cosa, bt he onmlaon of the equations depends oa age ramet of parameters ot lary inl peal. The geusalzaono such a procedure le oot Sevan he ere “Te nfnce of ssn latins some cases, un be sated wid esenble cco- cy by experiment. lth ifthe Pyaid Bulgin Memphis, Teanessec ate oad war ppl toa CEA ple with dame of 490 mm in sy elay wih an average ‘ale of uid shew stengh over he top seve inter of the ple of 35 KPa. (lens eal. 1992) ld of 22 KN, canespondingappotmtl ote working ld, ‘vas hl for period of 10 das, and defeton ws sured. Se errs in he ta (ccurol ees he oad was mate by sul asta of te bal pes ‘Sure ater than by seromechanan, However wat possible oaalyae the de to ‘how ht soespone curves cold be aretha by icesing the deflection 20%, net thn fr tai ing. oped the beavo ofthe plunder suse nang. At he jam Bung ste, some hi sb of tn the ter uae Sis bleved wo ave ome he sian of ete pe Wale SUE LAS Dymo ning Win respestodymamiceadng, he pretest concer is tal some ve! wil cate ee faeon ocr inthe so athe plesuppaed sractre A dscsion of ligtarbon ee 14 Simple pena fein ey e « ‘ete oning es Lng 38.10 Pies nde ara bain il ot be retested beyood saying that geficon ct cern loose, rns be Mlesppored sears ean be subjected vo dynamic loads fom machines, af, cea wins and exrtqtaes (adja ea 1992). The een of losing fo tale sd waves uly lw cough that curves fr se or pli oaing ea be ane. Brief discussions ae preseatd below abut Laing Hom chine) and om cath ‘quits In addon, some discusin is gen to virions and pap peroneal ‘movement, as eo the vlan, deo iting pes ine vss on cesing pllesuppe ste ‘sone ea i esse for si ondings an ke led the esi ae ‘xe fte salhoweve, ithe laingeamie an etnec ast ecomndee, ‘otonl are he stesstsin carats esr fo olting py curves ey long be mast il ust etaken io scot Use of i ie lent md appears promising but ifthe FEM has ot proves comply aces fr si ing, ‘te spleen tote dame oben appa ote dehy complet. Tha proven ‘upto mist he rade bey meio appl drt solv Synamc retene, Ifthe ong ide tw etaing machinery, be deft sly smal nd vane of soil modas may be used fr analy Expres chngus (Woods & Shoe 1985, Woods 1978) have been developed ‘or obtain the sll parm Uo we needed, Atal echo for solving for he respon of ele suppored sues sd preset bya numer of writers. Reet (988 and Key f Kel (198) bare developed teciqes tht ae quite eetiv i eling with mache ince viestone’ te lading sare of ses event, he nays of plesuperes ster l ‘be complex (Gazets& Mylonas 199, The feild roto ofthe ears ss ‘he st must be computed, or see, king miro zation int ecount Aono arhgnke may be used wih an uno dee of spproxnaton. The pens of Pil, neglecting he perscare, mus econsieed he sal moves consent ‘ith dep eles will move wit thes withoot ening Such an eum, ai, Simp ie computtis The dtd maser of he pete mus clad in sling forthe mon of the ples and the moton fe aupesrchae OF ese > ‘ures se aval with appropiate modifi of tiene es. Not moe ‘einai das ae svalleon wich ote a mee of emp, 'n he absence of compchensive infrmation ot the Tspomse with deph of pile ‘upon sects tt eer have ldo have wt a eth, nd keg no scout te eoormous amount feos tat ate beaded fly aol sao Me cametysnvbl \esiow impifigastumptions we being sed (1) pea haizontl ed and aval she pcurvs ae smtines employed ws mene of enltig tees of nea quite. he assumption is made thatthe Ite si ovement uring a erhgule e onstnt with ep ad if existing py curves are wed, carves peuple ee Dire fr ners eet, ihe movement of eames fh pert can e Some ued by eqn of mechani, Engines ae ae that te instalation of ples neapilesappored sete could lead to the movements of the exiting stot. fhe cntracon eae ls of ‘ound fom msaling ord ples of he beave om insane ple ane dese ent te ile devin is some stance avy, formation fom he erie ss an be hp (Ramstu ta 1998, Drain & Ly 1998 Prudent opie ceoTechniques for design VL tabs easement points on exiting sects a have obsrins mae as pil n> inion poses cue of sesive machine near ne conan the stato of tanedute fr tart fie elated movements canbe ea 1S MODELS FOR USE IN ANALYSES OF A SINGLE PILE 'A mer of models hve been usd forthe design of piles under Inrllading, and ‘ome of tem cn te ued supplements othe pinsl method proposed heen 15.1 ati ple ond laste soit ‘The me! sown in Fg 198 dei «ie in an eases A sila de! has ben widely ed. Teg (955) sugested ales of te so-ale sde mods that et te snd tn sole frdefecion a being moment ta be Went o © qualify hs recom ‘enstons. Te sal bean equation wis employed ina mae ht nd een sugested ‘ter by rch writers a Ht (146) Tera Sed ht he bated ales of b- {zie dl cul ot ued tl ods larger han th one hat esd in 0 ‘esas ofene halo he bing apc f soll However, no rxommetition Was Incas in ear th opin of he ering caput wade eal fad, Not were {hy comparisons given betwen the ests of competion and experi. slo and his alles hve contd extent odevelpment fr pies under In fondng wing the ltl aad several varios of he model (Poole & Davi 1980, Polo Hl 198, Solutions bve ben preseed fora vary of ese of Ioading of single pesado eit of pis with close spacings. The slrions D, SININ NAA | NY ua *\ © Fg Model ra ear ening12 Pile sme eral ong have eine considerable ateaton but ant realy be ued to compute te lager de aan or ops the pein nen se ‘The diferenil equation pened by Teraghi euited th we of vals of modal ah dient foot than sed een, ta eoevera ay me. Vc int | ‘he format wid een are psetd in Chapter 3 ar the benef ofthe ener The sos rmeaatios of Teragh have proved wel a provide evidence that Terzgh bod ele insight into he poten. However, ins pate conven with he sar writer, Teraghi si tht be hd ot ben entaiacaboat wring paps cay ibn eens o numerous rors. The meted by Psu (9 es we in obtaining the response of ple unde mal fonds isting the vain Ince, oni in the respons of pes and in iving an veal st inte ee ‘ble. The method canot be empnyed witht modiaton in ovig fr heeding ‘which ieling wil evel ina ie 1.52 Blac pile and ite element fori ‘The case shown in Figue 1.9 is he sme a he previo case excep tht the ol hs ‘been modeled yf elements No atemp is made ote seh te nites apres Pins sae ofthe map, boundary constants, spl itrice clement mt feet ‘Spe and sie of ements, or ber deal. Te finite lets ma be ly sys with synmetic lain fly hee dimensional Te lemena my Be cles os Tinea o otic Inview of compton power thts val te model shown in igure spears to mre an el way f sie Be ple ple. The semeatseat be fly foe, simensonal sod nlite, and ola geome eas be employed. However ins 'o te obian of eleing te tsi tomer dest esl some oct problems ‘coding to darpning es tess, modting ere nls, accouming ft Bp ‘at beeen pc andl daring epee lading, cola ete clap a sa ape the bck of ile, and accountng rhe anges ms ures ssc wt ‘ais ype of ing Alo he probes resent hve wo sic son ‘Yegian Wrpht (1979) and Thorson (1977) i Itesg ses ig 180- lmesiona ft clement. Thompuon used « planestes ode to bed sponse ces hat aged well with raul fear ie ood sure fom flee experimen’ Portia & Sica «Fino (1993) uted the fate Cement meu ase a ares fo oti aged prediction of be obser lel bev ofthe fouastin pk of Portuese bige Kooi (1989) and Brown et (198) wad herders finite elements to develop py curves. Resear it conining ‘with tee dimension none Fite eles fr eximpe Brow & She (1991) bu go propels hae ees ‘male fo paces! method of eign However, fntesement mode! ily wil ede ‘eloped ha wl nd results that xn be used in pate. 153. Rigid ond plicit ‘rons (19648), 1965) employe he mode! shown in Figure, sina or, 0 de ive uation for reiting the loading that develops imate ening wom, The Biles sumed toe ip, anda soln ound by a of th equations fst fre “isbn of ena resistance ofthe ol tht uth pl in qui The siTechniques for design 13 sistmac hows th inte fate for abseil an solaton was developed for Chsnlese sia wel. Aer heute nang is computed for le of paral ‘Simensin, roms suggest he defen forte working load ay e compte by These ofthe mode sown gue 8 “Me Brome method obviously makes we of Sever siping assumpsion expecially but can be uel the al selection of ie. sumay of the roms equations, ith eample, presented a Appendix forth neveaince of the use. “Tecan uy wis plement the Broms equation 3 he start fs erg the ie bas cosas dass and ony i uniform sharseriscs can raonaly be 2 (ested forthe sl Solin of the equations wil yi he siz and length ofthe ple for the expected loading. The lc thn be employed tthe sing pot for the p> mets of ayes. arbor benoits frm the Broms method we: I, The meshes ofthe problem of ae lean clad and 2. The mbod may bused check of sme oe ests om ‘he pymetod of nl Tis of tet pe tha he contr code fo te py method of ans, impenentd ‘in Apentn D9 fc ht mary il souoes can te made ab pried = Anexprece engine a ws he compas del o hae api cae ‘Sonora partulappictin wiht te tatons imposed the Brom equations 156 Character load method Duncan tal (1998) presente characteristic math (CLAD, faowing the ee ‘wrk of Evan 4 Due (198) seren of solutions were made wih solar ves {orange of sian er arange of plead colons. Te ress were aad with the view of obining simple quo tal oud be wed fr rap edition of Oe r= ‘pone of piles on Inte! ong Denso variables ware amplyed ah pei te equations Testor ste ha ke metod can be ued sae for: 1- Croan ie 6 ‘estos die wo Iter! oa or fend conto Taalrad condos, and he“ fle’ condi; 2 Goan eftions dus to moments appli! ae ground ln 3 Maesnam moments fr the Ose cendions ia (I) aod 4. The Teton of the pot of ‘nom mre al the ple The hl aye sir» la oa snd, th ed 0 Sm rent ep "Th peeition eons have th gee farm ofthe oe fo cy, show in Bua naraeleal a z ete P= chances oad, = dame of ple By" meds of est of materia) ‘pile, R = tt of ment of neti ofthe pl tof oid pie ofthe sae tet = andre shear srengh of hy, For given oblemof apie ier load P fra plein ly wt x onsant shest sng, vale of Pi somputed by the eqn te Te tio PP ound and esores th arnt for emering sone cuve fr th ale of or ee a oF fred hed etes fr hy.14 Piles under rating gations and nonlinear eves Were developed fr comping the le ofthe maxi ‘um beating moment and wheres sony te ple, Dancin sd his coworkers wee ings in developing eations and curves that ve wef sclions ta munber of problem whee pt mest sunt ead Tae limiaioos inte mtd with eect applications wee noted the sath, Edley ol. (1997) bepan with recommendations fr he formulating py cues ahd propie andsbsinaion of Equations 223 Brough 2.36 wil yell wt of expressions ‘rth long ple silarto hose Egos 227 rough? 31 and 2.35 tranph 239, “Tex (1541) sad tthe auton te ong pe ssticy wre > 4, boweve, thee ae ocsions when he soon ofthe rece fen equation se sed foe hat ave ondnesina eng es thn 4 The soln et wate pile length canbe bined by sing the allowing bxnday conto at he po he le 1, $f -0,a1h mma ep a4 ret fo0 Vimo ntpeip ay Woes the shove bound condions are falls, log wit et forthe tp ofthe pile te foe coefficens 31, ahd x00 be ead, Te scons aut Here Ea Appendix B nce ao bis ht wee derived fm he ese show ia Fe 2, [New ales ofthe rrnmets4,.8,C nd Dy wer computed nce ofDertvaton of eatin: and meds of toon 28 By comparing te vals in Appendix B wih hse in Tale 21, te infec ofthe length of te pleas eel san Ith nding the prone onl aera Ps ‘hedeecis loge gta the ple pe yw cons teste prime i Tee ie 2.1 and hele for B= 10 in Ape B show a tere wl be posts of em de econa f= 1,52, sl 4 and athe etn ah tip fe ple wl bevy smal The esi Appa B fo = 40,35,30,28,26, 24,22, and 20 show tat ‘he muber of pis 2 delet i raced one a thatthe deeton fe Bot ‘umf he pe reses sige pois ote deecton oft op “The infenc of te Ieegih of a le 08 he goundine defection i ste in Fig we 2.5. Figure 2S shows ile wilds pled naa lend shown, ut the an ‘as made athe nd ssl so the th fe pe wl be contd bythe lt lead fn te moment Competatons ar nade wih ont ond nt cont pl tos ection a! wit 2 ia ag ha Wil te in te ong pl ange, The compton roced wih he gt sing ede in tenes; he oundine deftones & function of he seed length as shown in Figure 25. Te figure shows tht te (Boudin detection uated wl he ea engi apposed. At ths lng ‘ny eo point of zo detesion wil eccrine corpaston. Ther wl ba ie ince in te godine defection ate leg he oon made es than he eit al The enpeer select nth hat wil ge an prope fc sey gusto ‘sve goandinecefecton. The tse of salon wil depend, ese, 9 how ‘el be Sllepese carve rfl th stl sion inte ed “Te reduced for ofthe deena equation wil nt somal te ue fr he slain of poblens encounted in desig; however, he iluence ofp length ple tts, tnd ober parse lated with cy. 222 Salton of he dferenta equation by diferenc eputons The soltion of Egon 27 ig deviled aces for ayes tht re encountered in atic. Th fomulton of he iffeeileunton tinsel em an solaton by eration allows improvements in th slates shown in he previous secon, The fe ‘sig eqstons or he basis fr copter rogram ati een i racic, Te effet ofthe ai at on deecon ab bending moment wil be onside a robles of pie buckling canbe sve. = The bending sities Ey of ep canbe var aloe he length fe pile = And peas of oe inprance te Sl eacton Esa vary with ple detestion and with stance beg the ple The concept of he so ection wl be dicted ly nt Inter ston nd the staecton bre nee na geerc ee “Tee ale compation fr indi etd otk) Ya, aE x0 G00 a9 omnes ease ons? om op 0% Oe ao ome 13 “ony mss ata 12 oo Lm anes am “mes ms OD 233 st) 1s) OOM 0% “Ae oma kD 2. SI aos) 09 os? 059 “ano tomes Si Ce230 Pier wn feral ong Fre 25. Saving fr te ical gf ple pei bid cannon hha Figs 26 ioe 27 Gite em sa los YmaBnat* Yl Dyes ~2hy +P?) neigh 2P P+ Enat) yma 2Ry 2g s+ BM) 245) rat +B = hse R= (Eben ties file point ‘The sampion is impli a Egon 2b tht the maid of Ps cnstet with eh OF ou, tht assmpsin seldom to However eperace es san a the rmatimum tending momeat usully occur a telavely thor dance below the fundies pon whete he value oP ial ndiisised. The va of Pe ex pt in ess of backing, ite intarnce onthe magi of dfn and Fenn ‘moment ends tote consi ha the ssampton of cont Ps pvc val. Ifthe plese int a incemensn + Tegan fhe ts Equation 2.46 en te writen There wll ben +3 unknown cate 0 typi wl fe node atthe top ad to tthe too af the ple If two equans gvng Body oon serine atthe oto até wo ase tap, there wil bem # equine sae saa: neously forthe n+ 5 ukaovna, The ef lea equations can be solved by ai ‘etd in any convetient ay. The wo Poesy condos tse employed athe toto of te ile ae basa on ‘the moment andthe Sew IU the existence fa esti al od teases & memeDesinoon of ations and metas fsouion 31 the boom of epi idsouned, dhe moment the bat ofthe ile zr. The ‘ssumpton of zo moms beled to produce 9 arin al care exept for short "igh lst cary telus in end being The cave te tee momenta the pile tipi uns and nt tented by he precede preven si Ts, oe ofthe ouncry equations he il pin Ya-Bntn=0 es uation 24 expe onion tht yy) = Dax = The second boundary condlion at th Doo ofthe pl invlves the sea. The as- somptoa is made tat sol esistance due sig ses ca develop at the oto of {sor piles decton ecu Ii futher asm that ination San Ye developed ‘hat wl allow Vth shear a the taf te ple be knows cst chon le Thus te soad Suan fr the boundary condi a the botom ofthe ples Prosar nd Bb oweh ea) wi y= xr ig at ep ip quien 248 express the conbton Fy) + Pie) = Vo atx = L. The ‘ae of soul bee ul oz fo fps wit vo or oe peo eo de ec ‘AS peste eat, Roary egtion teed tte top of te pile Egat ons ave been Give for for st of town condos, ach with to eto. The engine an select tet ht Bs th pyle, 2221. Shear and momen ale head (Case 1 of te houiry codons athe top of he pe is seats philly in Fig- ‘e227. The avalon , it show in he sketches, bt Pi eared be ain or ‘ih of the fur ess of boundary condos ath top ofthe pl. Forte conan wre the surat hep ofthe pil is equ oP, and he ending ies athe top ‘ofthe pl he lowing dierece eq pny. Fire 26 Ree of td ile,52 Pleura boing Fp -20.1 20. Hal EH e ew) For the condton where th moment the fop ofthe pl ea 1 Mahe allowing i= ference eguton vemos Fin 29eyad=M, es) 2222 Shea ond rotation apie ead Case? of the Boundary confor the top of te pli erated epic in Fig- ‘We2.8. The piles assumed to be embeded la concrete fndation fr which te oe ton snows may cass, he tation an Be sumed wo beer ast for he a soles. Egution 249i th tof the ve equa tal are oe. The econ of ‘thet equations eet he codtn tat he slope Sat he tap ofthe ple known, es 2223. Shear anrotationl restraint tile head Case 3 ofthe Boundary cnditoas at th op of the ple ised in Figure 29. The pile sumed to coetiue inthe superaretre a cnn a member of ee, Th Soliton fr te problem can proce! by eating a fee body a he bottom Jot of frame, A motte! spp othe fun ta jin md te ration ote a come eo etna, fr the nial soln. The moment dd byte rotation, Ma Se he rotation ifs provided by the spurte md became: oe of oe bry onto. The ound) codon hs pote abe very tal in some designs. An in "aston my be necessary in ero aban an ere f te mame he Doom Joint ofthe superstructure to aaa he spestustso then to teaaer el, (One oro trations sould be suc mest instances, ® ma ow tha ey ee pe Fig 27. we often cntns ap fpDerivaon of ations and maths of solution 33 pre 28, Ca often condo tp fp I Nath tee yee nei ne pe 29, Ce 3 often canon tp fle uation 249 ste fst ofthe two eusons ha re teed for Cue 3, Eawcion 252 nesses te contin tht he uso siesta, na 2 ta) a ae ex “ye 2224 Moment and dfeston tpl bad (Case ofthe boundary condos athe top of he pirated i igs 2.10. The pile assumed foe ebeled ina bg abutment ht moves nly given smo thas, he defctioe athe p of eps Kswn Also the being moment ken the enbedeat salle bending more i early ese io ero. THe equation needed at hep had Case are Eunos 2 SD and 2.53 1h es)4 Plead aera ang ‘The four ss of Boundary condos atthe tp of ile sould be ade fo vr aly ay station ba ter cases ca tse. However, tbe Boudry conden ht are ‘viable with small amount feo, cr rode the requedsluios. Fox same, itean be sumed tht Pad jae kaon the top of le ad soa he eq ‘ounfay condions (not on of the four case) The Case 4 tons can be employed vith ew vues of bing elected, long withthe give vale fy The computer uit wil yield vas of Psp plot wil yield the requ vale of M hat wl roduc the gen Youn cain F “The apiaton ofthe ft-difereceogtiontehigue to the stn ofthe aia loa at hich apie wl ele sed in ape 211, The pl, with + proeton| shove te gout, shown ia Figure 2 IT, ht Yn digo forthe working vice Tons tte shown The a fs apie backing ou by holding constant nd inremeting PAS shown Fig, inctete oP wil nee vl 0s ‘rene ul te busing oad i sppected Thi sls cms fe teat 9 ae |omate pobles Sth ivesgsor mut proach the buckling fod with al eases The equations become unio tl ans bjend heel, with ones sua te eagle ste eavefl oto eet niall tis cree ‘The comput progr t solve the nie-dilzence euston forthe response of ile toner oan Wl be emanated in vbsquet capt: The selon of «wane of eal problems wl be presente. Als, cst Sus wil ethownin whither sul fom computer soln re compared with expernetal aus Retas of tea vious sppeocinations tat are inherent he diflerence-quton method, x easion wl e given of echnigues fo the verieation ofthe aeuey of «alton esetal to the proper we of the numeri mead. The dvcuson wl desl wit the use si nifent figs to Be usd in the intra computtions and ith the ston of he ‘erm length h. Anoter approximation elt th arian ine tendg eins. The tending ste Ey changed to Rin the diference eatin, cre rope sere as constant nthe andr deena equation, Equation 29. ey fhe eSihe M 29) In ite diterence form, Euan 29 besomes ie 210. Cae of tony cottons no ieDerivation of eutons and method of soion 35, Fire 211, ving forte i al at cml al bes ‘an bing up the high ordeed tems by dient, the value of Rs made ta ‘respond tothe ental tm fr inthe scone expression. The ers a ei ‘aed in wing the approximation where her isa change th ending sess long the engi of pl ae thought be snl but mast evened nasty “dean as teen def thease whats an hut cag alexa sis ad is shown Appendix C. The oeulation town in Append has been inorporadint xempter program fer sue, bu the meted may be realy Pementdif desde “The difizent equation a dierence frm ane oie yb the dg compuse. A compact disk wih «student veson ef th Compute pogam LPILE i provid in holder ataced wo the tack over afte book The coding forte equation shown above ‘implemented in the comptes program peered ix Appendix D tht sven the die nce equations. The code eles iulon alee soon elt the ina ‘sponse ofthe so wih pile deflection. 2904 a) Me es 23 SOLUTION FOR Eg byt! “The provi seton present ele exoson ofthe ppiston of rune! methods tote soltan ofa onl, Toutherder diferent equtin. The sppcation ofthe ‘oli wil Be pened naar eps Te remainder hs cpr wil show te tecof the fie itreneeqution erniqta pd gales ales or cves "elas hand compas "ecto mocks thelist ry te symbol wn sma ny bet be othe penne nr ian ogee pe Theo ‘Sate ce Saeed ee mb Se mane be pete peed pes aoe26 Pie underlain A soliton ofthe reduced form of he teeta equation wat pete ei othe se bet Ey is constant ein evi overcome als) Nominee lee ‘were pretend ht hae slevance in sowing he te of he le pola a that l= low fr ebeckingfite-ifence-eqationrolsion However, te bless of alas sein solving pata robles imeesiooal sal, long with sions by fite-diferece chai, cn kad 1 ondmesiona curves to scconmodte a wide vary of vans of so nodal ih Ae sh a8 Ey = hy th By ~ Ay (Matock & Rese 1962) Soon tht suns ‘hat xo have some preity Cobol el ed ermal comoldael ay te fo cases whee the siffes zero athe Gin a ness tte ese ‘vi dep Furtemore, expenence his sow hat wel soon ean be bined for Some cases of ovecomstiated clays. The filovog paps show the development ‘ndimplenenttn of he meted whet y= hy 281 Dimensional amas Considering the nonin of py atone a varius depts, he econ modus for the si Bis a fucion of tth x andy. Therefore the arm the Fy verde el ‘inthip wil change if the leading is hanged. However, nay be euned tepoay (aubjet wo agjenent of £,, vals by excessive Ul) har esl enton fe soe ‘ion af ono at By Bylo) ass) or soln ofthe problem, the cave) of the pile mst be determined, opie with ‘aos derivatives tat ar of nrest The deatves yield vue of saps mart, ‘het an so eaion a uetions of ep, The piles of nena aly rn be ted to exablih the for of endimensoal reson er the It loaded ple With the we of model hor, he necessary relations wile detemined between pe toy havng ny given eo erin, nda si "nso which sluons ay female For ery log piles, the length Lloe signifoance base the defection may be neatly 2 or och of he length ofthe pt is content ined seme care tsi leigh aa sbsine, ier dese therefore inde ae gues tobe considered. The pete defen of 7 wil vary ih the frm ofthe fect for Soi reaction ves dep However, fr each defen ad expe feltion be ‘ween the sifes of he soiled the ea sis of he le and called the Sesion” ir the eas of shear Pans manent Mt he op of te pil te soon for de- Aetons fhe esc cue Wl lade the refaive ifs ara the em (os Figue 212) YH Tol Fo PM) es, (the boundary vs abe abt for 7nd tine assmpion of ear behavior intrace oe pil, and i deestions ein snl rebtive foe ple dimensions, the pine of siperosting may be eepyed ‘Thus the eects ofan inser! oa an posed net fay be coedDeroaton of equation and method of elation 37 yuan Figwe 212 Armee fr din ai spar. ty rpresens the detection cased by he tral load Pad iy i the eton cused by he momen Myth tal detest somo esn ‘Te eats of yt and oft Masog in eshing gerald slutons ec the lneiy-tehaving pile The stone maybe peed for Cie os, 0 P)= HTL By Ee) 33) nd for Case Bas FOnMI=Ek8T bE El) es) ‘The vals f aod f represeat to diferent fneons of the sume ts. each ease ‘hee aes rms and two dimensions (eee and eng). There ze therefore fou ‘ependentsoadimensosl soups which ante fed. The arangements chosen se, ec, 260) eee SE oe est) le ‘To sais eandion of sina, ach of hte ros mt eal fe both del at ex) ae ak38 Pleura loading ea) es) 26s) 266) ‘A group of sondinenson!parumetes may te deol whic will have the ee ‘aia val for any mode! tnd is rotonype Tes ae shown bel. eon ast) ew) ‘Cate A defection ceticiet, ayo 2a 27m we Bdeecion oti, B= FEE en ‘Ths (bam ditons 2.67 tough 271 fo 1, Similar sii fines, 2. Sia po sitions slong he piles, and 3. Siar ple lms ete lenge ae very et md eed ‘ot be considered), the snation ofthe pelts cs be exresed fom Euan 2 37 sad fom Equations 210and2.7h 0, y (er [Me em By the sme typeof soning, ter farms of he stone be eps shown bem Slop, an)Derirsion of equatons and meio of solution 39 Moment M=M, +My [er +104 )8, am br o[fa. 275) Stew, ¥ Ela, +[ 44] 7 samen renee ono peat stm neon tw mt at eo cc ae er Remeron savdiouneearmmetanos oe tinea fo coe cree ras tae eee aise ta trinwreenenra aren nie Sacco teem oneal a Sees am ‘Wher am plied aa ad Pandan applied monet Me considered separately a coring tothe priniple of sopepostc, he euro becons,frCse A, em em Substnng the dtsions of ondimensinal primers sont in Equations 2.67 hrough2.71, a ontimenonl deen ean cn ewe for Cate Sh He, <0 es) sod force Bat Sheep, -0 eat “To produce apace of ondimeasoal 4 and Beaten, must be spsi= ed ectoing coven dein of be elie ses fcr 7 2. The ter ‘ntl equations (280 and 281) must be solved. The esuliag 4 and B veins may then be used, with Eguntos 2.71 though 276, compu deacon, slope, moment ‘hes andl reson fram pile pola wih so th ae fr whi ood ‘manlonal sss have Bonen0 Pte unreal lating ‘To obnin the end B coe that ae seeded ome tons wih he non meio method, Eqsions 250 ad 281 cane saved by tse of diference estas, presated carer nhs hap. In solving problems of laterally lode ples by wing nomena! methods be const in be expressions dese bing the vain of sai econ Ey wil eh at ‘jute by tial wal esoaable compat is bined The selected fr of te sail ‘eatin with dept shoud be kpt a simple ae posi so tht asim sue of ems neds oe agua ‘Apeneral for fy Wi dept i pow fy, Egg em ‘The farm Fy ~ hye seon be apc case of he power form. The eave ites ‘ctor Tan be dfn for any pric Fr ofthe ol reaction dh lions. es aaveient tele a definition that wil simpli the eomspndng sendin! ‘iscion, From the thay given above te equation ha defines the sondmnonsl oction for soil eacton | se)— Eat ee) the form B= fs subst in Equation 268, he esas peer es) isconveninto dfn te relive tite factor hy he lowing expression. sy ass) Besause TZ; the gene pondimeasioal ution fr il etton SMa)=z" (286) ‘The above exes cons only one parame, the power m Therefore forex vale of m whch may be sled, ope comple st of independent, nomenon tay be obtained fom te sltion of Equations 2.80 an28) Forth ease whee By = fpavmseqaa Vand He\-2Deviation of euaions an mthodofruion $1 ‘The nondimesionltechigu, slog wih 2 soi ofthe dite equation, allo ‘eeficets tobe computed fra vay of vations of the sl reaction with depth omeveronyhe ease o > yw te sown ee 23.2 Equaions for Ey he We the form ofthe patos as already been shown, bution here is connie ‘The eeaon euaons a roe em as ak am ‘Wher only sea Pi apple at the mudi, he below sted equation se fr dete tiny, sotton (pe) , moment I, abd seat V, epetively. (The sl resistance pe alo By ies). The noeduncasionl coef, obaised by enplyig the ier ‘e-egunion methods, sha in fe eqoons, canbe fund i Appendix F The cot ‘lens me shown aa foto of the noninsinal dt Zsa te nondnessoal length fhe le Ze 24) 22] vali 5 39 299) 236)ret haig veal] on ‘The dean ofthe fe ead casi at shown hers however heave principe are {allowed The equation far deletion 298) ‘The mest may he fod fromthe following eqn: M2 Ratt 299) swe Fe = 1.06 for Zu, * 2-097 Fr Za = 3 93 Fr Zn = hd -093 fr alt ihe aes of Zn Forth ens wre he isa rotational esti at he tp of te pl the st tep isto assign a valet the rion! sess A constant cnmenenly cen be eshseds a shown elm 2100) ‘The slope ation) athe op ofthe ile an be au from he lowing egeton. 4 AE MO so ee uo where Ay and By ar he soins coefficients athe tp of the ile aml can be found fom the appropriate ures is Apeni 3finton of ay Wit these aes ofthe nondmensionaleoeficems fr lop, te selection of ial va of Fallows Ma ‘Fond fo he luo can cee wit the body ale of Pend Me 223, vamp oon ‘The example std fr analysis is ora mavine src, jacket ote, consist ing of welded, ularstee meres, s constructed enor, asprd by arp, tnd Setin place at an afte net, One ofthe eg ofthe jacket town in Figure 2 vith the bracing forthe lowest pane oat at the adn, A pl it diven ae spe te welded inside he jacket lo exsre contacts betwee th lle ache Load Ing may be considered to arise om wave acon diring sr. A ths sag of the ‘uli he ake assumed Yo mover bat a bt which ssn) ah Suptos i te pes ae elated xl ling. “Te py sures be ed are shown in Figure 214 The cues ae pial of thse for ‘anor nema constiated hy. The distance below the ie cach of he eres ‘shown and tree pines a te td [The py crv fo ero depth shows zr sol estan oral destin; 2 The nl ops tothe py caves are ea nd reset ey adDerivation of qation ad methods of station 43 ~ | Fig 21.Ple ate ofan pao. 5: The ohne resistance fer ach curve aprons lining vale that ners with sept While the curves for parc othe charter fhe curves is sac ht he ‘ure of te fowng soln clea Inkatve of amore eae Slaton by computer ‘The potion ofthe ple above the dine and win th ak shown in he per sich Fane 2138. As ay bese, the pl Wl eae ss continuo beam ih loading tits knee. With he ile psing bythe wpe panel poi inthe sketch, its oon att pit is bewoen ted gaint oan and ert. Terre, ‘reasonable appoinaton the telsiohip between and 5, fs gen by Ea Mat 2.102) Pa where the dsance etnen panel pins (61m in hs ese); and EJ, = he bending Sileso te pie waa he jokes “The pets pipe ih an oie at of 72 man and al hikes of 254 ram The sel has a Ye sregth of $14,000 KN. The Ey 00000 mA, sel he timate bending ment was computed oe 630 iN, ining no ai! oad Thea ‘mpi tmode tatoo resricon exis on he defen ofthe pe andthe dened soliton sto nd ho ead at wl sae a pus bing (Ie wkimae Bending mame). “The tat dean en be toed to achieve x fed (A more comprehensive o> Poach acleing a ven fr of safety wl bedcate in Chapter) "lami of he evant equations show ht thre re wo eno ht ms be solved by lac, Fy, a yale of 7; must be lead andthe approved= of — soon] Tir Baa Gas Res Figme 2.14, Ses ewves fe vo ‘Sale cion shape found by varying th vale of T Afer sling the vale of 7a solos must bem by ue ofthe py curves, the dt forthe ple, tb espetive equ, andthe onlinesindl curves in ArpeaixE.Insing the arver inte epee of 2, ‘of 1 isselced withthe view that the lenght pl esblhed fre i ead tdi rele ang Theva of Pelt forte nial computations is $00KN, The veo i lato ' te lang wih being small when he loading atively light and mo ies ‘ae posible fer selecting an intial vale. However, canvergoce 8 apa, A vac of ‘ul aout ple ameter (4) Sled are fea ‘A vac of 4 of=1.190 mk Fund by saving Egan 2.10, 2.101, nd 2.402. antons 2.9 and 24 ca the be aod save er ain ofy The vl Za 7) is eee to yt values of he nondinensioal oes fom ie cares in Appondk ‘That vale 50401125, 20h ave for of IO ot more we ened “The sterenced equations ar susan Sed he allowing exes, The om ions with is expression re shown inte Table? 2 hat allows yds (002)- 200238) ‘Toe vas of fy are plate in Figure 215 a he bests in, using ough the i, i fied trou te points by ey. sbown for Teal te sol line pss ‘ough 6000 and 6.95, ad the felowing valve fy wat sting, Ere $000 ggg (2.103) fos AF en ‘The valu of he relatives Stor can now be computFig 2.15. Converge pling P= COE asin Tou [207 = 352m x ra [OEY 2105 ‘The slection ofthe string value of To 40 tune oto be frites but iis neces "fe scond Wi culd ave bn dae wih Ff 3.2 st beter pan io adopt sonal valu of To obi a pit tt would pl on the oposie se ofthe eelty Une (0 Fig 2154). Ts the second til wae de witha Ty 3.5m which God 1 Zag of 14. The computation foe eas, ot shown et rosea ss bel, ith ‘computed vale of Mo 1012 RN. Using hat vale, the flea equations an the Dey eatves, te ess we soya a Tal a Fague 2.15. The dashed ne ae Se ss hough 600 and 7. The vals fy dT ay Be comps 1, -fe- M2 as ant 2105 ae Hah e109 ‘Be pt te le sy a, shown nag 21564 ‘ode ann cams pts on ngs ne 039 ‘te buy tr ee cnn bd neg — Mi beater issn eine 2 10210, 2102 ede he cea id SCR Wi Ma ec en ene mont mca ene ite en er 2 Sie Egan enc et dn 1 a Sieestcas teagan eotae song46 Pile wr lero ing Figue216 Pas of elec an ending tr xml cle fo = Jn conning wid the asigned problem te ils wee mde onthe , ht would ea tic hige to develop hat el na corp a of Ma al Ma ‘These as, flowing te procedures dea demoneeid yee oF 118 KN and ‘ale fy of 103 LN’. The eave stn for was Campa ob 60 mete The ‘mata bending moeay occured tthe Head awsS690 mk The Zo ‘ale Ts 833,40 the carves in Append E of Za f 10 pprepine:Te erp ‘alas of efecto nd beng ome can ob ound by follow the poser ate fo the of 40 KN comput forthe evar eas, Te ote shown Fig 216, witht curves previ lta othe ten oa of 0 EN 234. Disesion ‘umber of interesing fetes of the slton cas be sen, The online response of the ile wo neral na can be surmise by cramiing the py eve, bla comparison of te resus of the compattinsresferce the pot. An tae in he atau fom 400 1185 KN,» fcr of lest 3, cvs an increase of he goundine defen fom D3 1o 0:48 ma fata fone and an ine inthe mina being Mo ‘ne fo 1170195680 aN «or fot ve, ‘The pon is mae, hen, tht» rope dig gues the oman of th fad tat il ese furs, citer in exeste delet o ending moment n this pel ‘ase, apping ld feta of 3.0 yield ae led on the pe of 39 KN whch line (oe fmt tat ws ade ‘sol fre spot possible excep fra short ple unde ae oading where the ‘ale of would be 2 oles. Fr the lon ile shown i th exp compton oe ‘oil texsance near the goundine riod doe t che lang he sol fesaneeDereon equations and metas of solaion $7 meray ness at a renter depth, whic hen insects the deetion and being o- “An examination af th carves in Fgu 2.16 fr bth ofthe lan shows tha al values sce ne fo eu a25 30 mala te pe eee the Bota 20 15 m of he Sm lng poe ooo resistance ner loading, Ths, pil caries oly ier! ding te Ssgner may wih o pve ates 9 te seca pneration HOW ver the reid penetaton s fond fom he trl aod sd ot he feted Le. ‘he nondnetsoeal length ofthe ple ne expe dressed om 12.8 108.3 a he loné wa neal fom 400% ,J85 NA convent oe mb i at ong ple ‘Sone where three at east vo points of zo deiction lng ise, “Atoirreresing pin tht th pls igs wl develop a the op of epi, be pint whee i joa he supersructe The computed tegtive ome at ht pst i ‘oe than wie the maxim ponte manent hat car a ph of sot 8m or he of 400 Nand about 12m fer th , of 1185 RN. Ths sarge Ira Laced have been sustained hd dhe distance betaen te sacri the jacket Ren read abo 61 sas sown ia Figue 213. However, hs agent my not have ben possible a the “Te linittios in th slason shown shove ae 1. Tepito cont wal knee per ent neh 2 No loading i pid and 3, Thetand compton ae tne cooing “These estictons ae removed wit the empleo, demonstrated in Caper 6, md {be eigercan hve mach mez eso infin a optimum soon Foro ia. {he wal hicks of he il a he nensed i th Zone of matimum henge, ‘for anor, te joke lean be extend same anes below the maine in weak {ei 20 tats the all hehe ofthe ple an he ake a effective sn ressing 24 VALIDITY OF THE MECHANICS “The mos sts tics dct ans the py method is hate Sis not wet as 1 Cooimaum bata sent of ore, unccapedrerstanes (he Wine pps Several cornet ean be ge neon to ie ali erties of the etd. “The reummedatins fre retin of py cue fo se te sli of is, ven ine abueueat ety, are bated fo th tt pron theres of flee ex eines in which the contest was expt saised.Furhe, Matock (197) [arfomed sone tet ofl in sot lay where the pte op eeston wat varied ‘bg the neh othe ile y resting he pi ea nee analog oa In anther et They cores tn were erie rom each of he nding coon ere seta the se. This, he experimen py ever wee one fom exper ‘nets wth ily ramen ple wil pedi wn resonable its te rexpnse 0 pile whoa bead eto rt fied apt oto, ‘The methods of prefising py crs hive een sed im = mame of eat ses sown in Caper 7c the apeemen ten res fom exprietand fom com aos ranges general om god excel.8 Psu aera fang Foaly, chology may advance so th the si resin fora given deletion a ical pot lng ple can be modifed qsntately ts ee the ince athe ‘etn ofthe le shove a belo the pot in quesion. Ia sch ease, mialaed _py carves an be developed at every pos log te ple The sala soon tht ‘resented erin canbe eaily modified ode with he alto p9cones‘CHAPTER ‘Models for response of soil and weak rock 3 IvTRoDUcTION ‘The pesecton been des prnily wih the famulaon of expressions for py curves fr soils and rock under bth Stati nd eye oan. A manber offal onceps ar preseed at are relevant to ny method of malin les. Chapter save the coset ofthe py tod and this chapter wl revert detail alow the computa ton of he beta as ile anders ware of cndons, [Mor than nay ther doe foudstionprble the soliton for a pile under leat leading is wows, because arses says seat tote seein care ‘eres ofthe soll aun the pile sia Anon he concept pest in Chae es ‘tt the sl ecto mods soe a ol part ba depends bth ons resistance ‘nd ile defeion Fora gven ol rte, the sol reaction mle i infnced ini slay by he lowing varies” hile pea fe ses, Stor et lang te orl ding, = Piegeomery, Pei and ie cap contin ~ Slope ofthe proan tte ie = Pie insaliaion poets and = Pie te nit ofthe corplexites note stove, thes reston mada has the avenge of salt sinpliciy, nd has ben vases weliedhough well acumen ase fe ars, Fret, and perhaps of ost moras, te matbod has svance to bones ‘ceped pocedae fr deseibiag the molnar behalf the ination between pis tnd the stoning sil ‘Recommends wil be gen in is chp or he selection of «family of py ‘saves for various cass of is and lala. The renting curves ae meat ole ‘ells pose he elton ad ending mrtent sa finton of ep os ple nde Intel bding Case sues, prevented Caper? compare els fom expernei atd ‘fore computa ara rang of i an nding, ‘The resus of he comparisons in Caper 7 show ht beadag moment wih length long pcan, in general be camputsd more aciasly then defection Thay if thee toner mast design a plesapored sme that onive fo deta, ed toad testing be deste, The net scion ofthe caper presents eid seston ofthe relevance of si ramets and shows ht any Sluton os problem resins through casino th ”50 Plead tera ating soi profile, Te correspondence of an eects betwen, forthe sal and Ey othe 52. MECHANICS CONCERNING RESPONSE OF SOILTO LATERAL LOADING. 321 Siesrdfomation fst Some dkcson was preteen Chip | coneeming dels forthe response of sl 0 the Intel deletion of pile: A more delle dscusion I pressed hte, Pally, say ‘Shon ole fal oading rere the deermiaion af a ae of 0 rope "cs Inte general suson hat loys and in specie eames he end of i hp te messing fh relevant ropes of slisan eg tpn he proces. nting the applicable properties of ol inh aor to lad tothe soon of & paisa problem reqs ate tonto neous deal charceiaton ofthese Se Tecion oF eset sampls; employing telus i sapling a rniie di ‘sae; proteing and rasporing samples 1 avod lis of maistres pepsrton of spesnens elton of pproprite eng rosa; nd parfoance of ets wih pe- che contol "AN appropri clini specimen presomed to hive buen oil an tes fo repr th properties at artlr oi ithe cotinan whee sn aayst isto be pererme. Fue, the stump made tat oy lfeence othe proponed fonsrstion i negligible. The specimens intally subject toa lara sree 05 wher o3is sted o ret prope purilar pol is he catnsam. The ond it ‘pple othe op to cae Sressncrease elo o, wih the pracpl srs 05 on & ‘ioe plane becoming +n. Te ane rfid a the shorting of he Spas ‘nen died by te ori eg oft specinenh Loading sumed fo continue Inincreens ul the ruling ave of rel srs ees soln Beccmes syptc ‘oat paral othe sein ats sown nig 3.1 ‘Arete of sch test fr each fe tata Ua epcoumtered wil provide Gta onthe strength of si for use in design. Labora tte uly complemen ith Retuning tics of Figure 3.1, lies ar eam fom the aig a pola on the sessstain curve The lope ofthe ines termed yi called te sil ean ‘modus and represent these of be ea The mgs of sis pny tld fo ‘he valu of ean wich he ie Ida, with he ages va om ine ht ‘2 tthe inal portion ofthe ean In ming some compat, investigators have {ed the largest ae of Enay oan aera ae depending om indivi pee ce orld some parila tage ‘Carfil mesteroets of eral tain mus be made, sretines with speci nro ‘mento, oii ae of Poisons ra. OF couse. th ale of shat a Ew ary withthe fading and veri 322, Propoed moda fr day of The reltionship betwen te sressrin cares or parla si andy carves su nabtedy case; thee some dacosson ofthe change inthe sifess of prcMode for rexpona ofl ad weak rck $1 Fig Rerts ting i seine nthe io, specimen wih stain i wefil Te values of eres wth nein stain as shown in Fig 3.1, sity as othe values of Ep. sown conceal in Figure eb, Vae Imps (191) proposed a model forthe decay Ey as sbown in Figure 3.2 The fe {2005 C/G Whee GEA 9) = and ale ade sprint alc of Pes ‘anit friand andy, "While the values of the properties a shown lo Figure 3.2 a eevee and do ot ‘epresespreciely he aes ata specifi se, he ves do allow fr computations tefl the defensins of te ol na centaur, te dcty of Ey sha ‘ele the sams pears ot wit ietet uns, an Fig 14, There gener ‘aly the deay OF with neering sin sl to he decay of Ew et ple oe ton. Fare, the ay fn bath stances scene oe Sane peso, = acres in ies ofan lene of so with cea in 323, Varian of tito ol (Es andG) wit dt ‘The pararopits above fave shown cle concep relionsipstetmen valoes of tnd Bi there, dics fhe vain of wth depth dec. The vals of EO stand normaly onsoldatd ely Se eo athe goad line nd lease ome fshion wit th, The values of En of some ovetcnslited cys ad some rook appoint ens th ep "The vation of tenia tng Sheat mods with depth: an related othe zero defection oth eas een roped ssn elo, Gms" Gt on where Gna the minum si ection modus st ground eve (eo for pomaly onsite sols) and a= pain fhe simu get ai acon as Wit soph50 Pew leral fading comne) Tart we igce 12 Modelo Poise ao hag and der o (Vi og 9), As wil be demonsated by amples od ease sds in tr chaps, a mat ese, ‘ne properties of the sl betwee the rund sui ada depth of 6 10 dante wl gover he bei ofa pie subjected to tal lading The parameters gover the Sunes of the near surtace soils have ben investigated extensively cing the pst 40 ‘ecades. OF prc sleance we the works of La et (1977) and Wrath ta (1979), nat ws pubis in teeny els, andthe work of KH Saka ta (1985, 1989, 1994) and afoowshi eal (1988, 199, 199) tt was posed om the ‘ioe nite reset For ease sol, gre hasbeen made in ering thers of Ea’ whe cual othe urine shear stn I thse eign, he res are dependent ot tho cype ote, the overeasoiaion atin, ad the index proper ofthe ol For cote Sons sol, suis ave beens a finding the rao Ea, where ste mean tffetie sree, Some da have beth repr nthe litre for cohesive sis or values of Emm, saci much eter inthe est hive ben chaerve. Ve f Eafe age oF 16 200 ere repaid y Mack et a (1986), sad Reese ea (195). Valu probably ‘vould nave oes much higher adver eae ateton ben gen tothe ey pat ofthe Tabara cures. take (1989) epored Hat values of 2000 were ot found for ‘sey sal sti Jason (1982) pfomed tots wih he selborng presenter td and values of Eat hat ranged on 1440 to 2840. These hgh vals me fr ee ‘reel smal ieModelfor response ofsolland weak rock 55 324 nil is and atimate rents ofp uve fm ol properties ‘Te pial py cure some deh bow the gundsrice, shows in Fig 14s rated y a stig ine fom the ergo plo ard va fore lat ‘Ssanee beyond pout 8. Elnentry solitons, teed on sil prpesen. we peed thes wo ipa aspets of py eaves inhi etn A town i ecomentaons fer the formulation of py cures we soegly bes! ena fom fllsale esting OF ls, bt snail exeson ar epinnerpreting the experiments S241 Inia ofpycave Relevance. Asay be Sent Figue 1, the potion othe lp carves aeapctby ‘his Ini poron ofthe py eve is small and tay bv litle consequence fat tales, Employing th concepts emphasized here, he dean of pe unt lal loading i Bete pinay oo Tiss, with loads lmied by berdng or combed ‘ses ory ecto. The deiton of hep where tna potion fhe p> ctves ‘woud be eletive woald ocr at a conseabe cance blow th rod lite ta he -esing horizontal fore in he so woud have ony nrc em the tespone Th ‘ont designs ates wil cont ‘The comput of he eet unde he working ed would of couse, make more ‘eprint the nal prion of te py cues. However, even in sich eases tune "hath inal prion oe py eves wold play an impor oe “Terre soe aes onthe oft hand whee the ay part fh cues need = fu comsidertin, Two ces canbe iit pedcon of eve ter way loading and he sign ops in rit ala Rock quent oa bei muta andy od sn ls of esac an be posited when the defen aches Pita Fgue 1, Thus he py cuve wold flew mh dire epee hn shoo th Be Theoretical comideratins. Asa means of etblishing the pares that must be ea edo employng ners concep a nding equtons forthe vals ofthe slopes ‘the nil poten of py eave, same clentaytoneps of means canbe nes ‘he flowing eqn fem thar of ela (Shenton 1981, and provides basis for driving simple expression giving the aproximate soe of tenia prion ofthe ps ue nr 6 heres mean stent of oudatin 9 found prs = infec cet ‘ele; V= Poison's rato the sali; and, - Young's modu of sole, ‘The eatin pais over lading But the sl ence pag the pte ue to lata deeto s sd eel og andthe dscton oe ple Sealo Sm he ean cane rewrite s lls, wit and ke constant a uae ty Semon Bekoe, ge, 7 =e, ae OA‘4 Pe under leeraoding er § is a consant. Whe the above equation sugges that Ey has defied elaton- ‘hip with By (ced below with faller aceon of Shepton’ ogsestion) the ‘eaionsip would spear ta ene mare secur to the nl poton of the wlee of med, Ep Em 63) he Ep a teil slopes of he py caves ad the sexta are, ‘pect and ys lvenasobserig to neat the ital ae. “he vals of Eo om te pycurve in igs 1S ad. ae plate in Fgue 33 adhe inne ofthe grand surae ico. Tse asset that th vale of ? "mus reflection of te ground sue The dirences ne aS Of Ef ‘tate and eel ding ee sing, 3242 Computation of values ofa The pedcion of he ulin ales ofp a2 fnction ofthe kind of i andthe depth Selo ground saree sof vous iporurce.Atalyial meta, apie hee ae rant and allow emparons with values ofp detemined by expernen, ch a Shown nla 5 Sone serious mistakes were ade in ey year inthe analysis of piles under ater loading when engineers fale wo beed the aon of Terai tt heute ree tance against «ple culd not exceed onal he sig capcky ofthe a nthe ab Sense ofa mot raonal shod of empting lng ve ofthe ultimate resieance ‘a Wish a) be considered the baring cpa, to simple modes ave been em je fer solving the elem y ini eget, “heft ofthe delish in Figice 3. The free Fy may be compute by inte rang he borat components ofthe esitances on the tng rey, taking into Yet 6 Fe, vs tea tom pin ieModels fr respons of sol and weak rock $8 gue 34. Mul oil agendas fr comping at account the woah of he wag. Inert fF with reper the dept = below te ‘round surface lil an exesion forthe mae rstance ng te pl pay The ingle ofthe mode is obvious however, the resting soln wl stat the fom ofthe eqn bese the dance ofthe pl, th depth below the ground sree, and the popes of esol ear ioe chai, ‘Tree dimensional costae elton become syle fr al sl rock, aa och as shown in Figure 3.5 wl be pilin deeopinga mere elite mod! han sown in Figure 34. The contours show the hae of the ground surfs in font of Seppe ple wid s dams of 64mm in ontsonaosated clay Reese et. 196, ‘With bel bed of 96 KN, seunurice movement ceeared a9 dstnce om he tis fhe pile of abot 4m (Fig 5.54). When the ad was toyed, te round sure Subse srsw shows in Fg 3.3. The py carves that nce deed fom he leasing sare hon Fae 5 ‘One can reason th tome depth, he resistance agaist a wedge wl eet the in that arora movement of he 3 wil eer The sted model, shown ia Fi te 3.6, epics ena plan ve Wack of wi, The esumpton smde that he movement of he ie wil ease afar of Black 3 by sharing. Sil mover Wl ‘ase Block to fiby shearing. Block 3 ag, nd Boke 2 af fab searing ‘The lima resistance py canbe ound by oberg the eifrence ne sess a 4 The models pny erie bt agai shoul nee the fr of he sqution fo ar ‘The Matr-Coulom® diggans shown i igre 3.6 wil be wed to develop equations fr ‘oy-ro fare forthe sl opis in cohesive slain cose CCoesv soi Two assumptions are mae: The ols ature ob sated, 2. The Adnne-sreagit approach ill ld wefol answer Partly sated cles con6 Pie wade later oadng lange in water cote with ine, so station spears abe iste, Th induction ‘of danas of lays ino the mls as noted in Cape 1, suodues the wes a Tormalaing a tee-dinenioal model fr consoldation a wl nat beaded. "Equations fr frees on he ing surtics ln igre 3.4, essing te ng 10 the ‘2aro are wien ab solved lor Fy a Fy dlleretied it spc =o ole or the sol estance per en length fe ile a= ean + (+cat ye +25,¢anpsinB cos) 6 where me = redbetion ft fr te sheng esitance along te fice ofthe pl ¢ = eph below the round sure, and y= te average urine shew suegih ovr the ‘ep ote wesge The vale of canbe sto zero with ome lope fr he cate of ec lading be ‘aus on an reason th the reaive movement between le and sll Weald be small us ‘er repented ond. The vale offen beaken ar 4° ifthe so asm a Blane sundrsned mode, Wah tex sumption, Bunton 3. bcos by RBebe ties 2 Bee 69 “Thompson (1977) frente Emon 3.5 with epet a nd eae he ners ‘mei His esl are shown in Figue3. wit te asumpon hat the value ofthe {erm foi negligible, Plats ar sho fate casewhare ys sted el 10 re Ot ‘un 01.0. Also shown in Figure 3.7, sa plo Eaton 3.3 withthe same asuenption svt resort og Ara bese, the dif he plots rent gre above ‘opdimensional ep of aout 32. ‘The second ofthe wo modes or ompatng he ima resisace pa is investigated. “The ultimate sil esiance py canbe found om he dierence Dees tb 08 Figure 36, Four ofthe backs sre assumed 16 fal by sear nd tha esistaoe di to pre 15. (| Gombe do aang ofl) Rei ee