Alok Kumar hile O89 TNIesaD none M2O-ADTIESOS ALTERNATING CURRENT Alternating Current : rection reverses It is defined as a current whose magnitude either changes continuously or remains same but directo periodically. Alternating current in its simplest form at a instant ‘t'is given by; 1=1,sinot J=1, coset ting current and ‘ew’ is angular k value or current amplitude of the alternat | maximum value or peal where, lo is quency of the alternating current. fre and v be frequency of the alternating current, then 1p-T" be time period 20 22m iz suemating current of constant magnitude ata instant is given by: nal And: 2!2y Alok Kumar aes Similarly, ‘Alternating emf or Voltage itis defined as an emf or voltage whose magnitude either changes continuously or remains same but polarities reverse periodically. ‘An altemating emf in its simplest form at a instant t is given by; e=e,sinot e, cos at Where, es is maximum value or peak value or amplitude of the alternating emf and « is angular frequency of the alternating emt, Average or mean value of alternating current: In one complete cycle, both alternating current and alternating emf remain positive in one half cycle and negative in other half cycle, therefore, average value or mean value of an alternating current and alternating emf for one complete cycle is always equal to zero. Hence, average value or mean values of an alternating current is calculated only for half of its cycle (either positive half or negative half). We always use the concept of charge to get the mean or avg. name of alt. current or alt. emf.Alok Kumar Phone O120-4971140, efile ITA ALaD Mean val : lue or average value of an alternating current is that constant current which when passed through a conductor sends same amount of charge through the conductor in half cycle as that alternating current does in the same conductor in same half cycle (either positive half or negative half). W lav be the average value or mean value of an alternating current | = Issn ax during ils positive half cycle, then 2 = fla A J sinet dt issin ot during its negative half cycle, — 2), =-0.6361, u javerage or mean value of alternating em! ‘and, finally we get;._ Alok Kum ar one OL2O-AT TSO, M viateaa Mean value or average value of an alternating emf is that constant emf which when applied across a conductor sends same amount of charge through the conductor in half cycle as that alternating emf does in same conductor in same half cycle (either positive half or negative half). If eq, be the average value or mean value of an alternating emf e = ey sin ot during its positive half cycle, then Where, Ris the resistance of the conductor. Thus, average value or mean value of an alternating emf during its positive half cycle. 2e0, coil = 0.6360, And also average value or mean value of an alternating emf during its negative half cycle, And the finally we get, -0.636e, This current can replace a given alternating current only for either its positive half cycle or negative half oycle only not for the complete cycle or any of the interval of time. Constant current that can replace a given alternating current for complete cycle or any intervals of time is calculated using the concept of heat produced or electrical work done or electrical energy used called “roof mean square value of the alternating current (im)ie Ay Alok Kumar pe ON7O4ITIESO, Mobile. 98946689 Root Mean Square value of the alternating current: ‘This value is also known as virtual value or effective value or DC value of the alternating current. RMS value or effective value of an alternating current IS that constant current which when passed through @ conductor produces same amount of heat in the conductor in one complete cycle as that alternating current does in same conductor in same one cycle If lima be the rms value or virtual value of an alternating current |= lp sint , then ( RT = [Rat For this we use the concept of heat or eneray used Where, Ris resistance of the conductor, rns)? sin*aot dt We know that, cos 20 = = 2sin? ot, then Me (2) Oe) = 3 [jn -feos20«| > 3 J iw [2] 3 [C-o- 2 sin201-sin0"]] 7071, (ame)® = Cras)If em be the rms value oF virtual v ting er, “rus, tho ms valve of itual value of an allernating © 07e, Phase of an alternating current or voltaa Phase of an alternating current or voltage at a instant is a term in its instantaneous value that gives its magnitude and nature (positive or negative) at that instant. ‘Ata pattcular instant, phase of an alternating current or voltage is defined as angle or argument of trigonometric ratio involved in its instantaneous equation at that instant For example: ifan alternating current at instant tis given by; lp sincot Then, phase ofthe alternating current at instant tis, Phase = angle = wt In agiven altemating crcut, difference between phases of c instanti : current and voltage in the circui instants called phase difference ofthat alternating circuit agen the circuit at a particularAlok Kumar (120-497 1180, Mok ayasesaa circuit change with time by same value, therefore, phase difference of a given alternating circuit remains same at every instant, i.e., Phase difference of an alternating circuit doesn’t change with time and its value is fixed for a given alternating circuit. Phase difference is denoted by 6 The pictorial or diagrammatical representation of the phase difference between current and voltage for a jiven alternating circuit is called the phase or diagram of the uit, There are three possibilities in alternating circuits on the basis of phase difference; () Current and voltage are in same phase, i.e. ¢=0 In this case, instantaneous values of current and voltage at a particular instant'’ are, 1=1,sinot and V jysinot ‘And, phasor diagram of such alternating circuits is shown as; 7. IKumay PTE ) Voltag is leading the current ie. 640 In this case, instantaneous values of current and voltage at a particular instant are; vey (iii) Voltage is tagging behind the current ie. +0 'n this case, instantaneous values of current and voltage al a particular instant are: losin cot and V= Vp sin( aot —) ‘And, phasor diagram of such alternating circuits is shown as; 8Alo ~e Average power dissipated in an alternat kK Kumar ). Mobile 99100889 circuit In an altemating circuit, both curent and voltage change with time so as power of the circuit, Because Power of a circuit ata instant is given by P= vi Where, Vis alternating voltage and I is alternating current inthe circuit at that instant “Therefore, in an alternating circuit we calculate average power dissipated in circuit in one cycle. ‘Average power of an alternating circuit for one complete cycle is defined as ratio of total electrical ‘energy dissipated in circuit in the form of heat in one cycle to duration of one cycle. fiwelt fay Alok Poy = Vinslrms COS & 10© Alok Kumar Ponce 120-47 70160, Mohs 9801He8a Here, "cos 4” is called power factor of alternating circuit. This expression for average power dissipated _is applicable for every alternating circuit having different values of > Different Alternating Circuits i) — R-circuit: Consider an alternating circuit containing a resist tance R’ connected aoross an alternating source of voltage, i) V=Vpsinot — Let‘! be current in resistance at a instant then, according to ohm's law T=1,sinot Mo Where, TI, =maximum value of current in resstnee Itis clear from equations (i) and (i) that in alternating circuits, voltage across resistance is always in same phase with current in resistance, i., In R-Circuits, Phase diference, uiPhasor diagram of resistance in alternating circuits is Average power dissipated in R-Circuit, cline = (Inge ) R= Max. Pov = Vine lms 608 6 = V, (i) Lecire Consider an altemating circuit containing @ pure inductor na, alternating source of voltage, Let ‘l' be current in inductor at instant inductor at instant t i,Alok Kumar © O04 TUNG, Mohile aeanteday tl aad Since, a pure inductor has no ohmic resistance, therefore, according to ohm’s law at instant 't we have; WV+e)=1(R)=0 = V,sinott (14 =0 a =Vsinor=(L) a Y => -Ssinot dt =dl L On integrating the above equation, we get Here, ol =X, has units and dimensions of resistance, ie. itis defined as opposition offered by inductor to alternating current and is called “inductive reactance”, For an inductor of inductance L, its inductive reactance is given by; X, =oL=2nvL =X, conv B“ey Alok Kum a Phone M2047 71160, Motite 9eapade, 1, sin(/2~eot) = 1=1ysin(ot—x/2)——— Gy 'tis clear from equations (i) and (1) that in alternating circuits, votage across inductor always leads current in inductor by a phase difference of 7/2, i.e 'n L-Circuits, Phase difference, Power factor of Inductor, cos =0 ‘And, phasor diagram of the L-Circuit, And average power dissipated in inductor (L- alternating circuit), P. ve bins COS = 0 14Alok Kumar Mone 0120-47 71150, Mobile oeatnaeaay (ili) C-circuit: Consider an alternating circuit containing a capacitor of capacitance 'C’ connected across an alternating source of voltage, £ L__@ V=Vosinaat--~(i) Let"! be current in capacitor at a instant‘, then, sQ_d I=S=—(v: at a a1] (C¥osinad) a 1=CV,— > og sino) =1=CV,(ocosat) v, AA mn Voces Here, 1.=X,, nas units and dimensions of resistance, ie. Its defined as opposition offered by capacitor in oC the way of current and is called “capacitive reactance”. For a capacitor of capacitance C, its capacitive reactance is given by; 15Alok Kumar fe a i )sin(x/2-+at) |, sin(ot 4-x/2)-——(ii) It is clear from equations (i) and (ji) that in alternating circuits, voltage across the capacitor always legs behind the current by a phase difference of 7/: In case of capacitor in alt-Circuits, Phase difference, ‘And, phasor diagram of capacitor in alt-Circuits, we have; Power factor of capacitor in alt circuits is; cosg=0 16Alok Kumar Phone 20-497 160, Mobile GO TMGtag And, average power dissipated in capacitor in all-Circuils, Pay = Vins lens COS = O (ii) LR - Circuit: Consider an allemating circuit containing an inductor of inductance 'L’ and a resistance 'R’ connected in series across an alternating source. t R oo Yu i L 9 ‘be current in the alternating circuit such that voltage across inductor is Vi Then, Let and that of resistance is Vz Vue 1X and Va= R ‘And, net voltage across the combination is, V=Vit+Ve two individual voltages because they are not in same phase, [.e., in alternating circuits, we know that voltage across «inductor always leads current in it by a phase difference of /2 whereas voltage across resistance is always in same phast alternating circuit is given by; We take vector sum of these fe with current in resistance, then, phasor diagram of LR Wtony ulin sly Alok Kuma i OAT, Molle 9a9teedag Magnitude of net voltage acros Series LR allemating circuit is; v= We E ms Ins £0595 Ving pp, —_R Consider an alternatin, % SFeuit containing capacitor of eC and eae Rr S°7088 an alternating source Connected in series Jave jae Alok Kumar Mn 20-8) 7IESO, Mok Let‘ be current in CR altemating circuit such that voltage across capacitor is Ve and that of resistance 'S Ve Then, we have; Xe and Va STR And, net voltage across series CR allt circuit is; VaVc+Ve We take vector sum of these two individual voltages because they are not in same phase, |e. in alternating we know that in alternating circuits, voltage across capacitor always lags behind current init By phase circui -/2whereas voltage across resistance is always in same phase with current in resistance, then difference of Phasor diagram of the CR altemating circuit is obtained as ‘And magnitude of the net voltage across series CR combination at this instant ‘is, Where, Z= Xi +R? has units and dimensions of resistance, ie. it is defined as net opposition offered by series CR alt-circuit in the way of current and is called “Impedance of the CR altematina circuit.Phone M30-499116 "X48 also clear from phasor diagram of circuit that current. Voulms £086 =V,,.1,,, ——_& ooh Fe ViSIX, Ve=I Xe and Ve =1R ‘And, net voltage across series LOR circuit is; VeVi + Vea¥y We take vector Sum of these three individu circuits, We know that voltage voltageacross cal resistance always in same phase with current in it, then, Phasor diagram of serie fr it An Mw a | (a) IfVs > Ve then, mat nitude of net voltage across the s 2 pacitor always lags behind current in it by a phas: 5 LCR alternating circuit is obtained 2s; Alok Kumar Phone 1204771150, Mi EN ONGAAD fe difference of x/2 whereas voltage across ‘eries combination in this case is,Alok Kumar one (ITOATTINSO, Mokule 98046489 .-F +R® has units and dimensions of resistance, i.e. it is defined as net opposition offerea Where Z= V(X, — by series LCR-Circuit in the way of current and is called “Impedance of series LCR alternating circui It is also clear from phasor diagram of the circuit that in this case of LCR-Circuit, Voltage is always ahead of current in phase, 'f 6 be phase difference between current and voltage in the circuit, then, Power factor of the circuit is given by; (©) Ve >V., then, magnitude of net voltage across the Combination inthis case is 2fr Kumar 1140, Metis 989 LOE? Vee XB oe sition offered Where, Z=\C R has units and dimer ons of resistance. itis defined as net OPPOS! n offeres by LCR-Circuit in the way of alternating current and is called “impedance of the circu It is also clear from the phasor iagram of the circuit that in this case of LCR-Circuit. Voltage is always behind current in phase: if 6 be phase difference between current and voltage in the circuit then power factor of the circuit Is given by: cos = cos ‘And average power dissipated in LOR-Circuit is given bys R Py =Voalan 6080 Vilas TX iXe-® (©) Vc = Vi then. magnitude of net voltage across the Combination in this case is, v= vere VaV oR V=1Z=1R Where, Z = R = minimum opposition offered by a series LeR-Circuit in the way of alternating current. inthis case, eurrentin the LCR circuit becomes maximum. THIS situation is called Resonance. itis also clear from phasor diagram of the circuit that in this 352, Voltage is always in same phase wit cent —O12 TN, Motte 989tntdaD Nelms €°8$= Vindan, =( In)? = maximum. i.e., In resonance, 1= maximum, THis gives, Zs minimum and is equal to resistance R, 24 Alok KumayKumar impedance of series LOR alternating circuit is given by where. 25ra Alok Kumay¥ Phone 01204771080, Met peaviniegay Q-Factor: It is also called the quality factor and represents the sharpness of the resonance. It is defined as ratio of voltage across inductor or capacitor to net voltage across series LCR circuit in resonance. Q-factor = Vi Because in resonance, Vi = Ve and V= Va tetr= SE and wa hnein cena, 1 fk actor ==, Q-factor LE ‘The above expression clearly shows that the sharpness of the resonance can further be improved in a given series LCR-Circuit by decreasing the resistance of the circuitLC Oscillations: inen 2 charged capacitor is alowed to discharge through an ideal inductor (having no resistance) electrical cpenizions of constant amplitude are produced inthe circuit due tothe continues and periogic conversion of energy stores in capacitor in the form of electric field lines into the energy stored in the inductor in the form of magnetic field ines end vice versa. These are called LC oscilations. Consider 2 capacitor of capacitance C connected across an ideal inductor of inductance L and 2 battery through 2 two way key 2s shovin in figure. oan ian anes ance" = HE- Let us connect the termina! + and 3 py inserting a plug between them. Capacitor gets charged fully to the Q. now, we remove the plug and insert the plug between terminal 1 and 2. The battery is cut off from the circuit and fully charged capacte across the inductorkK um (0497050, Motute -naoqnazaayAlok Kumar Phone 0120-47 7010, Mofile; EOE Questions for Practics connected to a source of 220V. Find the inductive reactance and rms current in ire inductor of 25.0 mH is uit if the frequency of the source If 50 Hz. Ans, 7.852, 28.038 a.c. source of 200 41.Apu the circ of one henry is connected to an 2. Find the maximum value of current when an inductance ‘Ans. 0.9 \ce and the current (rms volts, 50 Hz. 3, A 1uF capacitor is connected to 2 220 V, SOH2 source. Find the capacitive reactan in the circuit. Ifthe freq! to the capacitive reactance and the current? uency is doubled, what happen Ans.1,048, 1.47A, and peak) i a resistor R in series are connected across & 42V, 50 Hz supply a current of 0.5A ‘4, when an inductor Land rruit, The current differs in phase from applied votage by 7, radian. Calculate the ‘ating of FE {lows in the ci Ans. 120 inductance L, is in series with an a.c. source marked ©, connected to an inductor of 14, radian, calculate the value of L. Ans. 0.0318H 5, A bulb of resistance 10: 490 V., S0HZ. Ifthe phase angle between the voltage and current IS ly draws a current of 2A. When itis connected across 2 10V ~ Jonnected across a 10V d.c. SUPP .- current in the second case. 6. Acoll when ct sgoHtz a.c. supply, the same coll draws & current of 1 the coil. (Take ence determine the self inductance of ‘Ans, 0.0288H A. Explain why it draws lesser