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B.Sc.

(Semester-6)
Subject:Physics
Course: US06CPHY01
Title : QuantumMechanics

U n i t : 2 Stationary
- Statesand EnergySpectra

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".
cir3<-rr p" t<*r-tc!] rj4e-o i:rn q so\t-.t-(s.l oG 1}J< g)q\-<
ar.r3$an o.r{. cles(mbq cr-l o\ Sr-.I-tta11c\^j Srel'|eJ.
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-qr-a G.{nc}on its €yr<.yf ho_a c^ FQ^lr<-crl5
JaH-r.{te \rd-lqe. Tb< enengf sFqct-n1lTn r..e i_h( se+
:? ener\91 \.a-lq el orsoc i".Ied c,:i+q +be vo^1o!9
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:wos+rruntl3 rii^r'! vo-.\\r{ in

V. p, & R.p. T, p. Sci.College


Dr. P.M. Patel,Departmentof Physics,
dY(r,"t) --
* ( '',+) + \(i',+)V(? +)
It

th ? | qcTr *r+r't l- \
2Tri
l\(1J+(+t-l+

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it = - 11 :- ti . .t ,\ ,t ,' r+ '. . ,
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l .
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.
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of physics,
Dr.P.M. Patel,Department V. p. & R,P.T. P.Sci.College 2lPage
cr ou.l4 be vqYush o.!
TL q G, cr \.<- C.{.rr!Ho 1"\ I
'rh e h'{s +o be ne<J. He'ncq +he
v.Jq q o( E
i-r +f densiJJ b e(o]^n es
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= \lELi) I
l*t?,*r l'
Th en qeo-De , +y\e- Ptdbqhl alf) d<'ns\4j

Y1'\1\st dls o be ff.rne


i-r€le Pefl cr.<'|".1. e!(F<cr_dHoiT) vo-t\{e

\ fl"\ePqnde"U'
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'the P<"'_\'cl q o^' ffoQ Grq\tq t-'rn(H ot')
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js to JlePtodtt'(q +l'\e' sqmq c,]q^'<-
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qgsn G''.tnttt o1 crtr4 E ir ed.ll4'C
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'the shqPq o( i t:e-I1 ' c1il-h \'e^+1c'l
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sides a tHT lQ! bJ
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91
(€ -\ ) cqb 'ne\na bq
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Fosi+rvq Jr-r fi^,.I ! oe?ioTl

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t'ill
cqn .no+ ey+e) {r\ .H^e 4q?1o. s r { llt

s+qf i++, r.r +t1e Pote"vLtf e^-l ttel.l be-t<rqqn '(: c(


"':

V' P.& R' P' T' P' Sci'college 3 I Pa s e


Dr. P. M. Patel,Departmentof Physics,
q1.1.-l a(: -q . r-1t(] (q +.4q Fc^HclQ is boq'hq b3 ffiq

r'nd e p qolqq'q" schoo&.rr9e4 tart


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-2"" E q \r(l >\
f,ir-

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BounC s+c-!-e ) .r'y') o. sqqq4q (,3e-.1.1: ( E <o)

Ad'ryu ss iblq sdl\.lo'ns ot cidvq cqqc-H or) :-

F.]4 E <o , cJe cr^r'+q 91 q (s) qJ t6lloul\


".-ls.

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Po s l Hl-e coY\ stqYql.

n rhe. iene^o]
-tr
sol ot JJ qr I is

1-{ (r() = A ao)s F.( + R s1rnF3- - -- --. (E)

dbenR ,.1 { B c\4e C_ohsfq.r+3,

rv'i s Jr ..i j - oeQrio"n A .


+he
Tt\e 5 e.nen o-.1 soir ot, .,.^o. Ce1 "ln +hq qe+ioi a
,1-he <l(
{ ll ir L.t.n<-str, cor-n 6i"rr-+-r'orr ok e qn{ e
( R€i]6h I [)

-<L= rfn ( E {\0,


"3E

p"sitiv< coyl stqn4.J.

the ae.ed s.f 6k J'. Gt _ls

q e : ( ) - A cors 13x- + R slf\f3J- - -- -- (E)

ohene Ac B q^e corlstq1.+3.

Js s.i j rr QeRriorl A .
Twis +he

V. P.& R.P.T. P.Sci.College


Dr,P.M. Patel,Departmentof Physics, 4lPage
_the (6) -rn
3 e.n<^ o..l s. i\ ok d th< .te"ajoo :
t -<r(
! is th< lJ.n<_ju) .-o1-t\hlY)$H'.Jn OG e <rnq e
Fo4 re+io,n-a -.rr
_ < \
Htnce q3 C( + e + 6 a
.r Th< q q m - l s si r l q sol! -l'.r, ne".ion - ! ,r-h^rs+ bq OG

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1.{ (x) : C e - ^ ( q )

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s6lr'\ ],n aeri'6n lll Is


r -<r(
q (](2 = D e --- - .. - Clo)

C 4 D q e C ' o , n s i q i q J .

The s61t-Hon r'{ !.<) qnC i+i t<"^a1 dq^-1'ycq y {1

Yn!-D+ be e-"ni n.rorra Af +tle Fo {t+ :(r -q oJh<aR.


.ne o.^s a d II t'n<€.+ c, q sho u-.({ hqv(
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l@--__(12)
: l"rY\r lo^,r.J , o.+ a( -- q r nr
a ][ J\'- dlr
U = q qn4
d*" dr"
-
lo"'" = o "-.p. * ullpol ---'- r1 3 )

- o.ri-o = - AF sj.nFq + BF clrsFo. _ __ uq)


--lJ. tu) r tttil cra se-+

(c1D) e : , - Ac o s F q tl5)

Dr. P,M. Patel,Departmentof Physics,


V. P.& R, P.T, P.Sci.College 5lPage
AdarnS (12) ( rq) c)e s€-l
1

((-D)< e : aBF CosFq

s.{bt.nqcFi1") (\l) q ( li)

(,-o) i-o = -2 Bs,nFa

- C( - o J ! ' " = .B sinP.1


:,rbtnd(+tr.ns ( \t) | q)

(c+D)< ito= tnp.ir,po ( re)

Nocr, o-rd o ivi&r^5 t\rt bf ( rt) c,re sE+

(c+o1< e-<a zApsinp"{


(c'{o) a<c( 2^(9rFc

< - F +<r11Fo. - __-- (lc)


q"rleJJ Ara qnd c+O10 r,.q c___D,
si-nu'Ja-.l5 a-r'.^'a-r'rg t \(l 6) ( l?)

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a( - -T5q4+.Fo. - - -*^ (ao,

\n l€JJ B =o qh d (-D eo r',e

' The4e edst .r-t-ro +5pel oe- qd,rr! ssible !o l!+lons. .


(l) vJheb B 10 on4 c -_ D
, i_h er^l tno.rn ef. ctr)

2D e = 2,A cjos
Fq

aos f3q

Dr. P. M. Patel,Departmentof physics,


V. p. & R. p. T. p. Sci.College 6lPag€
( 2.7

2, B s i"n Fq

- - - - . . \ 1 < ' /

d = B +qr.1 Rcr - P c!+p q


-<.

B = a
--. (23, -= (2 q,
D E Ae clo! pq --
^e , R- a - \ .{ n r^
< \

( b) Th< E r't c-r vo.i q el


C O i sc4eJ<

Both +\e hJFEs oc sslu.l!'or.ll ec.-rs + ovrl5


ko{ c e/q:J'r) d-i!t-te}e VcJqel oG 'r"le- e'Y\e-^"J
tso^qhe+or E.

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r -
h,^
.. ..2rp? _ _ 2 . r y \E z.rnE 2TnVo
ia ha n1
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01',!r p l-Arn5 b5 A- on bq1-h the sldej cae )ar
(-1+ = z".tvoqr
f.t) d
ir-
..' (..r 1 ptl a2 = \.
/ er/
"--+
.n.^+.r^o-l nr'.,_.1+oe e1er,93 .

ln c{'. C Lr ) v6 Is A-neo{Jrr.e oG .fhq stJ)e"hs1.h

Dr. P.M. Patel,Departmentof physics,


V. p. & R, p. T, p, Sci.College T l P a g e
oc d\ e P6 f e.^t"i o-l .
sivrcq a( crr.{ F o,\q Fosrlr.q H evr.<-
nlu = 4-t^ F.. rn r,ai" bq po.s
r+lv<
t - '
c'"ol bence
trd]r-{€-) 0(. ]+,".S .l'n +n< In+earc.-.ll
Pc(

ro < Bc( < ( r _ . + r )- .: n


14 _ _ - - - \4r-,
z
( ^ - o, !,r, -.,
)
q^e o"lrrnj sriule .
N6(J sq bs tr -+e.l-fi\3 4 a 13 +qn Fq {h c r-;
",fl.
( ct *.3p". + p1 q1 = \"
)
' ( +.r.n(3q +r1 Vo
B'q' . = E
., doa.ecrpo = !o
A

. sectpo = J9 - -. .- (z')
F*q'a
OA

l"-spql = (a*) l'" -_.(1t)

Th< rno"lt-.ltrs signr q)-r'sel beccll,-oe +r-rq -ltb+ hc"n{


rido q6 fhq e{tr o+-rorn Jr lcnoon +\ ber FoJri1'e-
Sit.rJo.,..]5, too +hq secsnd l$Fe_ oG s ol,,+.1,$yto (--
i-he oqyq e+vs+ion , g1'y..,r., b: e$. C.q;, s.{bsH,f .-i.<
c(: _.T5eo+Fq rr, e;\. (9-) c._eq B+

(F\".t2po + F.)d
" *
.,
l . . . ^ o( c o + l F q t - , )
" *
-. c t s e c l ; r <= J 9 ---- -- (zo,
Ft"a

Dr. P. M. Patel,Departmentof Physics,


V. P.& R. P.T. P.Sci.College 8lP3se
lsr.npol = fA - - _ - -
\T ) ' Fq. (3o)

Hq^e --lro 4 clh4 p <ve posiHve j_


bq+ = - co+13<{

fi\r-^ | be re-4J.-+n 4. Hrnce v6.lqe oG ]di;J


F cr I'n
ih e i't +.ar^.]s
(:^-r)-! < P<l s 14

(^ _ t,r- ---
)

E{: ( 2-r) q.nd (36) c,r.r-\ b< so-i1s H'ed o'rl: b]


c<,.to.t'1 s Fecr t-t'< d..l s(-4<+e V6]qej oC $ Vu'c,h <q11 b<
13 ,
hoqnd enor}licc^t15. These \/*lqe, colt.-l o,r <
Fn
d e+e^TruYl<! bJ +he t'.nfe,rr5 a" *io.r., o(, +l-\< s f!.\ o.]ght-.
r-rvr. : v ( a,/vo
)r'2 Fo c- ir-}, ila e qlqveJ 6-a, lcosFql
etd I sin pc. I a4€ shocih cr-4 sc\{ l.rneJ o14 doshe.l
!'he-J -.,erperH.q,13 i-, tl 5 rql. pov.+s
The t oe
l3noqe-l c\^e I'n<{_]c..} elll b3 .!_4.ne.r_
"{oHej

-\.\t

3n, 3rl
Frg: cq)
aF Hne l'y\+!^3ecH.of)J cr (c!q o+
'ur e F : F n ( n : o , r 7
oq_r.e-r pond-r'i.:: 6_11o(Jesl vclLl e, oG +he ene^af, o,1t
obtqlheC roo^rn ef . 131.

Er,= - a
S n-' u" . lcr-" I' - t --"c'!2)
]u"

V. p. & R.p. T. p. Sci.College


Dr. P. M. Patel,Departmentof Physics, 9lPrge
h's cq) , ir. ($.;"" - .r-, +he
n* ,_
g pcr < (N+r) t.n + h e nq <vq
lnl.{ {T ,
!N +l ) i1.Ll-e,nsecHofls. Tn ol-be. c,ro.iJ4
, +he 11q.,be4
oG dj s<oe+ e -lav€l .ts
eylengJ (N+l) i r..
. L n r . r 1 v 6 , l r r -< 1 < {- r t ( r , r + \ ) f 4 , r ' l
\v"J
l'. q
N < ,'*'2 (3 3)
_v ( { ; ' " .

o'+ -l Ec{Dt oyl bo\rnl slq+e


hor,: e1a,a G e c..1c

ene^3J e-r3qnleuiqFionS Pcl^.r'+J : -


v{e nqv{ tr!{ e-rs qfl G.lnqt-r'qrv

1.{ = Ce , :( < -cr (3 t)

1r -- A(osBa( + BrrT\F1 _q (3r)


! _ -<:(
1{ = Pe , ,(>q. (36,

\r_!r.r\3 e,r'-. (r3) c.5e 3.4


T <q <.!
\ = Ae cel Pc{ e )c <^o. (3a)
,
\r- : Aclspr. - o <.c <o. (38 )

!I <q -<.(
\ = Ae cirspo e (3\_)
, a(>c{
rt cre .^eF4ea€MS vo_lqe^ oc o< -
"(n
c,.bo\r< q b eco.r.\ <,
",-f!
<io. .(":(
_ --- (qo)
\o = Ane c - o s Fcne 1<-o.

= A r 1c { s F n . ( -q<:(<o. - - - - . ( qr )
\n ,
TT
qn no io*"p.o 6* * tr - _ _ - (qz)
(\ = o,2 -'- )
'.h q oG sqcLl cqncHor\4
n6+1.4q lt IJJqs+-n q+€-d
gnq P[r qq-llj (b). qn(.<)
fn h5 rs slrrnhre-tjr ( qbor,-|. +he o4t?r!i

Dr. P.M. Patel,Departmentof physics,


V. p, & R,p. T. p. Sci.College l 0l P . s e
Fig r (5)

evan po^i i)
ejgeT r l..r"nctlo,9

li

Fii: (c)

O dd Pa^r'if
er'9eh S{7\ctlo1,

qn (1) : qn (- x) (q3)

A^nl oruvr- G.]rrr-+ion d !tr'cl.\ hc'A +{--i.t rJrnine+4:t Fnope_/\4_)


js s"id +o bq o(r even Fc'-iJ L
'tVre er'5e1- G...l
rLo$ or) c-o.1$esp6 n.dr ';\a to n: \,3---
o^e chc.^crctr^t?e4 hf .^1, (-q) w.- h<1v<

-- B s i . r r p n x ,- q <.(<cr. ------(qs)
d
q* -- (8e""tr sinFno.) ,)(,.
u-t'*, _ _ _ _ -_ (q6)

TheJ< G.rn r+t'orv d4<- it.lq sroc,.ta-l i.r Ft:, (<). TV,e: a,r,t
95.FA q Y\fr S!Tr,me+nr (.l ir-\ ncJFec+ .io +h€
c o^r €lh

Dr. P. M. Patel,Departmentof Physics,


V. P.& R.P.T. P.Sci.College 1 1l P r g e
t{nta) : - q,(-)() -- _-_- \,r")
A.t\l cr q^a (r!hcH6r.) cJhrc-t tt.ts p4 o p<r\4j
hc!_, oc q"\+i-
s"i tn,rne+^3 is qor'cl +ic be ot od.l Fodl)

Pe"n J\ clH O tnrc cl"rssicc.-l-i hoobi"ld eTl


Jl e?-t o.n s : -

\^.le lcno.-: fhc,t o c\crssicc..{ I,e,.+l!lq oG e.neng)


E < cl cqn stqj q'\.\ls ir, R qsaton a qnq qqb.noi q{
d-.{.t e t!+4-\ Re*r'ors q.rrd
I !I BG! H ooeve}l , .rh<
q-q q1^+.1in fnechqY\rcsl (".r.ncHols
c^rqv<- \ (,.) hq_v.r-
nori vq.r..rs l,-ing vc^.I\.t{s i,r-r bo+h +h€Je clcrlsicqll:
koa bid.te1] -oes,iorrs- +r1i^a- I s H{n(e
p-^obqbi!il
oG tsrn d.r'^3 +|\ < .{'rt
Fc^--+jclq Re_ro_r,ot: E A 11
Tn F^.^ r l+(t + o , .fhen e1o-4q
"r-r'$1ola , tso-r .r lo,^o q
\rc.-I.{< oc c( , +ha Pno 6<15,jr't, -+ L The/\!-bone
.11^< Pqr^.ttcle ,
ci.tn"nof e .secqcq l.. Ln Gt'rr lJ €l.r.si-qn qe
i+ stqf boqn.l +! +to€- Fate,r.,tJ..]
,
t Tl.q St^rq^e N el_l : No.t-l _
(F>o )
'1:l^ < Sc.h4g&.r]ge4 e-n{.-{<-.t-lror\s cq.-l
b e- c!""-r t+ef\

E\l kt4 l(<-q qh{ e(>c(


(R<+l'6nrlcS)

-i! & -\o\= e 1.r ho-4 - .\ < 5- < s-


t R t-+ior I T )

\^{he\ E >o zaE js Fosi+r'ye,


,
i L
S q F P o s{ lYnE . ? (E+\o)zh ^ F1
iz
H<Y\r< .JJ. ttt qn.l (!) bqco.,.4e4

Dr. P,M. Patel,Departmentof physics,


V, p. & R. p. T. p. Sci.College 1 2l P a g e
_--, + ,ltt-o ---- (3)

Jq d. =" -q<r(<q. ----.(q,

Thr so ir oc t-rr qyLq ( q) on<-


".lnr.
i !.( -ltr\
q : !+ e + ( _ e D (< - q
,
\l(!( -1 k\
q* _
= D+ e + u_ e 1 >C! (5)

, i Fr -ip*
^J : 4. e -q
t A-€ <'-<<r

-r Pht ! rc.J f *- p',n*.^*.1 o a ,' .


Tn (rl r!\ e F\qre crqv< c.. etbt p.",,e"\,r- .Fn <
"^i "a
^f\ot{6r-r
o(r Po^H'{t< G..\oyr\ :( : - o6 -i-€ a- -- - q r' q

'l-ot.rc^^ola :v'ehr qmd (^]qve


he.rr{ si.lq flq^aq C- e
'epa<sQvf +he .rnol-t oh t(. -q- -ao
trro.r"1 +o a(: 1.e
i€ L.h,J s i . r . . rI o ! : Dn ett* o.,q -.p.r"oe".J
D_d'k"
4a^{ <rc\\-q ,l.nqyc.{ f..,rq^d.a R, H,r qf\d L.H.J 6rro-n
x = c( +E :(: !A .4erpecHr/ilJ Soynq (J< cr{i ,^aA-

F-^<-t<-{ d'r . !t) befv qen fh< r-r'.rnr'4 .(: - o. -t-a

+ l3oundon1 c"r.r\cu'l-t'o.n I

Th<_ \o --o
Fote.|'-n uh{r1 a < -q qhd 1>q
"J
flt^s E >o .t]n< l.€\^t e\q hcr_a q
, He.r.€ Potirl'v<
\"rr,e-H'c Qq{Jl91. Th< P(r.+l'c\< . Cqal r\o,t- S+!rf rt .rha
rre4-io1. r-r,T
caqqo" .fh e_ bov.rtdqal clln4.r'H dr9
"-
.!.r't1 -t o
!teo..) * o qh"r j[ ttt^,
o-^< .no+ s<,_{iih'ad. A P c^-rl'cl { si+h ti< ccc.rr< (r.{y\cfi oru
(!-), (() I (?) JJ rto+ loc.rj 3q4, rF Jr caF,{4aJ
lot
C-onGl?r€-l 'fo qnj (rit-lf C .4€+ion oG Spqce S/hc<
| ! t:<t la q".rn-t1l no?\?a^o Qven cJh(O ,( .) : <. Sqch ctc11-<
cti o11 qa4
Gv,r., ytot noo.rnc^Li&4h\<.

Dr, P.M, Patel,Departmentof physics,


V. p. & R. p. T, p. Sci.College 1 3l P a s e
Tvr.( s6ir qn4 f rs koar de^_r,vr.+r
ve-a h!4+ bq
c.-tt-i^qnrota c.+ !( : - q qn.l \: + q. HtnL +hoe -t,l not
qnj 4€!t.r!.r c H ot cln k t:r;::;,
Fu
Js qyl er'een
v.o-,\qs,*n.: ,"ni".l. "'"
crhdJffoY)!
t-,y" t-6 r,-l +jwr.-r{,on
J b!+ fhe: itrr-o 1q
sict qn1.16L16s
At , C1 D1 , ! i^ncq +5q n q ^ . nb ! , t ot-
e4qc-hons ir l€-rJ fbq1.) fln < nqh!<t oc vnkno€nj 6rJ
tnhzut< Y)q^rnb{^ oh solu+tons .rh!_4
esc{31, ih< eY\eagj
ergen \a6-1.{e! hoo"rn o cinH!1loul ( o. dr,Jl*", .!*.
",ot
Htn(e fb( (ne ji speci4rl.r4 bE4 E >o .{s q con.tii\q.rn .
rhe F r r oh c r 6 i J j t l o6
qcHeetiofl -l'r *r'v<n b:

qE (e+\")
* " I t n
vor si"l 1 z f e + v . 1 7 5 ]

tXis ea.Poe ss io.r,) .l'l sho(Jfr


eno pt.i<-t 13 i^n hl'9 (ql.
+ F<}4 venj ]oc eTlen#eo
(E+o) +{1< qeH{<H6yl .r.:,
d.rnorr tol-El. 4,1 eE/!.
)
l.r,raqqse-r , R oscitl"+e.o beJi
?e^6 qn4
[ r + .,nre*1.;7r..!1.
T\ir bov"nd 4{ pe^adr ontj
o"n (S7y.
I , ^no11,nQ_ .ridrh
E/ \o +
r_he- F$ he1-ricl <-5
.'-1..1
Tvr< (r{eq.{qi., oh osci.llc^h'on deper.rd r on
Fonq.rff+<^ a = -bl 1 q de Pe..)cl on !3 idth
41-nq-
oG fr^<- Pof<n+ic GciI.
9 Tbe .{,yn plet(* t.ActTtsyr\l ss r,on occri_U (R-o bhef)
)
th{ e"ni^et ir s r { c r a+ h o + { tfG.y.ti a\ = |neFq.o.

Dr. P.M, Patel,Departmentof physics,


V. p, & R. p. T. p. Sci.College 1 4l P n g e
'tr sqtqq p.f.^r.q B-.^..a o\.

Cq) \+ r{qruqft m echclv cc._l Tqhn


Le+ qs c_otsrdeo q poie..+1.e.I bcraal'e4 q,
s hoc.:n 1n
krg cqt Th4r4 is q eltect oc f_be pe.nefqc^+r'o! o0 ih(
crcrLe Grrrcrrol i.n to c\oJirc.JlJ tu"rb r dC<.n
irn<qnr 4 ealoI I . l+
.th<A{ -l s ct,n 'f,t^n-lr,l
cr.bl,t_!.tJ ot ,
Fo.+1cleJ +t,
bqaai<.'r. oG he.r'ehi vo.

The- po+c'.+1c] ,1_h<-


oc
sqqa4 Q crr_lt bqar,-rer, _.tr
v.@
I o, .(<cL
--(1)
v. = i r, _q <:,-<c(
i,",
t-::L-.r L o , !(>c(

'The-
Schao"rr'.n 5 e4
hoa a e+-1'o".)
lL bec6m._,

- +'1 Jv : bl.{
a,Yn {:(1

ll_.

'' J
+
u
+<r{
1
ic) (2)

x" . z31e

s ch4o dt,l,r9c,t ln.) -ae_ea1'on gr"e,r., b:


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!- {r
- _!. +. + \s\ E Er{
.
"il.
d*-t
t 'o
;"=-v6)\
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H. -Pil.r =o (3J

of physics,
Dr.P.M. Patel,Department V. p. & R.p.T. p, Sci,College 1 5l P a g e
qrh{-e p2: - L4 tE^v"l .

th< s6h,ff6rrl cJc. e-jnr (a) .r^ a

' 1<.( - i'11


..;. A* € + A-e (t<-q) ---- qJ
qnq,
t r t r. cr elt t c- Jt*t (r.>o.; ---,(r-J

Ai , A-, C+ q C- o'|e conrrqhf: .

A+ e .n e F4ele'!.+ +he Fq^+1cles o4e inciderr+ o.r, tle


bcr^.u e{ o.rr\1 tao-rn +h< _\Q(r| !{de c^rirr.r
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, , qnc
A- e -ne9aele?.t ftq Fc\^.rlcles rrnov{13 oifl) Tno.yn{_
,ratq"rn -n l. cr(JqJ t-,r o.rn +hq bc.4-n-l.e) 1,, e- +bt
Pcr^fi'cler {eHecF{C b: thC b.ra,rr,q.

.'. q.rn p \ i t\{.t { Gor -.leHecH,on = I' Aa_' r tl

.: rreu<_rl.6r. p,robcrbi.u+: =
\, != l.
A{ I

Tn 4err-16y) T|vre pq/..{ clej cj1r.\ not .rnonlg r-o


a-h. I c rrl-

., u]=.*.''^ ----- tG)


-IfiJ
crqr.< G.{y!ci{on .^tF4erer+ .l-hc-+ pcr-fl,cleJ .lu
arnovtfls
iVrr eV+, c.:{.1-, cjl,Jd (orn e- 6nlJ b5 t\,r1nq.l,r_]h9. +l.tno\6}
+t\{ b.r",wrre-f 0.rro.rn nero-t,o_n I-,

: Th< q"rnF1it.-(.le t-o4 +,1lri e.fA'n, = *' 1 i

T.1\.ln€-.{,t-{y\! F^o bc!bt!'+J ^ (+ ra


A .I '--- r+)
\o.o, +he coy\HrF+:; qlrrd,irlor!,
o^{
1r -- q-
qrvr -_ 1:- q"+ 3\ -_ -c. .
ia
.{.(

Dr. P. M. Patel,Departmentof Physics,


V. P,& R.P.T. P.Sci.College 16| p a s e
6G .-.1'l <!) ttn qe"!-16n A- .fs
Fx - F<
B+ Q + .t)
c-l tt^nr+:

^* .-'"o * ^- et'" = g* ! Fo *
aro
"_
-
F B+e + p
- 1<A-e '=

a l I L
r { : \ r dq! dqu
?r
(rll

P s+eoo- pB-;Fo = 1 ' <c * € t " (r1)


o r via.r't t cf rlt-J hf ( )
Bo -Bq
fB+e r-p- e
-7;
t;4 r u-"-F"
lo -nq
( B + e '+ B - e ' ) = F B + € - B B- e

B-e''-+ F B - e - P "= P B+e - i . < B +€

s-e ( F+ r'<). B+e' ( F- ril


ipq ( F- r!)
.: B- = B+e
fr f r<

1 z- t q zpq (13)
B- = B+ -------:- Q
1 3+ t <
tt o or, a.r'' 1'"!i^j eJ cr"1 Ua (ci), Qe- 5e+
. -ri.r
1<A+e '
P B +e - P ts- E'
A* it"'+ A- e"q 4.,JPo + c- cPo

Dr. P.M. Patel,Departmentof physics,


V. p. & R. p, T. p, Sci.College lTlPnge
Sqbs.H+r,-H1^g
B- b-n" ra a,n ( lt _)
. - l<q
144+e - r<A_
Fa,ipo- F ' oo.
\ P + r<
) "" "no
p-1'< \ lFq pq
s. ( '
P +ia )
o16$ o { ;' o" / F- ri 1 z P q1
\ _ r
F+i<,/

./" {; 'o'-1r::
(
;"'*1
- F i F + , " r i ' r ' -r l ] - r . " * l
{ (p + ri; ;rPr + ( p- r,.; q'PoJ

r { p ;'Po1 , , ' .; " P q- O . ' P \ ,; etPql


_ --|Pq -1!q 2pa lpq.)
{ r < i 1 . ( e , + F e - r < e J

F { - f t " " u ' - u - " P o +) r ' <( J P q + ; ' P q j J


{ p( ;'P"l - r< (r'Fq-i:'Ptr;
"'P"o
f { - p t ' - i " ( z F q ) + l a c - sl . ( , p q ,
J
{ p _, t 1tpcl _ ia s r,,r}.( .FqjJ

{ t , , a rJ ' " " - ,i^- Jr;h(2pqJ =


"'"] ip*rt.1.p<;-r<
{ o - r J ' " o *l - . ' ' " ] F { - f J , ; h ( r F a ,+ i a . , < ^ ( L f e ) 1
I . ( A + F c l r h C z p o ; f t i o + < a A n s i ' l ^l r O o J t ' ' " - 1a F A- <,!\(2p.a)
-.r"A- Ji,,1h(rp4J(,iq=
"tto F l a n + r n t h t z p < S{ 1 < o _
p'e* .,"' t 1.po-1 €',o,1,'^ c - p< A -
p A _ c,s h (.pc ) e1'd )^(, Fu,tr,iq
",i
n, [ '"F xc,pol i''" - ,. p"^ry'pot?'\"
"-2(t,o^:;'ion "1s,;
* . . f t t t ' . t { . p o ri t i o
J . ,- t * p c , t t a< r p o ;! \ o + . < \ s i v t " l z p c s
e ' t ' * , < p c $ r h( r p q J -
ltt" F rr , ; t t z p t 1 e l r q J
A + ( " r + P 1, ,)' . t c ' p o ; i ' i o = a - { t i < p - r x . l r p l 1 e , . o. 1
1 . , _ p r 7: t " . l . 1 r p o l e r - ^J

Dr. P.M. Patel,Departmentof physics,


V. p. & R. p, T. p. Sci.College 1 8l P a g e
( < \ +p l ; s i r h t r

{ t rt- p'l s , n h ( z p q ) e ' < qI zi<p (2pq, e'?q


"-.h J

sr7|h(?pt
__, ( trl)
- -t (.1-d) s i 1 1 \ ( 1 1 3 q )+ 2 < P c j r r l ( 1 F c ,

-- 8e 1 t B r
:- A i
8,t

-{'r

.: Bae + ( \ri.re €+ q3r,

R"J.

B+ e I
(-!-li'2rl-c:5,1
(P+t<1

oq- (r.)
!
B4 (F +,<)

llj crE

-tk"
B+ { < "-Pq (p+r<1]

- . , C . , t- p ' - 1 r r h h ( ' F q J + a < p c t ' r h ( r p q ) ]


{

U r it't ..1i (16) ^ (la) If\ (lf) ae s+

-- -P" -i'q
'*ctpri . f F+?<)
{-.
( {3.t r<,)
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z.< p
- - - Qr)
{ -j t.r-pt, sit hcepal+z<Fe$rh(LFq,

Dr. P. M, Patel,Departmentof Physics,


V. P.& R. P,T. P.Sci.College 1 9l P a g e
Bu+
r = l ! 1 " taq.ns??9 tlto! Prrobcrb t_lJtl

q rtF"
j
{ - t.t-pt) 3 inh( r pq) + 2< F car h (a Fq) r i (
1 { shh (, pq_)
"?-p1)
11<Fcojr.<rFqtl

tr"siz,h1(e ql -q"?p?sintltzp<1
f (."- t <Jp!"-5 Lr1"po
1- q.tp. \-'

( . 1 + s L ) 2r r r " h 1 (r g q ; ^ , r < l p l s r t L 2 q r p q ) + 9 , . l p l c , r l z (r
r"rl
\"'F,

' = i ' nC . . ' tF 4' ) "s l' n*l . ' ( ! P q ) I t l9)

Aette"+{onProb.1oi1o *=
lhl'

qr1-pl;! sr.r;!(tFql
+ 9 ,1p!.., t1t"pq)

1 . r 1 g r ; L s r ' " ' f t r p c l - , 1 . . 1p ! s r ^ i t " 1 1 r p q 1+ q *Fac,


r htc.pq.,
c <r+ p1)'?sir.,,*c ' pcr;
( Lo,)
q r l q p 2 - 1 r s rL1t.1 . p e 1 + q " t p 2

1 . 4 1 1p 1 ) ' s i n * 1 2 p 9 ,l r
"(p
c< t . 1p l s r t r ' 1 { r p c l t q . ? F r 1at4p2-f5 * ! <tp1
r-' r^rcrp<-l

R'1 T r l. __ _ --. rzl)

V. P,& R,P.T. P.Sci.College


Dr, P. M. Patel,Departmentof Physics, 2 0l P a g e
F-notn e.n. tr<1

I,.,. \#
q.
- ?:
"
'#"J
z--:-:
"r.htc,pe)
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- -e
/
1
-l
-- l*- u.t . (( -4.--=. il
t q(vd-E)E
s\.n h.
I '.rL!. - E)^
I Qal=<v"-eyo
) |

cqse: 1
:f ,kr;;l[ = ! >> r
-l
- sln h'\ I
\ q]I-._.r - - l

8u+
srr-t \: - -l ( " '+ lef
"
.: si-1,l* :" 1
't -'
r .I . 1 (v . - E )
E
cir. J ! v . - E ) / A
---r J
I

l6 tv. -E) E -er^


Q-qF\'.
l((vr-E)E
*6ful. u.- .-,roj _____ (r3)

t t e Y \ r ,( i c \ot> > E, T < < l


1"t i"Tqtstnisr iol Probcthi-l-ri-J .l e c-ne.q,-ae, €.cFone*]c.lJ
cqla: 2
L T \ . Z r

s i r 'h' r
" I te)- e); -.l r I r -t:1-__ -l +) - _--J

hevr<e el. tt"1 beco,,,1.a


-l
c \\ 'rZo
-
r --
|. I + .:'l -- l , * n .I q(v"-F)r4
q(\._E)E J t q - r u _ eEl 6 J
. t = [' ' * S l ' ----- (rq,
AE .]

Dr. P. M. Patel,Departmentof Physics,


V. P. & R.P.T. P.Sci.College 2llPiC.
+.nqnr ?n] !t ion Pnobqbi-rrtl l'r

p.n"bo bitr.tr ot -4eh<(Hon \

,l ( <t-t Fr)trr"r Ll (z RrJ


(.1-p! r"l tlcrFq, t (<zFt
T
c,srL.lzpq)

B"+

1P ,
. 1 . .

E/ \" -)

c .1+p' 2)a iin t 1 ( 1i Cq,


( < ? 1 p a , s r r - rh 1 ( l ; p ' q ) - 4.Lp'z c,ot hr ( tjptq)

( <? -P1)1 s t'r'l ( z Plq )

- t.ltp")" si-rqrp'q; - CfaC".-.tctp'ql

(,"- p , { 1 1 s r ' r r a1 z p ' < )


( p,r) lt,n?crp,o, + q""F't coseq:plcl
"t+
-l
, R. L +
\ FtL
'l

I "t
( ? 2 - p r t JL s r " , "
"F'o
l
]

sqbsrilulnTg ot '< q'r'a


+ht vaJ.4.4

R = l
It
L
+ . -
ni'tlt z
u . . . -" . ,
JG;;-)/al t. -- (zr)

V. p. & R.p. T, p. Sci.College


Dr. P,M. Patel,Departmentof Physics, 22lPaEe
Th{ sclnodj,n qid 'fhe Pa o bcrbil.r.*
ln r<4 F. e|!.+1011 to. qh N ^ Po;clq s)st<fn :-

A s.tl fer-n o(, f.t po^+l',cle-! js 4€ p4ejer\+eii bJ


Forr+1ol,l qnq ..n 6yn <hl qtn \ o,,.].(blrl i , e , __- ?N cTtd
? - ) :lls
P ' . P ' ---- P . en{ b -ls g.l,ver] bl

E = H r i . i , . _e R , { , _i . ,_+ I - (l)

t ht oF€^or-oa-A o.^€
F + il 3+ , tf'V, --- (2)

t \,1- -- N )
6h€^e J .' = f C .' I ? 1
\ i\ x:, . t3,.J.
These 6 pe^!+o.!j .Fo qr+ €"- f.re cDct< r.{hcHol1
hqr-r- !,.
The 3N c! o4"jino+eJ oc +he N Fon+l c\el qrY\ be
To-.1.€.l.1 qs +he cooad_.111o+eJ oc q s I'hg k Fol'^f I'n cr

3N - dr'tn<nsi6n6] sPqc€. Su.cl.\ q sFo.c< jJ c<,lla-d ,t hc

C$'Y1Hg\!l(.tlOY) 3 tsc\ c{,

Th.- cpqv{ e"r"_ro..t_1an to4 N -P<uffue sy3 fera cqr\ b<


€rqtl.qn c{r

ir aa(l,i? --- i",nr


?+

Txi: ls r-he ---- (s)


$eno1e.l ho4,yn o tr +h( schoo J-fi.rge4

* Thq Flrn dq.rn {yu-.J PosfuJG+€J o G \,^.1q ve 1"1echqr.]cj


(q I Qe p-nerer"-r-a,-t'r'o
r oc srs+ e3

Poslul..cq. 1 '1 st!^+e q^-{qy\tyb .rnechq _


he oG o.
Yq co-.1 sy,rt e.rn is .le s (-db<-d o-'t
Jl c P-4el en+a4 btr q €q1.< Gr.nctron V ( xi+)
Postq.l I z - Pn{rl ciF r< :
"+q ::: l!?lP-o-slti'on
,, .rh .p qn4 Yl q^<- crqr< byilcH'oytj
I tol A,n5 fr.:o
siE+<-r o<r q- tr.<.rl s)-st-e.ra 4.hei c.-,loe-rpondr"ng .t

V. p. & R, p. T. p. Sci.College
Dr. P. M. Patel,Departmentof Physics, 2 3l P a g e
eYe/\J -tar-re...f c5frlbrn..+j.o,},l ct*t
+ c!V" ) ( oc .rh<
tso tqncFlori! -l-1renq <t,-rst: c{ sr!-tq .c +h{. lx+<,yrl,,
Tv\r s {s o. t-\^.\"lqin{"!t!-l p^i"r|ci F..l oc aqq}+\?h
.r'ie!hc{?Llcs fo c.r\^ic-h +hen< ls ^no tuoaes p6r14g1qq 1t
clq-rsicoJ r"nechq.]^ic!. 1+ tr r+re p"ssibrJjtf oG Jqpe^Fost-
l-i"n crF.jcA .rnolcej i.rrt+n l-ereh c< ph€-l.)ofh(r)c{ lo.!3ibt<.
+ 'The scd o'^ Paoduc-1- o6 + "1n4 $ -r's deh,nc4 .r
( 4, I I _ ( (x'lJl
J I r')Y
l(, h b l l oo J +h.+
t e " r ) " c v ,+ i
r Q , c + l = c c s , g ) , t c . 9 , + )= c^ ( 9 , 9 )
Tht Y \o 4 Y n o h * = (.t,.p) > o
tb) R e F-^q se-nt6*t-1o}1 o(,. d.lnq"r'.j. <.-{ ve,,.l4hle.s 1
Ealects+io11 voJqes , sbseJtvc(6\el l-

lts1.r\o+er I 3 Elrch Cf,nq.ryv'c.l vd,{-.t'c.{ble A ( ?, t)

.ir .neFaerer..-|e.l ,t't'r qqqtLtq'Yq "/n{chq?\l cl b: q -!in<r4

o b eq, r^ - o - 4 A o p = 4 t ? " " . ; . , \ , . A(?,-,"o);.

The oFeno+o,tJ clcts o.r) +ha ctqw- Irqn cHb1.U Ot


.the S'taieyn. q.n o Fe4.to.l
Thr et+ec+ ot A on q
cod..{. h{ylcH 6f1 fs +E coytte^+ i""t" qyro Hner.l oqa<
t
t\Y\cF{on dr"notc.4 bJ A \,,
LrTleq^t4J oG the o F<nc,+.o4 "rne4l.na th"+ of
{r'ne".n corn br'n c+i oo o(r tro c,.tqr"e. &q"tq,cr1s ql qhd
,.f' -ir c!.rrv<^+e-4 ly.f.. +bq Jq^rne ll'vreo4 c.mb1'nc.t-161
OG AY\ qTd A*,.

A(c,Y,+('*.) = c r ( A t r) t ( . ( A g " ) _ ( tJ
_+ Tle dJ 1-lq.rFl(d v<^^_l
<dbl €_l -l! qq q.yqgrh 'm €cr,14
d 9
"{6 1lof cjrwrYnr+r r,.<-
A B + B/+ ,
The d - t ' r -ot e n < q AB ^ BA -ls e.]te-l +he-
clrrYnnt4\.|d_t
6G A q"r.\d B. T.n ?.otrH on
f n, O1 . ^B _ BA - t2)

V. p. & R.p. T. p. Sci.College


Dr. P. M. Patel,Departmentof Physics, 2 4l F ' a ! t .
$ co'fnhr+afiorl J)do+1'6ns oG polJHot q.,.l4 Tno7n(1^4!1\
{l dedq(< q4 S6lto.-]! I
F6,\ o-n e Jr.yyr<n liot
(rF:p'-)* = r <f - r h v - - 1 (_- , n ? l r
[ l *
. - , ' 6 f * I * _ 1 (- " , +I
I O1 ?:( J
-= -1h
LlcH - "#.r -."{".)
_ rnt
[ r , F ] = . ' ] ' - - - - - ( 3 ) .
"
Fol th4{e- .l.t'Yq e"rtsioyra

( : i h i - F . , . : r i ) t= [ = , ( - r ' h + . ) * * ( ^ , r r ^ ] . ') r i v l
- d7j ?at,/ J

= f - 1 6 r t ; ? _ l -+' r r 3 ( n ,. .*, rJ. l


( ?:rj tr;.

.: -rh f rqd ra\ +' + r - ? Y - l


I /\ t'q' 7",; )
= rl Srg
'" r ' 1t 6
[ri,h;]: _ (r)
Grhe4e !!
= ,," '{r c-ll<4 Foovr<ck ea deJ+o &nolc4
"-.r?
fi; = I tc i=.r
: o l{r t+_J'
ftlr" I x , , ' r : l = o , I p r ,p ; ] . o _ (r)
\.1s c,.ln tu_^ttq

[ ] , b " . 1 = t : , b : I : I t , ! . I. i 5 - S,
Thq boaic co'rrrm!+G+i'on atl c,+i 6y9 ono{ fhq lclevqfiq,
o^{ (as,(l = A[[,(l tiA,(lB * @
In,s.] = [ A , R ] c+ B I A , c l ---(:/

ohe^a A,B t < q^l- ct^61+4c{4J o hV o_1-6.1r.

V. p. & R. p. T. p. Sci.College
Dr. P. M. Patel,Departmentof Physics, zs I r,ag e
P e a r o n s ,' r r r r . '} .-" - ( \.)
*
{,, "
qq16n oJ t-- rr..{ ?
a + i IF ,,' - ."
dr,r E) h,

,' ,lq l-rn ( E t\o) (5J


d'\a i2

lo- rq' , (5) con e/v\eT\ oS


b<

J,, ') ,r ' - r _ - (6)


\ : < l> 9
&r-r\ao,
(q*+i.-,, TqA)

dFr Jr 1 , i!)
't d*'t b - al a r < q
]--.
t L€d"n I T- )

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