DIABETES

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition marked by high blood sugar levels
caused by abnormalities in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Diabetes is caused mostly
by a genetic predisposition along with environmental variables such as a poor diet, a sedentary
lifestyle, and obesity.

In Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune response damages insulin-producing beta cells in the

pancreas, resulting in inadequate insulin production. This causes uncontrolled glucose levels in
the blood.

Insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's cells become less receptive to insulin, causes
type 2 diabetes. Over time, the pancreas stops producing enough insulin to overcome this
resistance, resulting in high blood sugar levels.

Diabetes complications emerge as a result of extended exposure to high blood sugar levels,
which causes damage to blood vessels and neurons all over the body. Complications include
cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and foot ulcers, among others.

Several different processes can cause diabetic symptoms and indications. Hyperglycemia
causes osmotic diuresis, resulting in increased urine and thirst. Furthermore, glucose toxicity
inhibits the function of many tissues and organs. Chronic hyperglycemia causes both
microvascular and macrovascular damage, which contributes to diabetes complications.

DM development and consequences result from the complex interplay between genetic
susceptibility, environmental variables, insulin failure, and cellular damage caused by persistent
hyperglycemia. Early detection, lifestyle changes, and adequate management are critical in
preventing and alleviating the effects of diabetes and its complications.