B Unit Booster Dose PDF

JU BOOSTER SUGGESTION || B - Unit (mgvR weÁvb Abyl` I AvBb I wePvi wefvM) 1
5. ‡Kvb cÖeÜ¸”Q ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi- weÁvb inm¨, K…òPwiÎ,

evsjv 1g cÎ †jvKinm¨ [M 17-18]
6. ‡Kvb Dcb¨vm¸”Q ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi- KcvjKzÐjv, g„Yvwjbx,
ev½vjvi be¨ †jLKw`‡Mi cÖwZ wb‡e`b mxZvivg [M 17-18]
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 7. ‡Kvb Dcb¨vm¸”Q ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq- wele„ÿ, K…òKv‡šÍi DBj, †èx
†P․ayivYx [M 17-18]
†jLK cwiwPwZ 8. ‡ckvq wZwb wQ‡jb †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU| GLv‡b ÔwZwbÕ †K- ew¼gP›`ª
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq: 1838 mv‡ji 27 Ryb cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMbvi AšÍM©Z P‡Ævcva¨vq [B 17-18]
KvuVvjcvov MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi me©cÖ_g AcwiwPZv
MÖvRy‡qU| wZwb †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU wn‡m‡e ‡ckv ïiæ K‡ib Ges cieZx©‡Z iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
g¨vwR‡÷ªU nb| 1852 mv‡j msev` cÖfvKi cwÎKvq KweZv cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g
Zvi mvwnZ¨ PP©vi ïiæ| ew¼gP›`ª‡K evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K Jcb¨vwmK ejv †jLK cwiwPwZ
nq| Zvu‡K Ôevsjvi ¯‥U I ejv nq| mvwn‡Zï im‡ev×v‡ì wbKU n‡Z wZwb
ÕmvwnZ¨ m¤ªvUÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡ib| wZwb evsjv fvlvi Avw` mvwnZ¨ cÎ Ôe½`k©bÕ cÖ KZ
… bvg: iex›`ª bv_ VvKzi|
†jLK
(1872) Gi cÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K wQ‡jb| wZwb QÙbvg wn‡m‡e ÔKgjvKvšÍÕ bvgwU QÙbvg : fvby w msn VvKzi|
†e‡Q wb‡qwQ‡jb| Ae‡k‡l 1894 mv‡ji 8 GwcÖj Zvi g„Zz¨ nq| Rb¥ ZvwiL: 7 †g, 1861 wLª: (25 •ekvL 1268 e½vã)
Rb¥ cwiPq
†jLK ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq Rb¥¯’ v b: †Rvovmu v ‡Kv, KjKvZv, fviZ|
Rb¥: 26 Ryb, 1838 wLªóvã; evsjv 13 Avlvp 1245| wcZvi bvg : gnwl© †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
Rb¥ cwiPq esk cwiPq gvZvi bvg : mvi`v †èx|
Rb¥¯’vb: KuvVvjcvov, PweŸk ciMbv, cwðge½|
wcZ…-cwiPq wcZvi bvg: hvèP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (†WcywU Kv‡j±i) wcZvg‡ni bvg : wcÖ Ý ØviKvbv_ VvKzi|
G›UªvÝ (1857) KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq| iex›`ª b v_ evj¨Kv‡j Iwi‡q›Uvj †mwgbvwi, bg©vj ¯‥zj, †e½j
wkÿvRxeb we.G. (1858) KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq| GKv‡Wgx, †m›U †Rwfqvm© ¯‥z j cÖ fw
… Z wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b
we.Gj. (1858) †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡jR| Aa¨vqb Ki‡jI ¯‥z ‡ji cvV †kl Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| 17 eQi
wkÿvRxeb
c`we : g¨vwR‡÷ªU| eq‡m e¨vwi÷vwi co‡Z Bsj¨vÛ †M‡jI †Kvm© m¤úbœ Kiv
Kg©¯’j : h‡kvi, Lyjbv, gywk©`vev`, ûMwj, †gw`bxcyi, m¤¢ e nq wb| Z‡e M„ n wkÿ‡Ki KvQ †_‡K ÁvbvR© ‡bi †Kvb
Kg©Rxeb/ ÎæwU nq wb|
evivmvZ, nvIov, Avjxcyi cÖf…wZ| PvKwim~‡Î Lyjbvi
†ckv 1884 wLª: †_‡K iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi wcZvi Av‡`‡k welqKg©
g¨vwR‡÷ªU wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡i wZwb bxjKi‡ì AZ¨vPvi
`gb K‡iwQ‡jb| cwi`k©‡b wbhy³ nb Ges 1890 †_‡K †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j
†ckv/Kg©Rxeb
1. evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g wkím¤§Z Dcb¨vm iPbvi K…wZZ¡ Rwg`vwi †`Lv‡kvbv K‡ib| G m~‡Î wZwb Kzwóqvi wkjvB`n I
ZuviB| wmivRM‡Äi kvnRv`cy‡i `xN© mgq Ae¯’vb K‡ib|
2. evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K Jcb¨vwmK| Kve¨: Kwe Kvwnbx, Kwo I †Kvgj, cÖfvZ msMxZ, mÜ¨v
cwiwPwZ msMxZ, mvbvB, gvbmx, †mvbvi Zix, wPÎv, •PZvjx,
3. AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g cÖavb m„wókxj †jLK‡ì
GKRb| ÿwYKv, •b‡e`¨, MxZvÄwj, ejvKv, c~iex, cybð, gûqv
4. KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g ¯œvZK (1858)| Kíbv, cÎcyU, wewPÎv, †muRywZ, Rb¥w`‡b, †kl ‡jLv
Dcb¨vm: †gvU 14wU we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
`y‡M©kbw›`bx (cÖ_g 1865), KcvjKzÐjv (1866), g„Yvwjbx Dcb¨vm: †e․ VvKzivYxi nvU, †Mviv, N‡i evB‡i, PZzi½,
(1869), wele„ÿ (1873), K…òKv‡šÍi DBj (1878), †Pv‡Li evwj, †b․KvWzwe, †hvMv‡hvM, ivRwl©, †k‡li KweZv,
iRbx, cÖf…wZ| Pvi Aa¨vq cÖf…wZ|
Îqx Dcb¨vm: Avb›`gV, †èx ‡P․ayivYx, mxZvivg Kve¨bvU¨: wPÎv½`v, emšÍ, we`vq Awfkvc, wemR©b, ivRv
mvwnZ¨Kg©
cÖeÜ: †jvKinm¨ (1878), weÁvbinm¨ (1875), KgjvKv‡šÍi `ßi I ivYx cÖf…wZ|
mvwnZ¨Kg© bvUK: APjvqZb, wPiKzgvi mfv, WvKNi, gyKzU, gyw³i
(1875), mvg¨ (1879), K…òPwiÎ, ag©ZË¡ Abykxjb,
kÖxg™¢Me`MxZv cÖf…wZ| Dcvq, i³Kiex, ivRv cÖf…wZ|
Ôe½`k©bÕ (1872) cwÎKv m¤úv`bv I cÖKvk Zuvi Ab¨Zg KxwZ©| MíMÖš’: Mí¸”Q, Mí¯^í, wZbm½x, wjwcKv, †m, •K‡kviK
1852 wLªóv‡ã Ômsev` cÖfvKiÕ cwÎKvq KweZv cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g cÖf…wZ|
Zuvi mvwnZ¨PP©vi ïiæ| cÖeÜMÖš’: wewPÎ cÖeÜ, wkÿv, kãZË¡, KvjvšÍi, mf¨Zvi
ew¼gP‡›`ªi MÖš’msL¨v 34| msKU|
ågY Kvwnbx: RvcvbhvÎx, c‡_i mÂq, cvim¨, ivwkqvi wPwV,
Ab¨vb¨ P›`ª‡kLi, ivRwmsn, Bw›ìv, hyMjv½yixq, ivavivYx|
BD‡ivc cÖevmxi cÎ cÖf…wZ|
Dcb¨vm
†bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi (1913), KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K
†LZve ÔmvwnZ¨ m¤ªvUÕ- mvwn‡Zï im‡ev×v‡ì KvQ †_‡K cÖvß cyi¯‥vi I
wW.wjU (1913), XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K wW. wjU,
I †LZve| ÔFwlÕ wn›`y ag©vbyivMx‡ì KvQ †_‡K cÖvß †LZve| m¤§vbbv
(1936) A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K wW.wjU (1940)|
m¤§vbbv evsjvi ÔIqvëvi ¯‥UÕ|
Rxebvemvb 7 AvM÷, 1941 wLª÷vã (22 kÖveY 1348 e½vã)
mvwnZ¨ 1. evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi RbK
¯^xK…wZ 2. hyMÜi mvwnZ¨ ¯ªóv Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n
g„Zz¨ : KjKvZv, 8 GwcÖj, 1894 wLªóvã; 26 •PÎ 1300 1. ÔAcwiwPZvÕ M‡íi weby m¤ú‡K© Abyc‡gi Kx wQj- wcmZz‡Zv fvB [L †mU M 2021-22]
Rxebvemvb
e½vã| 2. ÔAcwiwPZvÕ M‡í Abycg †÷k‡b hLb Kj¨vYx‡K †`Lj ZLb Kj¨vYxi eqm
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n KZ n‡e-‡lvj wK m‡Z‡iv [L †mU N 2021-22]
3. ÔAcwiwPZvÕ MíwU cÖ_g AšÍfz©³ nq iex›`ªM‡íi- Mímß‡K [L †mU N 2021-22]
1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi MÖš’ bq- K…òinm¨ [M 19-20] 4. ÔBnv wejvwZ gvj, Bnv‡Z †mvbvi fvM mvgvb¨n Av‡QÕ GLv‡b ÔAcwiwPZvÕ
2. imvZ¥K I e¨½ag©x iPbvi msKjb- KgjvKv‡šÍi `ßi [K 18-19; Pwe K 18-19]
3. wb‡Pi †Kvb MÖš’mg~n ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq iwPZ bq KcvjKzÐjv, wele„ÿ, M‡í ÔgvjÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q- Gqvwis [L †mU F 2021-22]
wewPÎ cÖeÜ [M1 18-19] 5. iex›`ª bv_ VvKzi iwPZ bvUK - gyw³i Dcvq, wPiKzgvi mfv, i‡_j iwk,
4. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq wjwLZ ÔweovjÕ Kx ai‡bi iPbv- cÖeÜ [K 17-18] Zv‡mi †`k [M1 18-19]
6. iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔAcwiwPZvÕ M‡íi g~j welqe¯‘ -‡h․ZzK cÖ_v [K 17-18] 12. ÔhvK, Zvnvi `yt‡Li KvwnbxwU Avi eovBe bvÕ G K_vq Kvi cÖm‡½ ejv
7. ÔwfLvwibxÕ †QvUMíwU Kvi †jLv- iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi [L 17-18] n‡q‡Q- wejvmx [M 10-11]
8. Ôkv¯¿wkÿv, bxwZwkÿv G‡Kev‡i bvB, Kv‡RBÕ Dw³wU †Kvb M‡íi- 13. Ôiv¯Ív ch©šÍ †Zvgvq †i‡L Avme wK?Õ wejvmx M‡í †KvbwU Kvi- wejvmxi [K 09-10]
‡`bvcvIbv [L 17-18] 14. ÔwejvmxÕ MíwU Kvi Revwb‡Z iwPZ- b¨vov [N 09-10]
9. ÔAcY©vÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Kvb bvU‡Ki PwiÎ- wemR©b [M1 17-18] 15. ‡KvbwU kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Dcb¨vm bq-‡b․KvWzwe [M 09-10]
10. ‡Kvb cÖeÜ¸”Q iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii- cwðgv hvÎxi Wv‡qwi, cvi‡m¨, c‡_ I 16. ÔAwZKvq n¯Íx †jvc cvBqv‡Q wKš‘ †Zjv‡cvKv wUwKqv Av‡QÕ Dw³wUi †jLK
c‡_i cÖv‡šÍ [M 17-18] †K- kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq [M 09-10]
11. ‡Kvb cÖeÜ¸”Q iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii- mf¨Zvi m¼U, KvjvšÍi, ¯^‡`k [M 17-18] 17. Ô‡`‡ki beŸB Rb bibvixB H cjøx MÖv‡giB gvbyl Ges †mBRb¨ wKQz GKUv
12. ‡Kvb bvUK¸”Q iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii- wPÎv½`v, we`vq Awfkvc, gvwjbx [M 17-18] Avgv‡ì Kiv PvB-B|Õ Dw³wU †Kvb †jL‡Ki- kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq [M- 08-09]
13. ‡Kvb Dcb¨vm¸”Q iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii-‡Pv‡Li evwj, N‡i evB‡i, †Mviv [M 17-18] 18. wejvmx M‡í cÖvZt¯§iYxq eM©xq gy‡Lvcva¨vq gnvk‡qi NUbv wK‡mi cwiPq-
14. ‡Kvb KweZv¸”Q iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii- Kíbv, †Lqv, •PZvwj, †muRywZ [M 17-18] msKxY©Zvi [L 08-09]
15. wb‡Pi †Kvb †jL‡Ki Rb¥ evsjv 25 †k •ekvL, 1268 e½v‡ã- iex›`ªbv_ 19. ¯^vgxi g„Zzï KZw`b ci wejvmx AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i- mvZ [N 08-09]
VvKzi [O 17-18] 20. ‡Kvb mv‡j kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq‡K XvKv wek^we`¨vjq n‡Z m¤§vbm~PK
16. wb‡Pi †KvbwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii iPbv- Pvi Aa¨vq [O 17-18] wW.wjU. wWwMÖ cÖ`vb Kiv nq-1936 [M 07-08]
17. wb‡Pi †KvbwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cÖeÜ- evsjv fvlv cwiPq [O 17-18] 21. ‡ZvMjK Lvui D‡jøL Av‡Q †h iPbvq- wejvmx [N 06-07]
18. ÔivRvÕ bvUK †Kvb mv‡j cÖKvwkZ-1910 [M 11-12] 22. g„Zz¨Ä‡qi AvgevMv‡bi AvqZb- Kzwo-cuwPk weNv [L 06-07]
19. ‡KvbwU iex›`ªbv‡_i iwPZ bq-‡kl mßK [12-13; Bwe P 05-06] 23. ÔmgiYÕ cÖm½ †Kvb iPbvi AšÍM©Z- wejvmx [L 05-06]
20. ‡Kvb eBwU iex›`ªbv_ iwPZ bq-‡`vjbPvucv [12-13; Bwe P 05-06]
24. i¤¢vi Kvuw` k‡ãi A_©- Kjvi Qov [M 05-06]
21. ‡KvbwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii iPbv bq- fz‡ji g~j¨ [N 16-17]
25. Ô‡¤ø”Q †`‡k cyiæl‡ì g‡a¨ GKUv Kzms¯‥vi Av‡Q, ¯¿x‡jvK `ye©j Ges
wejvmx wbiæcvq ewjqv Zvnvi Mv‡q nvZ Zzwj‡Z bvBÕ K_vwU †h Mí n‡Z †bqv
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
n‡q‡Q, Zvi bvg- wejvmx [M 05-06]
26. Ôwelnwii †`vnvB eywS ev Avi Kv‡U bv|Õ GwU †evSv †Mj KLb- hLb
†jLK cwiwPwZ g„Zz¨Äq ewg Kij [N 04-05]
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 1876 wLªóv‡ãi 15B †m‡Þ¤î
bvg cwðg evsjvi ûMwj †Rjvi †èvb›`cyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY
Avgvi c_
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
K‡ib|
PweŸk eQi eq‡m g‡bi †Svu‡K mbœ¨vmx n‡q M„nZ¨vM †jLK cwiwPwZ
K‡iwQ‡jb| msMxZÁ wn‡m‡e L¨vwZi m~‡Î NUbvP‡µ  Rb¥ I cÖv_wgK Rxeb: we‡`ªvnx Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg 1899 mv‡j 24
RxweKv GK Rwg`v‡ii eÜz n‡qwQ‡jb wZwb; RxweKvi ZvwM‡` †g (11 •R¨ô, 1306 e½vã) cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj
†`k †Q‡o wM‡qwQ‡jb evg©v gyjøy‡K A_©vr eZ©gvb gnKzgvi Pziæwjqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1917 mv‡ji †klw`‡K bRiæj
wgqvbgv‡i| †mbvevwnbxi 49 †e½j †iwR‡g›U †hvM †`b|
wZwb wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi bvbv AwfÁZv I wewPÎ me  ZvQvov wZwb behyM, a~g‡KZz I jv½j cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb: a~g‡KZzi
gvby‡li PwiÎ dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb wewfbœ Dcb¨v‡m| we‡kl 1922 mv‡ji 26 †m‡Þ¤î Zvui KweZv ÔAvb›`gqxi AvMg‡bÕ cÖKvwkZ
mvwnZ¨- K‡i mgv‡Ri wbPz Zjvi gvbyl Zvui m„ó Pwi‡Î Ac~e© nq| GKB eQi 23 Rvbyqvwi ÔhyMevYxÕ cÖeÜMÖš’ ev‡Rqvß nq Ges H w`‡bB
‣ewkó¨ gwngvq wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| K_vwkíx kirP‡›`ªi Zuv‡K Kzwgjøv †_‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| Zvui e›`x Ae¯’vq iex›`ªbv_ ÔemšÍÕ
wkíxgvb‡mi †g․j‣ewkó¨ gvbeZv I gvby‡li cÖwZ MxwZbvU¨wU bRiæj‡K DrmM© K‡ib| GB Avb‡›` †R‡j e‡m bRiæj Ôm„wó
fv‡jvevmv| my‡Li Djøv‡mÕ KweZvwU iPbv K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨K‡g©i ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e 1923 wLªóv‡ã KwjKvZv  Amy¯’Zv: 1942 mv‡j wZwb ÔwcKm& wWwRRÕ bvgK gw¯Í‡¯‥i e¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ nb|
cyi¯‥vi
wek^we`¨vjq Zvu‡K RMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`K Ges XvKv  evsjv‡`k AvMgb I g„Zz¨: KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg 1926 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mi
wek^we`¨vjq 1936 mv‡j Zvu‡K m¤§vbm~PK wWwjU wWwMÖ †kl mßv‡n cÖ_g XvKvq Av‡mb| 1972 mv‡ji 24 †g fviZ miKv‡ii
cÖ`vb K‡i| AbygwZµ‡g fviZ n‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki iYm½x‡Zi iPwqZv| Kwe
wZwb 1938 wLªóv‡ãi 16B Rvbyqvwi KjKvZvq g„ZzëiY evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡ib 29 AvM÷ 1976 mv‡j (12 fv`ª,
g„Zz¨ 1383 e½vã) wZwb XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi kvnx
K‡ib|
gmwR` cÖv½‡b Zvui gvRvi Aew¯’Z| KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi QÙbvg, wQj
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n Ôa~g‡KZzzÕ| bRiæ‡ji 5wU MÖš’ (hyMjevYx, fv½vi Mvb, cÖjq-wkLv, we‡li
1. g„Zz¨Äq‡K `skb K‡iwQj- Lwik †MvL‡iv [M 13-14] evuwk, P›`ªwe›`y) miKvi KZ…©K ev‡Rqvß n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki gqgbwmsn
2. ÔwejvmxÕ M‡í Dwbk kZ‡Ki †h mgvR-ms¯‥vi‡Ki Av‡Q Zvui bvg- f‚‡è ‡Rjvi wÎkvj _vbvi `wiivgcyi KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi ¯§„wZi mv‡_
gy‡Lvcva¨vq [K 12-13] RwoZ| ÔKwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg wek¦we`¨vjqÕ bv‡gi Kwei ¯§„wZ
3. b¨vov †Kvb e‡½i A‡bK cjøx‡Z A‡bKw`b Ny‡i †M․ie Kievi g‡Zv weRwoZ gqgbwmsn wÎkv‡j GKwU wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
A‡bK eo eo e¨vcvi cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i‡Q-`wÿYe‡½i [L 12-13] Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg|
4. Ôwejvmx M‡í mvc aivi evqbv G‡j wejvmx Kx KiZ- evav w`Z [M 12-13] Rb¥ ZvwiL : 25 †g 1899 wLª÷vã (11 •R¨ô,
5. ÔevOvwji welÕ K_vwwU ej‡Z kirP›`ª eywS‡q‡Qb- ÿY¯’vqx †µva [N 12-13] 1906 mvj)|
Rb¥ cwiPq
6. ÔwejvmxÕ M‡í mvc aivi evqbv G‡j wejvmx Kx KiZ- Dwbk kZ‡Ki Rb¥¯’vb: ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi
evsjvi RvMi‡Yi AMÖ`~Z [M 12-13] Pziæwjqv MÖvg|
7. Ôgn‡Ë¡i Kvwnwb Avgv‡ì A‡bK Av‡Q|Õ evK¨wU †Kvb M‡íi- wejvmx wcZ… - gvZ… wcZvi bvg : KvRx dwKi Avng`|
[evwZj: M 11-12] cwiPq gvZvi bvg : Rv‡n`v LvZzb|
8. ÔD”Qy¸¨Õ k‡ãi A_©- DrmM© [M 11-12] cv_wgK wkÿv : MÖv‡gi g³e †_‡K cÖv_wgK
9. Kvg¯‥vU&Kv †Kvb gv‡Qi bv‡g cwiwPZ- m¨vgb [M 11-12] wkÿvjvf|
10. ÔwejvmxÕ MíwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq gvwmK ÔfviZxÕ cwÎKvi †Kvb msL¨vq- wkÿvRxeb gva¨wgK: cÖ_‡g ivYxM‡Äi wmqvi‡mvj ¯‥zj, c‡i gviLyb
•ekvL 1325 [K 11-12] D”P Bs‡iwR ¯‥zj, me©‡kl gqgbwmsn †Rjvi wÎkv‡ji
11. b¨vovi gv`ywj-KeP g„Zz¨Ä‡qi g„Zzï m‡½ †Kv_vq wM‡qwQj- Ke‡i [N 10-11] `wiivgcyi ¯‥z‡j `kg †kÖwY ch©šÍ cov‡jLv K‡ib|
cÖ_g Rxe‡b RxweKvi ZvwM‡` wZwb Kwe-`‡j,
iæwUi †`vKv‡b Ges †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb
M„n
†iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb
Kg©Rxeb/ †ckv K‡iwQ‡jb| cieZ©xKv‡j cwÎKv m¤úv`bv,
MÖv‡gv‡dvb †iK‡W©i eëmvq Mvb †jLv I myiv‡ivc †jLK cwiwPwZ
Ges mvwnZ¨ mvabv| †eMg †iv‡Kqv 1880 mv‡ji 9 wW‡m¤î iscyi †Rjvq wgVvcyKzi _vbvi cvqive›`
Kve¨MÖš’: AwMœ-exYv, we‡li euvwk, fvOvi Mvb, MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi cÖK…Z bvg wQj †iv‡Kqv LvZzb Ges •eevwnK m~‡Î
mvgëv`x, me©nviv, dwY-gbmv, wRwÄi, mÜ¨v, cÖjq
bvg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb| Zuvi wcZvi bvg RwniæÏxb †gvnv¤§` Avey Avjx
wkLv, †`vjbPuvcv, QvqvbU, wmÜz wn‡›`vj, PµevK|
nvq`vi mv‡ei| wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g bvixev`x †jwLKv| Zuv‡K Ôgymwjg
Dcb¨vm: euvabnviv, g„Zz¨-ÿzav, Kz‡nwjKv| bvix RvMi‡Yi AMÖ`~ZÕ ejv nq| 1898 mv‡j 16 eQi eq‡m •mq` mvLvIqv‡Zi
Mí: e¨_vi `vb, wi³i †e`b, wkDwjgvjv, mv‡_ weevneÜ‡b Ave× nb| wZwb 1911 mv‡j KjKvZvq ÔmvLvIqvZ
cÙ‡MvLiv, wR‡bi ev`kv| †g‡gvwiqvj Mvj©m ¯‥zjÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib| Zuvi bvg Abymv‡i XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
bvUK: wSwjwgwj, Av‡jqv, cyZz‡ji we‡q| GKwU n‡ji bvgKiY Kiv nq Ô‡iv‡Kqv QvÎxwbevm|Õ 1932 mv‡ji 9 wW‡m¤î
mvwnZ¨Kg© cÖeÜMÖ¯’: hyM-evYx, `yw`©‡bi hvÎx, ivRe›`xi wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib| 9 wW‡m¤î Ô‡iv‡Kqv wèmÕ cvjb Kiv nq|
Revbe›`x, a~g‡KZz| †jLK †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb
RxebxMÖš’: giæfv¯‥i [nhiZ gyn¤§` (m:) Gi Rb¥: 1880 wLª÷vã, 9 wW‡m¤î|
Rb¥ cwiPq
RxebxMÖš’]| Rb¥¯’vb: cvqive›`, wgVvcyKzi, iscyi|
Abyev`: iæevBqvZ-B nvwdR, iæevBqvZ-B-Igi •Lqvg| wcZvi bvg : RwniDwÏb †gvnv¤§` Avey Avjx
wcZ…-cwiPq
Mv‡bi msKjb: eyjeyj, †Pv‡Li PvZK, P›`ªwe›`y, bRiæj nvq`vi mv‡ei|
MxwZ, myiwjwc, Mv‡bi gvjv, wPËbvgv BZ¨vw`| gvZvi bvg : ivnvZz‡bœmv †P․ayix|
m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv : a~g‡KZz, jv½j, •`wbK behyM| cvwievwiK iÿYkxjZvi Kvi‡Y wZwb cÖvwZôvwbK
KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K ÔRMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`KÕ, wkÿvjvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| Z‡e wb‡Ri HKvwšÍK †Póv
wkÿvRxeb Ges eo fvB I ¯^vgxi Aby‡cÖiYv I mn‡hvwMZvq
fviZ miKvi cÖ`Ë ÔcÙf‚lYÕ Dcvwa jvf|
ÁvbPP©vq mvdj¨ AR©b K‡ib|
iex›`ªfviZx Ges XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Kwe‡K wW-wjwU
cyi¯‥vi/m¤§vbbv weev‡nvËi cÖ_g Rxe‡b M„wnYx| ¯^vgxi g„Zzï ci
wWwMÖ cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvQvov 1976 wLª÷v‡ã evsjv‡`k
miKvi Kwe‡K ÔGKz‡k c`KÕ cÖ`vb Ges RvZxq mgvRms¯‥vi Ges bvixi wkÿv, Kg©ms¯’vb I AvBbMZ
Kg©Rxeb
Kwei gh©v`vq AwawôZ K‡ib| AwaKvi cÖwZôvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib Ges ewjô f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡ib|
g„Zz¨ ZvwiL : 1976 wLª÷v‡ãi 29 AvM÷ (12B fv`ª
M`¨MÖš’: gwZP‚i, Ae‡ivaevwmbx| Dcb¨vm: cÙivM I
Rxebvemvb 1383)| mvwnZ¨Kg© myjZvbvi ¯^cœ| Bs‡iwR MÖš’ SULTANA'S
mgvwa¯’vb: XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †K›`ªxq gmwR` cÖv½Y| DREAM -I Zuvi iPbv|
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n we‡kl
wZwb wQ‡jb gymwjg bvix RvMi‡Yi AMÖ`~Z| wZwb gymwjg bvix‡ì
1. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg †Kvb cwÎKvi m¤úv`bvi Kv‡R hy³ wQ‡jb bv- cÖevmx ms¯‥vi I gyw³i Rb¨ Zv‡ì‡K wkÿvi Av‡jv‡K D™¢vwmZ Kivi
K…wZZ¡
[E BDwbU 2019-20] gvb‡m AvRxeb ÿziavi mvwnZ¨ m„wó K‡i †M‡Qb|
2. bRiæ‡ji g‡Z, Ôfz‡ji ga¨ w`‡q wM‡qB Z‡e ------ cvIqv hvq|Õ Rxebvemvb g„Zz¨ ZvwiL : 9 wW‡m¤î, 1932 wLª÷vã|
k~b¨¯’v‡b Kx n‡e- mZ¨‡K [M BDwbU 2019-20] Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n
3. ÔmyL-`ytL-†e`bv Dcjwäi d‡j AšÍ‡ii †h cwicK¡Zv, ZvB †Zv----|Õ 1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡m‡bi iPbv bq- M„nevmx [B 19-20]
k~b¨¯’v‡b wb‡Pi †KvbwU n‡e- AvZ¥v [M BDwbU 2019-20] 2. ‡iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡m‡bi me iPbvB- mgvR Rxe‡bi Mfxi Dcjw×
4. fviZ miKvi KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg‡K KLb, Kx Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ K‡i- †_‡K DrmvwiZ [M 19-20]
1960 mv‡j ÔcÙf‚lYÕ [M BDwbU 2019-20] 3. ‡eMg †iv‡Kqvi Rb¥¯’vb- iscyi †Rjvi wgVvcyKzi _vbvi cvqive›` MÖv‡g [M1
5. bRiæ‡ji g‡Z, †Kvb ai‡bi web‡qi †P‡q AnsKv‡ii †c․iæl A‡bK- 18-19; RvKKvbBwe K 16-17]
A‡bK fv‡jv-†h webq gvbyl‡K †QvU K‡i, gv_v wbPz K‡i Av‡b [M BDwbU 4. ‡iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡m‡bi cvwievwiK fvlv Kx wQj- D`y© [L 17-18]
2019-20] 5. ‡Kvb iPbv¸”Q †eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡m‡bi- gwZP~i, cÙvivM,
6. ÔAvgvi c_Õ cÖe‡Ü bRiæj wb‡R‡K Kx m‡¤^vab K‡i ¯úó K_v e‡j‡Qb- Ae‡ivaevwmbx [M 17-18]
Awfkvc-i‡_i mviw_ [M BDwbU 20 19-20]
7. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ n‡q wbe©vK nb- †ZZvwjøk AvnŸvb
wef‚wZf‚lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
eQi eq‡m [M BDwbU 2019-20]
8. e¯‘Z ZLb †_‡KB bRiæj m„wókxj mËvi AwaKvix n‡q I‡Vb, hLb wZwb- †jLK cwiwPwZ
ev‡iv eQi eq‡m †j‡Uvi `‡j †hvM †`b [M BDwbU 2019-20] wef‚wZf‚lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 1894 mv‡ji 12B †m‡Þ¤î cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMbv
9. ÔAvgvi c_Õ cÖe‡Ü KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi g‡Z Kxfv‡e AvZ¥wbf©iZv †Rjvi gyivwecyi MÖv‡g gvgv evwo‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZ…wbevm GKB
Av‡m- AvZ¥v‡K wPb‡j [F BDwbU 2019-20] †Rjvi e¨vivKcyi MÖv‡g| wef‚wZf‚l‡Yi evj¨ I •K‡kviKvj Kv‡U AZ¨všÍ
10. wb‡Pi †KvbwU KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi c‡Îvcb¨v‡mi ch©vqfz³- evuab-nviv `vwi‡`ª¨| wKš‘ wZwb wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ †gavex QvÎ| 1914 mv‡j g¨vwUªK I 1916
[F BDwbU 2019-20]
11. ÔAvgvi c_Õ cÖe‡Ü KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi g‡Z †K wg_¨v‡K fq K‡i- hvi mv‡j AvBG - Dfq cixÿvq cÖ_g wefv‡M Ges 1918 mv‡j wWw÷skbmn weG
cvm K‡ib| wZwb `xN©w`b ¯‥z‡j wkÿKZv K‡i‡Qb Ges cvkvcvwk kni †_‡K
g‡b wg_¨v [F BDwbU 2019-20] `~‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i wbiew”Qbœ mvwnZ¨mvabv K‡i‡Qb| evsjv cÖK…wZ I gvby‡li
12. Ôfz‡ji ga¨ w`‡q wM‡qB Z‡e mZ¨‡K cvIqv hvq|ÕDw³wU Kvi I †Kvb Rxeb‡K wZwb Zvui AmvaviY wkímylgvgq fvlvq mvnwRK mvi‡j¨ cÖKvk
iPbvi- KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, ÔAvgvi c_ [M BDwbU 2018-19, I BDwbU 2017-18] K‡i‡Qb| wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 1950 mv‡ji c‡njv †m‡Þ¤î NvUwkjvq
13. ÔivRew›ì Revbew›`Õ cÖeÜwU Kvi †jLv- KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg [L BDwbU g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
2017-18; e‡kgyiwecÖwe N: BDwbU 2017-18] bvg wef‚wZf‚lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
14. †Kvb iPbv¸”Q KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi- ebMxwZ, myi mvKx, myi kZ`j [M Rb¥ ZvwiL : 12 †m‡Þ¤î, 1894 wLªóvã|
BDwbU 2017-18] Rb¥¯’vb: gyivwicyi MÖvg (gvgvi evwo‡Z), PweŸk
Rb¥ cwiPq
15. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg evsjv KZ mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib-1306 [M BDwbU 2015-16[ ciMbv|
16. †KvbwU KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi KweZv bq- Avgvi c_ [D BDwbU 2016-17] •cZ…K wbevm: e¨vivKcyi MÖvg, PweŸk ciMbv|
wcZ… I gvZ… wcZvi bvg : gnvb›` e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n
cwiPq gvZvi bvg : g„Yvwjbx †èx| 1. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU cÖ_g †Kvb cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq- c~e©vkv [M BDwbU 2019-
gva¨wgK : g¨vwUªK (1914), ebMÖvg ¯‥zj| 20]
D”P gva¨wgK : AvB, G. (1916), KjKvZv wicb 2. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í ÔWi Kx‡mi?Õ †Kvb cÖm‡½ G Dw³ Kiv n‡q‡Q-¯^vgxi Ni
wkÿvRxeb K‡jR| Kiv [M BDwbU 2019-20]
D”PZi: we.G. (wWw÷skbmn), 1918, KjKvZv 3. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í KvbvB gvwm-wcwm‡K †Kv_vq †h‡Z e‡j‡Q- KvQvwievwo [M
wicb K‡jR| BDwbU 2019-20]
wkÿKZv: ûMwj †Rjvi Rv½xcvov ¯‥zj, †mvbvicyi 4. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í Avn¬vwì cwiev‡ii m`mïv gviv wM‡qwQ‡jv- K‡jivq [Gd
Kg©Rxeb/ BDwbU 20 19-20]
nvwibvwf ¯‥zj, KjKvZv †LjvrP›`ª †g‡gvwiqvj ¯‥zj, 5. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ Mí Aej¤^‡b Ôwcwmi nv‡Z wQj ------ gvwm wb‡q Av‡m -----ÕÕ
†ckv
e¨vivKcy‡ii wbKUeZ©x †MvcvjbMi ¯‥zj| | - KvUvwi, euwU [Gd BDwbU 2019-20]
Dcb¨vm: c‡_i cuvPvjx, AcivwRZv, AviY¨K,
BQvgwZ, `„wó cÖ`xc, Av`k© wn›`y †nv‡Uj, †èhvb, evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv
†kL gywReyi ingvb
Akwb ms‡KZ BZ¨vw`|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
†QvUMí: †gNgjøvi, †g․widzj, hvÎve`j, wKbœi `j
BZ¨vw`| †jLK cwiwPwZ
AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv : Z…Yv¼zi| bvg †kL gywReyi ingvb|
cyi¯‥vi I ÔBQvgwZÕ Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¨ iex›`ª cyi¯‥vi jvf| Rb¥ ZvwiL: 17 gvP©, 1920 wLªóvã|
m¤§vbbv Rb¥ cwiPq
Rb¥¯’vb : Uzw½cvov, †MvcvjMÄ|
Rxebvemvb g„Zz¨ ZvwiL : 1 †m‡Þ¤î, 1950 wLªóvã| wcZ… I wcZvi bvg : †kL jyrdi ingvb|
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n gvZ…-cwiPq gvZvi bvg : mv‡qiv LvZzb|
1. ÔAvnŸvbÕ M‡íi K_‡Ki Kv‡Q, ÔA †Mvcvj Avgvi, †Zvi Rb¨ wb‡q Avjvg|Õ g¨vwUªK (Gm.Gm.wm.), †MvcvjMÄ wgkbvwi ¯‥zj| AvBG,
Kx A_© aviY K‡i- GKUv Nwbô Av`‡ii m‡¤^vab [M BDwbU 2019-20] KjKvZv Bmjvwgqv K‡jR|
wkÿvRxeb
2. wef‚wZf‚lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔAvnŸvbÕ GKwU- D`vi gvbweK m¤ú‡K©i Mí [M weG, KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq|
BDwbU 19-20] XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q AvBb wefv‡M Aa¨qb|
3. Ô`¨vI evev-ZzwgI `¨vIÕ ÔAvnŸvbÕ M‡íi G Dw³wU Kvi- ïKzi wgqv [M BDwbU 1953 mv‡ji 9 RyjvB e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
2019-20] AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi mvaviY m¤úv`K wbe©vwPZ nb|
4. Ôcybivq MÖv‡g Gjvg ---- gvm c‡i, ----gv‡mi †k‡l|Õ k~b¨¯’v‡b wb‡Pi 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b hy³d«‡›Ui cÖv_©x wn‡m‡e c~e©e½
†Kvb kã `ywU n‡e- cvuP-Qq, Avwk^b [M BDwbU 2019-20] cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb|
5. ÔAvnŸvbÕ M‡íi eywo- Rwgi KivwZi ¯¿x [M BDwbU 20 19-20] 1955 mv‡ji 21 A‡±vei AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi
6. ÔAvnŸvbÕ M‡íi eywo‡K †Kv_vq Kei †Ìqv n‡qwQ‡jv- cÖvPxb Mv‡Qi Zjvq KvDwÝj Awa‡ek‡b `‡ji bvg †_‡K ÔgymwjgÕ kãwU
[F BDwbU 2019-20] cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq| ZLb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
7. ÔAvnŸvbÕ M‡í eywo‡K †K gv WvK‡Zv- nvRiv e¨vUvi eD [F BDwbU 2019-20] cybivq `‡ji mvaviY m¤úv`K wbe©vwPZ nb|
8. ‡Kvb Dcb¨vm¸”Q wef‚wZf‚lY †jLv bq- AviY¨K, c‡_i cvuPvjx, BQvgZx 1966 mv‡j †Kvqvwjkb miKv‡ii wkí-evwYR¨, kÖg,
[M BDwbU 17-18]
`yb©xwZ`gb I wf‡jR GBW `ß‡ii gš¿xi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
gvwm-wcwm 1956 mv‡ji 5 deªæqvwi jv‡nvi m‡¤§j‡b evOvwj RvwZi gyw³i
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
mb` HwZnvwmK 6 `dv `vwe †ck K‡ib|
†ckv/Kg©Rx 1966 mv‡ji 1 gvP© AvIqvgxjx‡Mi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb|
†jLK cwiwPwZ eb/msMÖvgx 1970 mv‡ji ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ív‡bi RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 1908 mv‡j 19 †g fvi‡Zi wenv‡i (eZ©gvb SvoLÐ Rxeb/ wbe©vP‡b Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv
iv‡Rï `ygKv kn‡i) Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui ‣cZ„K wbevm XvKvi weµgcy‡i| ivR‣bwZK AR©b K‡i|
wcZv cÖ`Ë Zuvi bvg cÖ‡evaKzgvi Ges WvKbvg gvwbK| wZwb gvÎ 48 eQi †eu‡P Rxeb 1971 mv‡ji 7 gvP© †im‡Kv‡m©i Rbmgy`ª †_‡K †NvlYv
wQ‡jb| `xN©w`b †ivM‡fv‡Mi ci 1956 mv‡ji 3 wW‡m¤î KjKvZvq wZwb K‡ib, ÒGev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡ì gyw³i msMÖvg, Gev‡ii
g„ZzëiY K‡ib| msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg| Rq evsjv|Ó
Jcb¨vwmK gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© ivZ AvbygvwbK 12Uv 20 wgwb‡U
1908 wLª÷v‡ã evsjv 1317 m‡b muvIZvj ciMbvi `ygKv Av_©vr 26 gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i †MÖdZvi nIqvi c~‡e©) wZwb
kn‡i gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib|
Zuvi •cZ…K evwo XvKvi weµgcy‡i| 1971 mv‡ji 17 GwcÖj e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi wcZvi bvg nwini e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Ges AeZ©gv‡b Zuv‡K ivóªcwZ K‡i MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k
Rb¥ cwiPq gvZvi bvg bxi`vmy›ìx †èx| miKvi MVb Kiv nq|
Zuvi wcZ…cÖ`Ë bvg cÖ‡evaKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| WvK bvg 1972 mv‡ji 12 Rvbyqvwi ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii
gvwbK| cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib|
evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi wewfbœ ¯‥zj I K‡j‡R wZwb 1975 mv‡ji 25 Rvbyqvwi evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªªcwZi `vwqZ¡
cov‡kvbv K‡ib| MÖnY K‡ib|
Dcb¨vm : ÔRbbxÕ, Ôwèv ivwÎi Kve¨Õ, ÔcÙvb`xi gvwSÕ, mvwnZ¨Kg© Amgvß AvZ¥Rxebx; Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg|
ÔcyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_vÕ, wPý cÖf…wZ Zuvi weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm| evOvwj RvwZmËv weKv‡ki Av‡›`vj‡b AMÖYx f~wgKv
MíMÖš’ : Zuvi weL¨vZ †QvUM‡íi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨: cvjb Kivq Ges Gi wfwË‡Z ¯^vaxb mve©‡f․g evsjv‡`k
mvwnZ¨Kg© cÖwZwôZ nIqvq wZwb ÔRvwZi wcZvÕ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ AR©b
ÔcÖv‣MwZnvwmKÕ, Ômixm„cÕ, Ômgy‡`ªi ¯^v`Õ, ÔKzô‡ivMxi †e․Õ, cyi¯‥vi I
ÔwUKwUwKÕ, Ônjy` †cvovÕ, ÔAvR Kvj ciïi MíÕ, K‡ib|
m¤§vbbv
Ônviv‡bi bvZRgvBÕ, Ô†QvU eKzjcy‡ii hvÎxÕ cÖf…wZ| 1969 mv‡ji 23 †deªæqvwi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b wZwb
KjKvZvq 1956 wLªóv‡ãi †Zmiv wW‡m¤î wZwb †kl QvÎ-RbZvi msea©bv mgv‡e‡k Ô†K›`ªxq QvÎ msMÖvg
Rxebvemvb cwil`Õ KZ…©K Ôe½eÜzÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ nb|
wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib|
1972 mv‡ji 10 A‡±vei wZwb wek¦kvwšÍ cwil` KZ…©K wimvR© A¨vwm÷¨v›U, BDwbfvwm©wU Ae IqvwksUb, hy³ivóª;
Kg©Rxeb/
cÖ`Ë ÔRywjI KzwiÕ cyi¯‥v‡i f~wlZ nb| (1973 mv‡ji Aa¨vcK, Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ A¨vÛ BwÄwbqvwis wefvM,
†ckv
23 †g wek¦kvwšÍ cwil‡ì †m‡µUvwi †Rbv‡ij i‡gk kvnRvjvj weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq, wm‡jU|
P‡›`ªi nvZ †_‡K XvKvq AvbyôvwbKfv‡e e½eÜz ÔRywjI cyi¯‥vi evsjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi (2004 wLªóvã)|
KzwiÕ cyi¯‥vi MÖnY K‡ib|) GKRb `ye©j gvbyl (1992), K¨v¤ú, †Q‡jgvbylx (1993),
MíMÖš’
15 AvM÷, 1975 wLªóvã| †`wk-we‡`wk loh‡š¿ mvgwiK byiæj I Zvi †bvUeB (1996), gaïvwÎ‡Z wZb `yf©vMv ZiæY|
Rxebvemvb
evwnbxi KwZcq m`‡mï nv‡Z mcwiev‡i wbnZ nb|) AvKvk evwo‡q `vI (1987), weeY© Zzlvi (1993), `yt¯^‡cœi
Dcb¨vm wØZxq cÖni (1994), KvPmgy`ª (1999), meyR †fj‡fU
†iBb‡KvU (2003), K¨v¤ú, gneŸZ Avjxi GKw`b (2006)|
AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm
K‡cvUªwbK myL `ytL (1976), gnvKv‡k gnvÎvm (1977),
µv‡Mv (1988), UªvBUb GKwU MÖ‡ni bvg (1988),
†jLK cwiwPwZ UzKzbwRj (1993), wbtm½ MÖnPvix (19948), †µvwgqvg
AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm evsjv K_vmvwn‡Z¨ GK Abb¨mvaviY cÖwZfvi bvg| AiY¨ (1995), wbtm½ MÖnPvix (1994), †µvwgqvg AiY¨
1943 mv‡ji 12 †deªæqvwi wZwb MvBev›`vi †MvwUqv MÖv‡g gvgvevwo‡Z Rb¥MÖnY ‣eÁvwbK MÖš’
(1995), bq bq k~b¨ wZb (1996), mynv‡bi ¯^cœ
K‡ib| Zuvi wcZ…wbevm e¸ov kn‡ii DcK‡É Aew¯’Z bviæwj MÖv‡g| Zvui wcZvi (2004), Aebxj (2004), A‡±vcv‡mi †PvL( 2009),
bvg we. Gg Bwjqvm Ges gvZvi bvg gwiqg Bwjqvm| Zvui wcZ…`Ë bvg BKvivm (2009), i‡evwbwk (2010), cÖwWwR (2011),
AvLZviæ¾vgvb †gvnv¤§` Bwjqvm| cÖ_‡g e¸ovq I c‡i XvKvq Zuvi wkÿvRxeb †Kcjvi UzUzwe (2012), eø¨vK †nv‡ji ev”Pv (2013)
AwZevwnZnq| wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K ¯œvZK I ¯œvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ jvf eyMveyMv (2001), mvM‡ii hZ †Ljbv (2002), iZb, Nvm
K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb wQ‡jb miKvwi K‡j‡Ri evsjv wel‡qi Aa¨vcK| wkï‡Zvl
dwos (2008), nvKvnvwK WvKvWvwK, fz‡Zi ev”Pv KUKwU|
MvBevÜv †Rjvi †MvnvwU MÖv‡g gvZzjvj‡q, 1943 mv‡ji 12 nvZKvUv iweb (1976), `xcy bv¤^vi Uz (Dcb¨vm 1984)
Rb¥
B †deªæqvwi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Pjw”P‡Î iƒc (1996), `yóz †Q‡ji `j (1986), Avgvi
cÖ_‡g e¸ovq I c‡i XvKv wek^we`¨vjq n‡Z ¯œvZK I eÜz iv‡k` (1994), Pjw”PÎ iƒc, eyby‡bi evev (1998),
wkÿv wK‡kvi
¯œvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib †gKz Kvwnbx (2000), KvR‡ji w`bivwÎ (2002), `wm¨
Kg©Rxeb Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb wQ‡jb miKvix K‡j‡Ri GKwbô Aa¨vcK mvwnZ¨
KRb (2004), Avwg Zcy (2005), wjUz e„ËvšÍ (2006),
cwiwPwZ K_vmvwnwZ¨K wnmv‡eB mgwaK cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib| †g‡qwUi bvg bvixbv (2009), ivkv (2010), AvuwL Ges
¯^xK…wZ evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (1982)| Avgiv KRb, `‡ji bvg eø¨vK WªvMb (2011)|
1997 mv‡ji 4Vv Rvbyqvwi XvKvq K¨vÝv‡i AvµvšÍ n‡q Avgov I K¨ve †beyjv (1996), AvaywbK Ck‡ci Mí
g„Zz¨ Mí
g„ZzëiY K‡ib| (1996), wZwbœ I eb¨v (1998)|
 mvwnZ¨ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨: Av‡gwiKv (1997), †Zvgv‡ì cÖkœ Avgvi DËi (2004),
ågY
Dcb¨vm wP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvB (1987), ‡Lvqvebvgv (1996) iwOb Pkgv (2007), Av‡iv cÖkœ Av‡iv DËi (2012)
Ab¨N‡i Ab¨ ¯î (1976), †Luvqvwi (1982), `y‡a fv‡Z ‡`Lv Av‡jv bv †`Lv iƒc (1986), weÁv‡bi GKk gRvi
weÁvb I
†QvU Mí DrcvZ (1985), †`vR‡Li Ig (1989), Rvj ¯^cœ ¯^‡cœi †Ljv (1994), wbDi‡b AbyiYb (2002), wbDi‡b Avev‡iv
MwYZ welqK
Rvj, GB cvuPwU †QvUMí MÖ‡š’ †gvU 28wU †QvUMí i‡q‡Q| AbyiYb|
‡`‡ki evB‡i †`k (1993), mv`vwm‡a K_v (1995),
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n Kjvg I wngN‡i Nyg I Ab¨vb¨ (200), `yt¯^‡cœi ivZ Ges `yf©vebvi
1. Ô‡iBb‡KvUÕ M‡í wcÖwÝcv‡ji †KvqvU©vi gvV †cwi‡q †Kvbw`‡K?- evu w`‡K msKjb w`b (2003), GK UzK‡iv jvj meyR Kvco (2011), e`b
[we 21-22] Lvwb gwjb n‡j (2012)|
2. ‡iBb‡KU M‡í Ôwgmwµqv›UÕ k‡ãi gv‡b n‡jv- `y®‥…wZKvix [wm 21-22] †f․wZK ‡cÖZ (1983), wckvwPbx (1992), wbwkKb¨v (2003),
3. AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib- MvBevÜvi †MvwUqv MÖv‡g [Gd 21-22] mvwnZ¨ Qvqvjxb (2006), `vbe (2009)
4. gyw³hy×‡K ÔcvwK¯Ív‡bi BbUvb©vj A¨v‡dqviÕ e‡j‡Qb- †nbwi wKwmÄvi [wm 19-20] wUwf bvUK ‡M÷ nvDm, Nvm dwo‡Oi ¯^cœ, kvšÍ cwievi, GKwU my›ì
5. Ô‡iBb‡KvUÕ Mí Abymv‡i MÖvg-M‡Ä wgwjUvwi‡ì Avµg‡Yi cÖ_g Uv‡M©U I †iwWI mKvj, wjwiK| †iwWI bvUK: ïK‡bv dzj iw½b dzj
wQ‡jv- kwn` wgbvi [Gd 19-20] bvUK (2011, mnvqZvq BDwb‡md)|
6. Ô‡iBb‡KvUÕ M‡í wg›Uz K‡e evwo †Q‡o w`‡qwQj?- 23 Ryb [Gd 19-20] gyw³hy× gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvm (2009), †QvU‡ì gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvm|
7. Ô‡LvqvebvgvÕ Dcb¨vm Kvi iPbv- AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm [wm1 17-18] welqK
8. Ô‡KvbwU AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqv‡mi MíMÖš’ bq- Rb¥ hw` Ze e‡½ [AvB 17-18]
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n
gnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUi 1. ÔgnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUiÕ MíwU gyn¤§` Rvdi BKev‡ji †Kvb MÖ‡šÍi AšÍM©Z-
†gvnv¤§` Rvdi BKevj
RjR [B 19-20]
†jLK cwiwPwZ 2. gyn¤§` Rvdi BKev‡ji •cZ…K wbevm †Kvb †Rjvq-‡bÎ‡Kvbv [B 19-20]
3. ÔGB fvBivm wKsev e¨v‡KUwiqv †ewk †QvU; Gi MVb GZ mnR Gi gv‡S
bvg gyn¤§` Rvdi BKevj †Kv‡bv •ewPÎ¨ †bB|Õ Dw³wU †Kvb †jLvi AšÍ©MZ- gnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUi
Rb¥: 23 wW‡m¤î 1952 wLª÷vã, wm‡jU kni| [B 19-20]
‣cZ…K wbevm: †bÎ‡Kvbv †Rjv| 4. ÔgnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUiÕ Abyhvqx, gvbyl-‡¯^”Qv aŸsmKvix cÖvYx [M 19-20]
Rb¥ cwiPq
wcZv: kwn` dqRyj ingvb Avn‡g`| 5. ÔgnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUiÕ G wb‡Pi †KvbwU †bB- RM‡Zi Avb›`hÁ [M 19-20]
gvZv: Av‡qkv AvLZvi LvZzb|
gva¨wgK: GmGmwm (1968 wLª÷vã), wRjv ¯‥zj, e¸ov| †bK‡jm
c~‡Y©›`y `w¯Í`vi
D”P gva¨wgK: GBPGmwm (1970 wLª÷vã), XvKv K‡jR|
D”PZi wkÿv: ¯œvZK m¤§vb (c`v_©weÁvb), XvKv Abyev`K cwiwPZ
wkÿv Rxeb wek¦we`¨vjq (1973 wLª÷vã) ¯œvZ‡KvËi (ZvwË¡K
c`v_©weÁvb), XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq (1974 wLªóvã)| 1982 bvg c~‡Y©›`y `w¯Í`vi|
wLªóv‡ã wZwb BDwbf©vwmwU Ae IqvwksUb †_‡K wc.GBP.wW Rb¥ ZvwiL: 20 Ryb, 1909 wLªóvã|
Rb¥ cwiPq
wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| Rb¥¯’vb : ajNvU, cwUqv, PÆMÖvg|
wcZvi bvg : P›`ªKzgvi `w¯Í`vi
esk cwiPq †mvbvi Zix
gvZvi bvg : Kzgyw`bx `w¯Í`vi iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
†ckv/ Kg©Rxeb AvBbRxex, †jLK I ivRbxwZwe`|
gvóvi`v m~h©‡m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ PÆMÖvg hye Kwe cwiwPwZ
we‡kl Kg©
we‡`ªv‡n Ask MÖnY I KviveiY| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi: iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 25 •ekvL, 1268 e½vã (7 †g, 1861 wLª.)
ÔKweqvj i‡gk kxjÕ, Ô¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g PÆMÖv‡gÕ, KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzi cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| iex›`ªbv‡_i wcZvi bvg
cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ ÔexiKb¨v cÖxwZjZvÕ| gnwl© †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi,gvZvi bvg mvi`vmy›ìx †èx Ges `v`vi bvg wcÖÝ
Abyev` : Ô†kL‡fi MíÕ Ô†gvcvmuvi MíÕ| ØviKvbv_ VvKzi| †Rvovmvu‡Kvi VvKzi cwiev‡ii Avmj c`we wQj ÕKzkvixÕ|
9 †g, 1971 wLªóvã (gyw³hy‡× Ask wb‡Z fvi‡Z iex›`ªbv‡_i c~e©cyiæ‡liv evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gv‡b Lyjbv †Rjvi iƒcmv Dc‡Rjvi
g„Zz¨
hvIqvi c‡_ g„ZzëiY K‡ib|) wcVv‡fv‡M evm Ki‡Zb| 1961 mv‡j Zuvi Rb¥  kZevwl©Kx cvwjZ nq|
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n 1901 mv‡j †evjcy‡ii kvwšÍ wb‡KZb ÔeªþPh©vkÖgÕ bvgK we`¨vcxV cÖwZôv K‡ib
1. ¸¯Ívf d¬‡eqvi n‡jb Mx `¨ †gvcvmvui- cvwievwiK eÜz [M 19-20] hv 1921 mv‡j Ôwek¦fviZxÕ wek¦we`¨vj‡q cwiYZ nq| 1913 mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m
2. c~‡Y©›`y `w¯Í`vi †ckvRxe‡bi wQ‡jb- AvBbRxex [Gd 19-20] ÒMxZvÄwjÓ Kv‡eï Bs‡iwR Abyev‡ì Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi cvb| wZwb †bv‡ej
3. Ô‡bK‡jmÕ M‡í gv`vg †jvB‡m‡ji kvixwiK cZ‡bi g~j KviY Kx- cyi¯‥vicÖvß cÖ_g fiZxq Ges mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ejRqx GKgvÎ evOvwj| 2004 mv‡j
D”Pvwfjvl [Gd 19-20] 24 gvP© wèvMZ iv‡Z ÔkvwšÍ wb‡KZbÕ †_‡K †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi Pzwi n‡q hvq| wn›`y -
gymjgv‡bi wgj‡bi Rb¨ wZwb ivwL Drm‡ei cÖPjb K‡ib| †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi Pzwi
c`¨vsk n‡q hvq| wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi wgj‡bi Rb¨ wZwb ivwL Drm‡ei cÖPjb K‡ib|
1915 mv‡j ZrKvjxb fviZ miKvi Zuv‡K Ôm¨vi ev ÔbvBU Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡i|
wefxl‡Yi cÖwZ †gNbv` 1919 mv‡j RvwjqvbIqvjvev‡Mi nZ¨vKv‡Ði cÖwZev‡` wZwb ÔbvBUÕ Dcvwa Z¨vM
gvB‡Kj gaym~ ` `Ë K‡ib| 1913 mv‡j 26 wW‡m¤î KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq Zvu‡K W±‡iU wWwMÖ
cÖ`vb K‡i| 1936 mv‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Zv‡K W±‡iU wWwMÖ cÖ`vb K‡i|
Kwe cwiwPwZ 1940 mv‡j 7 AvM÷ A·‡dvW© wek¦w`¨vjq Zvu‡K W±‡iU wWwMÖ cÖ`vb K‡i|
Ebwesk kZvãxi weL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë h‡kv‡ii †Kkecyi Ôfvbywmsn VvKziÕ Zvi QÙbvg| iex›`ªbv_‡K ¸iæ‡è,Kwe¸iæ I wek¦Kwe cÖf…wZ
Dc‡Rjvi K‡cvZvÿ b‡ì Zx‡i Aew¯’Z mvMiùvwo MÖv‡g 1824 mv‡ji 25 Awfavq f~wlZ Kiv nq| Zvu‡K Ôwek¦KweÕ Awfavq cÖ_g Awfwl³ K‡ib cwÐZ
Rvbyqvwi Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡b| 1843 mv‡ji 9 †d«iæqvwi wZwb wLª÷ag© MÖnY K‡ib| †ivgvb K¨v_wjK eªþevÜe Dcva¨vq| wZwb evsjv MxwZKweZvi cybwe©Kvk NUvb|
Zvi wcZ…cÖ`Ë bv‡gi ïiæ‡Z ÔgvB‡KjÕ bvg †hvM Kiv nq| wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Zï iex›`ªbv_ wU. Gm. Gwjq‡Ui KweZvi cÖ_g evsjv Abyev`K| wZwb evsjv
cÖ_g gnvKwe| gaym~`b evsjv Kv‡e¨ AvaywbKZvi cw_K…r| Zvu‡K `ËKz‡jv™¢e mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K †QvU MíKvi Ô‡QvU cÖvY †QvU e¨_v, †QvU †QvU `ytL K_v,
Kwe, AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g we‡`ªvnx KweI ejv nq| wZwb evsjv wbZv‡šÍvB mnR mij|Õ †QvUMí m¤ú‡K© wek¦Kwei Agi Dw³|
mvwn‡Zï m‡bU I AwgÎvÿi Q‡›ì cÖeZ©b K‡ib| gaym~`b `Ë cÖ_g evOvwj wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 22 kªveY, 1348 e½vã (7 AvM÷, 1941 wLªt)
m‡bUKvi| Zvi m‡bU¸‡jv‡Z †`k‡cÖ‡gi cÖej cÖKvk N‡U‡Q wZwb evsjv g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
bvU‡Ki cw_K…rI e‡U| Zvui QÙbvg Timothy pen poem 1873 mv‡ji Kwe cÖK…Z bvg : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
29 Ryb KjKvZvi Avwjcyi nvmcvZv‡j wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Rb¥ ZvwiL : 7 †g, 1861 wLª. (25 •ekvL 1268)|
Rb¥ cwiPq
Kwe gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë Rb¥¯’vb : †Rvovmuv‡Kv, KjKvZv, fviZ|
Rb¥ ZvwiL: 1824 wLª÷v‡ãi 25 Rvbyqvwi| wcZvi bvg : gnwl© †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
Rb¥ cwiPq esk cwiPq gvZvi bvg : mvi`v †èx|
Rb¥¯’vb: h‡kvi †Rjvi †Kkecyi _vbvaxb mvMiùvwo MÖvg|
wcZvg‡ni bvg : wcÖÝ ØviKvbv_ VvKzi
wcZ…-gvZ… wcZvi bvg: gnvgwZ gybkx ivRbvivqY `Ë| iex›`ªbv_ evj¨Kv‡j Iwi‡q›Uvj †mwgbvwi, bg©vj ¯‥zj,
cwiPq gvZvi bvg: Rvýex †èx| †e½j GKv‡Wwg, †m›U †Rwfqvm© ¯‥zj cÖf…wZ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b
KjKvZvq jvjevRvi MÖvgvi ¯‥zj, wn›`y K‡jR Ges Aa¨qb Ki‡jI ¯‥z‡ji cvV †kl Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| 17
wkÿvRxeb
wkÿvRxeb cieZ©xKv‡j wekcm K‡j‡R fwZ© nb| wZwb e¨vwi÷vwi eQi eq‡m e¨vwi÷vwi co‡Z Bsj¨vÛ †M‡jI †Kvm© m¤úbœ
covi Rb¨ we‡j‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb| Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| Z‡e M„nwkÿ‡Ki KvQ †_‡K ÁvbvR©‡bi
Kg©Rxeb/ cÖ_g Rxe‡b AvBb †ckvq RwoZ n‡jI †jLv‡jwL K‡iB †Kvb ÎæwU nq wb|
1884 wLª. †_‡K iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi wcZvi Av‡`‡k welqKg©
†ckv cieZ©xKv‡j RxweKv wbe©vn K‡ib| †ckv/ cwi`k©‡b wbhy³ nb Ges 1890 †_‡K †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j
g„Zz¨ : 1873 wLª÷v‡ãi 29 Ryb| Kg©Rxeb Rwg`vwi †`Lv‡kvbv K‡ib| G m~‡Î wZwb Kzwóqvi wkjvB`n I
Rxebvemvb
mgvwa¯’vb : KjKvZvi †jqvi mvKz©jvi †ivW| wmivRM‡Äi kvnRv`cy‡i `xN© mgq Ae¯’vb K‡ib|
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n QÙbvg fvbywmsn VvKzi
Kve¨ : gvbmx, †mvbvi Zix, wPÎv, •PZvjx, ÿxYKv,
1. ÔwbKzw¤¢jv hÁvMv‡i cÖMj‡Z cwkj `¤¢xÕ GLv‡b Ô`¤¢xÕ ej‡Z Kv‡K †evSv‡bv •b‡e`¨, MxZvÄwj, ejvKv, c~iex, cybð, wewPÎv, †muRywZ,
n‡q‡Q- j²Y [wm 2020-21] Rb¥w`‡b, †kl‡jLv we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi KweZv bq- e½evYx [B 19-20] Dcb¨vm : ‡Mviv, N‡i-evB‡i, PZzi½ †Pv‡Li evwj,
3. Ôwefxl‡Yi cÖwZ †gNbv`Õ Kve¨vskwU †Kvb Q‡›` iwPZ- Aÿie„Ë [we 19-20] †b․KvWzwe, †hvMv‡hvM, ivRwl©, †k‡li KweZv cÖf…wZ|
4. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë wkecy‡ii wekcm& K‡j‡R †Kvb †Kvb fvlv †k‡Lb- Kve¨bvU¨ : Kvwnbx, wPÎv½`v, emšÍ, we`vq Awfkvc,
wMÖK, jvwZb I wneªæ [wm 19-20] mvwnZ¨Kg© wemR©b, ivRv I ivYx cÖf…wZ|
bvUK : APjvqZb, wPiKzgvi mfv, WvKNi, gyKzU,
5. gaym~`b wel‡q wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw³wU wVK bq- wZwb cqvi Q‡›ì cÖeZ©K [wm 19-20]
gyw³i Dcvq, i³Kiex, ivRv cÖf…wZ|
6. Ôwefxl‡Yi cÖwZ †gNbv`Õ KweZvq ivRnsm †Kv_vq †Ljv K‡i- ¯^”Q
MíMÖš’ : Mí¸”Q, Mí¯^í, wZbm½x, wjwcKv, †m,
m‡ive‡i [Gd 19-20]
•K‡kviK cf…wZ|
7. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi ivavK…ò welqK MxwZKve¨ †KvbwU- eªRv½bv [Gd 19-20]
cÖeÜMÖš’ : wewPÎ cÖeÜ, wkÿv, kãZË¡, KvjvšÍi, mf¨Zvi
8. Ô†gNbvèa Kve¨Õ Gi †Kvb m‡M© †gNbv‡ì g„Zz¨ nq- 6ô [G 18-19]
msKU|
ågYKvwnwb : RvcvbhvÎx, c‡_i mÂq, cvim¨, ivwkqvi Kve¨MÖš’: AwMœ-exYv, we‡li euvwk, fvOvi Mvb,
wPwV, BD‡ivc hvÎxi Wv‡qix, BD‡ivc cÖevmxi cÎ mvgëv`x, me©nviv, dwY-gbmv, wRwÄi, mÜ¨v,
cÖf…wZ| cÖjq wkLv, †`vjbPuvcv, QvqvbU, wmÜz wn‡›`vj,
cÎ mvwnZ¨ : wQbœcÎ, ivwkqvi wPwV, fvbywms‡ni c`vejx, PµevK|
wPwVcÎ BZ¨vw`| Dcb¨vm: euvabnviv, g„Zz¨-ÿzav, Kz‡nwjKv|
‡bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi (1913), KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K wW- Mí:e¨_vi `vb, wi‡³i †e`b, wkDwjgvjv,
cyi¯‥vi I
wjU (1913), A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K wW-wjU cÙ‡MvLiv, wR‡bi ev`kv|
m¤§vbbv bvUK:wSwjwgwj, Av‡jqv, cyZz‡ji we‡q|
(1940), XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K wW.wjU. (1936)
g„Zz¨ ZvwiL : 7 AvM÷, 1941 wLªóvã (22 kÖveY 1348 cÖeÜMÖ¯’: hyM-evYx, `yw`©‡bi hvÎx, ivRe›`xi
Rxebvemvb mvwnZ¨Kg©
e½vã) Revbe›`x, a~g‡KZz|
RxebxMÖš’: giæfv¯‥i [nhiZ gyn¤§` (m:) Gi
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n RxebxMÖš’]|
1. iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Dcb¨vm bq-`„wó cÖ`xc [L 19-20] Abyev`: iæevBqvZ-B nvwdR, iæevBqvZ-B-Igi
•Lqvg|
we‡`ªvnx
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Mv‡bi msKjb: eyjeyj, †Pv‡Li PvZK, P›`ªwe›`y,
bRiæj MxwZ, myiwjwc, Mv‡bi gvjv, wPËbvgv
Kwe cwiwPwZ BZ¨vw`|
Rb¥ I cÖv_wgK Rxeb: we‡`ªvnx Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg 1899 mv‡j 24 †g m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv: a~g‡KZz, jv½j, •`wbK behyM|
(11 •R¨ô, 1306 e½vã) cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K ÔRMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`KÕ,
Pziæwjqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1917 mv‡ji †klw`‡K bRiæj †mbvevwnbxi 49 fviZ miKvi cÖ`Ë ÔcÙf‚lYÕ Dcvwa jvf|
†e½j †iwR‡g›U †hvM †`b| iex›`ªfviZx Ges XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Kwe‡K wW-wjU
cyi¯‥vi/m¤§vbbv wWwMÖ cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvQvov 1976 wLªóv‡ã evsjv‡`k
ZvQvov wZwb behyM, a~g‡KZz I jv½j cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb: a~g‡KZzi 1922 mv‡ji 26
†m‡Þ¤î Zvui KweZv ÔAvb›`gqxi AvMg‡bÕ cÖKvwkZ nq| GKB eQi 23 Rvbyqvwi ÔhyMevYxÕ miKvi Kwe‡K ÔGKz‡k c`KÕ cÖ`vb Ges RvZxq
cÖeÜMÖš’ ev‡Rqvß nq Ges H w`‡bB Zuv‡K Kzwgjøv †_‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| Zvui e›`x Ae¯’vq Kwei gh©v`vq AwawôZ K‡ib|
iex›`ªbv_ ÔemšÍÕ MxwZbvU¨wU bRiæj‡K DrmM© K‡ib| GB Avb‡›` †R‡j e‡m bRiæj Ôm„wó g„Zz¨ ZvwiL: 1976 wLª÷v‡ãi 29 AvM÷|
my‡Li Djøv‡mÕ KweZvwU iPbv K‡ib| Rxebvemvb mgvwa¯’vb : XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †K›`ªxq gmwR`
Amy¯’Zv: 1942 mv‡j wZwb ÔwcKm& wWwRRÕ bvgK gw¯Í‡®‥i e¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ nb| cÖv½Y|
cyi¯‥vi : 1954 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq Zvu‡K ÕRMËvwiYxÕ Dcvwa cÖ`vb
K‡ib| 1960 mv‡j fviZ miKvi Zuv‡K ÔcÙf~lYÕ c`K cÖ`vb K‡i| 1969 Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n
mv‡j iex›`ªfviZx Zuv‡K W±‡iU wWwMÖ cÖ`vb K‡i| 1974 mv‡j 9 wW‡m¤î XvKv 1. bRiæj Bmjvg iex›`ªbv_‡K DrmM© K‡i‡Qb †Kvb mvwnZ¨Kg©wU mwÂZv [R 11-12]
wek¦we`¨vjq Zuv‡K W±‡iU wWwMÖ cÖ`vb K‡i| 1976 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ wZwb GKz‡k 2. ‡Kvb iPbv¸”Q KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi- ebMxwZ, myi-mvKx, myikZ`j [M 17-18]
c`K jvf K‡ib| 3. Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ mb-1899-1976 [N 11-12]
evsjv‡`k AvMgb I g„Zz¨: KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg 1926 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mi †kl 4. Ô‡gvi WvB‡b wkï m‡`¨vRvZ Rivq-giv evgcv‡k!Õ †Kvb KweZvi
mßv‡n cÖ_g XvKvq Av‡mb| 1972 mv‡ji 24 †g fviZ miKv‡ii AbygwZµ‡g Askwe‡kl- AvR m„wó-my‡Li Djøv‡m [L 17-18]
fviZ n‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki Avbv nq| wZwb iYm½x‡Zi iPwqZv| Kwe evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZ`vb
bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡ib 29 AvM÷ 1976 mv‡j (12 fv`ª, 1383 e½vã) wZwb RmxgD`&`xb
XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi kvnx gmwR` cÖv½‡b Zvui gvRvi
Aew¯’Z| KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi QÙbvg, wQj Ôa~g‡KZzÕ| bRiæ‡ji 5wU MÖš’ Kwe cwiwPwZ
(hyMjevYx, fv½vi Mvb, cÖjq-wkLv, we‡li evuwk, P›`ªwe›`y) miKvi KZ…©K bvg RmxgD`&`xb
ev‡Rqvß n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki gqgbwmsn ‡Rjvi wÎkvj _vbvi `wiivgcyi KvRx c‡njv Rvbyqvwi 1903 wLªóvã| dwi`cy‡ii Zv¤^yjLvbv
bRiæj Bmjv‡gi ¯§„wZi mv‡_ RwoZ| ÔKwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg wek¦we`¨vjqÕ Rb¥
MÖv‡g gvZzjvj‡q|
bv‡gi Kwei ¯§„wZ weRwoZ gqgbwmsn wÎkv‡j GKwU wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vcb Kiv wcZvgvZv wcZv AvbmviDÏxb †gvjøv I gvZv Avwgbv LvZzb|
n‡q‡Q| •cZ…K wbevm dwi`cy‡ii †Mvwe›`cyi MÖv‡g|
Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg| dwi`cyi iv‡R›`ª K‡jR †_‡K AvBG I weG cvk Kivi
Rb¥ ZvwiL : 24 †g, 1899 wLªóvã (11 •R¨ô, wkÿvRxeb ci KwjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨
1906 mvj)| GgG wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib|
Rb¥ cwiPq
Rb¥¯’vb : ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi Kg©Rxe‡bi ïiæ‡Z wZwb XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡q wKQzKvj
Pziæwjqv MÖvg| Kg©Rxeb Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| c‡i miKv‡ii cÖPvi I Rbms‡hvM wefv‡M
wcZ…- gvZ… wcZvi bvg : KvRx dwKi Avng`| D”Pc‡` Avmxb nb|
cwiPq gvZvi bvg : Rv‡n`v LvZzb| ÔcwjøKweÕ wn‡m‡e wZwb mgwaK cwiwPZ| K‡j‡R
cÖv_wgK wkÿv : MÖv‡gi g³e †_‡K cÖv_wgK
Aa¨vqbKv‡j ÔKeiÕ KweZv iPbv K‡i wZwb L¨vwZ
wkÿvjvf|
gva¨wgK: cÖ_‡g ivYxM‡Äi wmqvi‡mvj ¯‥zj, c‡i AR©b K‡ib Ges QvÎve¯’vqB KweZvwU ¯‥zj cvV¨MÖ‡š’
wkÿvRxeb mvwnZ¨- AšÍfz©³ nq| cwjøRxeb Zvui KweZvi cªavb DcRxe¨|
gviLyb D”P Bs‡iwR ¯‥zj, me©‡kl gqgbwmsn ‣ewkó¨
†Rjvi wÎkv‡ji `wiivgcyi ¯‥z‡j `kg †kÖwY ch©šÍ evsjvi MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi Aven, mnRmij cÖvK…wZK iƒc
cov‡jLv K‡ib| Dchy³ kã, Dcgv I wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Zvui Kv‡e¨ GK
cÖ_g Rxe‡b RxweKvi ZvwM‡` wZwb ‡j‡UvMv‡bi Abb¨ mvaviY gvÎvq g~Z© n‡q D‡V‡Q|
`‡j, iæwUi †`vKv‡b Ges †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb Zvui weL¨vZ ÔbKkx Kvu_vi gvVÕ Kve¨wU wewfbœ we‡`wk
Kg©Rxeb/ †ckv K‡iwQ‡jb| cieZ©xKv‡j cwÎKv m¤úv`bv, fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q| Zvui Ab¨vb¨ RbwcÖq I mgv`„Z
MÖv‡gv‡dvb †iK‡W©i eëmvq Mvb †jLv I myiv‡ivc mvwnZ¨Kg©
MÖš’ n‡”Q: Ô‡mvRb evw`qv NvUÕ, ÔevjyPiÕ, Ôavb‡LZÕ,
Ges mvwnZ¨ mvabv| ÔiwOjv bv‡qi gvwSÕ|
mvwnZ¨K…wZi ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e KjKvZvi iex›`ªfviZxq Mí MÖš’: †Kqvi KvUv- 1937 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ (Zvi cÖ_g
cyi¯‥vi
wek^we`¨vjq Zvu‡K m¤§vbm~PK wWwjU Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡i| MÖš’)
g„Zz¨ 1976 wLªóv‡ãi 14B gvP© XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Kve¨ MÖš’: mvu‡Si gvqv (cÖ_g Kve¨ MÖš’), D`vË c„w_ex,
mvwnZ¨ Kg© AwfhvwÎK, gvqv KvRj
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n KweZv : iæcmx evsjv (mvu‡Si gvqv)
 ‡Kvb wgjwU wVK- RmxgD`&`xb, †mvRb evw`qvi NvU [M1 05-06]
AvZœRxebx : GKv‡j Avgv‡ì Kvj
my‡PZbv Wv‡qix: GKvË‡ii Wv‡qix
Rxebv›`b `vk evsjv GKv‡Wgx (1962), GKz‡k c`K (1976) Ges
cyi®‥vi
¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‥vi (1997)
Kwe cwiwPwZ Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n
bvg Rxebvb›` `vk 01. ÔI‡Mv Kwe! iwPqv jn bv AvRI MxwZÕ †Kvb KweZvi cO&w³- Zvnv‡iB c‡o
Rxebvb›` `vk 1899 mv‡ji 17B †deªæqvwi ewikv‡j g‡b [B BDwbU 2019-20]
Rb¥ cwiPq
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 02. ÔZvnv‡iB c‡o g‡bÕ KweZvq Kwei emšÍ wegyLZvi ga¨ w`‡q †KvbwU dz‡U
Rxebvb›` `v‡ki wcZv mZ¨vb›` `vk wQ‡jb ewikv‡j D‡V‡Q- D`vmxbZv [L BDwbU 2019-20]
wcZv-gvZv eªR‡gvnb ¯‥z‡ji cÖavb wkÿK Ges gvZv KzmygKzgvix `vk 03. ÔZvnv‡iB c‡o g‡bÕ KweZvwU KZ mv‡j †Kvb cwÎKvq cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq-
wQ‡jb †m mg‡qi weL¨vZ Kwe| 1935 mv‡j, ÔgvwmK †gvnv¤§`xÕ [M BDwbU 2019-20]
wZwb ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ wewfbœ †ckv Aej¤^b Ki‡jI g~jZ Bs‡iwR 04. ÔZvnv‡iB c‡o g‡bÕ KweZvq Kwei Kv‡Q Kx wgbwZ K‡i‡Qb- emšÍ-e›`bv
†ckv
mvwn‡Zï Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡eB Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡ib| ïb‡Z [F BDwbU 2019-20]
gv‡qi KvQ †_‡KB Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZv †jLvi †cÖiYv 05. ÔZvnv‡iB c‡o g‡bÕ KweZvq †Kvb †Kvb d‡ji D‡jøL Av‡Q- evZvwe I
jvf| wZwb KweZvq m~² I Mfxi Abyf‚wZ, e¨w³gvby‡li Avg [2018-19]
wbtm½Zv, AvaywbK Rxe‡bi wewPÎ hš¿Yv I nvnvKvi Ges 06. ‡KvbwU †eMg mywdqv Kvgv‡ji Kve¨MÖš’ bq- QvqvnwiY [L BDwbU 2016-17; N
Rxeb I RM‡Zi inm¨ I gvnvZ¥¨ mÜv‡b GK AcÖwZg BDwbU 2016-17]
mvwnZ¨mvabv Kwefvlv m„wó K‡ib| Dcgv, wPÎKí, cÖZxK m„Rb Av‡jv- Qwe
Avuav‡ii eënvi, i‡Oi eënvi GesAbyf‡ei wewPÎ gvÎvi Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj
eënv‡i Zvui KweZv jvf K‡i‡Q AmvaviYZ¡| we‡kl K‡i
MÖvgevsjvi wbmM©welqK KweZv Zvu‡K evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Kwe cwiwPwZ
wewkóZv `vb K‡i‡Q| Rb¥: 12 gvP© 1936 wLªóv‡ã|
AmvaviY Kve¨‣ewk‡óï Rb¨ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Kwe Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ Rb¥¯’vb: †Mvwe›`v MÖvg, wmivRMÄ|
wewkóR‡bi
Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZv‡K ÔwPÎiƒcgqÕ e‡j‡Qb Ges g„Zz¨: 23 †m‡Þ¤î
g~j¨vqb
ey×‡è emy Zvu‡K e‡j‡Qb- ÔwbR©bZg KweÕ| gva¨wgK: 1952, cvebv wRjv ¯‥zj|
we‡kl K_vmvwnwZ¨K I cÖvewÜK| D”P gva¨wgK: AvBG (1954), XvKv K‡jR|
cwiPq wkÿvRxeb D”PZi: weG (evsjv), evsjv (1958) I GgG (1959),
 Kve¨MÖš’: Siv cvjK, a~mi cvÐzwjwc, ebjZv †mb, XvKv|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gnvc„w_ex, †ejv A‡ejv Kvj‡ejv, iƒcmx evsjv wek^we`¨vjq: wcGBP-wW (1969), jÛb wek^we`¨vjq|
iPbv  cÖeÜMÖš’: KweZvi K_v| cÖfvlK: cvebv GWIqvW© K‡jR: PvucvBbeveMÄ K‡jR;
 `ywU weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm: gvjëvb I mZx_©| ivRkvnx miKvwi K‡jR|
wZwb 1954 mv‡ji 22 †k A‡±vei KjKvZvq Uªvg ‡ckv/ mnKvix cwiPvjK: Rbms‡hvM Awa`ßi|
g„Zz¨
`yN©Ubvq AvKw¯§Kfv‡e g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Kg©Rxeb Aa¨vcK: ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vjq: PÆMÖvg wek^we`¨vjq; XvKv
wek^we`¨vjq|
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n gnvcwiPvjK: evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wwg: evsjv GKv‡Wwg|
01. Rxebvb›` `vk‡K ÔwbR©bZg KweÕ AvL¨v †`b †K- ey×‡èm emy [AvB 19-20] Kve¨MÖš’: Avcb †h․eb •eix (1974); †h‡nZz Rb¥eÜ (1984);
02. Rxebvb›` `v‡ki Kve¨‣ewkó¨‡K iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Kx e‡j AvL¨vwqZ AvµvšÍ MRj (1988)|
K‡i‡Qb- wPÎiƒcgq [M 19-20] mvwnZ¨Kg© cÖeÜMÖš’: wkwíi iƒcvšÍi (1975); K_v I KweZv (1981);
03. Rxebvb›` `vk KweZvq †h RMr •Zwi K‡ib Zv- m~² I Mfxi Abyf‡ei The Bengali Poem and Literary Writing (1977)
[M 19-20]
04. Rxebvb›` `v‡ki †Kvb ai‡bi KweZv gyw³hy‡× evsjv‡`‡ki msMÖvgx RbZv‡K MxZ-msKjb: Avwg mvM‡ii bxj|
AbycÖvwYZ K‡iwQj- wbmM© welqK KweZv [M 19-20] AvjvIj mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi (1975); myü` mvwnZ¨ ¯^Y©c`K
05. Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZv bq †KvbwU- kvk^Zx [AvB 18-19] cyi¯‥vi I (1986); GKz‡k c`K (1987); Ave`yj Kwig
06. ‡Kvb KweZv¸”Q Rxebvb›` `v‡ki- wbR©b ¯^vÿi, AvKvkbxjv, †eva [M m¤§vbvbv mvwnZ¨wekvi` ¯^Y©c`K (1989); mv` Avjx AvK›` ¯§„wZ
17-18] cyi¯‥vi (1991)|
07. ‡KvbwU Rxebvb›` `vk iwPZ Kve¨MÖš’- QvocÎ [N 16-17]
Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b AvVvi eQi eqm
mywdqv Kvgvj myKvšÍ fÆvPvh©
Kwe cwiwPwZ Kwe cwiwPwZ

myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© 1926 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ KjKvZvi KvwjNv‡U Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
bvg mywdqv Kvgvj (1911 -1999 wLª.)
evsjv‡`‡ki dwi`cy‡ii †KvUvwjcvovq myKv‡šÍi •cwÎK evwo| wZwb wQ‡jb evsjv
Rb¥ cwiPq Rb¥¯’vb : ewikvj †Rjvi kv‡q¯Ívev‡`|
wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki GKRb cÖL¨vZ Kwe, †jwLKv, mvwn‡Zï gvK©mev`x fveavivq wek¦vmx cÖMwZ †PZbvi AwaKvix ZiæY Kwe|
†ckv/ mgvR‡mweKv, bvixev`x I bvix Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg myKvšÍ fÆvPvh©‡K ÔwK‡kvi KweÕ ejv nq| AbvPi I •el¨‡gï cÖwZev` Zuvi
Kg©Rxeb cw_K…r wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| wZwb wQ‡jb iex›`ª Kveävivi KweZvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb welqe¯‘| 1947 mv‡ji 13 †g gvÎ 21 eQi (20 eQi 9
GKRb Ab¨Zg MxwZKwe| gvm) eq‡m h²vq AvµvšÍ n‡q wZwb AKvj g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Kwe myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© cÖeÜ: Avg„Zz¨ Zuvi Rxebvb›`|
Rb¥ mvj : 1926 wLª÷v‡ã, 15 AvM÷ (30 kÖveY, wkï‡Zvl: GjvwUs †ejvwUs, avb fvb‡j Kzu‡ov †`‡ev, †Mvjvc
1333 e½vã)| †dv‡U LyKxi nv‡Z, isaby muv‡Kv, jvj dzjwKi Qov|
Rb¥ cwiPq Abyev`: d«‡÷i KweZv, n¨vg‡jU, †Wbgv‡K©i hyeivR|
Rb¥¯’vb : KvjxNvU, KjKvZv|
•cZ…K wbevm: †KvUvjxcvov, †MvcvjMÄ| m¤úv`bv: nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi AcÖKvwkZ KweZv|
wcZ…-gvZ… wcZvi bvg : wbeviYP›`ª fÆvPvh©| Mí: kvgmyi ivngv‡bi Mí|
cwiPq gvZvi bvg : mybxwZ †èx| AvZ¥¯§„wZ: Kv‡jvi ay‡jvq †jLv, ¯§„wZi kni|
gva¨wgK : g¨vwUªK (1352), AK…ZKvh©, †e‡jNvUv cyi¯‥vi: Av`gRx cyi¯‥vi (1963), evsjv GKv‡Wwg
wkÿvRxeb cyiæ¯‥vi/†LZve cyi¯‥vi (1869), GKz‡k c`K (1977), ¯^vaxbZv
†`keÜz ¯‥zj|
fviZxq KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i mwµq m`m¨| •`wbK cyi¯‥vi (1991)
Kg©Rxeb cwÎKv Ô¯^vaxbZvÕi wK‡kvi mfv As‡ki cÖwZôvZv I Rxebvemvb g„Zz¨ ZvwiL : 17 AvM÷ 2006 wLª÷vã|
AvRxeb m¤úv`K| Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n
QvocÎ (1948), Nyg †bB, c~e©vfvm, Awfhvb, 1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU kvgmyi ivngv‡bi KweZv?- wdwi‡q bvI NvZK KvuUv [B 19-20]
niZvj, MxwZ¸”Q cÖf…wZ| d¨vwmev`we‡ivax †jLK I 2. kvgmyi ivngvb Gi ‡jLv bq- e‡R©¨ †Piv Avavi Avgvi [we 19-20]
mvwnZ¨Kg©
wkíx ms‡Ni c‡ÿ ÔAvKvkÕ (1351) bvgK Kve¨ 3. KZ mv‡j †Kvb cwÎKvq kvgmyi ivngv‡bi cÖ_g KweZv cÖKvwkZ nq-
msKjb m¤úv`bv K‡ib| 1949 mv‡j, ÔmvßvwnK †mvbvi evsjvÕ [wm 19-20]
Zuvi KweZvq AbvPvi I •el‡gï weiæ‡× cÖej 4. Ô‡deªæqvwi 1969Õ KweZvi cÖKiY wel‡q wb‡Pi †KvbwU h_v_©- M`¨Q›`ª I
we‡kl K…wZZ¡ cÖwZev` cvVK‡ì‡K mPwKZ K‡i †Zv‡j| MYgvby‡li cÖengvb fvlv [wm 19-20]
cÖwZ Mfxi ggZvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q Zuvi KweZvq| 5. Ô¯§„wZ Sjgj mybxj gv‡V Kv‡Q/.... Avgvi A‡bK FY Av‡Q|Õ G Mv‡bi
g„Zz¨ mvj : 1947 wLª÷vã (29 •ekvL, 1354 MxwZKvi †K- kvgmyi ivngvb [wm 19-20]
Rxebvemvb
e½vã) 6. Ô‡deªæqvwi 1969Õ weZvq ÔgvbweK evMvbÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb-
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n gvbexq RMr [wm 19-20]
1. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq †h․ebkw³i Kx A‡_© wPwÎZ- RvZxq Rxe‡bi 7. Ô‡deªæqvwi 1969Õ KweZvq mvjv‡gi nvZ n‡Z Kx S‡i- eY©gvjv [Gd 19-20]
PvwjKvkw³ [M BDwbU 2019-20] 8. Ô‡deªæqvwi 1969Õ KweZvq eY©gvjv‡K Kx‡mi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q-
2. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU †Kvb Q‡›ì iwPZ- gvÎve„Ë [M BDwbU 2019-20] bÿÎ [G 17-18; ivwe AevwYR¨ 20-21]
3. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqm fqsKiÕ KviY- wbðj cÖ_ve× Rxeb‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j 9. ‡Kvb KweZv¸”Q kvgmyi ivngv‡bi- ¯^‡cœiv WzK‡i I‡V evi evi, Lye †ewk
bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^cœ †ev‡b [M1 BDwbU 2018-19] fv‡jv _vK‡j †bB, Avwg Abvnvix [wm 17-18]
4. myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© KZ eQi eq‡m g„ZzëiY K‡ib-21 [K BDwbU 2017-18; ivwe O 10. †Kvb Kve¨MÖ”Q kvgmyi ivngv‡bi- Avwg Abvnvix, Avgvi KÕRb m½x,
BDwbU 2017-18] M„nhy‡×i Av‡M [wm 17-18]
5. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ Kx Rv‡b bv- Kvu`v [2011-12] 11. ÔG-i‡Oi wecixZ Av‡Q Ab¨ is, †h-is jv‡M bv fv‡jv †Pv‡L, †h-is mš¿vl Av‡bÕ
6. wb‡Pi †KvbwU myKvšÍ fÆvPv‡h©i mvwnZ¨Kg© bq- GKgy‡Vv [Rvb©vwjRg 2012-13] †Kvb Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z- wbR evmf‚‡g [AvB 17-18]
7. myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© †Kvb ï‡”Qi meKqwU MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv- QvocÎ, Nyg †bB, 12. ‡Kvb kvgmyi ivngv‡bi iPbv- wdwi‡q bvI NvZK KvuUv [M †mU 5, 8 : 11-12]
c~e©vfvm, wg‡VKov [M BDwbU 2014-15]
Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ
Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn
†deªæqvwi 1969
kvgmyi ivngvb
Kwe cwiwPwZ
Kwe cwiwPwZ Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn ewikvj †Rjvi eveyMÄ Dc‡Rjvi e‡niPi ÿz`ªKvwV MÖv‡g
kvgmyi ingvb 1929 mv‡ji 24 A‡±vei XvKvi gvûZUzjx‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ weG (m¤§vb) mn GgG
Kwei wcZvi evwo biwms`x †Rjvi ivqcyivi cvovZjx MÖv‡g| evsjv‡`‡ki cvm K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Bs‡iwR wefv‡M Aa¨vcbv: wmwfj mvwf©‡m †hvM`vb
mgKv‡ji Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ Zuv‡K †kÖô g‡b Kiv nq| Zvu‡K bvMwiK KweI ejv K‡i miKv‡ii wewfbœ D”Pc‡` `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii K…wl I
nq| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×Kv‡j wZwb ÔgRjyg AvwèÕ QÙbv‡g KweZv wjL‡Zb | cvwbm¤ú` gš¿x (1982); hy³iv‡óª evsjv‡`‡ki ivóª`~Z wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i
Kwe 2006 mv‡ji 17 AvM÷ XvKvq ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| (1984)| 19 †k gvP©, 2001 mv‡j wZwb cvi‡jvKMgb K‡ib|
Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb| WvKbvg: ev”Pz bvg Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn
Rb¥ ZvwiL :23 A‡±vei 1929 wLª÷vã| Rb¥ mvj: 8 †deªæqvwi, 1934 wLª÷vã|
Rb¥ cwiPq Rb¥ cwiPq
Rb¥¯’vb:gvûZUzjx, XvKv| Rb¥¯’vb: e‡niPi- ÿz`ªKvwV MÖvg, eveyMÄ, ewikvj|
wcZ…-cwiPq wcZvi bvg :gyL‡jmyi ingvb †P․ayix| wcZ…-cwiPq wcZvi bvg : Ave`yj ReŸvi Lvb
gva¨wgK:†cv‡cR ¯‥zj (1945), XvKv| gva¨wgK : g¨vwUªK (1984), gqgbwmsn wRjv ¯‥zj|
D”P gva¨wgK:XvKv B›UviwgwW‡qU K‡jR (1947)| D”P gva¨wgK : B›UviwgwW‡qU (1950), XvKv K‡jR|
wkÿvRxeb D”PZi wkÿv : weG Abvm© (1953), GgG (1954),
D”PZi : we.G (Abvm©), Gg.G. (Bs‡iwR), XvKv
wek¦we`¨vjq| wkÿvRxeb Bs‡iwR, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
mvsevw`KZv| m¤úv`K-•`wbK evsjv| mfvcwZ- evsjv M‡elYv: ÒLater Poems of Yeats; The influence of
Kg©Rxeb/ †ckv Upanishads". †KgweªR wek¦we`¨vjq, hy³ivR¨|
GKv‡Wwg|
Kve¨: cÖ_g Mvb wØZxq g„Zzï Av‡M (cÖ_g Kve¨), †i․`ª wW‡cøvgv: Dbœqb A_©bxwZ, †KgweªR wek¦we`¨vjq|
K‡ivwU‡Z, weaŸ¯Í bxwjgv, wbiv‡jv‡K wèï_, wbR †jKPvivi: Bs‡iwR wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
evmf‚‡g, e›`x wkwei †_‡K, `ytmg‡qi gy‡LvgywL, wdwi‡q mwPe: evsjv‡`k mwPevjq; gš¿x: K…wl I cvwbm¤ú`
bvI NvZK KuvUv, GK †duvUv †Kgb Abj, evsjv‡`k ¯^cœ gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k miKvi (1982); ivóª`~Z :
mvwnZ¨Kg© Kg©Rxeb/ †ckv IqvwksUb, h³ivóª; gnvcwiPvjK : FAO, Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK
`¨v‡L, D™¢U D‡Ui wc‡V P‡j‡Q ¯^‡`k, kvgmyi
ivngv‡bi †kÖô KweZv cÖf…wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| AÂj; †Pqvig¨vb : evsjv‡`k †m›Uvi di GWfvÝW ÷vwWR;
Dcb¨vm: A‡±vcvm, wbqZ gšÍvR, A™¢zZ Auvavi GK, †d‡jv : nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vjq †m›Uvi di B›Uvib¨vkbvj
G‡jv †m A‡ejvq| A¨v‡dqvm© Ges Rb Gd †K‡bwW ¯‥zj Ae Mfb©‡g›U|
Kve¨MÖš’: ÔmvZ bixi nviÕ, ÔKL‡bv is KL‡bv myiÕ, gva¨wgK- †gwU&ªKz‡jkb (1939, KzwoMÖvg nvB¯‥zj)
ÔKg‡ji †PvLÕ, ÔAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÕ, Ôe„wó I D”Pgva¨wgK- AvBG (1941, XvKv B›UviwgwW‡qU K‡jR)
wkÿvRxeb:
mvwnZ¨Kg© mvnmx cyiæ‡li Rb¨ cÖv_©bvÕ, ÔAvgvi mgqÕ, Ômwnòz D”PZi wkÿv- weG (1943, Avb›`‡gvnb K‡jR) Ges GgG
cÖZxÿvÕ, ÔLuvPvi wfZi AwPb cvwLÕ, Ôgm„Y K…ò‡MvjvcÕ, (Amgvß, KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq)
cÖf…wZ| m¤úv`K- Kb‡U¤úivwi, mnm¤úv`K- `¨ †÷U‡g›U, evZ©v
cyi¯‥vi I GKz‡k c`K, evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (1976) BZ¨vw`| Kg©Rxeb: m¤úv`K- †iwWI cvwK¯Ívb (†cÖm- cvwK¯Ívb `~Zvevm),
m¤§vbbv cwiPvjK- BD‡b‡¯‥vi †cÖvMÖvg †¯úwmqvwj÷ (c¨vwim).
Rxebvemvb g„Zz¨ ZvwiL : 19 gvP©, 2001 wLª÷vã| Dcb¨vm- jvjmvjy, Pvu‡ì Agvem¨v, Kv‡ùv b`x Kv‡ùv, w` AvMwj
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n Gwkqvb (Bs‡iwR fvlvq-1963)|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
01. ÔAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÕ KweZvwU †Kvb Q‡›` iwPZ- M`¨ [L BDwbU 20 19-20] †QvU Mí: bqb Pviv, `yB Zxi I Ab¨vb¨ Mí|
02. Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvni KweZvq we‡klfv‡e cÖva¨vb¨ †c‡q‡Q- ivóªfvlv bvUK: ewncxi, Zi½ f½, myi½, DRv‡b g„Zz¨|
Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy× [M BDwbU 2019-20] evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (1961), Av`gRx cyi¯‥vi (1965),
cyi¯‥vi:
03. Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvni g‡Z, †h KweZv ïb‡Z Rv‡b bv †m Kx‡mi AwaKvi †_‡K GKz‡k c`K (1983)
ewÂZ n‡e- w`M‡šÍi AwaKvi [M BDwbU 2019-20] g„Zy¨ 10 A‡±vei, 1971 (c¨vwim, d«vÝ)|
b~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n
•mq` kvgmyj nK
1. gwR` †Kv_v †_‡K gneŸZbMi MÖv‡g Av‡m- Mv‡iv cvnvo [we 21-22]
2. ÔZzwg AvBR ivB‡Z Zvivwe bvgvR coev| Zvici gvRv‡i wMqv Zvbvi Kv‡Q gvd
Kwe cwiwPwZ PvBev|Õ GLv‡b ÔZvbviÕ bvg- †gv`v‡”Qi [wm 21-22]
bvg: ‣mq` kvgmyj nK 3. ÔjvjmvjyÕ Dcb¨vmwUi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq KZ mv‡j- 1948 [Gd 21-22]
Rb¥ mvj: 1935 wLª÷v‡ã| 4. me©`k©xq Ae¯’vb †_‡K Kvwnwb eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kvb iPbvwU‡Z- jvjmvjy
Rb¥ cwiPq [wm 18-19]
Rb¥¯’vb: KzwoMÖvg|
5. ÔjvjmvjyÕ Dcb¨v‡m MÖv‡g ¯‥zj ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †K †Póv K‡iwQj-Av°vm [wm 17-18]
wcZ… cwiPq wcZvi bvg: •mq` wmwÏK ûmvBb|
6. Ô‣mq` IqvjxDjøvni iPbv bq- Pvi Aa¨vq [wm 17-18]
gva¨wgK: g¨vwÆK (1950), XvKv K‡jwR‡qU ¯‥zj| 7. ÔZzwg Kx g‡b K‡iv wgqv? Zzwg Kx g‡b K‡iv †Zvgvi wewe wgQv e`bvg K‡i? Zzwg
D”P gva¨wgK: B›UviwgwW‡qU (1952), RMbœv_ K‡jR| njd KBiv ej‡Z cv‡iv †Zvgvi w`‡j gqjv bvB?Õ- gwR` [wm 17-18]
wkÿvRxeb
D”PZi wkÿv: ¯œvZK (m¤§vb) Bs‡iwR, XvKv
wek¦we`¨vjq| wmivRD‡Ï․jv
wmKv›`vi Avey Rvdi
mvsevw`KZv I †jLv‡jwL| cÖ‡hvRK - evsjv wefvM,
‡ckv/ Kg©Rxeb wewewm| wPÎbvU¨ iPwqZv I MxwZKvi wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ
AR©b| bvU¨Kvi cwiwPwZ
Dcb¨vm: GK gwnjvi Qwe, Abycg w`b, mxgvbv Qvwo‡q, Rb¥: 31 gvP©, 1919 wLª÷vã|
bxj `skb, ¯§„wZ‡gN, g„Mqvq Kvj‡ÿc, wbe©vwmZv, cwiPq Rb¥¯’vb: †ZuZzwjqv, Zvjv, mvZÿxiv |
wbwl× †jvevb, †Ljvivg †L‡j hv cÖf…wZ| wcZvi bvg : •mq` gCbyÏxb nv‡kgx|
‡QvU Mí: kxZ we‡Kj, i³ †Mvjvc, Avb‡›ì g„Zz¨, cÖvPxb gva¨wgK- †gwU&ªKz‡jkb (1939, KzwoMÖvg nvB¯‥zj)
es‡ki wbt¯^ mšÍvb cÖf…wZ| D”Pgva¨wgK- AvBG (1941, XvKv B›UviwgwW‡qU K‡jR)
wkÿvRxeb:
mvwnZ¨ Kg© Kve¨MÖš’: weiwZnxb Drme, Aci cyiæl, civ‡Yi Mnxb D”PZi wkÿv- weG (1943, Avb›`‡gvnb K‡jR) Ges GgG
wfZ‡i, cÖwZaŸwbMY, i¾y c‡_ P‡jwQ, GK`v GK (Amgvß, KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq)
iv‡R¨, •ekv‡L iwPZ c¼w³gvjv, AwMœ I R‡ji KweZv, †iwWI cvwK¯Ív‡b PvKzwi| mvsevw`KZv Ô‣`wbK behyM,
ivR‣bwZK KweZv cÖf„wZ| Kg©Rxeb: mn‡hvMx m¤úv`K •`wbK B‡ËdvK; cÖavb m¤úv`K •`wbK
wkïwK‡kvi‡ì Rb¨: mxgv‡šÍi wmsnvmb,Avby eo nq, wgjøvZ; cÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K gvwmK mgKvj|
nWms‡bi e›`yK cÖf…wZ| Kve¨MÖš’: cÖmbœ cÖni (1965), •eixK…wó‡Z (1965),
evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi®‥vi, Av`gRx mvwnZ¨ cyi®‥vi, Aj³ ¯^Y© wZwgivwšÍK (1965), KweZv (1968), e„wðK jMœ (1971)
cyi¯‥vi
c`K, AvjvIj mvwnZ¨ cyi®‥vi, GKz‡k c`K, RvZxq PjwPÎ bvUK: kKzšÍ DcvL¨vb ( 1958),wmivRD‡Ï․jv (1965),
I m¤§vbbv:
cyi®‥vi, bvwmiDwÏb ¯^Y©c`K, †Ubvwkbvm c`K cÖf…wZ| gnvKwe AvjvIj ( 1965)
mvwnZ¨Kg©
g„Zz¨ 2017,27 †m‡Þ¤î Dcb¨vm: gvwU Avi AkÖæ ( 1942), c~iex (1944)
MíMÖš’: gwZ Avi Aï ( 1941)
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm: R‡qi c‡_(1942), bex Kvwnbx (1951)
01. mKj Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev‡` b~ij`xb WvK †`q- Rv‡Mv, ev‡n, †Kvb‡V mevq? AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv: Z…Yv¼zi|
[I BDwbU 19-20]
cyi¯‥vi: evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi ( 1966)
02. Ô‣mq` kvgmyj n‡Ki †jLv bq- Avwg mvM‡ii bxj [L BDwbU 2019-20]
03. Ôcv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvqÕ bvU‡Ki iPwqZv-‣mq` kvgmyj nK [M1 BDwbU g„Zy¨ 5 AvM÷, 1975 wLª÷vã|
2018-19] Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡qi weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n
04. mg¯Í b`xi AkÖæ Ae‡k‡l †Kv_vq †g‡k- eªþcyÎ [L BDwbU 2017-18; †e‡ivwe K 1. ÔwmivRD‡Ï․jv bvUKwUi KqwU `„‡k¨ wmivR ¯^qs Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb- AvUwU [we
BDwbU 2016-17] 21-22]
jvjmvjy 2. ÔAv”Qv, Avwg ivRv gvwbKPvu‡ì Kv‡Q wPwV cvVvw”Q| Avcwb `yM© cÖKv‡i
•mq` IqvjxDjøvn mv`v wbkvb Dwo‡q w`b|Õ Kvi msjvc- DwgPvu` [wm 17-18]
3. ÔwPwVcÎ hZ Kg †Ìqv hvq ZZB fv‡jv, †K Rv‡b †Kv_vq wmiv‡Ri
†jLK cwiwPwZ ¸ßPi Ir‡c‡Z e‡m Av‡Q|Õ Kvi msjvc- wgiRvdi [wm 17-18]
Rb¥: 15 AvM÷, 1922 4. ÔkIKZR½ Avcbv‡ìB †Q‡j| †m bevwe †c‡j cÖKvivšÍ‡i AvcbvivB †Zv
†`‡ki gvwjK n‡q em‡eb|Õ msjvcKwU Kvi- N‡mwU †eMg [wm 17-18]
cwiPq Rb¥¯’vb: †lvjkni, PÆMÖvg
5. Ô‡Zvgvi wb‡Ri nv‡ZB wmivRD‡Ï․jv‡K gvi‡Z n‡e Bb DBi Ib
wcZv: ‣mq` Avn¤§`Djøvn B›Uvi‡÷Õ Kvi Dw³- K¬vBf [wm 17-18]
 evsjv wjwci Aÿi w¯’wZ jvL K‡i- 1800 mv‡j| kÖxivgcyi wgk‡b gy`ªYhš¿
evsjv 2q cÎ ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g|
 evsjv wjwci Aÿi ev e‡Y©i AvaywbK iƒc †`b- cÂvbb Kg©Kvi|
e¨vKiY  W. mybxwZKygvi P‡Ævcva¨vq I RR© wMÖqvim‡bi gZvbymv‡i evsjv fvlvi
 Ôe¨vKiYÕ kãwU GKwU Zrmg ev ms¯‥…Z kã| ey¨rwcËMZ A‡_© e¨vKiY (we D™¢e n‡q‡Q- gvMax cÖvK…Z †_‡K|
+Av+K…+Ab) n‡”Q we‡klfv‡e we‡kølY| A_©vr e¨vKiY gv‡b fvlvi ¯îƒc  evsjv fvlvi Rb¥- e½Kvgiƒcx fvlv †_‡K|
we‡kølY| e¨vKi‡Yi g~j wfwËB n‡jv fvlv|  fvlvfvlx RbmsL¨vi w`K †_‡K evsjv we‡kî- 6ô fvlv|
 Ôe¨vKi‡YÕ kãwU K…r cÖZ¨q mvwaZ kã| hvi we‡kølY iƒc/ MVb/ cÖK…wZ-  Zrmg kã †ewk _v‡K- mvayfvlvq|
cÖZ¨q: we + Av + K… + Ab| GLv‡b we= we‡køl, Av = mg¨K, K… =  me©cÖ_g mvay fvlv eënvi K‡ib- ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq|
Kiv, Ab = Ki‡Y|  evsjv fvlv †h fvlv esk †_‡K G‡m‡Q- B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq, kZg kvLv|
 Ôe¨vKiYÕ k‡ãi mwÜ we‡”Q` e¨vKiY = we + AvKiY (¯î¯^wÜ)|  B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlves‡ki kvLv `ywU- †Kš‘g I kZg|
 e¨vKi‡Yi KvR - fvlvi Af¨šÍixY k„•Ljv Avwe®‥vi Kiv| Avi e¨vKi‡Yi  evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e FYx- Acås‡ki Kv‡Q|
cÖavb KvR n‡”Q- fvlvi we‡kølY|  Awfavb k‡ãi A_©- kãv_©|
 e¨vKiY k‡ã Aÿi Av‡Q 3wU (e¨v + K + iY&)| e¨vKiY k‡ã DcmM©  evOvwj‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g Awfavb cÖYqb K‡ib- †gvnbcÖmv` VvKzi (1805)
Av‡Q 2wU (we, Av)|  mswÿß cÖkœ:
 e¨vKiY‡K ejv nq fvlvi msweavb|  cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi †g․wjK Ask KqwU?
DËi: PviwU (aŸwb,kã,evK¨ I A_©)
evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq  evsjv fvlvq cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g evsjv e¨vKib
 me fvlvi e¨vKi‡YB cÖavbZ wb¤œwjwLZ PviwU wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq- DËi: evsjv e¨vKiY (DBwjqvg †Kwi iwPZ, 1818)|
1. aŸwbZË¡ (Phonology): aŸwbZË¡ g~jZ aŸwb I eY© m¤úwK©Z  evOvwj‡ì †jLv cÖ_g evsjv e¨vKiY
welq| GB As‡k aŸwb, aŸwbi D”PviY, aŸwbi web¨vm, aŸwbi DËi: †M․oxq e¨vKiY (ivg‡gvnb ivq iwPZ 1833)|
cwieZ©b, eY©, mwÜ, l-Z¡ weavb, Y-Z¡ weavb cÖf…wZ aŸwb- m¤^Üxq
e¨vKi‡Yi welq¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ nq| mvay I PwjZ
2. kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ (Morphology): GK ev GKvwaK aŸwbi  mvay I PwjZ fvlvi cv_©K¨:
mw¤§j‡b kã •Zwi nq| Avi GB k‡ãi ÿz`ªvsk‡K e‡j iƒc PwjZ ixwZ cwieZ©bkxj| GKk eQi
(Morpheme)| iƒc MVb K‡i kã| †mB Rb¨ kãZË¡‡K iƒcZË¡ evsjv †jL¨ ixwZ mywba©vwiZ Av‡M †h PwjZ ixwZ †m hy‡Mi wkó I
(Morphology) ejv nq| k‡ãi cÖKvi, kã MVb, DcmM©, e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg AbymiY K‡i f`ªR‡bi Kw_Z fvlv ev gy‡Li eywj
cÖZ¨q, wefw³, wj½ (cyiæl), ePb, avZz, kãiƒc, KviK, mgvm, P‡j Ges Gi c`web¨vm wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ wQj, Kv‡ji cÖev‡n
wµqv-cÖKiY, wµqvi Kvj, wµqvi fve, k‡ãi ey¨rcwË BZ¨vw` mywbqwš¿Z I mywbw`©ó| eZ©gv‡b Zv A‡bKUv cwiewZ©Z iƒc jvf
wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv kãZ‡Ë¡ ev iƒcZ‡Ë¡ Av‡jvwPZ nq| (2021 mv‡ji K‡i‡Q|
beg-`kg †kÖwYi †evW© eB Ôevsjv fvlvi e¨vKi‡Y I wbwg©wZÕ eB‡q KviK G ixwZ ¸iæM¤¢ x i I Zrmg G ixwZ Z™¢e kã eûj|
evK¨Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|) kãeûj
3. evK¨ZË¡ ev c`µg (Syntax): evK¨, ev‡Kï Ask, ev‡Kï cÖKvi, mvay ixwZ bvU‡Ki msjvc I PwjZ ixwZ mswÿß I mnR‡eva¨ Ges
evK¨-we‡kølY, evK¨-cwieZ©b, e‡M©i web¨vm, c`µg, evM&aviv, e³…Zvi Abyc‡hvMx| e³…Zv, Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv I bvU¨msjv‡ci
evK¨- ms‡KvPb, evK¨ ms‡hvRK, evK¨ we‡qvRb, hwZ‡”Q` ev Rb¨ †ewk Dc‡hvMx|
weivgwPý cÖf…wZ welq evK¨- cÖKi‡Y Av‡jvwPZ nq| (2021 mv‡ji G ixwZ‡Z me©bvg I wµqvc` mvay ixwZ‡Z eëüZ me©bvg I wµqvc`
beg-`kg †kÖwYi †evW© eB Ôevsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZÕ eB‡q evMaviv PjwZ ixwZ‡Z cwiewZ©Z I mnRZi iƒc
A_©Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|) GK we‡kl MVb c×wZ †g‡b
jvf K‡i| eû we‡kl¨ I we‡kl‡Yi
4. A_©ZË¡ (Semantics): k‡ãi A_©wePvi, ev‡Kï A_©wePvi, A‡_©i P‡j| †ÿ‡Î GgbwU N‡U|
wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f`, †hgb- gyL¨v_©, †M․Yv_©, wecixZv_©, mgv_©K kã,
eM© I ev‡Kï e¨Äbv BZ¨vw` A_©Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq| evsjv fvlvi aŸwb I eY© cÖKiY
 aŸwb I e‡Y©i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨¸‡jv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
evsjv fvlv I wjwc  fvlvi-g~j DcKiY/cÖvY-evK¨|
 evsjv K_¨ fvlvi Avw` MÖš’- K…cvi kv‡¯¿i A_©‡f`|  ev‡Kï †g․wjK Dcv`vb/ ÿz`ªZg GKK/ fvlvi †g․wjK Dcv`vb kã|
 gynv¤§` Gbvgyj n‡Ki iPbv- gbxlv -gÄylv|  k‡ãi/ fvlvi ÿz`ªZg GKK-aŸwb|
 ev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë hvi iPbv- gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn|  aŸwbi wjwLZ iƒc-eY©|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g BwZnvm MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib- `x‡bkP›`ª †mb|  evK¨ bv n‡j fvlv‡K mwVKfv‡e †Pbv hv‡e bv| Avevi k‡ãB cÖ_g
 evsjv GKv‡Wwgi ÔAvÂwjK AwfavbÕ m¤úv`bv K‡ib- W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& A‡_©i mswkøóZv †`Lv †`q| aŸwb‡Z A‡_©i mswkøóZv †bB| myZivs
 Ôfvlv cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiYÕ iPbv K‡ib- mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq| aŸwb/eY©, kã I ev‡Kï mw¤§j‡b fvlv M‡o I‡V|
 evsjv wjwci Drm- eªvþx wjwc|  ÔKviÕ Kv‡K e‡j: ¯îe‡Y©i mswÿß iƒc‡K Kvi e‡j| Kv‡ii msL¨v 10 wU|
 evsjv fvlvi DrcwË n‡q‡Q- mßg kZvãx‡Z| ÔAÕ Qvov meKwU ¯îe‡Y©i Kvi nq|
 cÖ‡Z¨K fvlviB DrcwË n‡q‡Q- mßg kZvãx‡Z|  djv Kv‡K e‡j: e¨Äbe©‡Y©i mswÿß iƒc‡K djv e‡j| djv 6wU| h_v- b,
 evsjvi Avw` Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv- Aw÷ªK| g, h, i, j, e BZ¨vw`|
 evsjv fvlv †h g~j fvlvi AšÍM©Z- B‡›`v-BDc‡ivcxq|  n«¯^ ¯î: †h ¯î D”Pvi‡Yi Aí mgq jv‡M Zv‡K n«¯^¯î e‡j| evsjvq n«¯^¯î
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z evsjv fvlvi D™¢e- †M․oxq cÖvK…Z †_‡K| 4 wU| h_v- A, B, D, F|
 fviZxq mg¯Í wjwci DrcwË- cÖvPxb fviZ cÖPwjZ wPÎwjwc n‡Z|  `xN© ¯î: †h ¯î D”Pvi‡Y †ewk mgq jv‡M Zv‡K `xN©¯î e‡j| evsjvq
 W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, evsjv wjwci DrcwË wLªóxq `kg `xN©¯î 7wU| h_v- Av, C, E, G, H I J|
kZvãx‡Z|  eY©: aŸwb‡K wj‡L eySv‡Z †h mKj wPý ev ms‡KZ eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K
 fviZxq wjwci iƒc- 2wU| h_v: 1. eªvþx wjwc I 2. L‡ivôx wjwc| eY© e‡j| eY© n‡”Q aŸwbi wjwLZ iƒc|
 evsjv wjwci DrcwË - eªvþx wjwc †_‡K|  ¯îeY©: ¯îa¦wb‡K wj‡L cÖKvk Kievi Rb¨ †hme mvs‡KwZK wPý eënvi
Kiv nq Zv‡K ¯îeY© e‡j| A †_‡K J ch©šÍ eY©¸‡jv ¯îeY©| ¯îeY©11wU|
 evsjv wjwci MVbKvh© ïiæ nq- †mb es‡ki kvmbvg‡j|
 e¨ÄbeY©: e¨ÄbaŸwb‡K wj‡L cÖKvk Kievi Rb¨ †hme mvs‡KwZK wPý
 evsjv wjwc †gvUvgywU ¯’vqx AvKvi jvf K‡i- cvVvb hy‡M|
eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K e¨ÄbeY© e‡j|
 D`vniY: K †_‡K u ch©šÍ eY©¸‡jv e¨ÄbeY© 39 wU| Mevÿ = †Mv + Aÿ M‡elYv = †Mv + GlYv
 gvÎv: evsjv eY©gvjvq 50 wU e‡Y©i g‡a¨ 32 wU‡Z c~Y©gvÎv eëýZ nq, 8 MvqK = •M + AK M„‡nvaŸ© = M„n + EaŸ©
wU‡Z Aa©gvÎv †Ìqv nq Ges 10wU‡Z †Kvb gvÎv eënvi Kiv nq bv| M‡½vwg© = M½v + Ewg© PZzfz©R = PZzt + fzR
 c~Y©gvÎv wewkó eY©: A, Av, B, C, D, E, K, N, P, Q, S, S, U, V, W, R‣bK = Rb + GK wYRšÍ = wYP + AšÍ
X, Z, `, b, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, l, m, n, o, p, q = 32wU| Z…òvZ© = Z…òv + FZ ZrKvj = Z`& + Kvj
 Aa©gvÎv wewkó eY©: F, L, M, Y, _, a, c, k = 8 wU Z‡cveb = Zct + eb Z‡ZvwaK = ZZt+AwaK
 gvÎvnxb eY©: G, H, &I, J, O, T, r , s, t, u = 10 wU| `y®‥i = `yt + Ki `y‡h©vM = `yt + †hvM
cixÿvq Avmvi gZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡iv Z_¨ abyó¼vi = abyt+ U¼vi bvweK = †b․ + BK
 eY© Kx- aŸwbi wjwLZ iƒc| cweÎ = †cv + BÎ cÖvZivk = cÖvZt + Avk
 eY© KZ cÖKvi?- `yB cÖKvi| ¯îeY© I e¨ÄbeY©| cÖvZtKvj = cÖvZt+Kvj cwi®‥vi = cwi + Kvi
 †Kvb ¯îe‡Y©i †Kvb mswÿß iƒc †bB?-A| ck^vag = cï + Aag cÖZ~¨l = cÖwZ + El
 ¯îe‡Y© Kvi KqwU ? -10wU| cÖ‡Z¨K = cÖwZ + GK cÖZz¨l = cÖwZ +Dl
 e¨Äbe‡Y© djv KqwU?- 6wU| cixÿv = cwi + Cÿv c×wZ = c` + nwZ
 ZvobRvZ aŸwb †Kvb¸‡jv?Ñ o,p| c‡ivcKvi = ci + DcKvi gbtKó = gbt+Kó
 ÔhÕ †Kv_v †_‡K D”PvwiZ nq? Zvjy †_‡K| gnwl© = gnv + Fwl g„b¥q = g„r + gq
 ÔiÕ Gi D”Pvib ¯’vbMZ Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq? - K¤úbRvZ g~a©v ¯’vbxq ÔiÕ †K g‡nl = gnv + Ck g‣ZK¨ = gZ + HK¨
K¤úbRvZ aŸwb e‡j| giƒ`¨vb = giæ + D`¨vb g‡bv‡hvM = gbt + †hvM
 ÔjÕ Gi D”PviY ¯’vbMZ Ae¯’vb Kx? - cvwk¦©K `šÍ¯’vbxq ÔjÕ †K cvwk¦K aŸwb e‡j|
g‡bvivg = gbt + ig gm¨vavi = gmx + Avavi
 evsjv eY©gvjvi †Kvb eY©wU Avjv`v fv‡e D”PvwiZ nq bv? - r (LÛZ)|
gš^šÍi = gby + AšÍi g‡n․la = gnv + Jla
 †Kvb eY© `ywUi ¯^Zš¿ D”PviY †bB?- s, O|
 †h․wMK ¯î aŸwbi Ab¨ bvg wK?- †h․wMK ¯îÁvcK eY©| lohš¿ = lU& + hš¿ cveK = †c․ + AK
 AšÍt¯’ eY© †Kvb¸‡jv?- h, i, j, e (4wU)| cwi”Q` = cwi + Q` wbivKvi = wbt + AvKvi
 evsjvq ¯úk© aŸwb †Kvb¸‡jv?- K †_‡K g ch©š Í25 wU aŸwb | h‡_vwQZ = h_v + DwPZ iZœ v Ki = iZœ + AvKvi
 evsjvq eM© KqwU?- 5wU| K- eM©, P- eM©, U- eM©, Z- eM©, c- eM©| `y¨‡jvK = wè& + †jvK loFZz = lU& + FZz
 ÔnÕ †Kvb cÖKvi aŸwb?- †Nvl gnvcÖvY aŸwb | wngvPj = wng + APj h‡_ó = h_v + Bó
 civkªqx aŸwb KqwU?- 3wU (s,t, u)| ï‡f”Qv = ïf + B”Qv jeY = †jv + Ab
 evsjvq AbybvwmK aŸwb KqwU?- 1wU (u)| ‡èwl© = †è + Fwl kxZvZ© = kxZ + FZ
 evsjvq Aa©gvÎv wewkó eY© KqwU?-8wU| we‡”Q` = we + †Q` ea~rme = eay + Drme
 e¨Äbe‡Y© c~Y© gvÎv wewkó e‡Y©i msL¨v KqwU?-26wU e‡b․lwa = eb + Ilwa mwÜ = mg& + wa
mwÜ ÿz a vZ© = ÿz a v + FZ e¨_© = we + A_©
mZxk = mZx + Ck ivbœv = ivua + bv
Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vjq weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœmg~n kkv¼ = kk + A¼ h`¨wc = hw` + Awc
ÿzwbœe„wË ÿza + wbe„wË B- 2016-17 msmvi = mg& + nvi ÿzrwccvmv = ÿza& + wccvmv
mb¥vM© mr + gvM© B- 2016-17 fveyK = †f․Z + DK ms¯‥…wZ = mg + K…wZ
•¯î ¯î + Ci B- 2016-17 evM`vb = evK& + `vb ivÁx = ivR + bx
gvZ…c‡`k gvZ… + Dc‡`k B- 2013-14 lô = ll& + _ bqb = †b + Ab
K‡_vcK_b K_v + DcK_b B- 2013-14 ms¯‥vi = mg& + Kvi my ešÍ = myc + AšÍ
myešÍ myc + AšÍ B- 2013-14 evMvov¤^ i = evK& + Avo¤^ i mskq = mg& + kq
fvM¨ fR + h B- 2011-12 Pjw”PÎ = Pjr + wPÎ bxie = wbt + ie
e„n¯úwZ e„nr + cwZ B- 2011-12 wbôz i = wbt + Vz i bxim = wbt + im
m‡ivei = mit + ei m‡ivR = mit + R
cixÿvq Avmvi gZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡iv Z_¨ m‡`¨vRvZ = m`¨t + RvZ wkitcxov = wkit + cxov
 mwÜ A_© - wgjb| evP¯úwZ = evPt + cwZ
 mwÜ e¨vKi‡Yi †h As‡ki Av‡jvP¨ welq- aŸwbZË¡| wbcvZ‡b wm× mwÜ
 mwÜi cÖavb myweav n‡jv- D”Pvi‡Yi myweav| †h mKj mwÜi D`vniY wbqg gv‡b bv Zv‡ì wbcvZ‡b wm× ejv nq|
 evsjv mwÜ `yÕiK‡gi - ¯îmwÜ I e¨Äb mwÜ| wbcvZ‡b wm× ¯îmwÜi wKQz D`vniY †`qv n‡jv:
 evsjv fvlvq eëüZ Zrmg mwÜ wZb cÖKvi- ¯îmwÜ, e¨Äb mwÜ, wemM© mwÜ| KzjUv = Kzj + AUv M‡ekî = †Mv + Ckî
 mwÜ‡Z wgjb N‡U- e‡Y©i| ‡cª․p = cÖ + Ep Ab¨vb¨ = b¨ + Ab¨
 wem‡M©i eënvi †bB- LvuwU evsjv k‡ã| ï‡×v`b = ï× + I`b gvZ©Ð = gvZ© + AÐ
 evsjv †h c‡ì mwÜ nq bv- wµqv| gbxlv = gbm& + Clv
 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz mwÜ-  †Kv‡bv wbqg e¨ZxZ mvwaZ mwÜ‡K e‡j wbcvZ‡b wm× mwÜ|
A‡š^lY = Aby + GlY AZ¨šÍ = AwZ + AšÍ
AZxk = AwZ + Ck AatcZb = Aat+cZb  wbcvZ‡b wm× e¨Äb mwÜ:
AZ¨w³ = AwZ + Dw³ AZxZ = AwZ + BZ Av + Ph© = Avðh© †Mv + c` = †Mv®ú`
Afz¨`q = Awf + D`q Anin = Ant + An ci+ ci = ci¯úi gbm& + Blv= gbxlv
Anwb©k = Ant + wbk Avkxev©` = Avkxt + ev` GK + `k = GKv`k lU& + `k = †lvok
BZ¨vKvi = BwZ + AvKvi BZ¨vw` = BZ + Avw` eb + cwZ = eb¯úwZ Zr + Ki = Z¯‥i
D”Q¡vm = Dr + k^vm DW&Wxb = Dr + jvm wè& + †jvK = `y¨‡jvK (¯^M©) cZr + AÄwj = cZÄwj
D‡`¨vM = Dr + †hvM GK”QÎ = GK + QÎ e„nr + cwZ = e„n¯úwZ
KzR¦wUKv = Kzr + SwUKv Mevw` = †Mv + Avw`
 we‡kl wbq‡g mvwaZ e¨Äb mwÜ: Ae nxbZv A‡_© AeÁv, Aegvbbv, Ae‡njv
Dr + ¯’vb = DÌvb mg& + Kvi = ms¯‥vi wbi Afve A‡_© wbiÿi, wba©b, wbRx©e, wbi¯¿
Dr + ¯’vcb = DÌvcb mg& + K…Z = ms¯‥…Z g›` ev Kz A‡_© `ytkxj, `yðwiZ, `yfv©M¨, `y`©kv
`yi/`yt
cwi + Kvi = cwi®‥vi cwi + K…Z = cwi®‥…Z Kómva¨ A‡_© `yR©q, `y‡ev©a¨, `y‡f©`¨, `yiƒn
 e¨wZµg: KwZcq mwÜi wemM© cwieZ©b nq bv| †hgb: cÖvZt + Kvj = Awa AwaKvi A‡_© AwaKvi, AwabvqK, AwaKZ©v
cÖvZtKvj, `yt+L= `ytL, AšÍt+KiY = AšÍtKiY| Abyiƒc: gbtKó, my DrKl© A‡_© myK…wZ, mywcÖq, myRb, mywePvi
gbtcyZ, AatcZb, AZtci, wbt‡kl, `ytkvmb, wbtmskq BZ¨vw`| we‡iva A‡_© Drµg, DrµvšÍ, Drcj, Drmbœ
Dr
AcKl© A‡_© D”Q„•Lj, Dr†KvP, DrcvZ, D×Z
DcmM© cwi mgvwß A‡_© cwiYvg, cwi‡kl, cwimxgv
 DcmM©t †h me aŸwb ev aŸwb ¸”Q ¯^vaxb c` wn‡m‡e ev‡K¨ eëüZ n‡Z cÖZ¨c©Y A‡_© cÖwZ`vb, cÖwZ‡kva, cÖwZK~j
cv‡i bv, avZz ev k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m bZzb kã MVb K‡i Zv‡ì DcmM© e‡j| cÖwZ
we‡iva A‡_© cÖwZev`, cÖwZwµqv, cÖwZ‡iva
DcmM© wZb cÖKvi| h_vt 1.LvuwU evsjv DcmM©, 2.Zrmg DcmM©, 3.we‡`wk DcmM©|LvuwU AwZ A¯^vfvweK AwZcÖvK…Z, AwZ‡j․wKK, AwZgvbe
evsjv DcmM©t LuvwU evsjv DcmM© 21wU| Awc mwbœK‡U A‡_© Awcwbab, Awcjä
A‡ejv, A‡K‡Rv, AKvR, A‡Pbv, A‡PZb, cwiPq A‡_© AwfÁvb, Awfav, Awfbe
wbw›`Z A‡_© Awf
Acqv, AcvÎ, Ah_v, Abvgx, Aek mv`„k¨v‡_© Awfbœ, Awfbq, Awfiƒc
A A‡`Lv, Agi, AwPb, ARbv, AevOvwj, Aejv, nxbZv A‡_© Dcÿq, Dc`sk, Dc‡èZv, DccwZ
bv A‡_©
Abv¯’v, AhvwPZ Dc DrKl© A‡_© DcKvi, DcwPKxl©v, Dc‡`k
cwigvY A‡_© A‡Xj, A¸bwZ, AdzišÍ AcÖavb A‡_© DcMÖn, Dcfvlv, Dc‡Rjv, Dcøxc
ANv †evKv A‡_© ANvP, ANvivg, ANvKvÐ ch©šÍ A‡_© AvgiY, AvRxeb, Avg„Zy¨, Avmgy`ª
AR wbZvšÍ g›` A‡_© ARcvovMvu, ARg~L©, ARcyKzi Av
Clr A‡_© Avfvm, Avi³, AvZß
Abv Af¨vm A‡_© Abvnvi, Abv`vi, Abve„wó, Abvm„wó, Abvgy‡Lv 2. we‡`wk DcmM©t
Afve A‡_© AvuKvov, Av‡avqv, Avjywb, AvgvRv dviwm DcmM©t
wbK…ó A‡_© AvKvVv, AvMvQv
Av Kvi KvR KviLvbv, KvimvwR, Kvievi
AvKvj, AvK_v, AvfvOv, Avwm×, AvcvKv,
we‡kl A‡_© ì Aaxb ìcËbx, ì`vjvb, ìLv¯Í
AvfvRv, AvNvUv
eµ A‡_© Avo‡PvL, Avobq‡b, Avo`„wó, AvoPvnwb wbg Avav wbgivwR, wbgLyb, wbg‡gvjv
Avo Avav/cÖvq A‡_© AvofvOv, AvocvMjv wd cÖwZ wd †ivR, wd nßv, wd mb
wewkó A‡_© Avo‡Kvjv, AvoMov, AvoKvwV e` g›` e`‡gRvR, eìvMx, e`gvk
bv/KvuPv A‡_© Avb‡Kviv, Avbvwo †e bv †eAvè, †eAv‡°j, †eKmyi
Avb Kg ¯^í KgAv‡°j, Kg‡Rvi, KgeLZ
PÂj A‡_© AvbPvb, Avbgbv
Ave A¯úóZv A‡_© AveQvqv, AveWvj bv bv bvPvi, bvivR, bvgÄyi, bv‡Lvk
BwZ cyiv‡bv A‡_© BwZnvm, BwZK_v, BwZc~‡e© †Lvk fvj †Lvk-†gRvR, †Lvk-Avg‡``
Eb Kg A‡_© EbcvuRy‡i, E‡bvfvZ, E‡bvb, EbPwjøk e mwnZ ebvg, eKjg
K`& Lvivc A‡_© K`h©, K`vKvi, K`vPvi, K`‡ej ei evB‡i eiLv¯Í, ei`v¯Í, ei‡Ljvc
Kz wb›`bxq A‡_© KzAf¨vm, KzKvR, KzbRi, KzPwiÎ, KzK_v  Aviwe DcmM©t
wb bvB A‡_© wbLyuZ, wb‡LvuR, wbjvR, wb‡ev©a, wb‡iU
Avg mvaviY Avg‡gv³vi, AvgRbZv
we bvB/wb›`bxq wef~uB, weKj, we¯^v`, wedj
Lvj we‡kl Lvmgnj, LvmKvgiv, Lvm ìevi
fi c~Y©Zv A‡_© fi‡cU, fi`ycyi, ficyi
eo ev DrK…ó ivgQvMj, ivg`v, ivgwkOv, ivgaby jv bv jvRIqve, jvIqvwik, jvcvËv
ivg ÿz`ª A‡_© ivggvjv, ivg‡e¸b ev‡R wewea ev‡RLiP, ev‡R K_v, ev‡R Rgv
Drm A‡_© ivgKjv, ivgevuk, ivgivRv Mi Afve Miwgj, MinvwRi, MievwR
mwnZ A‡_© mie, m‡Rvi, mKvj, mjvR L‡qi fvj L‡qi Lvu
m
Dchy³ A‡_© mÿg, mwVK, mej  Bs‡iwR DcmM©t
mv Ae¯’v A‡_© mvevjK dzj c~Y© dzjnvZv, dzjkvU©, dzjc¨v›U
DËg A‡_© mybRi, myLei, myw`b, mybvg, myKvR nvd Avav nvdnvZv, nvdwUwdb, nvd¯‥zj
my
mr/wcÖq A‡_© myü`, myRb †nW cÖavb †nWgv÷vi, †nWm¨vi
nv Afve A‡_© nvwc‡Z¨k, nvfv‡Z, nv-N‡i, nv-ûZvk mve Aaxb mve-Awdm, mve-RR, mve-BÝ‡c±i
1. Zrmg DcmM©t Zrmg DcmM© 20wU|
AbymM©
L¨vwZ A‡_© cÖksmv, cÖwm×, cÖZvc, cÖfve
cÖ wewb KiY Kvi‡Ki m‡½: wewb myZvq Mvu_v gvjv
DrKl© A‡_© cÖKl©, cÖK…ó, cÖ`k©b, cÖev`
AwfgyL¨ A‡_© civµg, civµvšÍ, civeZ©b mn mnMvwgZv A‡_©: wZwb cyÎmn Dcw¯’Z n‡jb
civ mwnZ mgm~‡Î A‡_©: kÎæi mwnZ mwÜ PvB bv
cÖwZK~j¨ A‡_© civRq, civfe, civnZ
•ecixZ¨ A‡_© Acev`, Acgvb, AcmviY m‡b weiæ×MvwgZv A‡_©: `skbÿZ †k¨b wen½ hy‡S fyR½ m‡b
Ac weK…wZ A‡_© Acgvcb, AcQvqv, Acåsk, Acg„Zz¨ m‡½ Zzjbvq: gv‡qi m‡½ G †g‡qi Zzjbv nq bv
wbK…ó A‡_© AcKg©, Acms¯‥…wZ [B- 2013-14] Aewa ch©šÍ A‡_©: mÜ¨v Aewa A‡cÿv Kie
mg Zzjbv A‡_© mgKvj, mg`kx©, mgKÿ c‡i ¯^í weiwZ A‡_©: G NUbvi c‡i Avi GLv‡b _vKv P‡j bv
wb Afve A‡_© wbK…ó, wbMÖn, wbe©vZ, wb`©q ci `xN© weiwZ A‡_©: ki‡Zi c‡i Av‡m emšÍ
cðvr A‡_© AbyMZ, AbyKiY, AbymiY, AbyPi we‡b e¨wZ‡iK A‡_©: we‡b ¯^‡`kx fvlv wg‡U wK Avkv
Aby cÖwZ, w`‡K A‡_©: H Z N‡ii w`‡K Qz‡U‡Qb
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cZz©wMR Avqv, Bw¯Íwi, †K`viv, Kvgiv KvRy, Kwc, Miv`, Mvgjv, Svu‡Ki •K GK `jfz³
wbjvg, wcwiP, wdZv, †evZvg, †evZj, †evgv, gv¯‘j, wgwó, ‡Xu‡K †MvuRv AvZ¥mvr Kiv
whwk, mvevb, mv¸, evnv`yi, †gvMj BZ¨vw`| ‡VvuU KvUv ¯úófvlx
Kycb, K¨v‡d, †i‡¯Ívivu, ey‡R©vqv, wW‡cv, Ij›`vR, AvuZvuZ, Wvgv‡Wvj ‡Mvj‡hvM
divwm
†i‡bmvum BZ¨vw`| `v- Kzg‡ov m¤^Ü kÎæZv
Ij›`vR B¯‥vcb, †UK&Kv, Zziæc, iæBZb, niZb BZ¨vw`| bM` bvivqY bM` A_©
¸RivwU LÏi, niZvj, RqwšÍ| ev¯‘NyNy Aw_ a~Z© †jvK
cvÄvwe Pvwn`v, wkL| we›`y wemM© mvgvb¨ Ask
Zvwgj PziæU| evwji evua ÿY¯’vqx
`wÿY ‡Reªv, wRivd eyw×i †XuwK wb‡e©va †jvK
Avwd«Kv h‡gi fzj hvi giY nq bv
my‡Li cvqiv mymg‡qi eÜz
nw¯ÍgyL© fxlY †evKv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mvwnwZ¨K I mvwnZ¨Kg©
AšÍi wUcywb gg©cxov`vqK
AwMœMf© ewjô  ivn‡gvnb ivq (1772-1833) 
AM¯Í¨ hvÎv †kl cÖ¯’vb  ivg‡gvnb ivq iwPZ Ô‡M․oxq e¨vKiYÕ evOvwji †jLv cÖ_g evsjv e¨vKiY|
Avbvwo AcUz  ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ iPbv- †e`všÍMÖš’ (1815); †e`všÍmvi (1815);
BuP‡o cvKv AKvjc° fÆvPv‡h©i mwnZ wePvi (1817) BZ¨vw`|
GK‡PvLv cÿcvZ  CðiP›`ª ¸ß (1812-1859) 
KvKfzlÐx `xN©Rxex  CðiP›`ª ¸ß‡K evsjv mvwn‡Zï hyM mwÜÿ‡Yi Kwe ejv nq|
KvuVv‡ji AvgmË¡ Am¤¢e e¯‘  evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ CkîP›`ª ¸ß cÖ_g cwi‡ek m‡PZb Kwe|
‡Lv`vi Lvwm üócyó e¨w³  ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq Kwe CkîP›`ª ¸ß‡K ÔLvuwU evOvwj KweÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
MÇwjKv cÖevn AÜ AbyKiY  CðiP›`ª ¸ß Zvi weL¨vZ cwÎKv Ômsev` cÖfvKiÕ (1831)-Gi Rb¨
M`vB j¯‥ix Pvj Avj‡mgx weL¨vZ n‡q Av‡Qb| cÖ_‡g cwÎKvwU wQj mvßvwnK|
‡Nvovi wWg AjxK c`v_©  KweZv: bxjKi, Avbvim, Zc‡m gvQ, evOvwj †g‡q BZ¨vw`|
NwUivg Ac`v_©  c¨vixPvu` wgÎ (1814-1883) 
†Pv‡Li evwj Pÿzk~j  ÔAva¨vwZ¥KZvÕ Dcb¨v‡mi †jLK- c¨vixPvu` wgÎ|
Qv-‡cvlv †cvl¨fvivµvšÍ  c¨vixPvu` wgÎ K_ïxwZ‡Z iPbv K‡ib ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ (1858),
RMÏj cv_i ¸iæfvi hv‡K evOvwj iwPZ evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Dcb¨vm ejv nq|
wUKv fvl¨ `xN© Av‡jvPbv  gwZjvj I VKPvPv ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ Dcb¨v‡mi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ|
‡VvuU KvUv ¯úó e³v  g` LvIqv eo `vq RvZ _vKvi wK Dcvq, Ava¨vwZ¥KZv, hrwKwÂZ Zvi
WvKvey‡Kv `yišÍ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’|
Xv‡Ki evqv A‡K‡Rv  CðiP›`ª we`¨vmvMi (1820-1891) 
Zzjmx e‡bi evN fÐ  26 †m‡Þ¤î 1820, exiwmsn MÖvg, †gw`bxcyi KjKvZvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
`nig gnig gvLvgvwL eÜzZ¡  CkîP›`ª we`¨vmMv‡ii •cZ…K c`we- e‡›`¨vcva¨vq|
a‡g©i lvuo †¯^”QvPvix e¨w³  1839 mv‡j wZwb ms¯‥…Z K‡jR †_‡K Dcvwa cvb- we`¨vmvMi|
wbivbeŸB‡qi av°v UvKv Rgv‡bvi cÖe„wË  we`¨vmvMi iwPZ e¨vKiYMÖ‡š’i bvg- e¨vKiY †K․gy`x|
‡bB- AvuKov bv‡Qvoev›`v  1855 mv‡j CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii †jLv †h MÖš’ K¬¨vwmK gh©v`v cvq-
cvqfvwi AnsKvi eY©cwiPq|
cv_‡i cvuP wKj my‡Li mgq  evsjv M`¨ hwZ ev weivgwPý cÖ_g ¯’vcb K‡ib- CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvMi|
eyw×i †XuwK Ac`v_©  Zvi iwPZ evsjv M‡`ï cÖ_g AvZ¥PwiZ- we`¨vmvMiPwiZ|
weovj Zc¯^x KcU mvay  CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvMi‡K ejv nq- evsjv M‡`ï RbK|
em‡šÍi †KvwKj mymg‡qi eÜz  wem¨vmvM‡ii cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ MÖš’- †eZvj cÂweskwZ (1847) [wn›`y
wfRv weovj KcUvPvix •eZvjc”Pxmxi e½vbyev`]
fzlÐxi KvK Ajm e¨w³  evsjv fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g †g․wjK M`ïPbv- cÖfveZx m¤¢vlY|
g‡Mi gyjøK AivRKZv  Abyev` MÖš’: kKzšÍjv, gnvfvi‡Zi DcµgwYKv, K_vgvjv, RxebPwiÎ,
gvKvj dj AšÍtmvik~b¨ †ev‡av`q, mxZvi ebevm, åvwšÍwejvm [ †k·wcq‡ii Comedy of
gwYKvÂb †hvM †hv‡Mï m‡½ †hv‡Mï wgj Errors-Gi e½vbyev`]|
gv‡Qi gv wbg©g  ‡g․wjK MÖš’- cÖfveZx m¤¢vlY, kãgÄix, AwZ Aí nBj, eªRwejvm,
ivR‡RvUK my›ì wgj iZœcixÿv, Avevi AwZ Aí nBj|
iæBKvZjv †bZ…¯’vbxq e¨w³  AÿqKzgvi `Ë (1820-1886) 
jMb Pvucv fvMëvb  ÔZË¡‡evwabxÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb- AÿqKzgvi `Ë|
wk‡i msµvwšÍ mvg‡bB wec`  AÿqKzgvi `Ë iwPZ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki g‡a¨ me‡P‡q RbwcÖq n‡qwQj- PviæcvV
kvu‡Li Kiv‡Z Dfq msKU (wZbL‡Ð iwPZ)|
mvÿx †Mvcb KZ…©Z¡nxb `k©K gvÎv
 ivgbvivqY ZK©iZœ (1822-1886) 
‡mvbvi cv_i evwU Am¤¢e e¯‘
 bvUK- KzjxbKzjme©¯^ (1854), bebvUK (1866), iæw²YxniY (1871), ¯^cœab
weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg© (1873), Ksmea (1875), ag©weRq (1875)|
nv‡U evRv‡i ejvBPvu` gy‡Lvcva¨vq B- 2016-17  Abyw`Z bvUK- †eYx-msnvi (1856), iZœvejx (1858), AwfÁvb
g„Zz¨ -ÿzav KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg B- 2016-17; 2010-11 kKzšÍjv (1860), gvjZxgvae (1867)|
c~e©vfvm myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© B- 2016-17  cÖnmb- †hgb Kg© †Zgb dj (1865), Dfq msKU (1869), Pÿz`b (1869)|
eªR½bv gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë B- 2015-16  ‡K․jxb¨cÖ_vi †`vl-ÎæwU Aej¤^‡b ÔKzjbxKzjme©¯^ bvUKwU iPbv K‡ib|
`yB Zxi ‣mq` IqvjxDjøvn B- 2015-16  `xb eÜz wgÎ (1830-1873) 
wZ¯Ív cv‡ii e„ËvšÍ ‡`‡ek ivq B- 2013-14  bvUK- bxjcY© (1860)
wP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvB AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm B- 2013-14
 bxj`c©Y bvUKwU XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cª_g MÖš’| G MÖ‡š’i Kvwnbx †g‡nicyi
AÂ‡ji| G bvU‡Ki Awfbq †`‡L g‡Â RyZv Qz‡o †g‡iwQ‡jb- CkîP›`ª
†Lvqvebvgv AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm B- 2013-14
we`¨vmvMi|
GKvË‡ii wPwV knx` KvRx byiæbœex 2011-12
 bexbgvae G bvU‡Ki cÖavb PwiÎ| G bvU‡Ki Ab¨vb¨ PwiÎ- †MvjKemy,
Kei Rmxg D`&`xb 2011-12
ivBPiY, †Zvivc, mvweÎx, †ÿÎgwY BZ¨vw`|
Avwg wKse`šÍxi K_v  Uncle Toms Cabin- Gi Av`‡j bxj`c©Y iwPZ nq|
Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn 2011-12; 2010-11
ejwQ  Bs‡iR bxjKi‡ì AZ¨vPv‡i ZrKvjxb bxj Pvlx‡ì Pig `yie¯’v G
cÙivM †eMg †iv‡Kqv 2011-12
bvU‡Ki welqe¯‘|
i³Kiex I i³v³ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi I gybxi 2011-12  cÖnmb- we‡q cvMjv ey‡ov (1866), maevi GKv`kx (1866), RvgvB
cÖvšÍi †P․ayix evwiK (1872)|
 Ab¨vb¨ bvUK- bexeb Zcw¯^bx (1863), jxjveZx (1867) I Kg‡j  D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm- M„n`vn (1920), PwiÎnxb (1917), c‡_i èx
Kvwgbx (1873)| (1926), †è`vm (1917), `Ëv (1918), †`bv-cvIbv (1923),
 we‡q cvMjv ey‡ov cÖnm‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wPiÎ- bwmivg, ivRxe, cjøxmgvR (1919), †kl cÖkœ (1931), wb®‥…wZ (1917), †k‡li cwiPq
ivRgwY, †Kke, •eKzÉ| (1939), AiÿYxqv (1916), •eKz‡Éi DBj (1916), weivR †e․
 maevi GKv`kx cÖnmbag©x bvU‡K wbgPvu` g~j PwiÎ| (1914), cwiYxZv (1914), P›`ªbv_, wecÖ`vm (1935)|
 `xbeÜz wgÎ 1871 mv‡j fviZ miKvi KZ…©K jf K‡ib- ivq evnv`yi Dcvwa|  D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †QvUMí- gw›ì, g‡nk, wejvmx, iv‡gi mygwZ, AfvMxi ¯^M©,
 wenvixjvj PµeZ©x (1835-1894)  we›`yi †Q‡j|
 evsjv MxwZKweZvi RbK- wenvixjvj PµeZ©x|  D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖeÜMÖš’- Ziæ‡Yi we‡`ªvn (1929) Ges ¯^‡`k I mvwnZ¨ (1932)|
 wenvixjvj‡K iex›`ªbv_ e‡j‡Qb- evsjv Kv‡eï †fv‡ii cvwL| bvixi g~j¨ (1923) bvixi AwaKvi I mgv‡R bvixi ¯’vb m¤úwK©Z g~jëvb cÖeÜ|
 wenvixjvj PµeZ©xi †kÖô Kv‡eï bvg- mvi`vg½j (1879)| cÖeÜwU kirP›`ª ÔAwbjv †èxÕ QÙbv‡g iPbv K‡iwQ‡ib|
 Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨- ¯^cœ`k©b, e½my›ìx, m½xZ kZK, eÜz we‡qvM|  cyi¯‥vi- KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K ÔRMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`KÕ (1923) I XvKv
 wMwikP›`ª †mb (1835-1910)  wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K wW-wjUÕ (1936) Dcvwa jvf|
 cweÎ †KviAvb evsjvq cÖ_g Abyev`Kvix wMwikP›`ª †mb|  g„Zz¨- 16 Rvbyqvwi 1938 KjKvZvq|
 wZwb gwnjv (1895 mvj), myjf mgvPvi Ges e½eÜz cwÎKvi mn‡hvMx  RmxgDÏxb (1903-1976) 
m¤úv`K wQ‡jb|  Rb¥- 1 Rvbyqvix 1903; dwi`cyi †Rjvi Zv¤^yjLvbv MÖv‡g|
 Zvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’mg~n- Zvcmgvjv, gnvcyiæl PwiÎ Ges †Mv‡j¯Ívu I ey¯Ívi  ÔivLvjxÕ (1927) Zvi iwPZ cÖ_g MÖš’| GwU Zvi cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ I| ÔKeiÕ KweZvwU
wn‡ZvcvL¨vb gvjv| G Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z| Gi cOw³ msL¨v 118wU| KweZvwU Zvi QvÎ Ae¯’v‡ZB
 gxi gkviid †nv‡mb (1847-1911)  KjKvZv wek^we`¨vj‡qi gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi cvV¨ ZvwjKvfz³ nq|
 13 b‡f¤î 1847 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|  bKmx Kvu_vi gvV (1929) RmxgDÏx‡bi †kÖô iPbv|
 Rb¥¯’vb- Awef³ b`xqv (eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Kzwóqv) †Rjvi KzgviLvjx  bKmx KvuZvi gvV MÖš’wUi Bs‡iwR Abyev` K‡ib B Gg wgj‡dvW© The
Dc‡Rjvi AšÍM©Z MovB b`xi ZxieZ©x jvwnbxcvov MÖvg| Field of the Embroidered Quilt bv‡g|
 cÖ_g Dcb¨vm- iZœeZx (1869)|  D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’- gvwUi Kvbœv (1958), evjPzi (1930), avb‡LZ
 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’- Dcb¨vm- iZœeZx, welv` wmÜz, D`vmxb cw_‡Ki g‡bi (1933) nvmyKv‡›`, Kvd‡bi wgwQj, mwKbv, iƒceZx, njy` eiYx, gv‡Mv
K_v (AvZ¥‣RewbK Dcb¨vm) R¦vwj‡q ivwLm Av‡jv|
 bvUK- emšÍKzgvix, Rwg`vi, `c©Y, †eûjv MxZvwfbq|  Mv_vKve¨- bKmx Kvu_vi gvV, †mvRb evw`qvi NvU (1934), gv †h Rbbx
 Ab¨vb¨- †gvm‡jg exiZ¡ (Kve¨), MvRx wgqvi e¯Ívbx (bKkvag©x DcL¨vb), Kv‡›` (1963)|
†MvRxeb (cÖeÜ), Avgvi Rxebx (AvZ¥PwiZ)|  AvZ¥Rxebx- RxebK_v (1964)|
 welv` wmÜz wZb c‡e©i Dcb¨vm| gnig ce©, D×vi ce© I GwR`-ea©  ¯§„wZK_v- hv‡ì †`‡LwQ (1952), VvKzi evwoi AvwObvq (1368 e½vã)|
ce©| wZb ce© GK‡Î Ôwelv` wmÜzÕ bv‡g 1891 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq|  ågYKvwnbx- nj‡` cixi †`k (1967), †h †`‡k gvbyl eo (1968),
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymjgvb iwPZ cÖ_g bvUK I Dcb¨vm- emšÍKzgvix I P‡j gymvwdi (1952)|
iZœeZx|  bvUK- †e‡ì †g‡q (1964), cÙvcvov (1950), gaygvjv (1951),
 m¤úvw`Z cÎ-cwÎKv- AvwRRb‡bnvi (1874), wnZKix (1890) cjøxeay (1956)|
 Rxebvemvb- 19 wW‡m¤î 1911|  Dcb¨vm- †evev Kvwnwb (1951)|
 cÖg_ †PŠayix (1868-1946)   wkï‡ZvlMÖš’- nvmy, Wvwjg Kzgvi, GK cqmvi evukx|
 Rb¥- 7 AvM÷ 1868, h‡kvi|  wZwb XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi cÖfvlK c‡` †hvM †`b 1938 mv‡j|
 cÖ_g †P․ayix evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ÔexiejÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|  g„Zz¨- 1976 mv‡ji 14 gvP©, XvKvq| Zv‡K dwi`cy‡ii Aw¤^Kvcy‡i mgvwnZ Kiv nq|
 wZwb ÔmeyRcÎÕ (1914) cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb| ÔmeyRcÎÕ cwÎKv‡K  AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm (1943-1997) 
†K›`ª K‡i cÖg_ †P․ayix evsjv M‡`¨ PwjZ ixwZi cÖeZ©b K‡ib|  AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib- 12 †deªæqvwi 1943, †MvwUqv
 wZwb evsjv Kve¨mvwn‡Z¨ BZvjxq m‡b‡Ui cÖeZ©K wn‡m‡e L¨vZ| MÖvg, MvBevÜv (gvZzjvq); Zvi •cZ…K wbevm- e¸ov|
 Kve¨MÖš’- m‡bU cÂvkr (1913), c`PviY (1919)|  wP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvB Dcb¨v‡m cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q- 1969- Gi MYAfz¨Ìvb|
 MíMÖš’- Pvi Bqvwi K_v (1916), AvûwZ (1919), bxj‡jvwnZ I MímsMÖn (1941)|  ‡Lvqvebvgv Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨ welq- dwKi mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªvn, Avmv‡gi
 cÖeÜMÖš’- †Zj-byb-jKwo (1906), exie‡ji nvjLvZv (1916), bvbvK_v f‚wgK¤ú, †ZfvMv Av‡›`vjb, 1943 Gi gš^šÍi, cvwK¯Ívb Av‡›`vjb,
(1919), Avgv‡ì wkÿv (1920), ivq‡Zi K_v (1926), bvbvPP©v mv¤úªwZK `v½v|
(1932), cÖeÜ msMÖn (1g LÐ- 1952 I 2q LÐ- 1953)|  Mí- Ab¨ N‡i Ab¨ ¯î (1976), †Lvuqvwi (1982), `y‡afv‡Z DcvZ
 fviZx cwÎKvi cÖKvwkZ exie‡ji nvjLvZv (1902) PwjZ ixwZ‡Z cÖg_ (1985), †`vR‡Li Ig (1989), Rvj ¯^cœ- ¯^‡cœi Rvj (1917)|
†P․ayixi cÖ_g M`¨|  cÖeÜMÖš’- ms¯‥…wZi fv½v †mZz (1997)|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g we`ªƒcvZ¥K cÖeÜ iPbv K‡ib cÖg_ †P․ayix|  Dcb¨vm- wP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvB (1987), †Lvqvebvgv (1996)|
 Rxe‡b R¨vVvwg I mvwnZ¨ b¨vKvwg mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i‡Zb bv- cÖg_ †P․ayix|  g„ZzëiY K‡ib- 4 Rvbyqvwi 1997, XvKv (K¨vÝvi †iv‡M)|
cÖg_ †P․ayixi weL¨vZ Dw³ n‡jv ÔmywkwÿZ †jvKgvÎB ¯^wkwÿZÕ Ges  †mwjg Avj `xb (1949-2008) 
Ôe¨vwaB msµvgK ¯^v¯’¨ bqÕ|  wZwb wQ‡jb g~jZ- GKRb bvU¨Kvi|
 KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K wZwb RMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`K jvf K‡ib- 1938 mv‡j|  cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ cÖeÜ- wb‡MÖv mvwnZ¨ (1968)|
 g„Zy¨- 2 †m‡Þ¤î 1946 (16 fv`ª 1953), kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b|  D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ bvKU- Nyg †bB (1970), RwÛm I wewea †ejyb (1975),
 kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (1876-1938)  gybZvmxi d¨v›Uvmx (1985), KxËb‡Lvjv (1986), PvKv (1991),
 Rb¥- 1876 mv‡ji 15 †m‡Þ¤î, 31 fv`ª 1283 e½v‡ã ûMwji †èvb›`cy‡i| nvZn`vB (1997) niMR (1992), wbg¾b (2002), †KivgZ g½j
 wZwb g~jZ Aciv‡Rq K_vmvwnwZ¨K| (1988), ebcvsïj|
 cÖ_g gyw`ªZ iPbv Ôgw›ìÕ| GwU GKwU Mí| G MíwU ÔKyšÍjxbÕ cyi¯‥vicÖvßi (1903)|
 ÔfviZxÕ cwÎKvq cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Ôeow`w`Õ (1907) cÖKvwkZ n‡j mvwnZ¨ †m‡KÛ UvBg GWf¨vÝ e¨v‡P fwZ© I K¬vm Pj‡Q|

L¨vwZ Qwo‡q †o|
ÔkªxKvšÍÕ (4 LÐ) kirP‡›`ªi †kÖô iPbv| GwU Zvi AvZ¥PwiÎg~jK Dcb¨vm|
wj‡RÛ †Kqvi
 Zvi c‡_i `vex (1926) Dcb¨vmwU miKvi KZ…©K ev‡Rqvß n‡qwQj| †hvMv‡hvM: 01719-686047, 01713-432846
NOUNS  few (little) I a few (a little) Gi ag© GK n‡jI A_©vr
 hv‡ì GKK Av‡Q [†hgb: Time, Distance, Weight, Money, Countable (uncountable) noun Gi c~‡e© em‡jI G‡ì
Length], ZvivB Aek¨B uncountable| A_©vr Giv KL‡bvB eënviMZ cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| few (little) A_© ÒGgb Kg †h †bB
plural nq bv| wKš‘ G‡ì GKK¸‡jv Avevi countable A_©vr ej‡jB P‡jÓ Ges a few (a little) eënvi Kiv nq ÒK‡qKwU ev
plural n‡Z cv‡i| wKQz cwigvbÓ A_© †evSv‡Z eëüZ nq| wb‡Pi example ¸‡jv
 How much distance have you traveled? fvjfv‡e †Lvqvj KiæY:
 Mamun is five hundred miles away from Dhaka. few: Although the question was easy, few boys were
wKQz uncountable noun Avevi †ÿÎ we‡kl plural n‡Z cv‡i able to answer it.
A_©vr countable n‡Z cv‡i Z‡e †mB †ÿ‡Î A_© change n‡q A few: Although the question was difficult, a few
hvq| †hgb: Time, crop, food, Water etc. †hgb: Three boys were able to answer it.
times loger than something. Little: I have little knowledge about this incidence
 Hundred, Thousand, Million, Billion, Trillion, (NUbv) so I can’t say anything.
Brace, Fathom- Gi KL‡bvB plural nq bv A little: I have a little knowledge about this incidence
 The total population is over 600 million. so I can say something.
 Bangladesh has 130 million people.(Not millions)  A‡_©i w`K w`‡q G‡ì g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ bv _vK‡jI a large ( A
wKš‘ wbw`©ó msL¨v bv eywS‡q AMwYZ †evSv‡Z Avevi G‡ì mv‡_ s small) number of Gi ci Plural countable noun
n‡Z cv‡i A_©vr plural form wb‡Z cv‡i| Ges A large (A small) amount of Gi ci uncountable
 Hundreds of our people starve every day. noun eëüZ nq| A_©vr
 Thousands of people starve every day in our country. A large/ A small number of + plural countable noun
 Kind Ges Type GB word `ywU hLb singular noun Gi A large/ A small amount of + uncountable countable
mv‡_ e‡m †m‡ÿ‡Î kind Ges type wn‡m‡eB nq| wKš‘ hw` noun
plural noun Gi mv‡_ e‡m †m‡ÿ‡Î kinds Ges types n‡q †hgb:-
hvq|  A large number of students from other countries
 Tarek saw several kind of birds at the wildlife. (Inc.) attend state university
 Tarek saw several kinds of birds at the wildlife. (Cor.)  Saifur’s has a large amount of equipment.
Uncountable Noun Gi •ewkó¨:  A small number of families own most of the land
01. Uncountable noun- Gi mv‡_ s ev es e‡m bv here
02. Uncountable noun- Gi mv‡_ †Kvb specific indicator  ‡Kvb Sentence ‘almost’ Øviv ïiæ n‡j †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e
(†hgb: One. Two. Three..) e‡m bv| Aek¨B †hb Gi mv‡_ all e‡m| Avi hw` sentence wU almost
03. Uncountable- Gi mv‡_ article (a, an, the) em‡Z cv‡i bv| all/most w`‡q ïiæ nq Ges Gi ci Preposition _v‡K, Z‡e
Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î article e‡m| †hgb- The news will be Aek¨B Gi cieZx© noun Gi Av‡M ''the'' e‡m|
telecast at 10 pm. †hgb:-
04. Abstract noun always non count noun nq| †hgb:  Many students had worked hard and almost all
honesty, ignorance, intelligence. students succeeded.
 Countable Ges Uncountable Noun Gi mv‡_  Almost all of the students succeeded.
determiner Gi eënvi RvbvUv I ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY †Kvb †Kvb  Most students succeed.
determiner Av‡Q hviv ïay Countable Gi mv‡_ use nq, †Kvb  Most of the students succeeded.
†Kvb determiner Av‡Q hviv ïay Uncountable Gi mv‡_ use  Plural Number + Plural Noun
nq| Avevi †KD †KD Av‡Q hviv Countable Ges Uncountable Singular Number + Singular Noun
`y‡Uvi mv‡_B e‡m| wb‡Pi QKwU fv‡jvgZ †Lqvj Ki: †hgb:-
with countable noun with uncountable noun Incorrect: The temperature has risen ten degree in
few, a few, the few Little, a little, the little two hours.
Many Much Correct: The temperature has risen ten degrees in two hours.
number of amount of  wb‡Pi Noun ¸‡jvi KLbI plural nq bv, G¸‡jv me mgq
several ---- singular nq|
another ---- Advice Bread Machinery
both ---- Alphabet Equipment Money
a, an, the the Duck Scenery Cheese
all (of the) all (of the) Piece Series Whereabouts
some (of the) some (of the) Progress Salmon Cannon
a lot of a lot of Poetry Species Work
a great deal of a great deal of Furniture Hair Power
almost all (of the) almost all (of the) Fish Information Luggage
any any Swine (ïKi) Offspring (mšÍvb-
fewer than less than mšÍvZx)
For Example: cloths
Furniture of his room was broken by the a decision GKwU wm×všÍ/ RM‡Zi mKj
decision
demonstrators. decisions NUbv wm×všÍ
These three cubs are the offspring of the tigress. an education †Kvb my w bw`© ó RM‡Zi mKj
education
The scenery of Gulmarg is very charming. educations e¨w³i wkÿv wkÿv
 wb‡Pi Noun ¸‡jvi KLbI Singular nq bv, G¸‡jv me mgq a fire
GKwU NUbv fire Dcv`vb/c`v_©
fires
plural nq-
a glass
Amends Billiards Goods cvÎ glass wbg©vY mvgMÖx
glasses
Ashes Contents Gentry a history RM‡Zi mKj
Alms Clothes Headquarters GKwU BwZnvm history
histories BwZnvm
Aborigines Customs Laws an honor GKwU NUbv/ RM‡Zi mKj
Bowels Circumstances Measles honor
honors cyi®‥vi cyi®‥vi
Bellows Clergy Manners a language GKwU mywbw`©ó RM‡Zi mKj
language
Binoculars Folk People languages fvlv fvlv
Shorts Scales Spectacles a life AÜKv‡ii
GKwU evwZ light
Scissors Police Trousers lives Abycw¯’wZ
Thanks Vegetables Children, etc a noise
GKwU we‡kl kã noise RM‡Zi mKj kã
Sheep cattle pants noises
a pain GKwU we‡kl RM‡Zi mKj
For Example: pain
pains NUbv e¨_v
The people are generally considered to be ignorant a pleasure GKwU we‡kl RM‡Zi mKj
fellows. silence
pleasures NUbv bxievZ
The cattle were grazing when I went to the hills. a silence GKwU we‡kl RM‡Zi mKj
The gentry of that place were invited to the meeting. silence
silences NUbv bxievZ
 wKQz Noun Av‡Q hviv singular Ges plural Dfq from G a space
GKwU k~Y¨¯’vb space gnvk~Y¨/wek^RMZ
eënvi nq| A_©vr plural n‡jI G‡ì mv‡_ KL‡bvB s nq bv| spaces
Sheep, deer, pair, dozen, score, etc. a stone
GKwU †QvU cv_i stone wbg©vY mgMÖx
For Example: stones
He will give you five hundred rupees for this work. a success RM‡Zi mKj
GKwU AR©b success
His age is roughly three score. successes AR©b
a thought RM‡Zi mKj
Yesterday I bought a pair of shoes. GKwU aviYv thought
thoughts wPšÍv‡PZbv
He bought five dozen oranges from Nagpur.
a time GKwU HwZnvwmK RM‡Zi mKj
 wKQz Noun Av‡Q hv‡ì‡K †`L‡Z g‡b nq Plural wKš‘ G¸‡jv times g~ûZ© / mgq
time
mgq
memgq Singular nq Ges G¸‡jvi c‡ii verb wUI a war GKwU mywbw`©ó ‡h‡Kvb ¯^vfvweK
singular nq| war
wars hy× hy×
News Innings Ethics a work GKwU mvwnZ¨
work ‡h‡Kvb KvR
Gallows Statistics Mathematics works Kg©
Politics Economics Physics  g‡b ivL‡eb, wKQz wKQz pairs of nouns (kã †Rvov) Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi
For Example: meaning GK n‡jI GKwU countable noun Ges AciwU
Since no news has been heard. uncountable noun. †hgb, climates, a climate, weather-
G¸‡jvi A_© GK n‡jI climates Ges a climate n‡jv
The Indian team defeated the Australian by on innings
countable noun Ges weather n‡jv uncountable noun.
The murderer was hanged on a gallows.
Uncountable Countable Uncountable
 wKQz wKQz Noun wb‡R‡ì A_©vbymv‡i countable & Countable Noun Noun Noun Noun
uncountable `yÕfv‡eB eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, material
a climate a man
& abstract concepts n‡”Q uncountable noun, wKš‘ climates
weather
men
mankind
Giv hLb †Kvb mywbw`©ó A_© (specific meanings) wb‡`©k K‡i, a laugh a person
ZLb Zviv countable noun: laughter people
laughs persons
Countable noun mywbw`©ó A_© Uncountabl mvaviY A_©
e noun a human being a snowflake
an agreement GKwU NUbv RM‡Zi mKj humanity snow
agreement human beings snowflakes
agreements /`wjj ai‡bi Pzw³
a bone
nvwÇ bone wbg©vY mvgwMÖ a job work a traffic jam
bones traffic
a business mKj ai‡Yi jobs traffic jams
businesses GKwU †Kv¤úvwb business eëmvwqK
†jb‡`b a machine
GK UzK‡iv machinery
a cloth machines
cloth wbgv©Y mvgMÖx
Kvco
 wKQz Nouns Av‡Q †h¸‡jv me©`vB Uncountable Noun wn‡m‡e Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y ‘Who’ Relative pronoun Gi Antecedent
eëüZ nq| †hgb, information, advice, homework etc. n‡”Q ‘The farmers’|
†hgb: More examples:
Incorrect: Do you have an information about it?  Except the one who turns away and disbelieves.
Correct: Do you have information about it?  And such are the successful who will live forever
†h nouns me©`vB uncountable in paradise
Relative pronoun subject wn‡m‡e em‡j Gi verb-wU
advice leisure singular n‡e bv plural n‡e Zv depend K‡i antecedent
anger luck Gi Dci| A_©vr antecedent singular n‡j relative pronoun-
courage money Gi verb-wU singular nq| Avi antecedent plural n‡j
damage music relative pronoun-Gi verb- wUI plural nq|
equipment news The students who are good at English have
fun patience Antecedent the possibility to get chance in JU.
homework permission The student who is good at English has the
ignorance poetry Antecedent possibility to get chance in JU.
information progress  i) ev‡Kï Subject Gi ¯’‡j memgq who eëüZ nq| †hgb:
knowledge poverty Mr micawber who took me home with him arrived
 Uncountable noun Gi mv‡_ KL‡bv †Kv‡bv msL¨vevPK kã e‡m punctually at 8 O’clock.
bv| wKš‘ hw` KL‡bv †Kv‡bv msL¨vevPK kã‡K Uncountable ii) Relative pronoun †Kvb noun ev pronoun Gi wVK
noun Gi mv‡_ use Ki‡Z nq †m‡ÿ‡Î of hy³ suitable Av‡M em‡j Gi objective form nq| †hgb:
†Kv‡bv kã em‡e| D³ suitable kã¸‡jv‡K Idiomatic The author whom you criticized in your review has
Expression e‡m| written a reply.
†hgb: a piece of music/a loaf of bread/a slice of  Gevi wb‡Pi Example wU jÿ¨ Kiæb hv Dc‡i D`vni‡Yi e¨wZµg:
bread/an ear of com/a bar of soap/a bolt of He was the author who I believed was most likely to
lightening/a clap of thunder/a gust of wind etc. receive the Ekushe award
Previous Years' Questions Shortcut: Who +sub+verb+verb
Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y Relative pronoun ‘who’ ‘I’ Pronoun
1. Princess Diana siad. ''Everyone has the potential to give
something back.'' The underlined word is a/an:- Noun [G 19-20] Gi mv‡_ emv m‡Ë¡I Gi Objective form ‘Whom’ bv e‡m
2. Choose the noun that is always singular- furniture [H 19-20] Subjective ev Nominative form ‘Who’ e‡m‡Q| †Kbbv
3. 'I met a little cottage girl' - Here 'girl' in the sentence is- c‡i †h ‘was’ verb-wU i‡q‡Q, Zvi subject n‡”Q ‘who’
Noun [H 19-20]
 Relative pronoun Gi Anteccdent wnmv‡e KL‡bvB
4. –––––– of coutry-Western singers may related to old
English ballads- The music [I 19-20] ‘Them’ em‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡ì cwie‡Z© ‘Those’ e‡m| †hgb:
5. He has many friends, but ––– are good ones.- few [E 18-19] Allah likes those who are faithfully true to their Amanat.
6. Choose the word which best fits the space in the text. Eating God helps those who help themselves
too ––––– sugar is part of the problem.- much [A 18-19]
 Gerund (verb + ing) Gi Av‡M hw` †Kvb Pronoun e‡m,
7. ––––– number of people are suffering from the disease
throught out the world.- A greater [C1: 18-19]
Z‡e Zvi Possessive from eëüZ nq| †hgb:
she regrets her living
PRONOUNS & RELATIVE There can be no denial of its befalling.
PRONOUNS Avi hw` Infinitive Gi Av‡M †Kvb Pronoun e‡m, Z‡e Zv
Objective form G e‡m| †hgb:
Pronoun It was time for me to leave.
Subject Object Possessive Possessive I requested him not to vex me.
Pronoun Pronoun Adjective Pronoun
 Be verb(am, is, are, was, were, than, as) Gi ci
I Me My Mine memgq pronoun Ges Nominative/subjective form
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
e‡m| †hgb:
You You Your Yours It is he who sends down AYAT.
He Him His His It is you who are responsible for the misdeeds.
She Her Her Hers He is taller than I
They Them Their Theirs
It It Its Its  wewfbœ Person Gi noun ev Person GKm‡½ eëüZ n‡j cÖ_‡g
Second person, Zvici Third person Ges me‡kl first
 Relative pronoun (who, which, what, whom, whose)
person e‡m A_©vr Giv (231) order follow K‡i| wKš‘ hLb
†h noun ev pronoun †K wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡K Antecedent e‡j wewfbœ person Gi noun ev pronoun GKm‡½ eëüZ n‡q
Relative pronoun- wU antecedent Gi wVK c‡i e‡m| †hgb- †Kvb †`vl/¸Y cÖKvk K‡i, ZLb cÖ_‡g first person, Zvici
The farmers who are poor have applied for a loan. Second person Ges me‡k‡l Third person e‡m A_©vr Gi
Antecedent R.P main verb ZLb 123 order follow K‡i|
‡hgb: He Looked at me angrily
You, Tamal and I will get together tomorrow. L.V adj adv
I, You and Tamal are guilty (†`vlx) {GLv‡b †`vl cÖKvk  hw` †Kvb G `ywU GK‡Î Kiv nq, Z‡e `ywUi cÖ_gwU wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
Kiv n‡”Q} nq| wb‡Pi D`vniY `ywU jÿ¨ KiæYt
 The name of ''Parts of body'' Gi c~‡e© Aek¨B Possessive All of us speak foreign language.
adj noun
pronoun e‡m| G‡ì c~‡e© KL‡bvB article ‘the’ emv‡bv hvq bv| All of us are foreign language teacher
‡hgb: She broke her wrist in the accident adj noun
Previous Years' Questions Noun sentence G adjective wn‡m‡e em‡j Zv Aek¨B nq| It
can not be plural. †hgbt
1. 'I play violin. ––––– musical instrument do you Incorrect : may I have some notebooks paper?
play?'- Which [C1 19-20] Correct: may I have some notebook paper?
2. The students studied in a class room –––––  `y'B ev Z‡ZvwaK adjective hyphen Øviv hy³ n‡j G‡ì‡K
windows were never opened.- whose [D 18-19] hyphenated adjective ejv nq Ges Giv KL‡bvI Plural nq
3. My uncle has three sons, ––––– work in the same bv| †hgbt
office. - all of whom [D: 18-19] A sixty-year-old employee may retire.
adj noun
4. It is you whol –––– to blame. - are [14-15]
 ‘Enough’ kãwU hw` noun Gi mv‡_ eëüZ nq, Z‡e GwU
ADJECTIVES noun Gi Dfqcv‡k A_©vr Av‡M ev c‡i em‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
‡Kvb kã (Word) Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m hw` Noun wU‡K We have enough tickets .(correct)
noun
Qualify K‡i Z‡e †mB Word wUB Adjective. We have tickets enough. (Incorrect)
Example:This is an honorary degree. noun
 Noun-Gi immediately Av‡M hw` †Kvb word use Ki‡Z wKš‘ adjective/adverb Gi m‡_ enough eëüZ n‡j Gi
nq, Z‡e †mB word-wU‡K adjective- Gi iæcvšÍi K‡i wb‡Z position n‡”Q after the adjective/adverb. ‡hgb:
nq| †hgb: Billy is not old enough to enlist in the army
adj
economic situation
the president said that was very Enough-Gi ci verb em‡j †mB verb-wUi c~‡e© to e‡m| †hgb:
adj noun
serious. He is rich enough to buy a car.
Òwe‡kl AvKl©YÓ Previous Years' Questions
this, these, that, those, each, every, either, neither, 1. Emily has to clean her messy room before she goes out.
any, some, many, few, little, such, whose, what, The underlined word is a/an:- Adjective [Rvwe G 17-18]
which G¸‡jv hw` noun-Gi c~‡e© e‡m Zvn‡j Giv adjective 2. Which of the following is not an adjective?- Humor
nq| †hgb: [A 14-15]
01. Which book do you want? 3. We came to an abandoned house. The underlined
02. I like this pen word is ––––––. - Adjective [A 14-15]
03. Each boy and each girl is going 4. 'Analyze the above sentence'. The underlined word
04. I have few books is –––––. - Adjective [A 14-15]
 mvaviYZ: verb-†K modify Ki‡Z adverb eëüZ nq| wKš‘ LINKING VERBS
GB wbq‡gi Exception n‡”Q, ïaygvÎ linking verb- Gi ci
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †Kvb Verb linking wKbv Zv wbf©i K‡i subject Ges
Complement wn‡m‡e adverb eëüZ bv n‡q adjective
eëüZ nq| †hgb: Object -Gi ga¨Kvi Relation-Gi Dci; Form-Gi Dci bq|
Honey tastes sweet 1. Linking Verb Gi ci mivmwi †Kvb Word n‡j Zv Aek¨B
link. v adj adjective n‡e|
looking haggard
You are link .v adj [we‡klZ t `ywðšÍv, Awb`ªv BZ¨vwì 2. Linking Verb + Preposition n‡j adjective bv n‡q adverb
n‡e|
d‡j †PvL, gyL e‡m †M‡Q Ggb|] Linking Verb + adv + adj
GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q, verb-wU linking verb wKbv Zv wKfv‡e eyS‡eb| Linking Verbs : ‡gvU 20wU|
It’s not a matter at all (GUv Av‡`․ †Kvb e¨vcvi bv) wb‡Pi Linking Verbs
Chart wU PU K‡i gyL¯Í K‡i †djyb, gykwKj Avnmvb|
Appear feel taste Be become appear Remain
Smell look remain seem taste look Feel, resemble
be(am, is, are was, were) Seem become sound Stay.lie smell Turn, Run
keep grow come get, go
Stay Sound Sample item: If one is suffering from a psychosomastic
wKš‘, GB wbq‡giI Exception cwijÿYxq| hw` †Kvb linking illness,that is a disease contributed to by mental
verb -Gi ci Object ev Preposition e‡m Z‡e G‡ì ci anxiety,one may still feel very ----------
adjective bv e‡m adverb e‡m| †hgb: A. badly B. bad
He looked anger C. woesely D. worser Ans:B
L.V adj
Use of Linking Verbs  Have to, used to hLb auxiliary verb wn‡m‡e e‡m, ZLb
g~j K_v : List-G cÖ`Ë Verb ¸‡jv Linking Verb wnmv‡e eëüZ n‡j adverb G‡ì c~‡e© e‡m|
Gi cieZ©x Word wU Adverb n‡e bv, Aek¨B Adjective n‡e| †hgb: I often have to go to college on foot.
 Adverb hLb †Kvb adjective ev another adverb-‡K
‡hgb- Ferdous feels anxious.
modify K‡i ZLb Gi position n‡”Q before the
e¨wZµgmg~n adjective or adverb. ‡hgb:
01. Rama is a rather lazy boy
He is late ; GLv‡b late adjective KviY ‡K late Aek¨B He. 02. The dog is quite dead.
He is fast ; here fast adjective He speaks fast here fast  English language –G double negative error ev fzj
adverb. ''who fast? must speaks wn‡m‡e consider Kiv nq| Avi ZvB barely, rarely,
Be, become Ges remain Giv Adjective Qvov Noun/Noun scarcely, hardly, seldom, no sooner Giv wb‡RivB
Phrase ‡KI MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb-(kyay Underline Kiv AskwU negative meaning carry K‡i e‡j G‡ì mv‡_ Ab¨ †Kvb
Linking Verb Ges (Underline + Bold Kiv AskwU negative word eënvi Kiv hvq bv|
Incorrect: She knew scarcely nothing about current fiction.
Adjective/Noun).
Correct: She knew scarcely about current fiction.
Ferdous remained secretary of the board despite the COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE & ADVERBS
opposition. (Noun)  as……….as & so……….as
Her cake tastes delicious. (Linking Verb) `ywU entity †K mgvbfv‡e cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv as………as
Ges so…………as use Kwi| wKš‘ cÖkœ n‡jv KLb as
ADVERBS ………as Ges KLb so………..as use Ki‡ev| Easy
 Adverbs of manner ev How? question Gi DËi †`q question !!! Affirmative I negative sentence- G as
(‡hgb: well, fast, quickly, calmly), adverbs of place, ………as Ges ïaygvÎ negative sentence –G so…….as
ev where? question Gi DËi †`qv (‡hgb: here, there, eënvi Ki‡Z nq| †hgbt-
everywhere etc), Ges adverbs of time, hv when? 1. Jimmy is as tall as her mother
question Gi DËi †`q (†hgb: now, then,yet etc)-G‡ì 2. Jimmy is not so tall as her mother
position n‡”Q after the verb or after the object. 3. Jimmy is not as tall as her mother.
†hgb:  the same…..as & as……as
1. It ‘s raining heavily (adverb of manner) Sentence-G The same……..as GB ai‡bi Structure-Gi
verb adverb
†ÿ‡Î the same-Gi ci †Kvb wKQz em‡j †mUv Aek¨B quality noun
2. Hang the picture there (adverb of place)
object adverb n‡e| †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB quality adjective em‡Z cvi‡e bv| fvjfv‡e
Note: ‡evSvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi D`vniYwU jÿ¨ Kiæb-
`y'B ev Z‡ZvwaK adverb GKmv‡_ GKwU sentence- G em‡j Giv Please cut my hair the same long as the style in this
GKwU normal order follow K‡i: magazine.
1 2 3 D`vniYwU‡Z the same-Gi ci ‘Long’ e‡m‡Q hv adjective
manner  place  time A_P wbqgvbyhvqx emevi K_v| Noun bv emvq Sentence-wU fyj|
earnestly  mwVK Sentence-wU n‡e-
†hgb: Bob spoke manner (AvšÍwiKZvi mwnZ) in the Please cut my hair the same length as the style in this
meeting last night
. magazine
place time
wKQz quality noun n‡jv-
 Adverbs of frequency, hv how, often? ev KZevi? cÖ‡kœi
DËi †`q (†hgb: always, never often, rarely, usually, age size price style
generally etc), I Ab¨vb¨ wKQz adverb(almost, already, length height weight color
hardly, early, just, quite) Gi position n‡”Q principle Avi as………as GB ai‡bi structure-Gi †ÿ‡Î as Gici
verb-Gi Av‡M| †hgb: Aek¨B quality adjective em‡e| †hgb:
quite agree
I with you. Mary is as old as Bill
adverb verb word
I have often told wKQz quality adjective n‡jv-
. V Adverb P . V him to write neatly.(mvwR‡q)
A big cheap easy hot
 Be verb (am,is,are,was were) †Kvb sentence G large little short young
principal verb wn‡m‡e em‡j Gì ci adverb e‡m|
is always  different from & different
Tom at home on sunday, A‡_©i w`K w`‡q ‘the same as’ Gi wVK wecixZ ‘Different
P.V adverb
 ‡Kvb wKQz Stress ev †Rvi w`‡q †evSv‡j adverb auxiliary verb from. ‘Sentence- G Different from’-Gi Posigion n‡”Q
Gi Av‡M e‡m| hw` auxiliary verb bv _v‡K Ges Be verb between the two nouns compared Ges ‘Different’-Gi
(am, is, are, was, were) Principal verb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
Position n‡”Q after the two nouns compared. Compare
Z‡e G‡ÿ‡ÎI adverb ‘Be verb’ Gi Av‡M e‡m| †hgb:
01. He always does come late. Kivi mgq ‘Different’-Gi ci KL‡bv than emv‡bv hvq bv|
02. I usually am free on Sunday Aek¨B ‘from’ use Ki‡Z nq|
Example:  Comparison- Gi †ÿ‡Î ‘than’-Gici †Kvb pronoun
01. the watch in the window is a little different from em‡j Aek¨B GwU nominative ev Subjective form-G
this one em‡e| †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB objective form of Pronoun em‡Z
Noun Noun cvi‡e bv|
02. The watch in the window and this one are a little 01. Shoib is taller than I
different 02. Faruque is smarter than he.
 of the two Gi eënvi  mvaviYfv‡e Comparative-Gici than em‡jI wKQz Latin
Superlative form-Gi mv‡_ article ‘the e‡m| wKš‘ comparative Av‡Q hv‡ì ci than bv e‡m to e‡m|
Comparative form-Gi mv‡_ ‘the’ em‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e Junior Senior inferior(wbK…ó) Superior Prefer
hv‡ì‡K compare Kiv n‡”Q Zv‡ì‡K hw` wbw`©ó fv‡e †evSv‡bv 01. This type of tea is inferior to that
nq (†hgb: of the two) Zvn‡j comparative form -Gi 02. This type of rice is superior to that
mv‡_ ‘the’ em‡Z cv‡i| wKQz or-hy³ word i‡q‡Q hviv KL‡bvB comparison
subject + verb + the + comparative + of the two + noun eySvqbv| Giv ïaygvÎ positive adjective wn‡m‡e noun-Gi
c~‡e© eëüZ nq †m mKj word -¸‡jv n‡jv-
of the two + (noun) + subject + verb + the + comparative Interior Exterior Ulterior Posterior
A_ev Major Minor
‡hgb: ‡hgb:
01. Of the two girls, marry is the Prettier The population problem is a major problem in our
02. Tomal is the smarter of the two boys country.
 Multiple Number Comparatives  Comparison Uv‡K intensify (ZxeªZi Kiv) Kivi Rb¨
GKwU Sentence-G Multiple number-Gi ci KL‡bv-B comparative form-Gi mv‡_ much wKsev far eëüZ n‡Z
‘so’ ev ‘More than’ em‡Z cv‡i bv| multiple number- cv‡i|
Gi ci countable noun-Gi mv‡_ as many as Ges 1. Subject + verb + far/much + adjective/
uncountable noun Gi mv‡_ as much as eënvi Ki‡Z adjective/adverb + er + than + noun / pronoun
nq| wKQz multiple numbers n‡jv: 2. Subject + verb + far/much + more / less +
half, twice, thrice, Three times, adjective/adverb+than+noun/pronoun
Subject + verb + multiple number + as + 01. He drives much more carefully than he used to.
much/many + (noun) + as + noun/ pronoun 02. A watermelon (ZigyR) is much sweeter than a lemon
‡hgb : (†jey)
01. Fresh from costs twice as much as caned fruit  Use of Any
02. Fred ate thrice as many oysters (wSKzb) as The word ‘any’ is used to compare a group with
Barney. an individual, GLb hw` H indivldual person or thing
 Illogical Comparatives group-Gi member nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î Aek¨B ‘any other’
Select the correct items for comparison: eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi individual wU group-Gi member
01. The speed of this engine is greater than the old one. bv n‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î ïay ‘any’ use n‡e| †hgb: wb‡Pi example
02. The speed of this engine is greater than that of `ywU fvjfv‡e iÿ¨ Kiæb:
the old one 01. Copper is useful than any other metal.
Dc‡ii D`vniY `ywUi g‡a¨ cÖ_gwU fyj: †Kbbv, cÖ_gwU‡Z ejv n‡”Q 02. Coal is more useful than any metal.
GB engine Gi speed cyivZb Mvwoi †P‡q †ewk: Zvi gv‡b GKwU  Comparison-Gi †ÿ‡Î As‡ki verb-wU hw` infinitive
Mvwoi speed ‡K compare Kiv n‡”Q Ab¨ GKwU Mvwoi mv‡_| mood-G nq, Z‡e c‡ii As‡ki verb wUI infinitive mood
A_P ZzjbvwU nIqv DwPZ wQ‡jv GKwU Mvwoi speed-Gi mv‡_ Ab¨ G n‡e| ‡Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB verb-Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Kiv hv‡e bv|
GKwU Mvwoii speed Gi | Sentence-G comparison-Gi ‡hgb: bx‡Pi Zzj I ï× evK¨ `ywU fv‡jvfv‡e jÿ¨ Kiæb:
†ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi fzj †K ejv nq Illogical comparison Gi 01. Incorrect: It is better to do some work well while
ai‡bi fzj avoid Kivi Rb¨ subject singular n‡j, young than spending all the time in play.
than-Gi ci that of Ges subject plural n‡j, than 02. Correct: It is better to do some work well while
Gi ci those of emv‡Z n‡e| †hgb: young than to spend all the time in play.
The books
of Humayn are betten than those of Others  GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘i `ywU •ewk‡óï g‡a¨ compare Ki‡j
sub adjective-Gi ‘er’ form _vKv m‡Ë¡I ‘er’ form eënvi bv
 Double comparatives K‡i Gi c~‡e© more emv‡Z nq|
ÔhZ-----ZZÕ A_© eyS‡Z double comparative eënvi Kiv ‡hgb:
nq| G‡ÿ‡Î sentence-G `ywU Ask _v‡K Ges `ywU As‡kB the 01. He is more strong than courageous
hy³ comparative e‡m| 02. Sarah is more benevolent than rich.
the + comparative + subject + verb + the + (jÿ¨ Kiæb Dc‡ii D`vnib `ywU‡Z adjective strong Ges
comparative + subject + verb rich Gi comparative ‘er’ form(stronger I richer
01. The more you practice, the more you learn. her)_vKv m‡Ë¡I GKB e¨w³i `ywU •ewk‡óï g‡a¨ compare Kivq
02. The finer the weather, the better the wind will be. ‘er’ form eëüZ bv n‡q G‡ì c~‡e© more e‡m‡Q|)
TENSE & (ii) Past tense + while + past continuous.
‡hgb:
SEQUENCE OF TENSE A. She burnt her hand while (she was ) cooking.
B. While he was catching fish, I saw him.
 AZxZKv‡i m¤úvw`Z `ywU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †h KvRwU Av‡M m¤úvw`Z nq, (iii) Future tense + while + future continuous
†mwU past perfect: Ges †hwU c‡i nq †mwU past indefinite tense
tense G‡ÿ‡Î hw` ev‡K¨ before _v‡K, Z‡e before Gi Av‡M A. While you will be reading this letter, I will be in
past perfect (had+Vpp) I c‡i past indefinite (Vp): London
Avi hw` after _v‡K Z‡e after Gi Av‡Mi Ask past B. You will open the packet while I will be leaving
indefinite (Vp) I c‡iii Ask past perfect (had+Vpp) for London
nq|  Already, yet, recently, presently, lately, just, just
Structures:
now  G mKj adverb hw` †Kvb ev‡K¨ _v‡K, evK¨wU
(i) Subject + past perfect + before + subject + past Prresent perfect tense-G MwVZ nq|
indefinite ‡hgb:
ev Before + subject + past indefinite + subject + past perfect A. He has received here just now.
(ii) Subject + past indefinite + after + subject + past perfect B. I have not seen him recently
ev After + subject + past perfect + subject + past [NB: Already I yet Gi A_© GKB n‡jI already e‡m
indefinite affirmative ev‡K¨: Avi yet e‡m negative I question ev‡K¨|
‡hgb: Already ev‡K¨ auxiliary I g~j verb Gi gv‡S e‡m: Acic‡ÿ yet
We reached home before the sun set. e‡m ev‡Rï †k‡l|]
Correct: We had reached home before the sun set. ‡hgb:
A. We have already written our reports.
 Subject + had hoped + that + subject Gi ci Future B. We have not written our reports yet.
tense ‡evSv‡Z would / could +Vpr e‡m| C. Has he come yet?
‡hgb: I had hoped that I would pass the exam. [Yet memgq negative I question ev‡K¨ em‡jI GwU
 hw` sentence-G by the time/before Gi ci verb-wU present negative meaning wb‡q affirmative ev‡K¨ em‡Z cv‡i|
indefinite tense- G _v‡K Z‡e Aci verb future perfect nq| G‡ÿ‡Î wb¤œiæc structure ‡K AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e-
‡hgb: You will finish your homework by the time Subject + have/has + yet + to verb-------
the movie starts. ‡hgb: Chumki has yet to learn the material. (Chamki
 You will have finished your homework by the has not learned the material yet.)
time the movie starts.  evK¨ hw` it is (high) time + subject w`‡q ïiæ nq Z‡e
 SEQUENCE OF TENSE: subject Gi cieZx© verb wUi past form e‡m|
If the main clause is: Then the dependent clause will be It’s time she went home.
Present Tense 1. Present Progressive Conditional Sentences (kZ©g~jK evK¨mg~n)
2. Will. can or may + verb Bs‡iRx‡Z kZ©g~jK evK¨ (Conditional Sentence) ‣Zixi wKQz we‡kl
3. Past Tense wbqg i‡q‡Q| GmKj kZ©g~jK evK¨ ev¯Íe m¤§Z kZ© (Real Condition)
4. Present Perfect ev Aev¯Íe kZ© (Unreal Condition) n‡Z cv‡i| ev¯Íe m¤§Z kZ©
Past Tense (Real Condition) nj hv ev¯Í‡e NUvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K Aev¯Íe
1. Past Progressive of Simple past
kZ© (Unreal Condition) nj hv ev¯Í‡e NUvi m¤¢vebv †bB| wb‡gœi evK¨
2. Would, could or might + verb
3. Past perfect mg~n jÿ¨ Kiæb
 Sentence-G as long as, as soon as, until, when, Gi Avwg hw` cuvPkZ UvKv cvB Z‡e †Zvgv‡K `yBkZ UvKv †è| (GwU GKwU
ev¯Íem¤§Z kZ© KviY Avgvi cuvPkZ UvKv cÖvwßi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q Ges ZLb
cieZx© verb wU memgq present indefinite n‡e hw` Aci †Zvgv‡K `yBkZ UvKv avi †è|) Avgvi Kv‡Q hw` cuvPkZ UvKv _vKZ Z‡e
verb wU future indefinite nq| G‡ÿ‡Î present †Zvgv‡K `yBkZ UvKv avi w`Zvg| (GwU GKwU Aev¯Íe kZ© KviY Avgvi
indefinite verb wU future A_© cÖKvk K‡i| Kv‡Q cuvPkZ UvKv †bB Ges †Zvgv‡K avi cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e bq|)
‡hgb: ev¯Íem¤§Z kZ©mg~‡ni MVb mvaviY Bs‡iRx ev‡Kï gZB A_© Abymv‡i N‡U
A. I’ll remember that day as long as I live. _v‡K Z‡e Aev¯Íe kZ©hy³ evK¨ MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î ev‡Kï MVb wKQzUv e¨wZµgx
B. Will you stay here until the plane takes off? n‡q _v‡K|
C. I will phone you before I come. Real Conditions (ev¯Íe kZ©vejx)
 hw` ev‡K¨ while _v‡K Z‡e while-Gi cieZx© verb-wU  Present habit
mvaviYZ: continuous tense-Gi nq| Z‡e verb-wU †Kvb Structure : If + subject + verb (present indefinite) +,
continuous tense-G n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i ev‡Kï Aci verb- subject + verb (present indefinite).
Gi tense-Gi Dci| G‡ÿ‡Î wb¤œwjwLZ structure-mg~n eëüZ I stay home in the morning if I do not have any work.
nq|  Future Conditions :
(i) Present tense + while + present continuous. Structure : If + subject + verb (present) +, subject+ will/
‡hgb: can/ may/ must/shall+ verb (present).
A. He is reading while I am eating my dinner. If I see Ferdous, I will let you know
B. While he is reading, I am sleeping.
Unreal Conditions Example: I wish that you would call tomorrow.
 Present Unreal Conditions  WISH †Kvb ixwZ (customs) ev NUbvi (events) -Gi Rb¨
Structure : If + subject+ verb (past indefinite) +, AvKv•ÿv (desires) cÖKvk K‡i †h ixwZ ev NUbv cybive„wË
subject + would /could/might + verb (present) (repeat) K‡i|
If I had the time, I would go to market now Structure: S + wish + that + S + V (past)
Unreal conditional sentence G if Gi ci was n‡j Gi Example: I wish that you called every day
 †hme B”Qv ev AvKvsÿv KL‡bvB cyiY n‡e bv ev cyiY nIqv Am¤¢e, †mme
¯’‡j Were eëüZ nq|
†ÿ‡Î WISH verb Gi c‡i eëüZ BE verb –wU me©`v were nq|
If I were sick, I would stay home today.
Structure: S + wish + that + S + were
 Past Unreal conditions Example: I wish that the party were on Friday
Structure : If + subject + verb (past perfect) +
subject+ would have/could have/might have + verb Previous Years' Questions
(past participle) 01. Fill in the blank with suitable phrase/words: She
thought that she ––––– to be a leader of oppressed
 AS IF / AS THOUGH Gi eënvi: people. - was born [JU A 2019-20]
As if/As though A_© Ô†hbÕ| hLb †KD Ggbfv‡e AvPiY K‡i, hvi
02. Fill in the blank with appropriate word: An Ideal
Dchy³ †m bq, ZLb sentence-G Ô†hbÕ A_© †evSv‡Z As if/As teacher –––––– well with all. - behaves [JU A 2019-20]
though eëüZ nq| As if/As though-Gi Av‡Mi AskwU Present
03. Ancient people believed that –––– with a sun and a
tense-G n‡j As if/As though clause-wU Past indefinite-G moon rotating around it. - the earth was the center of
nq|
the universe [JU I 2019-20]
sub + verb (present) + as if/as though + sub + verb
04. Please –––– photocopies of copyrighted material
(past)
without the permission of the publisher. - don't
†hgb-
make [JU I 19-20]
01. He talks as if he were a doctor. (†m Ggbfv‡e K_v
05. Before the Angles and the Saxons –––– to England,
e‡j †hb †m GKRb Wv³vi)
the Iberians had lived there. - came [JU I 19-20]
02. He talks as if he knew a doctor. (†m Ggbfv‡e K_v
6. Sabina –––––– her hand when she was cooking
e‡j †hb †m †m me Wv³vi)
dinner. - burnt burnt [D: 18-19]
HOPE & WISH 7. Read the sentence and fill in the blank. You wan't
‘Hope’ Ges ‘Wish’ kã `ywUi g‡a¨ A_©MZ †Kvb cv_©K¨ bv
be allowed into the club –––– you wear a suit and
_vK‡jI grammatical structure-Gi w`K w`‡q G‡ì g‡a¨
tie.- unless [A: 18-19]
cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| ‘Hope’ w`‡q Avkv Kiv †evSvq, Z‡e Ggb Avkv hv 8. I ––––– TV when the telephone rang.- was watching
ev¯Ív‡e c~iY n‡Z cv‡i Avevi bvI n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr ‘Hope’ Gi [C1: 18-19]
†ÿ‡Î Avkv cyiY nIqv bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv 50% 9. I should appreciate it if you could complete this
†hgb- work –––– Thursday. - by [C: 18-19]
* I hope that it will rain. (e„wó n‡Z cv‡i bvI n‡Z cv‡i|) 10. He had written the book before he ––––. - retired [C:
On the other hand, the word ‘wish’ w`‡q Avkv Kiv 18-19]
†evSvq, Z‡e Ggb Avkv hv ev¯Í‡e m¤¢e bq| Wish w`‡q present 11. Yesterday I felt a turtle ill and today I feel –––––.
wish ‡evSv‡j wØZxq AskwU past indefinite Ges past wish worse [14-15]
‡evRv‡j past perfect tense-G n‡e| 12. My uncle arrived while I ––––– the dinner. - was
†hgb- cooking [14-15]
1. I wish I were a king. (Present wish) 13. I (leave) my office when the telephone rang. - was just
2. I wish I had not eaten so much. (Past wish) leaving [C: 12-13]
 WISH present tense Ges verb n‡jI GwU AZxZ Kv‡ji
Causative Verbs
†Kvb AvKv•ÿv (desires) wb‡`©k K‡i|
 ‘MAKE’ can be used as a causative. g‡b ivL‡eb,
Structure: S + wish + that + s + had/could
causative ‘MAKE’ –Gi ci person or thing hvB _vK bv
have/would have + participle †Kb, verb-Gi simple ev present form emv‡Z n‡e,
Example: I wish that you had called yesterday. infinitive ev ing hy³ †Kvb verb use Ki‡j Zv fzj n‡e|
 WISH fwel¨Z Kv‡ji †Kvb AvKv•ÿv (desires) wb‡`©k K‡i| ‡hgb:
WISH Gi c‡ii clause wU-‡Z would eëüZ n‡j Zv cQ›` 1. She made the baby take a nap.
C.V person verb
(choice) †evSvq| Avi hw` WISH Gi c‡ii clause wU-‡Z 2. I made the machine work
could eëüZ nq, Z‡e Zv D³ cQ›` ev (choice) Gi Dci wKš‘ C.V adject verb
kZ© ev conditions eySvq †h kZ© ev conditions D³ choice -  ‘GET’ causative verb-Gi DOER _vK‡j cieZx© verb-
wU infinitive ev to + verb nq Ges RECEIVER _vK‡j
†K cÖfvweZ K‡i| verb-Gi past participle form nq| †hgb-
Structure: S + wish + that + S + would/could + verb 1. We have to get someone to fix the phone.
word 2. I want to get the house pained before winter
 Causative ‘HAVE’- Gi ci DOER _vK‡j verb-Gi PARALLELISM
base form Ges RECEIVER _vK‡j verb-Gi past
participle form nq| †hgb-  cÖ‡Z¨KwU sentence-Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q †Kvb idea cªKvk Kiv|
1. The had their lawyer change thir wills. GLb hw` GKwU sentence-G GKvwaK but similar idea cÖKvk
C.V P V.W Kiv nq, Z‡e G‡ì Grammatical I similar n‡e| Ab¨
have our car mended K_vq ev Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, similar elements must have
2. We are going to C.V (‡gÛ- ‡givgZ Kiv)
T V.P.O similar forms A_©vr GKwU element hw` adjective nq,
 ‘LET’ verb-wU causative verb wn‡m‡e em‡j Gi ci e¨w³ Z‡e AciwUI adjective n‡e| Gfv‡e, GKwU element noun
ev e¯‘ hvB _vKzK bv †Kb in both the cases you must use n‡j AciwUI noun GKwU element infinitive (to +
the present form of a verb or the verb word. verb)n‡j AciwUI GKwU infinitive,GKwU element
1. Would you let us borrow your notes? gerund (verb + ing) n‡j AciwUi gerund n‡e| GUvB
C.V P V.W n‡”Q parallelism-Gi g~j K_v|
2. I will not let this machine work †hgb-
C.V T V.W 1. Austen is young, enthusiastic and she has talent.
 ‘HELP’ causative verb-Gi ci infinitive ev verb 2. X-ray photographs are widely used in industry to
word `yB-B em‡Z cv‡i test and inspecting materials and parts.
1. My teacher helped me get this job cÖ_‡g D`vni‡b ‘young’ enthusiastic’ n‡”Q adjective Ges
C.V P V.W
2. My teacher helped me to get this job ‘talent’ n‡”Q noun. young I enthusiastic-Gi mv‡_
C.V P I parallel ivLvi Rb¨ noun’ ‘talent’-Gi cwie‡Z© adjective
‘talented’ n‡e|
SUBJUNCTIVES wØZxq D`vni‡Y ‘to test’-Gi mv‡_ Parallel ivLvi Rb¨
 wb‡Pi D`vniYwU jÿ Kiæbt ‘inspecting’- Gi cwie‡Z© ‘to inspect’ n‡e|
 I suggest that Jahid drop C.V for this post. Previous Years' Questions
Dc‡ii Sentence-wUi A_© n‡”Q, ÒAvwg Rvwn`‡K GB †cv‡ói Rb¨ C.V
drop Kivi civgk© †`B| A_©vr Avwg PvB †h, †m GB post Gi Rb¨ C.V 1. In the following sentence the four highlighted parts of the
drop KiæK| hLb †Kvb e¨w³ Pvq †h Aci †Kvb e¨w³ Zvi (cÖ_g e¨w³i) sentence are marked a, b, c and d. Identify the one high'
cÖZ¨vwkZ †Kvb wKQz KiæK, ZLb subjunctive verb use Kiv nq| gated word or phrase with grammatical error. [C: 19-20]
subjunctive verb always verb word nq| A_©vr Gi mv‡_ ‘s’ ev Canals are (a) artificial waterways, often constructed (b)
‘es’ infinitive’ ev ‘ing’ hy³ Kiv hvq bv| †h Kvi‡b Dc‡ii D`vni‡b either to transport heavy loads or to (c) delivering water
‘jahid’ subject-wU 3rd person nIqv m‡Ë¡I Gi verb-wU drops bv (d) to cities and farms.
A. a B. b C. c D. d Ans: C
n‡q ‘drop’ n‡q‡Q| GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q wKfv‡e eyS‡eb KLb subjunctive
verb use Ki‡Z n‡e| It is as easy as water (GUv cvwbi g‡Zv 2. Find the incorrect words: Salma and her sister
mnR|) English-G wKQz verb word Av‡Q, hv‡ì ci that Ges Ab¨ studied biology last year and so does Jesmin.- so does
GKwU subject _vK‡j subjunctive verb use Ki‡Z nq| Those Jesmin [B: 18-19]
are listed in below: 3. Gerund is similar to- Noun [D3: 13-14]
4. ''He didn't pay the fees.'' The correct response is-
Advise Move Require
''Neither did I'' [C2: 13-14]
ask order stipulate
5. ''Neera went home.'' The correct response is: - ''So
command prefer suggest
did I'' [C2: 13-14]
decree(Av‡`k Kiv) propose (cÖ¯Íve Kiv) urge
demand recommend DANGLING MODIFIER/
insist (BbwmmU- request ILLOGICAL PARTICIPLE MODIFIER
mg_©b Kiv)  Let’s see the following incorrect example:
Prefers she speak
1. Mr. Khan that with him After finishing his speech, the audience invited
V S Subjunctive
propose that be Bob to ask question.
2. I the vote secret ballot Dc‡ii Sentence wU †hfv‡e †jLv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z A_© `vuovq,
V S Subjunctive
 Impersonal expression-Gi †ÿ‡Î wKQz adjective/noun audience (`k©K) wb‡RB fvlY w`‡q‡Q| †Kbbv, sentence wU‡Z
word Av‡Q hv‡ì ci that Ges subject _vK‡j ejv n‡”Q, Zvi fvlY †kl nevi ci Ò`k©K Bob-†K cÖkœ Kivi Rb¨
subjunctive verb use Ki‡Z nq| GiKg wKQz word n‡jv: Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡qwQ‡jvÓ| A_©vr `k©K wb‡RB fvlY w`‡q‡Q Ges c‡i
Bob-†K question Kivi Rb¨ invite K‡i‡Q| hv m¤ú~Y©
demand insistence preference
illogical (A‡h․w³K) Sentence-Gi GB ai‡bi fzj‡K ejv nq
proposal recommendation request modifier mistake. GB fzj Gov‡Z cÖ_‡gB †`L‡Z n‡e,
requirement suggestion *essential modifier-Gi KvRUv †K K‡i‡Q| modifier-Gi KvRUv †h K‡i‡Q
*imperative *important *Necessary ev hvi m¤ú‡K© modifier-Uv †jLv n‡q‡Q, modifier-Gi †k‡l †h
1. Sakib ignored the suggestion that he get more comma _v‡K Zvi ciB †mB subject-wU‡K emv‡Z n‡e| Dc‡ii
subjunctive exercise. D`ni‡Y Bob †h‡nZz fvlY w`‡q‡Q (audience bq), Kv‡RB
2. It is important that you be on time. Bob-‡K modifier-Gi wVK c‡i emv‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j mwVK
A S Subjunctive
sentence wU n‡e-
After finishing his speech
verb modifier
, Bob invited the audience to  Here / There
ask question. Here wKsev There w`‡q hw` †Kvb Sentence †`Lv hvq †m‡ÿ‡Î
Note: verbal modifier wU preposition, ing, ed ev Verb Gi cieZx© †h Noun ev Pronoun _v‡K †mwU Abyhvqx
infinitive hy³ word w`‡q ïiæ Kiv nq| memgq Verb nq| KviY Here wKsev There w`‡q hwÌ
Sentence ïiæ nq wKš‘ Giv KL‡bvB †Kvb Sentence Gi
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT Subject nq bv|
 And Øviv hLb GKvwaK Subject hy³ nq ZLb Verb memgq There is + Singular Subject
Plural nq| Here
Gold and silver are precious metals.
 Fraction ev Percentage w`‡q hw` †Kvb Subject _v‡K †m‡ÿ‡Î
Anjalina Jolly and peter were there
Verb wU †Kgb n‡e †mUv K¬v‡m †Lqvj K‡iv|
e¨wZµg:
wKš‘ And Øviv hy³ Subject hw` Same Person, Same Three-fifths of the people have arrived
Thing A_ev Same Idea †evSvq Zvn‡j Verb Avevi Sixty percent of our quotas has been met.
Singular nq|  A number of / The number of
The president and Headmaster is---- (refers to same person) A Number of wKsev The number of Df‡qi c‡iB noun
The president and the Headmaster are--- (refers to memgq Plural n‡e| wKš‘ hw` Giv Subject wn‡m‡e _v‡K
two different person) †m‡ÿ‡Î A number of Gi †ejvq Verb Plural n‡e Ges
Time and tide waits for none The number of Gi †ejvq verb singular n‡e|
The horse and carriage is at the door.  A number of + plural noun + plural verb
And Øviv hy³ nIqv m‡Ë¡I hw` Subject Gi mv‡_ Each A_ev  The number of + plural noun + singular
Every _v‡K Zvn‡jI Very singular n‡e| A number of students are going to the class
Every boy and girl has been given a worth. The number of days in a week is seven
Each boy and each girl was present.  †Kvb Subject Gi mv‡_ hLb No _vK‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î No Gi cieZx©
Note: Subject Gi mv‡_ hw` each, every, either, neither, Noun wUi Dci wbf©i K‡i verb wU n‡e| hw` No Gi c‡ii
many a _v‡K Z‡e verb memgq singular n‡e Noun wU Singular A_ev Uncountable nq Zvn‡j verb wU
Many a little makes a mickle.
Singular n‡e Avi hw` Noun wU Plural nq Zvn‡j Verb wU
Each of the things is found in India as well as in Srilanka
 Collective Noun mvaviYZ: memgq Singular Verb MÖnY Plural n‡e|
K‡i|  Singular noun 
no +   + singular verb
congress army group committee  non count , noun 
corporation firm class company
government jury crowd council no + plural noun + plural verb
organization team family board No students are present here today.
The committee is scheduled to meet at one o ‘clock. No boy is individually responsible
e¨wZµg: No news is good now a days
wKš‘ hw` G‡ì g‡a¨ Division †`Lv †`q Ges G K_vwU hLb None Gi †ejvq, hw` None of Gi mv‡_ Plural Noun _v‡K
Sentence G Directly D‡jøL _v‡K ZLb Verb wU Plural n‡e| Zvn‡j Verb wU Plural n‡e Avi hw` Uncountable noun
The committee are violently debating the merits of nq Zvn‡j verb wU Singular n‡e|
the proposed system. None+ of the + non count, noun + singular verb
The class are arguing with one another None of the counterfeit money has been found
The Jure were divided in their opinions bur finally it
has returned----- None+ of the + plural count, none + plural verb
 Either……or, wKsev neither…..nor w`‡q hLb GKvwaK There are + Plural Subject
subject hy³ n‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î memgq verb Gi me©v‡cÿv wbKUeZx© Here
subject A_©vr wØZxq subject Abyhvqx verb n‡e|
Neither he nor I was there.
He or his brothers have done this.
VERBS
Neither the boy nor his parents were present. g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Can’t but+verb Gi base form Ges Can’t
Either he or I am to go help+verb Gi mv‡_ ing form n‡e|
 wb‡b¥v³ expression ev accompaniment ¸‡jv w`‡q †hme Nonfinite Verbs
Noun ev Pronoun hy³ nqv Zviv KL‡bvB Verb Gi Dci Sentence – G eëüZ †h mKj Verb, sentence – wUi A_©/AšÍwb©wnZ fve
†Kvb cÖfve †d‡j bv| Verb memgq Avmj Subject A_©vr complete K‡i bv| A_v©r, evsjv AmgvwcKv wµqvi gZ eëüZ nq, Zv‡ì‡K
G¸‡jvi c~e©eZx© Noun ev Pronoun Abyhvqx nq| Nonfinite Verb e‡j| Sentence – G eëüZ verb mg~n `yB ai‡bi, h_v-
together with along with and not finite Ges nonfinite | mvaviYZ to + verb, verb + ing Ges v3|mKj
accompanied by as well as among Nonfinite Verb (verbal) ‡K wZb †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| ‡hgb-
accompanied with in addition to with 1. Infinite --- to + verb
Mamun, accompanied by his wife and children is 2. Gerund ----- verb + ing Noun Ges Verb Gi KvR Ki‡j|
arriving tonight. 3. Participle ---- verb + ing ev v3 Adjective Ges Verb Gi KvR Ki‡j|
Infinitive –Gi eënvi  Marvin finished_____two of his published
Ferdous studied hard to pass the admission test. (cvm compositions before his tenth birthday.
Ki‡Z n‡e, A_©vr, D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Admission Test- G cvm Kiv) A. written B. write C. to write D. writing Ans.D
To see who was going outside the corridor, Shilpa 3. Preposition Gi verb + ing A_v©r be used to, get used
opened the windows. (‡`L‡Z) to, with an eye to, worth, busy. Gave up, with a
Gfv‡e, D‡Ïk¨, cÖwZ ev- †Z †evSv‡Z (†hgb-KicZ,‡h‡Z, †Lj‡Z) view to, keep on, approve of ,be better off, count
To + Verb A_©vr infinitive n‡e| on, do not mind, forget about, get through, insist
‡hgb- Sharmin wants to draw a picture on the bill board. on, look forward to, object to, think about, think
Ferdous tried to join the BBQ night. of, fond of, tired of, afraid of, confess to,
accustomed to, addicted to, past,it is good,it is no
 wKQz wKQz Verb – Gi ci mnRfv‡e infinitive A_©vr to +
use Gerund n‡e| ‡hgb-
Verb n‡e| verb ¸‡jv nj-
Incorrect : I am afraid of to go there.
Hope Agree Prepare regret Correct : I am afraid of going there.
Forget Agree Mean need
Learn Wait demand fail
Participle – Gi eënvi
Ask Plan Want wish  verb Gi c~e©eZ©x iƒc adjective Gi b¨vq KvR Ki‡j Zv‡K
Seem decide try participle e‡j|
 She helped a crying street boy. I saw a broken dish
‡hgb- We agreed to go to the movies. lying on the floor.
Example: One of the least effective ways of  GLv‡b street Ges dish `y‡UvB noun. Kvib n‡”Q Avgiv Rvwb
storing information is learning it
adjective Gi c~‡e© noun e‡m|
A, how repeat B. repeating
C. to repeat D. repeat Ans.C  Gfv‡e, Verb + ing, V3 ev Having + V3 Giv Sentence-
G participle wnmv‡e eëüZ nq| ‡h‡nZz verb wZb iKg
Infinitive msµvšÍ KwZcq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Rules form-G participle wnmv‡e eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i, ‡m‡nZz
 infinitive subject wnmv‡e em‡Z cv‡i| participle wZb cÖKvi| ‡hgb-
‡hgb-To swim is my favorite pastime. 1. Present participle -- verb + ing participle Gi KvR Ki‡j|
 infinitive ‡Kvb D‡Ïk¨ †evSv‡Z em‡Z cv‡i| The lady standing by the door wanted to speak with
‡hgb-I went there to meet with Shila. you.
 (to + V1) AvKv‡ii infinitive fwel¨‡Z ‡Kvb& e¨w³ †Kvb& KvR 2. Past participle -V3 Participle Gi KvR Ki‡j|
Ki‡e Zv wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb-I saw a burnt building.
‡hgb- Mr. Ferdous will run off the project to implement a 3. Perfect participle – having + V3 Participle Gi KvR
new scheme. Ki‡j| ‡hgb- Having said what she wanted to say,
 (to + be + verb +ing) AvKv‡ii infinitive fwel¨‡Z †Kvb Ferdous left the room.
e¨w³ †Kvb KvR Ki‡Z _vK‡e-Zv wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cv‡i|
‡hgb-I have to be making myself involved with the Previous Years' Questions
matter gradually. 1. Which one of hte following is a verb? - Deflect [H: 19-20]
 (to + be V3) AvKv‡ii infinitive n‡”Q passive infinitive| INVERSION
A_©vr Gi Øviv fwel¨‡Z †Kvb KvR A‡bï Øviv msNwUZ n‡e GwU †evSvq| wb¤œwjwLZ word ¸wj sentence Gi cÖ_‡g †Rvi †Ìqvi Rb¨ em‡j
‡hgb-The building needs to be painted again. sentence wU question order G cwibZ nq| hwÌ evK¨wU cÖkœ‡evaK
 (to + have + V3) AvKv‡ii infinitive Øviv †evSv‡bv nq †Kvb evK¨ bq, wKš‘ auxiliary verb subject Gi c~‡e© P‡j Av‡m|
KvR AZx‡Z Kivi K_v wQj wKsev Kiv n‡q‡Q| ‡hgb- The Negative words list:
independence war required us to have confronted the not only by no means rarely not until never scarcely
Pakistani soldiers. once nowhere no sooner at no time seldom Nobody
Gerund-Gi eënvi No one None Neither nor not few little bit
Walking along the busy street is dangerous. †hgb-
1. Subject ev object wnmv‡e (†h‡nZz subject ev object nIqvi 01. Seldom has he read this kind of book.
cÖavb kZ© Noun/Pronoun nIqv) verb + ing A_©vr 02. Scarcely can the baby walk.
Gerund e‡m| GgZve¯’vq Verb + ing Noun Gi KvR K‡i| only-Gi wb¤œwjwLZ expression mg~‡ni †ÿ‡Î auxiliary
‡hgb- Santa enjoyed walking on the corridor in TSC. verb, subject Gi c~‡e© e‡m|
2. wKQz wKQz Verb-Gi ci mnRfv‡e Gerund A_©vr verb + ing only recently only once only in (on, at, by etc)
has he
n‡e | verb ¸‡jv n‡jv: †hgb- only recently A.V resigned from the job.
S
admit mind like advice
hLb so + adjective ev participle, sentence Gi cÖ_‡g e‡m ZLbI
hate consider suggest dislike
evK¨wU question word order-G n‡e|
enjoy finish Start delay
was the map
stop miss Avoid neglect †hgb- So confusing that we had to ask a
V Sub
‡hgb: - He enjoys doing the work. police officer for directions.
Previous Years' Questions  ‡Kvb Kv‡R Af¨šÍ n‡q hv‡”Q ev hvw”Q‡jv ‡evSv‡Z Be(am, is, are,
was, were) used to/get used to eëüZ nq| Be used
1. Fill in the blank with appropriate word:
An ideal teacher knows the art of ....... .- teaching [A:
to/get used to-Gi ci †h verb e‡m Zvi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq|
19-20] †hgb:
2. Find the parts of speech of the underlined words. To Cruise is used to studying at deep night.
Hema writes not only correctly but also neatly- Tom Cruise got used to reading at deep night.
adverb, adverb [B: 18-19] Had better/Would rather Gi eënvi:
3. ––– the door, she went our.- Having locked [Rvwe G 17-18]  KvD‡K Dc‡`k †`qvi †ÿ‡Î Had better Ges †Kvb wKQz Ab¨ †Kvb
4. In the sentence 'I rather like the smell of petrol'', wKQzi †P‡q AwaKZi cQ›` †evSv‡Z would rather eënvi Kiv
rather is- adverb [C: 15-16] nq| Had better I would rather -Gici verb-Gi
5. 'After ages shall ring his glory'. The underlined present form e‡m| †hgb:
word is–––––. - Adverb [A: 14-15] You had better hurry if you don’t want to miss the train.
6. Zaman comes here frequently. The underlined Sakib would rather have a Pepsi than a beer.
word is: - Verb [C: 12-13]  Would rather-Gi A_© just same as the word ‘prefer’. Gì
A_© GK n‡jI grammar wfbœ| would rather-Gici verb Gi
MODALS
present form Ges comparison-G than e‡m| wKš‘ prefer Av‡i
Could have/might have + V3 Gi eënvi: ci verb-Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq Ges comparison-G to e‡m|
Past-G †KD †Kvb KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv wKš‘ K‡iwb ev †Kvb wKQz NU‡Z Sakib prefer having a Pepsi to beer.
cvi‡Zv wKš‘ NU‡Z cvi‡Zv wKš‘ N‡Uwb Giæc †evSv‡Z could  Would rather- A_© n‡”Q preference for oneself (K‡iv
have/might have eënvi Kiv nq| wb‡Ri Rb¨ cQ›`)Avi would, rather that A_© n‡”Q
‡hgb: preference for another (Ab¨ Kv‡iv Rb¨ cQ›`|)would
If you had tried, you could have won the race rather that-Gi ci GKwU clause A_©vr subject I verb
(Zzwg hw` †Pó Ki‡Z Z‡e race-G wRZ‡Z cvi‡Z) jv‡M Ges verb-wU past form-G nq| ‡hgb:
If you had appeared at the exam, you might have passed. 1. I would rather that you drove (Affirmative)
(Zzwg hw` cixÿv w`‡Z, Zvn‡j cvk Ki‡jI Ki‡Z cvi‡Z|) sub v
Should have/Ought to have + V3 Gi eënvi: you didn’t drive
AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR Kiv ev NUv DwPZ wQ‡jv wKš‘ K‡iwb ev N‡Uwb 2. I would rather that (Negative)
sub v
Giæc †evSv‡Z Should have/Ought to have e‡m| †hgb: AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
1. You should have gone early no to miss the train.  Verb Gi cybive„wË †iva Ki‡Z affirmative agreement-G also,
†UªbwU bv Kivi Rb¨ †Zvgvi Av‡M hvIqv DwPZ wQ‡jv|)-wKš‘ hvq wb!!! too I so eënvi Kiv nq| A‡_©i w`K w`‡q G‡ì g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ bv
†Kvb wKQzi Kiv ev NUv DwPZ wQj bv wKš‘ K‡i‡Q ev N‡U‡Q Giæc _vK‡jI grammatical structure-Gi w`‡K cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| ‘So’
†evSv‡Z Should have/Ought to have e‡m| †hgb:
verb- Gi Av‡M Ges too I also verb -Gi c‡i e‡m|
2. Other coaching centers should not have copied their So: Sub + be verb +……..+ and + so + be + be verb + sub
lecture sheets from the books of Barron’s.
(Ab¨vb¨ †KvwPs †m›Uvi‡ì lecture sheet ¸‡jv Barron’s-Gi also/too: Sub + be verb +…………+ and + sub + be
wewfbœ eB †_‡K copy Kiv DwPZ nq wb|)- wKš‘ hvq wb!!! verb + also/too
3. Other coaching centers ought not to have done this. -Salam is not very good at drawing and so am I.
(Ab¨vb¨ †KvwPs †m›Uvi¸‡jvi GUv Kiv DwPZ wQj bv) -Salam is not very good at drawing and I am also/too
must have + V3 Gi eënvi:  Negative agreement-G verb Gi cybive„wË avoid Kivi Rb¨
 †Kvb evidence (cÖgvb)-Gi Dci wfwË K‡i AwZ‡Z †Kvb KvR Aek¨B either I neither eënvi Kiv nq| ‘Either’ Gi position n‡”Q
N‡U‡Q Ggb †h․w³K wm×v‡šÍ DcwbZ nIqv †evSv‡Z must have e‡m| after the verb Ges ‘neither’ Gi position n‡”Q before the
†hgb: wb‡Pi example-wU fvjfv‡e jÿ¨ Kiæb: verb.
 The streets are wet (†fRv), it must have rained last night. either: negative statement + and + sub + negative
Dc‡ii D`vniYwU‡Z ejv n‡”Q-ÔÔStreet-¸‡jv †fRv, MZiv‡Z auxiliary/be/do, does. did + either.
wbðqB e„wó n‡q‡Q|Ó neither: Negative statement + and + neither +
must be- Gi eënvi: positive auxiliary / be/ do, does, did+verb
 ‡Kvb evidence-Gi Dci wfwË K‡i GLb (now) †Kvb KvR ‡hgb:
Aek¨B n‡”Q Giæc †evSv‡Z ‘must be’ e‡m| †hgb: - Milon can’t go and I can’t either.
 The line is busy, some one must be phoning now. - Milon can’t go and neither can I.
(†dvb jvBb e¨¯Í †KD wbðqB GLb †dv‡b K_v ej‡Q|) Previous Years' Questions
Used to- Gi eënvi: 1. In a liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that
 AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR Ki‡Z Af¨šÍ wQ‡jv hv eZ©gv‡b †bB Ggb †evSv‡Z graduates will –––––– about English, languages,
‘used to’ e‡m| ‘used to’ –Gi ci verb-Gi present from literature, history, and the other social sciences. -
nq| †hgb: know [JU I 2019-20]
 While young, I used to get up early. 2. Read the sentences and fill in the blank. Obviously,
(‡QvU‡ejv Avwg mKv‡j DV‡Z Af¨šÍ wQjvg)- Objectives occasionally ––––– be modified or
wKš‘ GLb Avi bvq!!! changed.- have to [A: 18-19]
3. Age and experience ––––– wisdom to a person. - VOICE CHNAGE
Brings [G: 18-19]
 Active voice †K Passive voice Ki‡Z subject †K object
4. The UN requested that the government –––– its
Ges object ‡K subject Ki‡Z nq| mvavibZ passive voice-G
policy.- amend [F: 18-19]
object Gi Av‡M by e‡m| Avevi mKj †ÿ‡ÎB Principal verb
5. Each of the cricketers ––––– training for months,
Gi past participle nq Ges subject I tense Abymv‡i verb ‘to
overn years.- were [D: 18-19]
be’ e‡m|
6. He prefers jeep –––– car for long drive. - to [D: 18-19]  hw` Active voice-G shall, should, will, would, can,
7. I am looking forwad ––––– you.- to seeing [D: 18-19] could, may, might, must, ought to, have to, has to, due
8. At least one of the students ––––– full marks every to, going to, owing to, knowing to, like to, prefer to,
time.- have got [D: 18-19] forward to, is to, are to BZ¨vw` _v‡K Z‡e passive Ki‡Z
9. I saw a man –––– on a rope. - walked [A: 15-16]
G‡ì ci be e‡m Ges gyj verb Gi past participle nq|
 Reflexive Pronoun (myself, ourselves, yourselves,
10. Nipa seems ––––– her best fro the test.- to have
himself, themselves, etc) object wnmv‡e _vK‡j Active
tried [A: 15-16]
voice †K Passive Ki‡Z subject I object Gi cwieZ©b nq
11. One of my best –––– getting PhD today.- friend is
[14-15] bv, ïay Tense Abymv‡i to be verb e‡m I g~j verb Gi past
12. Please ––––– a one inch margin on the left and top participle nq Ges object Gi Av‡M by e‡m|
of your answer sheets.- leave [14-15]  Imperative Sentence †K Passive Ki‡Z Let + object Gi
13. Santo used to –––––– in the morning.- walked [D: 14-15] subject + be + V.P.P Gev‡e e‡m Z‡e Active G hw`
TAG QUESTION not/never _v‡K Z‡e Passive Ki‡Z Let Gi ci not/never
e‡m|
 Tag question me mgq sentence Gi †k‡l e‡m|
Act- Study the book.
Tag question -Gi ïay subject Ges auxiliary verb
Pass- Let the book be studied
Avm‡e|
Act- Never tells a lie
Sentence Gi cÖ_g AskwU affirmative n‡j Tag question
Pass- Let never a lie be told.
wU negative nq|
 Interrogative sentence Gi passive wnmv‡e Interrogative B _v‡K
Sentence Gi cÖ_g AskwU negative n‡j Tag question wU
Ges WH word (who, which, what, when, why, where how,
affirmative nq|
whom, whose, etc)¸wj Active I Passive ev‡Kï ïiæ‡ZB e‡m|
hw` subject G noun _vK‡j Tag question wU noun wUi
Z‡e ‘Who’ passive ev‡K¨ By whom-G cwieZ©b nq
pronoun eëüZ nq|
Act- who did it?
‡hgb:
He’s going to English Center, isn’t he? Pass- By whom was it done?
He’s going to English Center, hasn’t he? Previous Years' Questions
He’d work overtime, wouldn’t he? 1. I saw him leaving the house ––––- He was seen
He’d worked overtime, hadn’t he? leaving the house [F: 18-19]
2. Select the passive form: ''I wil lnever forget this
He does not take this, does he? experience''. - This experience will never be forgotten by
Tom started a business, didn’t he? me. [G: 18-19]
Tom did not start a business, did he? 3. Change the voice of the following sentence, 'Whom
You have to pray to Allah, haven’t you / don’t you? does he look for'? - Who is looked for by him? [H: 18-19]
You had to pray to Allah, hadn’t you/didn’t you? 4. Let me do the sum, (Choose the Correct passive
Tom must study his lesson, mustn’t he? form).- Let the sum be done by me. [14-15]
Students should not do wrong task, should they? 5. ''Honey tastes sweet'' -which one of the follwoings specifies
Previous Years' Questions the passive form of the sentence?- Honey is sweet when it
1. Identify the correct tag question. is tasted [14-15]
6. The passive form of 'Let her sing a song', is- Let a
Sarah: ‘I can’t take any more.’ song be sung by her [14-15]
Paul: ‘........’ - Oh, you can’t, can you? [F: 19-20] TRASFORMATION & NARRATION
6. What is a 'wh' question? - A question which expects Affirmative Negative
an answer rather than just 'yes' or 'no' [C: 17-18] Only (e¨w³i †ÿ‡Î)/ Alone None but
7. ''I didn't leave my job.'' A proper response can be: Only(e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î) Nothing but
- Neither did I [14-15] Only(eq‡mi †ÿ‡Î) Not more than
8. Do you have any idea –––––. - how to manage time? Must Cannot but + verb in simple
[14-15] form Or, can not help + (v + ing)
Every There is no……..but tomorrow afternoon.- If weather permits, the match
As soon as No soone…….than will be held tomorrow afternoon [A: 16-17]
Always Never Ges Affirmative kãwUi 6. He put on his hat and went out. Complex form of
wecixZ kã this sentence is: - He went out after he had put his
Both………and Not only….but also hat. [C: 12-13]
Superlative Ges Positive degree 7. He failed because he was so rash. Compound form of
this sentence is: - He was too rash and therefore failed.
Comparative degree [C: 12-13]
For Example: 7. My mother says, 'I was happy in Australia. I had
Aff: Everybody believes an honest man seen many places when I was a child.''- My mother
Neg: There is no body but believes an honest man says that she was happy in Australia. [F: 18-19]
Direct: Alam says, ‘I eat rice’ 8. Select the direct form of speech: ''The MLA
Indirect: Alam says that he eats rice. addressed the people as ladies and gentlemen adn
Note: ‡h verb Gi mvnv‡h¨ Kv‡iv e³e¨ A‡bï wbKU report said that their vote was his real power''. - The
Kiv nq Zv‡K Reporting verb ejv nq| Dc‡iv³ evK¨ says MLA said to people ''Ladies and gentlemen, your vote
Reporting verb Avi †h e¨w³ Kv‡iv e³e¨ A‡bï wbKU is my reald power. [G: 18-19]
report K‡i Zvnv‡K Reporter ev Narration ejv nq| PHRASE & CLAUSE
Dc‡ii D`vniY‡K jÿ¨ Ki‡j eySv qvq:
(i) Direct Speech-G Reporting Verb Gi ciB GKUv  Noun phrase:- If a phrase is used as the subject or
Comma e‡m| object of a verb it is noun phrase. A man of letters is
(ii) Reported or Indirect Speech-Gi GB Kgvi(Comma) respected everywhere.
RqMvq that e‡m|  Adjective phrase:- If a phrase is used to qualify a noun. It
(iii) Direct Speech-G e³vi Dw³wU Inverted Comma may be used with apreposition. The river in front of my
(‘……’) i †fZi e‡m| house is big.
 Reported Speech G statement Gi Av‡M mvavibZ: that
 Adverb Phrase:- When a phrase is used to qualify the
conjunction wU eëüZ nq|
For Example: verb, it is then adverb phrase. the river is in front of
Direct: He says, ''I am ill” my house.
Indirect : He says that he is ill  Prepositional phrase:- When a phrase is used to
 Reporting verb wU hw` Present A_ev Future tense G relate a phrase or word in asentence, it is prepositional
_v‡K Z‡e Reported Speech G verb wUi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq phrase. The river in front of my house is big
bv|  Conjunction phrase:- When aphrase is used to join a
For Example:
Direct: You will say, ''I am ill” clause, it is called conjunction phrase. you should
Indirect : You will say that you are ill. come as soon as you can.
 Reporting verb wU hw` Past tense G _v‡K Z‡e Reported  Noun clause: If any clause is used as the subject or
Speech G verb wU Abyiæc Past tense G cwieZ©b nq| object of a verb, it is then noun clause what is lotted
For Example: cannot be blotted. I said tha it was obsolete
Direct: Had said, ''I am ill”  Adjective Clause:- When a clause is used to qualigy
Indirect : He said that he was ill.
a noun or a pronoun it is then adjective clause.
 Direct Speech G wPi mZ¨ ev Af¨vm eySvq Zvn‡j Indirect
Speech G verb Gi ‡Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| the man who come here is poor
For Example: I saw the ring which was lost.
Direct: Had said, ''Honesty is the best policy”  Adverb Clause:- When any clause is used to qualify
Indirect : He said that honesty is the best policy. a verb, it is then the adverb clause.
Previous Years' Questions He could not come because he was ill.
1. What type of sentence is it- 'Let me go.' - He was riding when I saw him
Imperative [H: 18-19] N.B: weMZ eQ‡ii Bs‡iwR cÖkœcÎ we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q †h FBS
2. 'The table has four chairs' This is teh example of -- Abyl‡` g~j Grammer I Vocabulary Based cÖkœ n‡q _v‡K|
-Clause ---- - Independent [H: 18-19]
3. 'Go and get some orange juice for me.' is a/an- Previous Years' Questions
imperative sentence [C1: 18-19]
4. Which of the following is a compound sentence?- 1. Fill in the blank with suitable phrase/words: While
He came here but I did not talk to him [A: 16-17] taking an exam, you ............ follow the instructions
5. Choose the correct complex form of the sentence: written in your admit card. - have to
Weather permitting, the match will be held
Most Important Vocabulary
Word Meaning Synonyms
abate (v) cÖ‡Kvc n«vm Kiv subside, moderate, diminish, decline, lessen, slacken
aberrant (adj) wec_Mvgx, bxwZåó abnormal, deviant, diverge,
abeyance (n) gyjZex Ae¯’v suspended action.
abscond (v) AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i _vKv depart secretly and hide? depart, decamp
abstemious (adj) cvbvnv‡i I †fv‡M mshgx sparing in eating and drinking, temperately.
admonish (v) mZK© Kiv, g„`y frmbv Kiv warn, reprove.
adulterate (v) †fRvj wgkv‡bv make impure, contaminate, sully, spoil
aesthetic (adj) †m․›`h© kv¯¿ artistic,
aggregate (v) †gvU cwigvb gather, accumulate.
alacrity (n) ZrciZv cheerful promptness, eagerness.
alleviate (v) Dckg Kiv, †gvPb Kiv relieve, mitigate, ease, allay
amalgamate (v) mw¤§wjZ nIqv combine, unite, merge, integrate
ambiguous (adj) Ø¨_©K unclear, doubtful, equivocal
ambivalence (n) Dfq mgZv contradictory, conflicting emotional attitudes, paradoxical
ameliorate (v) DbœwZ jvf Kiv improve, better
anachronism (n) Kvjwei × e¨w³ ev e¯‘ something or someone misplaced in time
analogous (adj) Abyiƒc, mv`„k comparable, similar identical, same
anarchy (n) ‣bivR¨ absence of governing body, state of disorder, lawlessness
anomalous (ad| ) wbqg ewnf~©Z, e¨wZµgx abnormal, irregular
antipathy (n) ci¯úi we‡Øl aversion, dislike
apathy (n) Abxnv, †e`bv‡evanxbZv lack of caring, indifference, lethargy, inertia
appease (v) kvšÍ Kiv pacify, soothe, relieve, mollify, placate, palliate
apprise (v) Ávcb Kiv inform
approbation (n) Aby‡gv`b approval
appropriately) Dchy³ § roper, suitable
arduous (adj) Kómva¨ ard, strenuous
artless (adj) mij, †evKv without guile, open and honest
ascetic (adj) K‡Vvi, Zc¯^x practicing self-denial, austere
assiduous (adj) Aa¨vemvqx diligent, persistent
assuage (v) gvšÍ Kiv ease of lessen (pain), satisfy (hunger), sootfie (anger)
attenuate (v) K…k Kiv make thinner, weaken or lessen
audacious (adj) `ytmvnwmK daring, boldness
austere (adj) K‡Vvi forbiddingly stern, severely si mple and unomamented
autonomous (adj) ¯^kvwmZ self-governing, self -administrated
aver (v) wbwðZiƒ‡c ejv assert
banal (adj) MZvbyMwZK hackneyed, commonplace, trite, prosaic, ordinary
belie (v) wg_¨v avibv Rb¥v‡bv contradict, give a raise impression.
beneficent (adj) wnZKi kindly, doing good.
bolster (v) mg_©b, Drmvn `vb Kiv support, reinforce, improve, strengthen
bombastic (adj) kãvo¤^cvY pompous, using in flated language
boorish (adi) †M‡qv, Pvlv‡o, ee©i rude, insensitive, oafish, vulgar, loutish
burgeon (v) ‡e‡o DV‡Z ïiæ Kiv grow forth, send out buds
burnish (v) N‡l †g‡R PKP‡K Kiv make shiny by rubbing, polish
buttress (v) †VKv‡bv support, prop up
ebullient (adi) D‡ËwRZ showing excitement, overflowing with enthusiasm
eclectic (adj) mviMÖvnx selective, miscellaneous
efficacy (n) djcÖ` power to produce desired effect.
effrontery (n) a„óZv impudence, shameless boldness, sheer never, presumptuousness.
elegy (n) †kvK KweZv poem or song expressing lamentation.
elicit (v) ¸ß wKQz cÖKvk Kiv draw out by discussion.
embellish (v) AjsK…Z Kiv adorn, ornament, enhance, as a story, decorate
empirical (adj) M‡elYvg~jK based on experience.
emulate (v) mgKÿ n‡Z †Póv Kiv imitate, rival
Prevailing among a specific group of people or in a specific
endemic (n) †Kvb •`wbK †ivM we‡kl, AvÂwjK †ivM
area of country.
enervate (v) kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv‡e `ye©j Kiv Weaken
engender (v) Drcv`b Kiv Cause, produce, generate
enhance (v) evov‡bv ev e„w× Kiv increase, improve, develop, boost raise
ephemeral (adj ) ¯^íRxex, ¯^í¯’vqx short-lived, fleeting
equanimity (aD.) gb, †gRv‡Ri cÖkvwšÍ calmness of tempt to conceal the truth
equivocate (adj) m‡›`nRbK he, misled, attempt to conceal the truth, ambiguous
erudite (adj) cvwÐZ¨c~Y© Learned, scholarly, well educated
esoteric (adj) †Kej `xwÿZ e¨w³iv eyS‡Z cv‡i Ggb hard to understand, known only to the chosen few
eulogy (v) D”P cÖksmv Kiv expression of praise, Encomium, Panegyric
euphemism (v) mwZ¨Kvi k‡ãi cwie‡Z© Ab¨ k‡ãi eënvi mild expression in place of an unpleasant one
exacerbate (v) D‡ËwRZ Kiv worsen, embitter
exculpate (v) Awf‡hvM †_‡K Ae¨vwnZ †Ìqv clear from blame
exigency (n) Riæix Ae¯’v urgent situation, pressing needs or demands
ÁvZ Z_¨vw` wePv‡ii gva¨‡g AÁvZ
extrapolation (n) Projection, conjecture
†Kvb wKQzi g~j¨ wePvi Kiv
facetious (adj) Akvjxb joking, flippant, Humorous
facilitate (v) mnR Kiv nelp brine about, make less difficult, simplify
fallacious (adj) weåvwšÍKi false, misleading, untrue, mythical, fictitious
fatuous (adj) †evKvi b¨vq brainless, inane, foolish, yet smug
fawning (v) jvwd‡q Avb›` cÖKvk Kiv trying to please by behaving obsequiously flattering or cringing
felicitous (adj) mywbe©vwPZ, myLgq apt, suitably expressed, wen chosen, joyous
fervor (n) Drmvn ardor, zeal, passion, enthusiasm
flag (n) cÖ¯’q djK droop, grow feeble
fledgling (adj) AbwfÁ †jvK inexperienced, greenhorn
flout (v) AeÁv Kiv reject, mock, show contempt for
foment (v) †mK †Ìqv, BÜb †RvMv‡bv stir up, instigate, propagate, agitate, incite
forestall (v) A‡bï Av‡MB †Kvb KvR Kiv prevent by taking action in advance
frugality(n) wgZe¨wqZv thrifty, economy
futile (adj) AKvh©Ki, e¨_© useless, hopeless, ineffectual, abortive, vain
pungent (adj) KUz, Svj, DMÖ stinging, sharp in taste or smell, caustic, overpowering
qualified (adj) mxwgZ, †hvMZvm¤úbœ limited, restricted, eligible, competent, fit
quibble (n) †kl, K_vi gvi‡cP minor objection or complaint
quiescent (adj) w¯’i wbðj, kvšÍ at test, dormant, temporarily inactive
rarefied (adj) ZijvK…Z made less dense of a gas
recalcitrant (adj) Aeva©, `y`©všÍ obstinately stubborn
recant (v) cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv disclaim or disavow, retract a previous
recluse (n) wbtm½ e¨w³ hermit, loner
recondite (adj) ¸p, `y‡e©va¨ abstruse, profound, secret
refractory (adj) Aeva¨, GK¸‡q stubborn, unmanageable
refute (v) AcÖgvY Kiv disprove
relegate (v) wbe©vwmZ Kiv banish to an inferior position, delegate, assign
reproach (v) wb›`v Kiv, frmbv Kiv express disapproval, disappointment, rebuke, chide, scold
reprobate (n) `yðwiÎ e¨w³ person hardened in sin, devoid or a sense of decency
repudiate (v) eRbm Kiv, ¯^xKvi bv Kiv disown, disavow
rescind (v) iwnZ Kiv, evwZj Kiv cancel, nullify
resolution (n) msKí determination
resolve (n) `yp msKí determination, firmness of purpose
reticent (adj) †g․b reserved, uncommunicative, inclined to silence
reverent (adj) fw³gvb, kÖ×vkxj respectful, worshipful
sage (n) Ávbx, myweÁ person celebrated for wisdom
salubrious (adj) ¯^v¯’¨RbK, ¯^v¯’¨Ki healthful
sanction (v) gÄywi, Aby‡gv`b Kiv approve, ratify
satiate (v) m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cwiZzó Kiv satisfy fully
saturate (v) DËgiƒ‡c †fRv‡bv soak thoroughly
savor (v) ¯^v` Dc‡fvM Kiv enjoy, flavor, smell, quality
secrete (v) †Mvcb Kiv, jywK‡q ivLv hide away, cache
shard (n) gvwUi cv‡Îi fvOv XzK‡iv fragment, generally of pottery
skeptic (n) bvw¯ÍK, m‡›`nev`x doubter.
solicitous (adj) DrKôZ worried, concerned
soporific (adi) wb›`ªvRK dleep-causing, marked by sleepiness
specious (adj) AvcZ`„wó‡Z mZ¨ seemingly reasonable but incorrect.
spectrum (n) eY©vwj colored
stigma (n) Kj¼, wb›`v, Acev` token of disgraceT brand
stint (v) mieivn mxgve×KiY be thrifty, set limits
stipulate (v) Pzw³ Kiv make express conditions, specify
stolid (adj) wbi¤œrmvnv dull, impassive
striated (adj) j¤^v `vMhy³ marked with parallel bands, grooved
strut (n) m`c c`‡ÿc pompous walk
subpoena (n) ¯^vÿvi Zje cÎ writ summoning a witness to appear.
subside (v) w_ZvBqv cov, kvšÍ nIqv subordinate, secondary
substantiate (v) cÖgvY Kiv, mg_©b Kiv establish by evidence, verity, support
supersede (v) AcmviY Kiv, ¯’vb cwieZ©b Kiv cause to be set aside, replace, make obsolete
supposition (n) Abygvb, Kíbv hypothesis, surmise
tacit (adj) †g․b, Dn¨, Aby‡jÝL understood, not put into words
tangential (adj) ¯úk©K peripheral, only slightly connected, digressing
tenuous (adj) cvZjv thin, rate, slim
tirade (n) AcmviY Kiv, ¯’Ab cwieZ©b Kiv extended scolding, denunciation, harangue
torpor (n) AmvoZv, wbw®…hZv, MwZkw³nxbZv lethargy, sluggishness, dormancy
tortuous (adj) cvKv‡bv, †cPv‡jv winding, full of curves
tractable (adj) b¤ª, eva¨ docile, easily managed
transgression (n) AvBb ev Av‡`k j•Nb violation of a law, sin
truculence (n) wbôziZv, ee©iZv aggressiveness, ferocity'
vacillate (v) IVv-bvgv Kiv, wØavwš^Z nIqv waver, fluctuate
venerate (v) kÖ×v Kiv revere, respect, regard, esteem, honor
veracious (adj) mZëv`x, mZ¨wbô truthful
verbose (adj) evMeûj, kãeûj wordy, garrulous, talkative, loquacious
viscous (adj) AvVv‡jv sticky, gluey
vituperative (ad.) wb›`vcY Acev` m~PK abusive, scolding
volatile (adj) DØxqv, cwieZ©bkxj changeable, explosive, evaporating rapidly, fickle
warranted (adj) M¨vivw›Uhy³ ¯^xK…Z/ Aby‡gvw`Z justified, authorized
wary (adj) mveavb, mZK© very cautious, warned, alarmed, careful, vigilant
welter (n) •bivR¨, wek„•Ljv turmoil, bewildering jumble, anarchy, chaos
whimsical (n) Lvg‡Lqvjx capricious, fanciful, mercurial, volatile, erratic
zealot (n) AwZ‡Mvov †jvK fanatic, person who shows excessive zeal
Previous Years' Questions Group Verb
1. The synonym of the word 'shed' is- produce [D: 19-20] AmsL¨ group verb kã Av‡Q hvi list †Zvgv‡ì gyL¯Í K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB
2. The synonym of the word 'victor' is- vanquisher [D: 19-20]
KviY wek¦we`¨vj‡qi fwZ© cixÿvq ïaygvÎ 10/12wU wordB Ny‡i wd‡i Av‡m|
Directions for question (3-5) : Choose the word that is
the nearest opposite in meaning to the capitalized word. Avi GKvi‡Y †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ important 10/12wU word †h¸‡jv †Zvgiv g‡b
3. HARBINGER: - Follower [E: 19-20] ivL‡e-
4. SABOTAGE: - Rectify [E: 19-20] Preposition Abyhvqx Group verb ¸‡jv‡K mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
Off Through
1. Come off ** m¤úbœ nIqv/ Take place 1. Break Through* †Rvi K‡i cÖ‡ek
2. Call off ** cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv 2. Bring Through /round cure/Av‡ivM¨ jvf Kiv
3. Put off ** Ly‡j †djv 3. Carry Through** mvdj¨ jvf
4. make off cjvqb Kiv 4. Fall through fail/ e¨_©
5. Take off Ly‡j †djv 5. Get Through** Succeed
6. Get off cjvqb Kiv 6. Go Through** cov/ read
7. Bear off/ away Rqjvf Kiv 7. look Through* inspect/AbymÜvb Kiv
8. Break off †_‡g hvIqv 8. Pass through AwfÁZv mÂq
9. Bring off iÿv Kiv eySv
9. See Through*
10. Carry off Rq / g„Zz¨ Av‡ivM¨ Kiv
10. Pull Through
11. Cut off * wew”Qbœ
Die
12. Do off Ly‡j ‡djv
Die down cÖkwgZ nIqv
13. Draw off * Uvwbqv †djv, wcQynUv
Die off Mv`v Mvw` K‡i giv
14. Pull off mvdj¨ jvf
* Die of †iv‡M giv
15. Fall off K‡g hvIqv
* Die for †`‡ki Rb¨ giv
16. Give off wbtm„Z Kiv, Send out
* Die from AwZ †fvR‡b giv
17. Go off QywUqv hvIqv, m¤§Z nIqv
Die by `yN©Ubvq giv
18. Hold off `y‡i miv‡bv
* Die out wejyß nIqv
19. Keep off `~‡i miv‡bv
* Die away wejyß nIqv
20. Lay off mvgwqK weiwZ
GKB A‡_© eëüZ wewfbœ Group Verbs
21. See off ** we`vq Rv‡bv‡bv
1. Come about
22. Turn off ** eÜ Kiv NUv/ happen
2. Bring about
23. Blow off * wbM©Z nIqv
On 3. Hang over
¯’wMZ Kiv / Postpone
1. Carry on ** Continue 4. Hold over
5. make over
2. Put on ** Wear/ cwiavb Kiv n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv
6. Hand over
3. Act on /upon** affect / Abymv‡i KvR Kiv
7. Keep at
4. Bear on ** relate to / cÖfve ‡j‡M _vKv
8. work at
5. Fall on* attack / AvµgY Kiv 9. Come at
6. Get on Proceed / AMÖmi nIqv bvMvj cvIqv
10. Catch up
7. Hang on** depend on / wbf©i Kiv 11. Get away
8. Pass on * Proceed / AMÖmi nIqv 12. Get off
cjvqb Kiv
9. Lay on apply, put/ cÖ‡jc 13. Make off
10. Run on Continue/Pvwj‡q wb‡q hvIqv 14. Run away
11. Tell on/ upon** affect / ÿwZKi cÖfve †djv 15. Fall on
12. Work on* Continue/Pvwj‡q wb‡q hvIqv 16. Bring down K‡g hvIqv/ wbægyLx/ `ye©j nIqv
13. Set on /upon** Avµg‡Y D`¨Z 17. Break down
14. Call on/ upon** meet / mvÿvr 18. Fall in with
15. Count on** wbf©i Kiv 19. Go with GKgZ nIqv
16. Depends on ** wbf©i Kiv 20. Hold with
17. Bank on* wbf©i Kiv 21. Carry with m¤§Z nIqv
Into 22. look on /upon
1. Break into** fvw½qv cÖ‡ek 23. Pass for
MY¨ Kiv
2. Burst into** Av‡eM cÖKvk 24. Take for
3. Look into ** cixÿv Kiv 28. Lay by
4. Get into ascend / Av‡ivnY Kiv 29. Put by mÂq Kiv
5. Run into* cwZZ / RwoZ nIqv 30. Set by
6. Do into Abyev` Kiv 31. hold on
†j‡M _vKv
7. Turn into* cwieZ©b / Abyev` 32. Keep at
33. Go in for 14. At a law ebb (decreasing, üvm cvIqv) : His popularity
mg_©b
34. Bear out is at a low ebb.
35. Break with
SMov Kiv 15. Acid test (final test, AwMœ cixÿv) : Everyone must
36. Fall out succeed in the acid test of the time he lives in.
37. Get on 16. A bed of roses (happy life or time, myLKi Ae¯’v,
AMÖmi nIqv
38. Pass on cy®úkh¨v) : Life is not a bed of roses.
39. Keep in with Keep good terms /mym¤úK© eRvq 17. A black sheep (insignificant or unworthy person of
ivLv a family, Kzjv½vi) : There is a black sheep in our club.
40. Keep up with Keep pace with / mgvb Zv‡j 18. All and sundry (everyone, mevB) : He invited all and
Pjv
sundry to his father's funeral (A‡šÍ¨wówµqv).
41. Put up with bear with / mn¨ Kiv
19. A man of letters (learned or educated and
42. Pick up with mvÿvr nIqv / meet
respected person, weØvb e¨w³): Dr. Muhammad
43. Take up with wbgMœ _vKv
Shahidullah was a man of letters.
44. Come up to be equal to/ mgvb nIqv
20. A man of parts (a virtuous or an expert person, ¸Yx e¨w³) :
45. Hang about
46. Cast about Av‡kcv‡k Nyiv Her husband is a man of parts.
47. Go about 21. All along (all the time, me mgq) : He was present in
the meeting all along.
Previous Years' Questions 22. All but (almost, about, cÖvq) : He is all but ruined. The
1. The enemy is ––––––––– us to create chaos and work is all but finished.
confusion. - amidst behind [D: 19-20] 23. All out (me©kw³ cÖ‡qv‡M) : The government has made its all out
2. My neighbour ––––– eggs yesterday. - ran off [C: 19-20] efforts to remove illiteracy (wbiÿiZv) from the country.
Phrase & Idioms 24. All the same (same, making no difference, GKB K_v)
A : It is all the same to me whether he comes or not.
01. All at once (suddenly, nVvr) : All at once I saw a 25. All up with (thoroughly demoralized, cy‡ivcywi, nZvk,
crowd of a host of golden daffodils. me Avkv †kl) : It is all up with the patient.
02. Apple of discord (subject of quarrel, Kj‡ni welq) : This plot 26. All over with (me©¯^všÍ) : It is all over with the old man.
of land is the apple of discord between the two families. 27. All there (K_¨t m¤ú~Y© my¯’gw¯Í®‥) : Today she is over sixty;
03. At a loss (confusedly in competent, wKsKZ©e¨weg~p) : I yet she is all there.
am at a loss to decide how to deal with the matter. 28. Advanced in life (aged, old, e„×) : Though he is not
04. At bottom (in essential character, g~jZ) : Abdur much advanced in life, he is experienced.
Rahman is at bottom a good man. 29. Again and again (frequently, evievi) : If any problem
05. At daggers drawn (at enmity, wee`gvb Ae¯’vq) : They seems hard to you, you should think over it again
are at daggers drawn with each other. and again.
06. At large (in general, at liberty, mvaviYZ, gy³) : This 30. Against the grain (Awb”Qvq, beyond one's willingness)
was popular with the people at large. : He agreed with her to the proposal (cÖ¯vÍ e)
07. At one's finger-ends (be thoroughly familiar with, against the grain.
bL`c©‡Y, Avq‡Ë) : I have my lessons at finger-ends. 31. Add fuel to the flame (BÜb †hvMv‡bv) : This news will
08. At a stretch (without a break, GKbvMv‡o) : I can run only add fuel to the flame of the misunderstanding.
five kilo-meters at a stretch. 32. A host in oneself (self-sufficient person, GKvB GKk) :
09. At the eleventh hour (at the last moment, ‡kl gyn~‡Z©) He is a host in himself and does not need help.
: The boy came to the spot at the eleventh hour. 33. A man of word (GK K_vi †jvK) : My uncle is a man of word.
10. At sixes and sevens (in disorder, wek„sLjfv‡e) : When he 34. Anything but (not alt all, ‡gv‡UB bv) : His statement is
entered the house, everything was at sixes and sevens. anything but true.
11. At one's wit's end (to be perplexed, m¤ú~Y© weåvšÍ) : The 35. As usual (according to one's habit, h_vixwZ, Af¨vm
boy is at his wit's end to find money to buy the books. Abymv‡i) : He arrived at school at 8 a.m. as usual.
12. At times or, Now and then (occasionally, gv‡S gv‡S) : 36. As a whole (‡gv‡Ui Dci, m¤ú~Y© GK g‡b K‡i) : Look at life
as a whole and you will see that it is meaningful.
My brother comes to Manikgonj at times.
37. As the crow flies (direct, ‡mvRvmywR) : The station is
13. At one's beck and call (to be always ready for three kilometers away from here as the crow flies.
service, Kv‡iv AvÁvaxb) : He is always at the beck and 38. As regards (m¤^‡Ü) : He knows nothing as regards this
call of his master. occurrence.
39. At the top of (at the top of, kx‡l©) : The boy shouted 52. By hook or by crook (by fair means or foul, any
at the top of his voice. how, K‡j ev †K․k‡j †hgb K‡iB †nvK) : I shall do it by
40. At arm's length (for, `~‡i) : Keep bad boys at arm's length. hook or by crook.
41. At stake (in danger, wec`vcbœ) : This family is now at stake. 53. Burning question (a subject everybody takes keen
42. At ease (in peace or pleasure, kvwšÍ‡Z ev Aviv‡g) : A interest in, D‡ËRbvc~Y©) : How to check a rise in prices
man who has enemies can not live at ease. is the burning question of the day.
43. At the outset (in the beginning, ïiæ‡ZB) : The 54. Beck and call (obedient, AbyMZ): The servant is
marathon runner stumbled (‡nuvPU †Lj) at the outset always at his master's beck and call.
of the race. 55. Brown study (foolish ideas or plans that never come
44. At one's sweet will (KviI AwfiæwP‡Ë) : A man can not true, wèv¯^cœ): The woman is absorbed in brown study.
do anything he likes in the society at his sweet will. 56. Bee line (easy way or straight way, †mvRvc_) : Our
45. At a pinch of (for the necessity of, cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡`) : You school is one mile away from here on the bee line.
have to change some of your decisions at a pinch of 57. Black and white (in written, wjwLZfv‡e) : She put her
the situation. address in black and white and gave it to me.
46. At a snail's pace (very slowly, Lye axiMwZ‡Z) : The 58. Build castles in the air (cherish foolish ideas or
economy of Bangladesh is growing at a snail's pace. plans that are unlikely to be realized, AvKvk Kzmyg Kíbv
47. At all (in the least degree, ‡gv‡UI bv) : There is no Kiv) : Do some thing; do not build castles in the air.
water at all in the pond. 59. By means of (by dint of, Dcv‡q) : You can succeed in
48. At home (proficient in, `ÿ) : The students of life only by means of hard work.
Bangladesh should be at home in Bangla. C
49. At home (comfortable, Avivg) : He feels at home in Dhaka now. 60. Carry the day (to win, Rqjvf Kiv) : He joined the
50. Art and part (AwfmwÜ I m¤úv`b) : We have no art and debate that carried the day.
part in his affairs. 61. Chicken-hearted man (a coward, fxiæ) : He is a
51. At a discount (Abv`„Z) : Female education is no chicken-hearted man.
longer at a discount now. 62. Close-fisted man (a miser, KÄym) : Nobody likes a
B close-fisted man
51. Beat about the bush (to talk in an irrelevant or 63. Cock and bull story (a foolish story, MvRv‡Luvix Mí) : I
superficial way, G‡jvcv_vwofv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv) : Don't have really no time to listen to a cock and bull story.
beat about the bush but speak to the point. 64. Come to light (to be known, RvbvRvwb nIqv) : The
52. Beat black and blue (to beat severely, ‡e`g cÖnvi Kiv) : secret has come to light.
They beat the thief black and blue. 65. Crocodile tears (false or, pretended grief, gvqvKvbœv) :
53. Be-all and end all (the sole purpose, GKgvÎ jÿ¨) : To He shed crocodile tears at the death of his enemy.
serve the poor is the be-all and end all of his life. 66. Crying need (urgent necessary, ¸iæZi cÖ‡qvRb) :
54. Beggar description (to be indescribable, eY©bvZxZ nIqv): Primary education is the crying need of the country.
67. Cut a sorry figure (to produce a ridiculous
The horrors of modern war beggar description.
impression, Lvivc djvdj Kiv) : We don't know why
55. Bid fair (seem likely to, m¤¢e e‡j †eva nIqv) : He bids
he cut a sorry figures in the examination.
fair to be a man of letters. 68. Cats and dogs (rain falling in torrents, gyljav‡i) : It
56. Bolt from the blue (unexpected calamity, webv †g‡N has been raining cats and dogs since morning.
eRªcvZ) : The news of his death came to us as a bolt 69. Cat's paw (a person who is solely influenced by
from the blue. another person, Kv‡iv †Ljvi cyZzj) : Many poor people
57. Bone of contention (subject of dispute, Kj‡ni KviY) : This of our country are the cat's paw to the rich.
small plot of land became the bone of contention 70. Dilly-dally (loiter, Mwogwm Kiv, Ah_v Kvj‡ÿcY Kiv) :
between the two landlords. Don't dilly dally and start the work right now.
58. Bring to pass (to cause to happen, NUvb) : The E
famine was brought to pass by the boarders. 71. End in smoke (to become useless, djcÖm~ bv nIqv) : All
59. By dint of (by means of, e‡j) : He succeeded in life his efforts ended in smoke.
by dint of hard work. 72. Ever and anon (every now and then, gv‡S gv‡S) : The
50. By leaps and bounds (very rapidly, `ªæZ MwZ‡Z) : The cowboy shouted ever and anon.
price of rice is going up by leaps and bounds. 73. Eat humble pie (to act very humble, especially when one
51. By no means (not at all, Aek¨B b‡n) : These goods is shown to be wrong, Acgvb nRg K‡i ÿgv PvIqv) : The
are by no means satisfactory. manager had to eat humble pie before his employees.
F 87. In the long run (ultimately, me©‡k‡l, cwiYv‡g) : You will
74. Fall flat (not to be effective, cÖfve we¯Ív‡i e¨_© nIqv) : His have to suffer in the long run for your conduct.
lecture falls flat on the audience. 88. Ins and outs (full details, LyuwUbvwU) : I know the ins and
75. Fall in with (to agree with, GKgZ nIqv) : I cannot fall outs of the affair.
in with your views. 89. In a nut shell (in short, ms‡ÿ‡c) : Our teacher told us
76. Far and near or, Far and wide (all around, PZzw`©‡K) : the story in a nut shell.
The news spread far and wide. K
77. Few and far between (at wide intervals, gv‡S g‡a¨, weij) : In 90. Kith and kin (relatives, ÁvwZ-KzUz¤^) : The orphan was
this part of the country houses are few and far between. taken no care of by his kith and kin.
78. Fight shy of (to avoid, Gwo‡q Pjv) : Why do you try to 91. Kiss the dust (to die, to surrender, wbnZ nIqv, weRqxi Kv‡Q
fight shy of your teacher? bZ nIqv) : Many people in Kashmir are kissing the dust
79. For good (for ever, wPiZ‡i) : He left Bangladesh for good. for liberty.
70. Free and easy (unrestrained, D`vi I mnR) : His free and L
easy manner won the hearts of all. 92. Lay bare (to expose, cÖKvk ev Abve„Z Kiv) : He will not stop
71. Far and away (in every sense, mew`K we‡ePbv K‡i) : till he lays bare the whole conspiracy.
Rabindranath is far and away the greater poet of the world. 93. Leave no stone unturned (to neglect no means, ‡Póvi
G ÎæwU bv Kiv) : Henry left no stone unturned to carry out
72. Gala day (a day of festivity, Avb‡›`vrm‡ei w`b) : The his purpose.
26th of march is a gala day for all Bangladeshis. 94. Live fast (to lead a dissolute life, D”Q„•Lj Rxeb-hvcb Kiv) :
73. Ger rid of (to drop, give up, gy³ nIqv) : Get rid of this bad habit. The man who lives fast dies early.
74. Gift of the gab (a talent of speaking, evKcUzZv) : A 95. Look sharp (to make haste, Z¡ivwš^Z nIqv) : Look sharp
good lawyer must have the gift of the gab. and start at once; else you will miss the train.
75. Get by heart (to memorize, gyL¯’ Kiv) : She is so fond of 96. Look down upon (to hate, N„Yv Kiv) : Don't look down
Rabindranath's poetry that she has got many poems of upon the poor.
Shanchaita by heart. 97. Lose heart (to be in despair, wbivk nIqv) : Don't lose
H heart when you are in danger.
76. Hole and corner (secret, ‡Mvcb ev inm¨c~Y)© : I do not M
like his hole and corner policy. 98. Man of straw (a worthless man, A‡K‡Rv †jvK) : We
do not care much for that man of straw.
77. Hold water (be effective, cixÿvq Drwi‡q hvIqv) : His
99. Maiden speech (first speech of a new member in a
argument does not hold water. public body, bZzb m`‡mï cÖ_g e³…Zv) : That was his
78. Hue and cry (up roar, ‡kvi‡Mvj) : They raised a hue maiden speech.
and cry at the sight of a thief. N
79. Hard and fast (fixed, evuav-aiv) : There is no hard and 100. Neck and crop (completely, m¤ú~Y©fv‡e) : The intruder
fast rule in this matter. was turned out neck and crop.
80. Heart and soul (with all energy, me©všÍtKi‡Y) : Alam is trying 101. Nip in the bud (to destroy in the initial stage, AsKz‡i webvk
Kiv) : All his hopes were nipped in the bud by the death of
heart and soul to win the prize.
his father.
81. Here and there (everywhere, me©Î) : Now-a-days, thieves 102. Now and then (occasionally, gv‡S gv‡S) : My friends
are here and there in the country. come here now and then.
82. Hither and thither (here and there, GLv‡b †mLv‡b) : She 103. Null and void (invalid, evwZj) : This law has now
found her books hither and thither in her room and become null and void.
became angry. O
I 104. Odds and ends (stray things, UzwK UvwK¸‡jv) : Your brain is
83. In a fix (in a difficult situation, gykwK‡j cwZZ) : I am in a filled with all sorts of odds and ends.
fix and so I am in need of your help. 105. Once in a while (rarely, KLbI KLbI) : My uncle
84. In full swing (in full force, cy‡iv`‡g) : The work is comes to our house once in a while.
going on in full swing. 106. Once and again (frequently, GKvwaKevi, cÖvqB) : I warned
85. In lieu of (in stead of, cwie‡Z©) : Mamun took up him once and again not to go out.
English in lieu of Bengali. 107. Off and on (occasionally, gv‡S g‡a¨) : My friend
86. In no time (soon, kxNªB) : Our captain will come here in no time. comes here off and on.
108. Out and out (fully, m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c) : Nazrul Islam was out 4. The correct meaning of the idiom 'apple of discord'
and out a rebel poet. is- weev‡ì welq [D 19-20]
109. Over again (once more, cybivq) : Amin may do it if he 5. Raj and Riaz have never seen eye to eye on politics.
tries over again. - One of the [E 19-20]
P 6. He is wicked ------------. to the backbone [F 19-20]
110. Part and parcel (an integral part, Acwinvh© Ask) : The army 7. ''Learn and Mean''- the correct meaning of the
is part and parcel of the administration of a state. idiom is:- Using only waht is necessary [G 19-20]
111. Pros and cons (LyuwU bvwU) : I have taken this decision
Appropriate Preposition
after considering the pros and cons of the matter.
Bs‡iwR fvlvixwZ Abymv‡i wKQy wKQy k‡ãi ci wKQy wbw`©ó Preposition
112. Prevail upon (to persuade, eywS‡q ivwR Kiv‡bv) : He
e‡m| GB Appropriate Preposition ¸‡jvi mwVK eënvi Rvb‡Z wb‡P
prevailed upon me to go with him. jÿ Kiæb |
R 01. Abide by (†g‡b Pjv) I will abide by rules and
113. Rope of sand (a bond or tie easily broken, nvév m¤úK©) : regulations.
Friendship with a dishonest person is a rope of sand.
02. Abound in (cÖPzi cwigv‡Y _vKv)  Fish abounds in this pond.
114. Red handed (caught or arrested on the spot, nv‡Z bv‡Z) :
03. Abound with (cÖPzi cwigv‡Y _vKv)The river abounds
The robbers were caught red handed by the public.
with fish.
S
04. Absent from (Abycw¯’Z)  Mati is absent from the class
115. Salt of the earth (persons with very high qualities, c„w_exi
05. Absorbed in (wbweó) He is absorbed in studies.
†kÖô e¨w³MY): Men like Vedyasagar and Lincoln were the salt
of the earth. 06. Access to (cÖ‡ek AwaKvi)  Public has no access to this
116. Sheet anchor (the final support, ‡kl Aej¤^b) : garden.
07. According to (Abymv‡i)  According to your order, I went
Alexander's Indian expedition is the sheet anchor of
there.
Indian chronology. 08. Accompanied by (m½x nIqv)  He was accompanied by his
117. Swan song (the last work of a playwright, Kwei †kl father.
iPbv) : Do you know what the swan song of shelly is? 09. Accompanied with (GKm‡½ NUv) He has fever
T accompanied with headache.
118. Take heart (to be encouraged, DrmvwnZ nIqv) : Mukul 10. Acquainted with (cwiwPZ)  I am acquainted with him.
took heart at his teacher's words. 11. Accused of (Awfhy³)  He was accused of a crime
119. Take to heart (to mortify, AšÍ‡i e¨_v cvIqv) : Mr. Khan which he did not commit.
took the insult to heart. 12. Accustomed to (Af¨¯Í)  I am accustomed to such a life.
120. Through and through (completely, m¤ú~Y©fv‡e) : He is 13. Acquit (one) of (Lvjvm †Ìqv)  I acquit you of the charge.
wet through and through. 14. Add to (‡hvM Kiv)  Add this to that.
121. Tooth and nail (desperately, D‡V c‡o jvMv) : They 15. Addicted to (Avm³)  He is addicted to wine.
fought tooth and nail for their right. 16. Adjacent to (msjMœ)  His school is adjacent to his house.
122. Throw cold water (discourage, wbiærmvwnZ Kiv) : Nobody 17. Admit of (¯^xK…wZ cvIqv) Your conduct admits of no excuse.
should throw cold water on the efforts of children. 18. Admit to (fwZ© Kiv)  He was admitted to class-VI.
U, W 19. Admit into (cÖ‡ekvwaKvi †Ìqv) He was admitted into the room.
123. Ups and downs (good fortune and bad fortune, DÌvb 20. Affection for (‡øn) The teacher feels affection for every pupil.
cZb) : There are ups and downs in every man's life. 21. Affectionate to (‡ønkxj) He is affectionate to me.
22. Afraid of (fxZ) He is afraid of the dog.
124. Up and doing (to be active and occupied, mwµq n‡q) :
23. Agree with (a person), on (a point), to (a proposal) (GKgZ
Be up and doing if you want to succeed in life. nIqv)  He agreed with my leaving early on Friday.
125. Weal and woe (in happiness and sorrow, my‡L I `yt‡L) 24. Aim at (jÿ¨ Kiv) Our journal aims at having at least
: A true friend stands by his friend in weal and woe. ten thousand readers next year.
Previous Years' Questions 25. Alarmed at (AvZw¼Z) We were alarmed at the news.
26. Allot to (wewj Kiv)  One room has been allotted to him.
1. 'end in smoke' indicates- to come to nothing [B 19-20]
2. 'A fish out of water' means- nowhere [B 19-20]
27. Alternative to (weKí) This question is alternative to that.
3. The correct meaning of the idiom 'take a hand' is- 28. Aloof from (`~‡i _vKv) Keep yourself aloof from bad
n¯Í‡ÿc Kiv [D 19-20] company.
29. Ambition for (D”PvKv•ÿv)He has no ambition for fame in life. 64. Care for (MÖvn¨ Kiv)  I do not care for you.
30. Angry with (a person), for (something), at (one's 65. Care of (hZœ †bIqv)  Take care of your health.
conduct) (µz×)Her friend is still angry with her. 66. Certain of (wbwðZ)  He is now certain of his ground.
31. Annoyed with (a person), for (something) (wei³)  I was 67. Charge (a person) with (fault), on or against (a
annoyed with him for being late. person) (Awf‡hvM Kiv) He was charged with theft.
32. Anxious about, for (DwØMœ)  I am anxious about your Theft was charged on (against) him.
health. He is anxious for getting a job. 68. Close to (wbK‡U)  The school is very close to our
33. Appeal to (a person), for (something), against (a wrong) house.
(Av‡e`b Kiv)  His appeal for mercy was rejected. 69. Clue to (m~Î)  Find out the clue to mystery.
34. Appetite for (ÿzav)  I have no appetite for food. 70. Come of (Rš§MÖnY Kiv) He comes of a noble family.
35. Apply to (a person), for (a thing) (Av‡e`b Kiv)  I 71. Commence on (ïiæ Kiv) Our examination
have applied for one of the posts. commences on the 3rd July.
36. Aptitude for (¯^vfvweK `ÿZv)  I have no aptitude for 72. Comment on (gšÍe¨ Kiv)  He commented favorably
Mathematics. on the point.
37. Arrive at (‡c․uQv‡bv)  We have not got arrived at any decision. 73. Compare with (similar things), to (dissimilar things)
38. Argue with (a person), for or against (a thing) (hyw³ (Zzjbv Kiv) Rabindranath may be compared with
†`Lv‡bv)  She argued with me about the marriage Shakespeare. Anger is compared to fire.
39. Attach to (Ry‡o †Ìqv)  Attach this slip to letter. 74. Competed with (some one), for (something) (cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
40. Attend on (upon) (‡mev Kiv) She attends on (upon) her mother. Kiv)  I competed with him for the first prize.
41. Attend to (g‡bv‡hvM †Ìqv)  Attend to your lesson. 75. Complain to (a person), against (another), about
42. Avail (oneself) of (my‡hvM MÖnY Kiv)  You must avail (something) (Awf‡hvM Kiv)  They complained (made a
yourself of it. complaint) to the Director against the Manager about
43. Aware of (m‡PZb)  He is aware of all that you have done. his behavior.
44. Based on (wfwË _vKv)  You remarks are not based on facts. 76. Comply with (†g‡b †bIqv)  He readily complied with
45. Beg (a person) for (a thing) (Kv‡iv Kv‡Q wKQy PvIqv)  my request.
He begged me for the favor. 77. Composed of (•Zwi)  Water is composed of
46. Beg (a thing) of (a person) (Kv‡iv Kv‡Q wKQy PvIqv) He Hydrogen and Oxygen.
begged the favor of me. 78. Confident of (w¯’i wek¦vmx) I am confident of success.
47. Believe in (wek¦vm Kiv)  I do not believe in his honesty. 79. Confined in a (a room), to (bed) (Ave×) He is
48. Belong to (AwaKv‡i _vKv)  This book belongs to me. confined in a room for five days.
49. Bent on (‡SvuK) He is bent on doing this. 80. Congratulate on (Awfbw›`Z Kiv) We congratulated
50. Beware of (mZK© nIqv)  Beware of pick pockets. the players on their success.
51. Blessed with (Avkxe©v`)He is blessed with (= 81. Conscious of (m‡PZb)  He is conscious of his
possesses) good health. weakness.
52. Blind of (`„wókw³‡Z AÜ)  He is blind of one eye. 82. Consist of (MwVZ nIqv) Multilayer thin films
53. Blind to (‡`v‡li cÖwZ AÜ)  He is blind to his own faults. consist of alternate layers of different materials.
54. Boast of (Me© Kiv)  He always boasts of his wealth. 83. Consistent with (mvgÄm¨c~Y©) Your action is not
55. Born of, in (Rš§MÖnY Kiv) He was born of poor consistent with the rules.
parents. He was born in poverty. 84. Consult with (a person), on or about (a thing)(civgk©
Kiv)- I consulted with him on/about the matter.
56. Bound for (hvÎvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z)  The ship in bound for England.
85. Contrary to (wecixZ)  Contrary to our expectations,
57. Brood on, over (gb Lvivc Kiv)  Do not brood over
he failed in the examination.
your misfortune.
86. Contribute to (`vb wnmv‡e †Ìqv)  Your contribution
58. Burst into (‡f‡½ cov) He burst into tears at the sad news. to the welfare of the society was appreciated.
59. Burst out (‡d‡U cov) He burst out laughing at my joke. 87. Control over (wbqš¿Y) He has no control over his
60. Busy with (e¨¯Í)  He is busy with his studies. brother.
61. Callous to (D`vmxb)  He is callous to my suffering. 88. Count for (MY¨ nIqv) His advice counts for nothing. (i.e. of
62. Capable of (mÿg)  He is incapable of forming no effect)
lasting friendship. 89. Count on /upon (wbf©i Kiv)  I count on your help.
63. Capacity for (†hvM¨Zv)  He has a capacity for hard work. 90. Cure of (Av‡ivM¨ nIqv) He will be cured of the disease very soon.
91. Cope with (mvgjv‡bv)  Can you cope with your problems? 125. Dull of (†evakw³nxb)  Rahim is dull of hearing.
92. Crave for (AvKv•ÿv Kiv) He craves for wealth. 126. Dull at (KuvPv)  He is dull at Physics.
93. Deaf of (ewai)  He is deaf of his ears. 127. Eager for, about (AvMÖnx) He is eager for promotion
94. Deaf to (ïb‡Z Awb”QyK) He is deaf to my request. in service. He is eager about the result.
95. Deal in (eëmv Kiv)  He deals in rice. 128. Eligible for (†hvM¨)  Only graduates are eligible for the post.
96. Deal with (eënvi Kiv/ Av‡jvPbv Kiv)  She has dealt 129. Encroach on (AbwaKvi cÖ‡ek Kiv)  Do not encroach on my land.
with the problem nicely. 130. End in (†kl nIqv) All his plans ended in smoke.
97. Dedicate to (DrmM© Kiv)  This book is dedicated to his father. 131. Endowed with (f‚wlZ) He is endowed with talents.
98. Delight in (Avb›`)  He takes delight in music. 132. Engaged with (a person), in (a work) (e¨vc„Z)  I was
99. Depend on (wbf©i Kiv) The day laborer depends on engaged with him in talk.
his day's earnings for survival. 133. Engaged to (evM&`Ëv) Lila was engaged to him.
100. Deprived of (ewÂZ) He was deprived of his property. 134. Enquire of (a person), into (a matter) (AbymÜvb Kiv) 
101. Desire for (B”Qv) He has no desire for fame. He enquired of me into the matter.
102. Desirous of (B”QyK)  He is desirous of building a new house. 135. Enter into (cÖ‡ek Kiv)  I entered into the room.
103. Despair of (wbivk nIqv)  Do not despair of success. 136. Envy of (Cl©v)  I have no envy of him.
104. Destined to (fvM¨ wbw`©ó)  He was destined to death. 137. Envious of (Cl©vwš^Z)  I hope you are not envious of my
105. Devoid of (ewR©Z)  He is devoid of common sense. success.
106. Devote to (DrmM© Kiv) He devotes much time to study. 138. Entitled to (Aaxb¯’ nIqv, AwaKvicÖvß nIqv)  I am
107. Die of (disease), from (an effect), for (a cause) by entitled to a share of the profit.
(poison), in (peace) (gviv hvIqv) He died not of Cholera, 139. Equal in (rank), with (a person), to (a task)
not from overeating, not for his country, not by poison, (mgZzj¨)Mr. Bose is equal in rank with Mr. Robert.
but in peace. 140. Escape from (cjvqb Kiv)  The man escaped from the village.
108. Differ with (a person), on (a point), in (opinion) (wfbœ gZ 141. Escape by (iÿv cvIqv) He escaped by a
nIqv)  I differ with you on this point. They differ in hairbreadth.
their opinions. 142. Esteem for (kÖ×v)  He has esteem for the
109. Differ from (wfbœiƒc nIqv) This thing differs from that. superiors.
110. Difference between (cv_©K¨) There is no difference 143. Essential to (AZ¨vek¨K) Food is essential to health.
between the two brothers. 144. Excel in (Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e my›ì nIqv) He excels in painting.
111. Different from (c„_K)  This book is different from that. 145. Excuse for (ARznvZ) I eat that as an excuse for
112. Diffident of (mw›`»)  I am diffident of success. conversation.
113. Disgrace to (Kj¼)  He is a disgrace to his family. 146. Exempt from (Ae¨vnwZ †Ìqv)  The student was
114. Disgusted with, at (wei³) I am disgusted with him exempted from paying his fees.
at his conduct. 147. Faith in (wek¦vm)  I have no faith in him.
115. Displeased with (Amš‘ó)  He is displeased with me. 148. Faith with (break faith-wek¦vm f½ Kiv)  He broke faith
116. Dislike for (AcQ›`)  He has dislike for dogs. with me.
117. Displeased with, at (Amš‘ó)  He is displeased with 149. Faithful to (wek¦¯Í) The dog is faithful to his master.
her, at her manner. 150. False to (wg_¨vev`x) I cannot be false (unfaithful) to my friend.
118. Dispose of (weµq Kiv)  He disposed of his books. 151. Famous for (weL¨vZ) Radhanagar is famous for the
119. Distinguish (one thing) from (another) (cÖ‡f` Kiv) A birth place of Raja Rammohan.
child cannot distinguish good from evil. 152. Familiar with (mycwiwPZ)  He is familiar with my
120. Distinguish between (cÖ‡f` Kiv) Distinguish brother.
between a phrase and a clause. 153. Fatal to (gvivZ¥K)  The doctor's mistake proved fatal to his life.
121. Divert from (Ab¨w`‡K †bIqv)  The loud music 154. Favor with (AbyMÖn)  Would you favour me with an early reply?
diverted my attention from study. 155. (In) favor of (c‡ÿ)  He spokes in favour of his friend.
122. Divide into (parts) (wef³ Kiv)  It was divided into several parts. 156. Favorable to (a person),for (something) (AbyK‚j)
123. Divide between, among (fvM Kiv) Divide the mangoes This situation is favorable to me for doing this.
between Robert and George. Divide the mangoes among 157. Feel for, in (mnvbyf‚wZ Abyfe Kiv) I fell for you in your trouble.
the boys. 158. Fit for (†hvM¨)  He is not fit for the job.
124. Due to (Kvi‡Y)  His absence is due to illness. 159. Fond of (AbyivMx) She is fond of sweets.
160. Free from (gy³v)  He is now free from danger. 199. Lame of (†Luvov)  He is lame of one leg.
161. Fill with (cwic~Y©) This tank is filled with water. 200. Lament for (wejvc Kiv) She lamented for her child.
162. Full of (cwic~Y©) This tank is full of water. 201. Late in (†`wi) Why are you so late in coming?
163. Glance at (†PvL eywj‡q †bIqv) He glanced at me casually. 202. Laugh at (we`ªƒc Kiv)It is bad psychology to laugh at
164. Good at (`ÿ) This boy is good at mathematics. children.
165. Grateful to (a person), (something) (K…ZÁ) I am 203. Lay by (mÂq Kiv) Lay by something for the old age.
grateful to you for your help. 204. Liable to (`vqx) He is liable to fine for his
166. Greed for (†jvf)  He has no greed for wealth. misconduct.
167. Guess at (Abygvb Kiv) Can you guess at her age? 205. Liking for (iæwP)  She has a liking for music.
168. Guilty of (†`vlx)  He is guilty of murder. 206. Limited to (mxgve×) Invitation was limited to members only.
169. Hanker after (jvjvwqZ nIqv) Do not hanker after wealth. 207. Listen to (†kvbv)  Have you time to listen to my story?
170. Hard at (D`¨gx)  He is hard at work before examination 208. Live on (food) (†L‡q euvPv)  They live on catching fish.
171. Heir of (a person), to (a property) (DËivwaKvix)  He 209. Live by (†Kvb Dcv‡q †eu‡P _vKv)  He lives by honest means.
is the heir of his uncle (to his uncle's property). 210. Live beyond, within (euvPv) He lives beyond his
172. Hope for (Avkv Kiv) Let us hope for the best. means. He lives within his means.
173. Hunger for (Zxeª AvKv•ÿv) His hunger for knowledge 211. Live for (an ideal) (†eu‡P _vKv) He lives for fame.
surprised us. 212. Look at (ZvKv‡bv)Look at the moon.
174. Ignorant of (AÁ)  He is ignorant of this rule. 213. Look for (†LuvRv)  I am looking for a good job.
175. Ill with (Amy¯’)  He is ill with fever. 214. Look into (AbymÜvb Kiv)  The Police is looking into the case.
176. Impose on (Pvcv‡bv) A new tax was imposed on cigarettes. 215. Look over (cixÿv Kiv)  He is looking over the answer
177. Indebted to (FYx, K…ZÁ)  I am indebted to my parents. papers.
178. Indifferent to (D`vmxb) He is indifferent to our problem. 216. Look up(kãv_© †LuvRv) You can always look up her
179. Indulge in (Avm³ nIqv)  The principal succeeded in address in the directory if you have forgotten it.
convincing the students not to indulge in politics. 217. Loyal to (wek¦¯Í)  He is loyal to his master.
180. Inform (a person), of (something) (Rvbv‡bv)  He 218. Mad with (cÖvq Dš§v`) He is mad with pain.
informed the murder. 219. *Made of (•Zwi)  This ring is made of gold.
181. Inferior to (wbK…ó)  This orange is inferior to that. 220. Make for (AMÖmi nIqv) This ship made for England.
182. Inquire of (a person), about, into (a matter) (AbymÜvb Kiv)I 221. *Make out (eyS‡Z cviv)  I cannot make out what you
inquired of him about (into) the matter. are aiming at.
183. Insist on (wR` Kiv)  Do not insist on an answer. 222. Marry to (weevn †Ìqv) He married his daughter to a rich man.
184. Interest in (AvMÖn) He has a special interest in history. 223. Mourn for, over (†kvK Kiv) Don't mourn for (over) the dead.
185. Interfere with (a person, in a matter) (n¯Í‡ÿc Kiv)  224. Need for, of (cÖ‡qvRbxq)  I have no need for more money.
Do not interfere with me in my business. I am in need of more money.
186. Invite to (wbgš¿Y Kiv) I invited him to dinner. 225. Object to (AvcwË Kiv) He objected to my proposal.
187. Involved in (RwoZ) He is involved in the plot. 226. Obliged to (a person), for (a thing) (evwaZ)  I am
188. Jealous of (Cl©v civqY) I am not at all jealous of his fortune. obliged to him for his kind help.
189. Jump at (AvMÖn mnKv‡i MÖnY Kiv) Do not jump at the offer. 227. Obstacle to (evav) Poverty is often obstacle to higher
190. Jump to (Zvovû‡ov K‡i wmÜv‡šÍ Avmv)Do not jump to a studies.
conclusion. 228. Occupied with (a business), in (doing a thing)
191. Junior to (wbæc`¯’) He is junior to me in service. (wb‡qvwRZ) He is occupied with his studies. He is
192. Junior to (eq‡m Kg) He is junior to me by five years. occupied in writing a letter.
193. Justification of / for (mg_©b Kiv) There is no 229. Occur to (one's mind) (g‡b nIqv) The idea never
justification of his conduct. occurred to me.
230. Occur in (an essay, a poem etc.) This line occurs in
194. Key to (mgvav‡bi Dcvq)  He has found out the key to his
the poem 'The Cloud' written by Shelley.
problem.
231. Offend against (j•Nb Kiv) You have offended
195. Kind of (cÖKvi)  What kind of paper is it?
against good manners.
196. Kind (adjective) to (m`q) She is very kind to the children. 232. Offended with (a person) at (an action) (wei³) I
197. Lack of (Afve)  I have no lack of friends. am offended with you at your conduct.
198. Lacking in (Afv‡e Av‡Q Ggb)  He is lacking in courage. 233. Offensive to (weiw³Ki) This acrid smell is offensive to me.
234. Open to (Dš§y³) His plain is open to objection. 266. Quarrel with (a person) for, over, about
235. Open at (Dš§y³ Kiv ev †Lvjv)  Open at page 20. (something) (Kjn Kiv) They quarreled with one
236. Opportunity for, of (my‡hvM) I have no opportunity another for (over, about) the property.
for (of) doing the work. 267. Refer to (wePviv‡_© cvVv‡bv) Refer the matter to him for
237. Opposite to (wecixZ)  Your idea is opposite to mine. enquiry.
238. Owe to (FYx nIqv)  I owe my all to him. 268. Rejoice at, in (Avb›` Kiv) Everyone rejoiced at (in) her
239. Parallel to (mgvšÍivj)  This road is parallel to that. success.
240. Part from a (a person), with (a thing) (wew”Qbœ nIqv)  I 269. Relevant to (†h․w³K)You answer is not relevant to
can part my friend but I cannot part with my books. the question.
241. Partial to (cÿcvZ `yó) He is partial to his son. 270. Rely on (wbf©i Kiv) You can rely on him.
242. Partiality for (cÿcvZ `yó) He has no partiality for 271. Remedy for (cÖwZKvi)There must be some remedy
his son. for corruption.
243. Pass away (gviv hvIqv)  He passed away last night. 272. Remind (one) of (a thing) (g‡b Kwi‡q †Ìqv) I
244. Persist in (†j‡M _vKv) He persisted in disturbing me. remind him of his promise.
245. Pity for (KiæYv) Have pity for the poor. 273. Render into (Abyev` Kiv) Render the passage into Hindi.
246. Play on (evRv‡bv)  He played on guitar. 274. Replace (one thing) with another (cwieZ©b Kiv)
247. Plead with (a person) for / against (something) (IKvjwZ Replace this chair with a new one.
Kiv) I pleaded with him for justice (against the wrong 275. Require (a thing) of (a person) (cÖ‡qvRb nIqv)  I
done to me). required a loan of him.
248. Pleased with (a person), at (something) (mš‘ó) I am 276. Resign (oneself) to (AvZ¥mgc©Y Kiv) I resigned myself to fate.
pleased with him. I am pleased at the news. 277. (In) respect of (in point of-m¤^‡Ü) He is junior to me
249. Polite in, to (bgª) He is polite in his manners, in respect of service.
(polite to strangers) 278. (With) respect to (about-m¤^‡Ü)  We are talking
250. Poor in (spirit)- Don't be poor in spirit. with respect to that matter.
251. Popular with (RbwcÖq) He is popular with all for his 279. Respond to (DËi †Ìqv) Nobody responded to my call.
good behavior. 280. Responsible to (†Kvb KZ…©c‡ÿi Kv‡Q `vqe×)  He is
252. Prefer (one) to (another) (AwaK cQ›` Kiv)  I prefer milk responsible to/the committee for his action.
to tea. 281. Restore to (wdwi‡q †Ìqv) Restore his property to him.
253. Preferable to (AwaK cQ›`‡hvM¨) death is preferable to dishonor. 282. Restrict to (mxgve× Kiv) Admission was restricted to
254. Preside over (mfvcwZZ¡ Kiv) He presided over the meeting. students.
255. Pretend to (fvb Kiv) He does not pretend to high birth. 283. Retire from, on (Aemi jIqv) He retired from
256. Prevent (one) from (doing something (eviY Kiv])  I service on a pension.
prevented him from going here. 284. Rich in (m¤ú`kvjx) Bihar is rich in minerals.
257. Pride (oneself) on, (take pride in) (Me© Kiv) He 285. Rid of (gy³ nIqv) Get rid of bad company.
prides himself on (takes pride in) his high birth. 286. Rob of (AcniY Kiv)  Some body robbed of his purse.
258. Proud of (Mwe©Z)  The mother was proud of her son. 287. Sanguine of (wbwðZ) She is sanguine of her success.
259. Prior to (c~‡e©)  Prior to that, he was in a wretched condition. 288. Satisfied with, of (mš‘ó) I am satisfied with him. I
260. Prohibit from (eviY Kiv)  I prohibited him from going there. am satisfied of the truth.
261. Prompt in (`ÿ) (answers), prompt at (PUc‡U) 289. Satisfaction in, with (m‡šÍvl)  I find satisfaction in
(figures) He is prompt in his answers. He is gardening.
prompt at figures. 290. Search for (AbymÜvb)Their search for the thing was of no avail.
262. Proportionate to (AvbycvwZK) Punishment should 291. (In) search of (AbymÜv‡b e¨¯Í)  They are in search of a nice bird.
be proportionate to offence. 292. Sensible of (†eva m¤úbœ) She is sensible of risk.
263. Provide against (evil days), for (children), with (a 293. Sensitive to (ms‡e`bkxj) She is sensitive to cold.
thing) (c~‡e© eë¯’v Kiv, mieivn Kiv) They provided him 294. Sentence to, for (`Ðv‡`k †Ìqv) He was sentenced
with food. to death for murder.
295. Senior to (eq‡m eo D”Pc`¯’)  He is senior to me by four
264. Qualified for (†hvM¨) He is qualified for the post.
years. I am senior to him in service.
265. Quick at, of (PU&c‡U) He is quick at figures. He is
296. Send for (†W‡K cvVv‡bv)  Send for a doctor
quick of understanding. immediately.
297. Sick of, for (cxwoZ, K¬všÍ)  I am sick of a fever. I am sick of 329. Wanting in (wenxb) He is wanting in common sense.
this idle life. He is sick for home. 330. Warn of (mZK© Kiv) Children are warned of danger.
298. Similar to (m`„k)  This pen is similar to that. 331. Weak in (KuvPv) He is weak in Mathematics.
299. Sink in (mud), into (the sea, river etc.) (Ave× nIqv, 332. Weak of (`ye©j)  He is weak of understanding.
Wz‡e hvIqv) He sank in mud. 333. Weary of (K¬všÍ)  He is weary of hard life.
300. Slow of (speech), at figures), in (doing something 334. Wish for (AvKv•ÿv Kiv)  I do not wish for name and fame.
(kø_) He is slow in writing. 335. Wonder at (AevK nIqv)  I wonder at his ignorance.
301. Smell of (MÜ †`q) This glass smells of wine. 336. Worthy of (†hvM¨)  He is worthy of your praise.
302. Smile on (AbyMÖn Kiv) Fortune smiled on him. 337. Yield to (AvZ¥mgc©Y Kiv)No country should yield to
303. Stare at (GK`„wó‡Z ZvKv‡bv) She stared at me. foreign pressure.
304. Stick to (`„pfv‡e †j‡M _vKv) He sticks to his decision. 338. Zeal for (cÖej Drmvn) He has a zeal for social work.
305. Subject to (kZ©vaxb) They will succeed in life. 339. Zealous for, in (AvMÖnx)  He is zealous for
306. Suffer from (Kó cvIqv)  He is suffering from fever. improvement. Be zealous in a good cause.
307. Superior to (DrK…óZi) This type of rice is superior to that. Previous Years' Questions
308. Supply (a person) with ( a thing),to(a person)(†hvMvb 1. I cannot lower myself –– such meanness.- into [F: 19-20]
†Ìqv) The army was supplied with ammunition. 2. Fill in the blank with suitable preposition: He had
309. Sure of (wbwðZ) I am sure of success. been fourteen wound all ..... his body.- over [A: 19-20]
310. Sympathy for (mnvbyf~wZ)  I have no sympathy for him. 3. Read the sentence and fill in the blank. Warning!
311. Take after (m`„k nIqv) The boy takes after his father. No unauthorized personnel ––––– this point.- on [A:
18-19]
312. Talk to, with (a person), of about, over (a thing) (K_v 4. The train was coming ––––– the station.- toward [H:
ejv) I am talking to (with) Mr. Robert of (about, over) 18-19]
the matter. 5. Mr. pat ––––– all is time –––– national disaster.-
313. Taste for (iæwP) She has no taste for music. devoted, to [H: 18-19]
314. Tell upon (ÿwZ Kiv)  Over-eating tells upon health. 6. Am I –––– the car?- in [H: 18-19]
7. The best candidate should be appointed ––––– the
315. Tide over (AwZµg Kiv) He will soon tide over the
post.- to [G: 18-19]
difficulty.
8. He was driving –––– 180 miles per hour when he
316. Tired of (K¬všÍ)  I am tired of doing the same thing day crashed –––– the central barrier. - at/into [F: 18-19]
after day. 9. I took the old card ––––– the computer and put ––
317. Think of, about (a person), over (something) (wPšÍv ––– the new one. - out of ... into [E: 18-19]
Kiv)  I never thought of playing at cards. 10. The police is looking ––––– the case. -into [D: 18-19]
318. Tolerant of (mwnòz)  We should be tolerant of 11. He fantasized –––– wining the match.- about [D: 18-19]
opposition. 12. My brother has no interest –––– music. - in [D: 18-19]
319. Triumph over (Rq Kiv) Jim and Della triumphed over 13. Fill in the blank: I don't know her exact age; I can only
their poverty. guess ––––– how old she is:- about [C: 18-19]
320. Trust (a person) with (a thing), to (a person), in 14. Read the setence and fill in the blank: I ––––– the
God (wek¦vm Kiv) You may trust me with the work. piano since the age of five.- have palyed [A: 18-19]
You may trust the work to me. Trust in God. 15. Mandela went on to play a prominent role ––– the
world as an advocate ––––– human dignity in the
321. Useful to (a person), for (some purpose) (cÖ‡qvRbxq)
face ––––– challenges ranging from political
This book is useful to us for examination. repression to AIDS. - in, of, to [B: 18-19]
322. Vain of (An¼vix) She is vain of her beauty. 16. The United Nations in a meeting ––––– the eve –––
323. Vary from (Avjv`v nIqv) His opinion varies from his –– the new millennium identified the drinking
brother's. water pollution as one of the challenges ––––– the
324. Vexed with (a person), for, at (a thing) (wei³)  He is future. - on, of, for [B: 18-19]
vexed with me at my conduct. He is vexed with me for 17. Chances ––––– lifestyle and material conditions
opposing him. are expected ––––– have their imacts –––––
325. Void of (wenxb) He is void of common sense. craftworks. - in, to, on [B: 18-19]
326. Wait for (A‡cÿv Kiv)  Having missed the bus, 18. Gazi Pir is usually depicted ––––– paats or scroll
Shaila had to wait for the next one. painting riding a fierce-looking Bengal Tiger, a
snake ––––– his hand, but ––––– no apparent
327. Wait on (†mev Kiv)The nurse waited on the patient.
danger. - in, in, in [B: 18-19]
328. Want of (Afve) We have no want of money.
19. Fill in the blank: ''All forms of travel are expensive 8| Bureaucracy- AvgjvZš¿|
nowadays, but, ––––– balance, air travel offers the Burea u cracy- eywoqv Zzwg cracy.
best value fro money.'' - over [C: 18-19] 9| Restaurant- †i÷z‡i›U|
20. She is ––––– IBA, Jahangirnagar University. - in Rest a u r ant – wekªvg G Zzwg Avi wccov|
[G: 18-19] 10| Parallel- mgvšÍivj|
21. Nelson Mandela was imprisoned ––––– nearly Par all e l – cvi K‡iv mKj‡K B|
three decades ––––– his fight ––––– white majority 11| Illegitimate- A‣ea|
rule. - for, for, against [B: 17-18] Illeg i tim ate – Amy¯’ cvq Avwg wUg †L‡qwQjvg|
22. Valentina Tereshkova became interested ––––– 12| Miscellaneous- wewea (KwVb evbvb)|
parachuting ––––– a young age and trained in Mis cell an e o us- wgm Ki‡j GKwU †m‡j B I Avgv‡ì mv‡_
skydiving ––––– the local aero club.- in, from, at [B: _vK‡e|
17-18] A
23. She is gifted –––– common sense.- with [I: 17-18] Accommodation Acquaitance Achievement
24. I'll arrive sometime ––––– 8 and 9 am.- between [I: 17-18] Adolescent Aggressive Allowance
25. A friend of mine phoned ––––– me to party. - to Aluminium Anachronism Appearance
invite [C1: 15-16]
Architecture Assassination Associate
26. Now it just 12 O'clock –––– my watch. - by [D: 14-15] Attendance Awkward Aboriginal
27. He has been ill ––––– Friday last. - since [D: 14-15] B
28. Please lend me a hand –––– this trunk. - with [D: 14-15] Banquet Battalion Behavior
29. Thanks ––––– his timely rescue, the child escaped Beneficial Brilliant Bulletin
cleath. - to [D: 14-15] Bungalow Bureaucrat Business
30. ''What happened to him? Why is he going ––––– C
all fours?'' - on [D: 14-15] Cafeteria Caribbean Catalouge
31. My cousins live ––––– a dormitory. - in [E: 14-15] Characteristic Collaboration Colossal
32. Mr. X was walking ––––– a wood ––––– a rainy Commemorate Committee Connoisseur
day.- by .... in [E: 14-15] Consciousness Correspondence Curriculum
33. The group aims at keeping the party –––––. - on D
[E: 14-15] Defendant Dehydration Depression
34. She gally talked ––––– art and literature.- about Descendant Deterrence Diarrhoea
[B: 13-14]
Drunkenness Diagonosis Democracy
35. I was speaking ––––– you. to, with [B: 13-14]
E
36. I know you're telling the truth so I'll back you –––
Embarrass Encouragement Exaggerate
–– on that. - up [A: 12-13]
37. The girl –––– blue is my would-be wife.- in [F: 12-13] Excitement Exhaustion Elephantiasis
38. I have no influence ––––– my brother.- over [F: 12-13]
F
39. We were surprised ––––– his behavior.- for [F: 12-13]
Fahrenheit Fictitious Fulfilled
Foreigner Foresee Folklore
Correct Spelling G
K‡qKwU evbvb g‡b ivLvi †K․kj Galaxy Gallery Gazette
1| Lieutenant (†jd‡U‡b›U) - mvgwiK Kg©x| Graduate Grievance Guarantee
Lie u ten ant- wg_¨v Zzwg `k wccov|
H
2| Psychological (mvB‡KvjwRK¨vj) - gb¯ÍvwZ¡K|
Hemorrhage Hierarchy Humorous
Psy cholo gi cal- wcwm P‡jv hvB Kvj|
Hygienic Hypocrite Hilarious
3| Assassination (G¨vmG¨vwm‡bkb) - ¸ßnZ¨v|
I
Ass ass i nation – Mvavi Dc‡i Mvav, Zvi Dc‡i Avwg, Avgvi Dc‡i Immediately Incredible Individually
RvwZ| Interference Irresistible
4| Questionnaire- cÖkœgvjv| J
Question nai re - †Kv‡ðb bvB †i| Jamboree Jealousy Jewellery
5| Assessment – Ki wba©viY| Judicious Juxtapose Jubilee
Ass e ss men t- Mvavq B Wvej ss gvby‡l‡Z bvB| K
6| Hallucination- AgyjK/AjxK wKQz †`Lv ev Zv‡Z wek¦vm| Knowledge Kernel Kaleidoscopic
L
Hall u ci nation- n‡j Zzwg! wQ RvwZ|
Legitimate Lieutenant Luxury
7| Diarrhoea-D`vivgq|
License Literature Leisure
Dia rr hoea – Wvqvj K‡iv Wvej rr n‡q hv‡e|
M
Magnificent Maintenance Meanness AvBb I wePvi wefvM
Millennium Miscellaneous Municipal
AvBb (Law)
Mnemonic Mysterious Massacre
GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn&|
N
 AvBb GK ai‡Yi Av‡`k ev wb‡la Av‡iv mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, wbq‡gi
Necessary Neighbour Nevertheless GKwU c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖavbZ bvMwiK eäëvaKZv,
Noticeable Numerous Notification ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ Ges mgv‡Ri wfwË wbg©vYmn mvgvwRK gva¨g wn‡m‡e
O KvR K‡i|
Obedience Occasionally Onomatopoeia  350 Lªxóc~e©v‡ã wMÖK `vk©wbK A¨vwi÷Uj wj‡LwQ‡jb, ÔAvB‡bi kvm‡b †h
Oppression Outrageous Occurrence †Kvb e¨w³ kvm‡bi †P‡q fvjÕ|
P  Aa¨vcK nj¨vÛ Gi g‡Z- gvby‡li evwn¨K AvPi‡Yi wbqš¿bwewa hv
Parallel Parentheses Pavilion mve©‡f․g KZ…©cÿ KZ…©K ejer Kiv nq|
 AvBbwe` m¨vgÛ Gi g‡Z- AvBb n‡jv b¨vq cÖwZôvq ivóª KZ…©K ¯^xK…wZ I
Perseverance Permissive Phenomenon
cÖ‡qvMK…Z bxwZgvjv|
Possession Presumptuous Pronunciation  Rb Aw÷b AvB‡bi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb- AvBb nj mve©‡f․g KZ…©c‡ÿi Av‡`k|
Psychology AvB‡bi Drm
Q 1. cÖ_v 2. ag© 3. AvBbwe`‡ì MÖš’
Quarrel Questionnaire Quizzes 4. wePvi‡Ki ivq 5. b¨vq‡eva 6 AvBbmfv
Quotation Qualification Queue AvBb KZ cÖKvi
R  GKwU †`‡ki AvBb‡K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq
Realistically Reconciliation Rehearsal 1. miKvi m¤úwK©Z (Public Law)
Renowned Representative Restaurant 2. e¨w³ m¤úwK©Z (Private Law)
Rheumatism Repetition Renaissance  miKvi m¤úwK©Z AvB‡bi `yÕwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fvM i‡q‡Q-
S K. mvsweavwbK (Constitutional)
Sacrilegious Scintillation Secretariat L. cÖkvmwbK (Administrative)
Septuagenarian Shakespeare Stubbornness  e¨w³ msµvšÍ AvBb Avevi `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq
1. ZË¡MZ AvBb (Substantive Law)
Superintendent Swimming Synonymous
2. c×wwZMZ AvBb (Procedural Law)
T  wePvi wefv‡Mi KvR: msweav‡bi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb I †`vlx Ges Acivax‡ì
Technique Tobacco Tremendous kvw¯Í cÖ`vb I AvBb cÖYqb|
Twelfth Typhoid Taxation mycÖxg †KvU©
U  evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P Av`vjZ|
Unique Unfortunately Unmanageable  mycÖxg †KvU© 2wU wefvM wb‡q MwVZ (Avwcj I nvB‡KvU© wefvM)|
V  1972 mv‡j g~j msweav‡bi Aa¯’b Av`vj‡Zi wePviK‡ì wbqš¿Y I
Vacuum Vegetarian Vengeance k„•Ljvi ÿgZv mycÖxg †Kv‡U© Acb© Kiv nq|
Visionary Voluntary Vacancy †d․R`vwi Av`vjZ
W  mvaviYZ Aciva msµvšÍ gvgjv‡K †d․R`vwi gvgjv e‡j| †hgb; Lyb,
Warrant Weight Withdrawal gvivgvwi, Pzwi-WvKvwZ, al©Y, AcniY BZ¨vw`|
Withhold Whimisical Wrangler  ‡d․R`vwi Av`vjZ 2 cÖKvi| h_v: `vqiv RR Av`vjZ I g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vjZ|
Y  `vqiv RR Av`vj‡Zi ivóª‡`ªvwnZv gvgjvi wePvi nq bv|
 wZb cve©Z¨ †Rjvq Ô‡Rjv I `vqiv RR Av`vjZÕ Pvjy nq- 1 RyjvB, 2008|
Yacht Yield
 ‡`‡k 4 ai‡bi RywWwkqvj g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vjZ i‡q‡Q|
Z  evsjv‡`‡ki †d․R`vwi Kvh©wewa cÖYxq nq: 1898 mv‡j|
Zealous Zoology  ‡d․R`vwi Kvh©wewa‡Z me©vwaK cwiwPZ AvBb: 144 aviv| GB avivq gvby‡li
Previous Years' Questions PjvPj, AvPiY I Kg©Kv‡Ûi Ici wewa wb‡la ev wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Kiv nq|
1. Find out the incorrect one- Encyclopadia [B 19-20] FIR c~Y©iƒc: First Information Report.
2. Which word is correct- Sculptor [C1 19-20]
 c¨v‡ivj k‡ãi A_©: wbe©vnx Av‡`‡k gyw³|
 ‡`‡k `ªæZ wePvi AvBb cÖewZ©Z nq: 2002 mv‡j|
3. The misspelled word is- authanticate [D 19-20]
4. The misspelled word is- paralel [D 19-20]
†Ìqvwb Av`vjZ
 mvaviYZ Rwg-Rgv msµvšÍ gvgjv‡K †Ìqvwb gvgjv e‡j|
5. Identify the correctly spelt word.- Hierarchy [F 19-20]
 ‡Ìqvwb Av`vjZ 1887 mv‡j Civil Court Act Øviv cÖwZwôZ nq|
6. Spelling of which word is not correct.- appeasment [H 19-20]  ‡Ìqvwb gvgjv‡K cvewjK `wjj (ivq) e‡j|
†m‡KÛ UvBg GWf¨vÝ e¨v‡P fwZ© I K¬vm Pj‡Q|  ‡Rjv wePviK/RR AwZwi³ †Rjv wePviK wn‡m‡e AšÍfz©³ |
 ‡`Dwjqv AvBb cvm nq 31 wW‡m¤î, 1997 mv‡j|
wj‡RÛ †Kqvi  cvwievwiK Av`vjZ AwW©b¨vÝ Rvwi Kiv nq- 1985 mv‡j|
 cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z wePvi nq- weevn we‡”Q`, †gvnivbv, fiY‡cvlY,
†hvMv‡hvM: 01719-686047, 01713-432846 AwffveKZ¡ Ges `v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© cybiæ×vi|
wePvi wefvM c„_KxKiY Aaxb¯Í  ivóªcwZ A_ev cÖavbgš¿x (MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vq DfqB)
 gvgjvi bvg: gvRnvi †nv‡mb ebvg evsjv‡`k|  iv‡óªi wbivcËv
 wePvi wefvM c„_KxKiY Kiv nq: 1jv b‡f¤î, 2007|  KvR: KvR AvBbmfv AvnŸvb, ¯’wMZ I †f‡½ †Ìqv
 GB gvgjvi ev`x wQ‡jb- mve RR gvRnvi †nv‡mb| KvR Ges cÖ¯ÍvweZ wej Aby‡gv`b, AwW©b¨vÝ Rvwi K‡i|
 GB gvgjvi ev`x wQ‡jb- wePvicwZ †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj|  wePvi msµvšÍ KvR: wePvi wefv‡Mi wePvicwZ‡ì
 wePvi wefvM c„_KxKi‡Y wbe©vnx g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui KvQ †_‡K RywWwkqvj wb‡qvM, `wÛZ e¨w³‡ì ÿgv Kiv|
g¨vwR‡÷ªUMY `vwqZ¡ †bb: wb¤œ †d․R`vwi Av`vjZ| (3) wePvi wefvM
msL¨vZ‡Ë¡ wePvi wefvM miKv‡ii †h wefvM AvBb Abymv‡i wePvi KvR K‡i Zv‡K
msÁv
wePvi wefvM e‡j|
GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn&|  †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvBb cÖ‡qvM K‡i wePviKvh© cwiPvjbv|
msL¨v eY©bv
•ewkó¨  AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v †Ìqv I `Ûweavb Kiv|
3 Avwcj wefv‡M †e‡Âi msL¨v  MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’v Kvh©Ki Ges iv‡óªi mykvm‡bi
msweav‡bi 94(2) aviv Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ 2009 mv‡j R‡b¨ wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv GKvšÍ Acwinvh©|
7 Avwcj wefv‡Mi wePvicwZi msL¨v 11 R‡b DbœxZ K‡i| Aaxb¯Í  cÖavb wePvicwZ|
Z‡e eZ©gv‡b Avwcj wefv‡Mi wePviK msL¨v 7 Rb|  Acivax‡K kvw¯Í †Ìqvi Rb¨, RbM‡Yi AwaKvi
 wePvi wefvM msµvšÍ msweav‡bi avivmg~n: iÿv Kivi R‡bi KvR K‡i|
aviv eY©bv  kvmb wefvM mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i wbKU n‡Z AvBbwelqK
KvR
94 mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i K_v D‡jøL Av‡Q civgk© MÖnY K‡i|
1. ivóªcwZ cÖavb wePvicwZ I Ab¨vb¨ wePvicwZ wb‡qvM †`b|  RbM‡Yi AwaKvi iÿv Kivi R‡b¨ Av`vjZ Av‡`k
ev wb‡lavÁv Rvwi K‡i|
95 2. wePvicwZ wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM ‡c‡Z mycÖxg †Kv‡U© 10 eQ‡ii
G¨vW‡fv‡KU _vwK‡Z n‡e| (1) AvBb wefvM (Legislative)
†Kvb wePviK 67 eQi c~Y© nIqv ch©šÍ wePviK c‡` envj RvZxq msm` (House of the Nation)
96 _vK‡eb| msweav‡bi 16Zg ms‡kvabx‡Z G avivq †`‡ki m‡e©v”P AvBbcÖYqbKvix KZ…©cÿ
cwieZ©b Avbv nq A_©vr 96 bs Aby‡”Q` evwZj|  AvBbmfv- RvZxq msm` (AvBbmfv GK Kÿwewkó)|
97 A¯’vqx/fvicÖvß cÖavb wePvicwZ wb‡qvM cÖ`v‡bi K_v  msm‡ì †gqv`- 5 eQi| (5 eQi ci ci RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq)|
99 wePviKM‡Yi AÿgZvi K_v|  RvZxq msm‡ì cÖZxK- kvcjv|
 wePvicwZ‡ì Acmvi‡Yi ÿgZv (µg):-  RvZxq msm‡ì KvR- AvBb cÖYqb Kiv|
mvj eY©bv  Ae¯’vb- †k‡ievsjv bMi, XvKv|
1972 msm‡ì nv‡Z wQ‡jv|  wfwËcÖ¯Íe ¯’vcb- †cÖwm‡W›U AvBqye Avjx Lvb (1962 mv‡j)|
1975 ivóªcwZ nv‡Z b¨¯Í nq (4_© ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g)  ¯’cwZ- jyB AvB Lvb (G‡¯Ívwbqv es‡kv™¢‚Z gvwK©b bvMwiK), mnKvix-
1979 mycÖxg RywWwkqvj KvDwÝj (5g ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g) gvRnviæj Bmjvg|
2014 msm‡ì nv‡Z b¨¯Í cybivq (16Zg ms‡kvabx)  AvqZb- 215 GKi Ges 9 Zjv wewkó
 D‡Øvab- 28 Rvbyqvwi 1982 (ivóªcwZ Avãym mvËvi)|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmb I miKvi eë¯’v  D‡™¢vea‡bi ci RvZxq msm‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ekY e‡m- 15 †deªæqvwi- 1982|
GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn&|  wµ‡m›U †jK- RvZxq msm` fe‡bi cv‡ki †jK|
 ivóª cwiPvjbvi KvR¸‡jv‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq- AvBb cÖYqb, kvmb  msm‡ì cÖ_g bvix Dc‡bZv- •mq`v mv‡R`v †P․ayix|
I wePviKvh© cwiPvjbv|  Kvw÷s †fvU cÖ`vb K‡ib- w¯úKvi|
 ivóª cwiPvjbvi KvR¸‡jv‡K myôfv‡e m¤úv`b Kivi Rb¨ miKv‡ii wZbwU  miKvwi wej- gš¿x ev gwš¿cwil` Øviv DÌvwcZ I cÖYxZ wej
A½ ev wefvM i‡q‡Q|  ‡emiKvwi wej- msm` m`m¨ Øviv DÌvwcZ I cÖYxZ wej|
(1) AvBb wefvM  Kvw÷s †fvU- w¯úKv‡ii †fvU‡K Kvw÷s †fvU ejv ejv nq|
iv‡óªi kvmb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Ges wePviKvh© m¤úv`‡bi  ‡Kvivg- msm‡ì GK cÂgvs‡ki Kg m`m¨ Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j Awa‡ekb
msÁv em‡e bv (evsjv‡`‡k 60 R‡bi Kg _vK‡j Awa‡ekb e‡m bv)|
Rb¨ AvBb cÖYqb K‡i|
 AvBb wefv‡Mi g~j †K›`ª AvBbmfv (GK-Kÿwewkó  msm‡` memgq Member of Parliament (MP) _v‡K|
ev wØ-Kÿwewkó nq)|  RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb:
 AvBbmfv kvmb wefvM‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|  cÖ_g RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb nq- 7 gvP©, 1973|
•ewkó¨  gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii kvmb wefvM AvBbmfvi  11Zg RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb nq- 30 wW‡m¤î, 2018|
wbKU `vqx _v‡K|  12Zg RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb n‡e- 2023 mv‡j|
 AvBbmfv Abv¯’v cÖ¯Íve cvm Ki‡j gwš¿mfv c`Z¨vM  w¯úKvi I †WcywU w¯úKvi- 1 Rb w¯úKvi I 1 Rb †WcywU w¯úKvi msm`
Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡K| cwiPvjbv K‡ib| GB `ywU c` msm` m`m¨‡ì †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb| KvR:
Aaxb¯Í  w¯úKv‡ii wbKU msm` Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbv Kiv|
KvR  AvBb cÖbqY I ms‡kvab, Kiv avh© Kiv, ev‡RU cvm|  LvMovQwo, iv½vgwU, ev›ìevb A_©vr cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi 3wU †Rjvq msm`xq
(2) kvmb wefvM/wbe©vnx wefvM Avmb i‡q‡Q 1wU K‡i|
 iv‡óªi kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi `vq`vwqZ¡ enb K‡i  AvmbmsL¨v/m`m¨msL¨v- 350wU (RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ Avmb
msÁv 300wU, evKx 50wU Avmb gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ msiwÿZ)|
A_©vr †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡f․gZ¡ iÿv K‡i|
 AvBb Kvh©Ki K‡i| 1bs Avmb : cÂMo 300bs Avmb: ev›ìevb
 ‡`‡ki cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv K‡i| me©vwaK Avmb: me©wb¤œ Avmb
‡Rjv + wefvM: XvKv evivLv (ev›ìevb, iv½vgvwU,
•ewkó¨  AvBbmfv KZ…©K cÖYxZ AvBb cÖYqb K‡i| wmwU Ki‡cv‡ikb: XvKv `wÿY LvMovQwo)
 ivóªcÖavb I gwš¿cwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì wb‡q kvmb ‡ewk †fvUvi: XvKv-19 Kg †fvUvi: SvjKvwV- 01
wefvM MwVZ nq|
 wewea Avmb: msm`xq Avmb: 354 wU| `k©K Avmb: 430 wU, mvsevw`K  ivóªcvwZ wbe©vPb: ivóªcwZ cybwb©e©vwPZ n‡Z cv‡ib| ci ci `yB †gqv` A_©vr
Avmb: 80wU| GKUvbv 10 eQ‡ii †ewk ivóªcwZ c‡` _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| ivóªcwZ n‡Z n‡j Aek¨B
 Kvh©µg: evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK I Kgc‡ÿ 35 eQi eqm n‡Z n‡e|
gš¿xmfvi AwffveK msm`  RvZxq msm‡ì m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nIqvi †hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e|
mfvcwZ w¯úKvi  c~‡e© ivóªcwZi c` †_‡K AcmvwiZ nb Zvn‡j cieZ©x‡Z wZwb Avi
Awa‡ekb Avnevb/¯’wMZ K‡i ivóªcwZ ivóªcwZ n‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
 w¯úKvi _vKvKvjxb 2 Rb ivóªcwZ nb:  ivóªcwZÕi Awfksmb ÿgZv: ivóªcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjbKv‡j Zvi weiæ‡× Av`vj‡Z
5g Avãyi ingvb wek^vm †Kv‡bv Awf‡hvM Avbv hvq bv| msweavb j•Nb ev ¸iæZi †Kv‡bv Awf‡hvM _vK‡j
9g GW‡fv‡KU Avãyj nvwg` RvZxq msm‡` Awfksm‡bi (AcmviY c×wZ) gva¨‡g ivóªcwZ‡K †gqv` †kl
 MYcwil‡ì cÖ_g: nIqvi Av‡MB AcmviY Ki‡Z cv‡i msm`|
w¯úKvi kvn Avãyj nvwg`  ivóªcwZi ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj:
mfvcwZ gvIjvbv Avãyj iwk` ZK©evMxk wfwË Z_¨cÖevn
Kvh©µg P‡j RMbœv_ nj, Xvwe  cÖRvZ‡š¿i mKj KvR ivóªcwZi bv‡g cwiPvwjZ|
 RvZxq msm‡ì cÖ_g:  cÖavbgš¿xi civgk© Abyhvqx hv‡ì wb‡qvM cÖ`vb
msm` †bZv ‡kL gywReyi ingvb K‡ib- Ab¨vb¨ gš¿x- cÖwZgš¿x-Dcgš¿x [msweav‡bi
w¯úKvi ‡gvnv¤§` Djøvn 56 (2) bs aviv], G¨vUbx© †Rbv‡ij (1 Rb B
_v‡K), wePvicwZ, ivóª`~Z, mk¯¿ evwnbxi wZb
‡WcywU w¯úKvi ‡gvnv¤§` evqZzjøvn
cÖavb I Ab¨vb¨|
 msm‡` G ch©šÍ 3 Rb we‡`wk ivóª cÖavb fvlY †`b:
 ‡h 2wU wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î cÖavbgš¿xi civgk© MÖnY
†cÖwm. †Rvwmc gvk©vj wU‡Uv hy‡Mv¯øvwfqv 1973 kvmb Kiv nq bv: cÖavb wePvicwZ I cÖavbgš¿x wb‡qvM|
‡cÖwm‡W›U wfwf wMwi fviZ 1974  mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i cÖavb wePvicwZi mv‡_ civgk© K‡i Avwcj
‡cªwm‡W›U cÖYe gyLvR©x fviZ 4 gvP©, 2013 I nvB‡Kv‡U©i wePvicwZ‡ì wb‡qvM cÖ`vb K‡ib| wZwb
 KvR: evsjv‡`‡k mk¯¿ evwnbxi me©vwabvqK|
w¯úKvi‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i  wePvi wefvMxq `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b g¨vwR‡÷ªU c‡`
‡WcywU w¯úKvi
w¯úKv‡ii Abycw¯’wZ‡Z msm` cwiPvjbv wb‡qvM †`b|
msm‡ì k„•Ljv iÿv K‡i  miKv‡ii wbqgZvwš¿K cÖavb e‡j cÖRvZ‡š¿i mKj KvR
ûBc
`jxq fveg~wZ© Aÿzbœ iv‡L Zvi bv‡g cwiPvwjZ nq|
msm‡ì †bZv msL¨vMwiô `‡ji cÖwZwbwa (cÖavbgš¿x)  ivóªcwZ RvZxq msm‡ì Awa‡ekb Avnevb, ¯’wMZ
msm` †bZvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z msL¨vMwiô `‡ji I f½ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
msm` Dc‡bZv
cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib|  msm‡` fvlY `vb K‡ib|
we‡ivax `jxq wØZxq msL¨vMwiô `‡ji cÖwZwbwa AvBb  Aa¨v‡`k (Ordinance) cÖYqb I Rvwi Ki‡Z
†bZv cv‡ib [msweav‡bi 93bs Aby‡”Q` Abyqvqx)|
 eZ©gvb c`mg~‡n Avmxb-  msm‡` M„nxZ wej cvm Ki‡Z ivóªcwZi m¤§wZi
cèx bvg cÖ‡qvRb|
w¯úKvi W. wkwib kvigxb †P․ayix  A_©wej msm‡` †ck Ki‡Z ev †Kv‡bv gÄywi `vwe
‡WcywU w¯úKvi dR‡j ivweŸ wgqv A_©
DÌvcb Ki‡Z ivóªcwZi mycvwi‡ki cÖ‡qvRb nq|
msm` †bZv ‡kL nvwmbv wePvi  `wÐZ e¨w³i `Ð gvR©bv ev `Ð n«vm Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wPd ûBc b~‡i Avjg †P․ayix  ‡`‡ki wbivcËv wewNœZ n‡j (hy× ev Ab¨ †`k
msm` Dc‡bZv ‣mq`v mv‡R`v †P․ayix KZ…©K AvµvšÍ n‡j) ev A_©‣bwZK Rxeb wech©¯Í
Riæwi Ae¯’v
we‡ivax `jxq †bZv iIkb Gikv` n‡j ivóªcwZ cÖavbgš¿xi m¤§wZ‡Z Riæwi Ae¯’v
†R‡b ivLv fvj Rvix Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 cÖ_g msm` †bZv: †kL gywReyi ingvb (1973)|  gš¿x I wePvicwZ‡ì kc_evK¨ cvV Kivb|
 me‡P‡q †ewk msm` †bZv wbe©vwPZ nb: †kL nvwmbv (4 evi)- 1996,  we‡kl Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ K…wZmšÍvb‡ì †LZve cÖ`vb K‡ib|
wewea
2008, 2013, 2018|  Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv I †`‡k wbhy³
 ‡h `ywU msm‡` we‡ivax `j wQj bv: 1g msm` (1973), 6ô msm` (1996)| we‡`wk K‚UbxwZK‡ì cwiPqcÎ MÖnY K‡ib|
 ‡h w¯úKvi ivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb: †gvnvgyjøvn, Rwgi DwÏb, Avãyj nvwg`| ivóªcwZ- ivóªcÖavb
 me‡P‡q †ewkevi wbe©vwPZ nb: W. wkixb kvigxb †P․ayix|  cÖ_g ivóªcwZ: †kL gywReyi ingvb|
 MY‡fvU nq- 3 evi|  cÖ_g fvicÖvß ivóªcwZ: •mq` bRiæj Bmjvg|
mvj cÖK…wZ jÿ¨  cÖ_g mvsweavwbK ivóªcwZ: wePvicwZ Avey mvC` †P․ayix|
1977 cÖkvmwbK wRqvi wbR kvmb •eaKiY  RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ ivóªcwZ: wRqvDi ingvb|
1985 cÖkvmwbK Gikv‡ì c`vwaKvi e‡j ivóªcwZ †h mKj †ÿ‡Î cÖavb
1991 mvsweavwbK Øv`k ms‡kvabx AvBb cÖ¯Íve  mk¯¿ evwnbxi me©vwabvqK|
(2) kvmb wefvM (Executive)  cvewjK I †emiKvwi wek^we`¨vj‡qi P¨v‡Ýji|
 kvmb wefvM ivóªcwZ, cÖavbgš¿x I gwš¿cwil` wb‡q MwVZ|  evsjv‡`k ¯‥vDU I †iW wµ‡m›U Gi cÖavb|
ivóªcwZ- ivóªcÖavb  evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwUi cÖavb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki kvmb wefv‡Mi m‡e©v”P e¨w³ Ges MYcÖRvZš¿x evsj‡`‡ki ivóªcÖavb|  RvZxq msm` AvBb Kvh©Ki n‡Z m¤§wZ jv‡M- ivóªcwZi|
 ivóªcwZ RvZxq msm‡ì msL¨vMwiô m`‡mï †fv‡U 5 eQ‡ii R‡b¨  Av`vj‡Zi GLwZqvi †bB- ivóªcwZi Dci|
wbe©vwPZ nb|  ivóªcwZi c` k~b¨ n‡j w¯úKvi A¯’vqxfv‡e ivóªcwZi c` cvjb K‡i|
ivóªcwZi evmfeb- e½feb  gwš¿cwil` wefv‡Mi cÖkvmwbK cÖavb gwš¿cwil` mwPe|
 Ae¯’vb- w`jKzkv, gwZwSj|  gwš¿cwil‡ì mvßvwnK •eVK e‡m: cÖwZ †mvgevi
 c~e© bvg- Mfb©i nvDm|  cÖ_g gwš¿cwil` mwPe: Rbve GBP.wU.Bgvg|
 wbivcËv evwnbx- †cÖwm‡W›U MvW© †iwR‡g›U, †¯úkvj wmDwKDwiwU †dvm©|  eZ©gvb 22Zg gwš¿cwil` mwPe: L›`Kvi Av‡bvqviæj Bmjvg|
cÖavbgš¿x- miKvi cÖavb  eZ©gvb gwš¿mfv: 49 m`m¨wewkó|
 evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi Øv`k ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g msm`xq MYZš¿ eZ©gvb †UK‡bvµvU gš¿x- 2 Rb|
cybtcÖwZwôZ nq| gwš¿mfvq bvix m`m¨: 5 Rb|
 G kvmb eë¯’vq kvmb wefv‡Mi mKj ÿgZv cÖavbgš¿xi nv‡Z b¨¯Í| wZwb gš¿Yvjq
Ges Zvi gwš¿mfv †`‡ki cÖK…Z kvmbKZ©v|  ‡gvU gš¿Yvjq I wefvM: 58wU (gš¿Yvjq: 43wU)
 cÖavbgš¿x wb‡qvM: ivóªcwZ msm‡ì msL¨vMwiô `‡ji †bZv‡K cÖavbgš¿x  me©‡kl gš¿Yvjq: Z_¨ I †hvM‡hvM cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq|
wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM K‡ib| cÖavbgš¿x‡K †K›`ª K‡i gwš¿mfvi MVb I Kvh©vewj  wewea gš¿Yvjq `vwqZ¡:
wbqwš¿Z I cwiPvwjZ nq| cwiKíbv gš¿Yvjq evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv, Rbïgvwi
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖavbgš¿xi c` wejyß wQj: 15 AvM÷, 1975-29 Ryb, 1978 cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvjq ¯úvi‡mv I mve‡gwib
ch©šÍ (e½eÜz nZ¨vKv‡Ûi ci)|  cwiewZ©Z gš¿Yvjq:
 cÖavbgš¿x mswkøó cÖ_g ev wKQz: c~e©bvg eZ©gvb bvg
cÖavbgš¿x ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g` ms¯’vcb gš¿Yvjq RbcÖkvmb gš¿Yvjq
bvix cÖavbgš¿x ‡eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv ‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvjq moK cwienb I †mZz gš¿Yvjq
mvsweavwbK cÖavbgš¿x ‡kL gywReyi ingvb cwi‡ek I eb gš¿Yvjq cwi‡ek, eb I Rjevqy cwieZ©b gš¿Yvjq
 ivóªcwZ cÖavbgš¿x‡K wb‡qvM †`q: msweav‡bi 56 (2) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx|
 evmfeb: MYfeb [Ae¯’vb: †ZRMvuI, XvKv]
(3) wePvi wefvM (Judiciary)
 wePvi wefv‡Mi KvR: bvMwi‡Ki †g․wjK AwaKvi iÿv, mswe`v‡bi e¨vL¨v
 cÖavbgš¿x c`vwaKvi e‡j cÖavb:
cÖ`vb, b¨vqwePvi wbwðZ Kiv, AvBb cÖYqb, Acivaxi kvw¯Íweavb K‡i|
 GK‡bK
 evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wefvM 3wU fv‡M wef³| h_v: mywcÖg †KvU©, Aa¯Íb
 RvZxq A_©‣bwZK cwil`
Av`vjZ Ges cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bvj|
 NICAR
 EPZ/BEPZA mywcÖg †KvU©
 evsjv‡`k wb‡qvM Dbœqb KZ…©cÿ  wePvi wefvM/evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P Av`vjZ|
 mywcÖg †KvU© `ywU wefvM wb‡q MwVZ| h_v: Avwcj wefvM I nvB‡KvU© wefvM|
 ‡`‡k G ch©šÍ 4 evi mvgwiK kvmb Ges 5 evi Ryiæix Ae¯’v †NvlYv Kiv nq:
 Avwcj wefvM I nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi mgš^‡q mywcÖg †KvU© m‡e©v”P Av`vjZ
cÖ_g 15 AvMó, 1975
mvgwiK kvmb wn‡m‡e †`‡ki msweavb I bvMwi‡Ki †g․wjK AwaKvi iÿv K‡i Ges
me©‡kl 1984 mv‡j
b¨vqwePvi wbwðZ K‡i|
cÖ_g 1974 mv‡j  mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i cÖavb wePvicwZ‡K evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb wePvicwZ ejv nq|
Riæix Ae¯’v
me©‡kl 2007 mv‡j ivóªcwZ KZ…©K wZwb wbhy³ nb|
 cÖavbgš¿xi ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj:  evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi AwffveK I e¨vL¨v`vZv- mywcÖg †KvU©|
msµvšÍ Z_¨cÖevn  1972 mv‡j g~j msweav‡b Aa¯Íb Av`vj‡Zi wePviK‡ì wbqš¿Y I k„•Ljvi
 MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖK…Z wbe©vnx ÿgZv ÿgZv mywcÖg †Kv‡U© Ac©Y Kiv nq|
cÖavgš¿x I gwš¿cwil‡ì nv‡Z b¨¯Í| [msweav‡bi 55(2) bs
 cÖavb wePvicwZi mv‡_ civgk©µ‡g ivóªcwZ mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i `yB wefv‡Mi
aviv: cÖavbgš¿x KZ…©K ev Zvnvi KZ…©‡Z¡ msweavb Abyhvqx
wePvicwZ‡ì wb‡qvM †`b|
cÖRvZ‡š¿i wbe©vnx ÿgZv cÖhy³ nB‡e]  Avwcj wefv‡Mi wePvicwZ‡ì wb‡qvM †`b ivóªcwZ Z‡e kc_ evK¨ cvV
 gš¿x‡ì wb‡qvM, D”P ch©v‡q miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì Kivb cÖavb wePvicwZ|
kvmb wb‡qvM, wePvi I ciivóªwelqK (we‡`‡k ivóª`~Z  mycÖxg RywWwkqvj KvDwÝ‡ji †Pqvig¨vb- cÖavb wePvicwZ|
wb‡qvM) hveZxq KvR cÖavbgš¿xi civgk© I wm×všÍ
 21Zg cÖavb wePvicwZ wQ‡jb (cÖ_g Avwèvmx cÖavb wePvicwZ)- my‡i›`ª
Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ nq| Kzgvi wmbnv (gwbcyix)|
 iv‡óªi kvmb msµvšÍ KvR m¤úv`b Ges cÖavbgš¿xi  mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePviK n‡Z n‡j:
civgk© e¨ZxZ AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq bv|
 Aek¨B evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e|
 AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§j‡b iv‡óªi cÖwZwbwaZ¡|
 Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ msm` †`‡ki AvBb •Zwi K‡i| cÖavbgš¿x‡K  mywcÖg †Kv‡U© Kgc‡ÿ 10 eQi GW‡fv‡KU wn‡m‡e KvR Kivi
†K›`ª K‡i msm‡ì Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| AwfÁZv _vK‡Z n‡e A_ev evsjv‡`k wePvi wefvMxq c‡` 10 eQi
AvBb
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w`‡Z ivóªcwZ‡K civgk© †`b|  mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePviKMY 67 ermi eqm c~Y© nIqv ch©šÍ ¯^xq c‡`
 cÖavbgš¿xi wb‡`©k I civgk©µ‡g A_©gš¿x evrmwiK Kg©iZ _vK‡Z cv‡ib|
A_©
Avq- e¨‡qi ev‡RU cÖYqb I †ck K‡ib|  Avwcj wefv‡Mi ÿgZv I KvR:
 cÖavgš¿x msm‡ì mL¨vMwiô ivR‣bwZK `‡ji †bZv|  Avwcj wefvM nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi ivq, wWwµ ev `Ðv‡`‡ki weiæ‡×
 cÖavbgš¿x RvZxq msm‡ì AvBbmfv †bZv, gš¿xmfvi
†bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb Avwcj MÖnb K‡i ïbvwbi eë¯’v K‡i|
†bZv I mfvcwZ|
 gwš¿mfv MVb, cwiPvjbv I wejyß Ki‡Z cv‡i|  ivóªcvwZ AvB‡bi †Kv‡bv e¨vL¨v PvB‡j Avwcj wefvM G wel‡q
gwš¿cwil` wefvM ivóªcwZ‡K civgk© w`‡q _v‡K|
gwš¿mfv I wewfbœ KwgwUi •eVK AvnŸvb Ges cÖavbgš¿xi wb‡`©k Abyhvqx  nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi ÿgZv I KvR:
•eV‡Ki Av‡jvP¨ m~wP cÖYqb K‡i|  bvMwi‡Ki †g․wjK AwaKvi iÿvq wb‡lavÁv Rvwi K‡i|
 gwš¿cwil` wefvM cÖavbgš¿xi ZË¡veav‡b cwiPvwjZ|  Rb¯^v‡_© wiU gvgjvi Av‡e`b Kiv nq|
Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq welqvewj
 msweav‡bi 114bs Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i Aax‡b cÖwZwU †Rjvq RvZxq welq eY©bv AwZwi³ Z_¨
Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ i‡q‡Q| RvZxq cÖZx‡K K‡qKwU welq Zz‡j aiv
 Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ¸‡jv †d․R`vwi I †Ìqvwb gvgjv cwiPvjbv K‡i| n‡q‡Q| h_v-
 ‡Rjv Av`vj‡Zi cÖavb- †Rjv RR| K. fvmgvb dzUšÍ kvcjv (A½xKvi, †m․›`h©
 ‡Rjv RR‡K mnvqZv K‡i- AwZwi³ †Rjv RR I mve-RR| I myiæwPi cÖZxK)
 ‡Rjv ch©v‡q †Ìqvwb (RwgRgv msµvšÍ, FYPzw³ BZ¨vw`) I †d․R`vwi L. PviwU ZviKv (msweav‡bi Pvi g~jbxwZi
(msNvZ, msNl© msµvšÍ) gvgjv cwiPvjbv K‡i| cÖZxK)| G‡Z RvwZi jÿ¨ I D”PvKv•ÿv
cÖkvmwbK Av`vjZ cÖZxK Kvgiæj nvmvb e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 msweav‡bi 117 bs Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv we‡kl †ÿ‡Î cÖkvmwbK M. cvwb, av‡bi kxl I cvU Mv‡Qi `ywU
Av`vjZ MVb Kiv nq| cvZv (evsjv‡`‡ki wbmM© I A_©bxwZ)|
 eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki K‡qKwU †Rjvq cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bvj Av‡Q, Gi g‡a¨ RvZxq cÖZxK gwš¿mfv Aby‡gv`b K‡i
XvKvq GKwU i‡q‡Q| 1972 mv‡ji 28 †deªæqvwi| RvZxq cÖZxK
evsj‡`‡ki c`gh©v`v µg eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib cÖavbgš¿x I
 MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki c`gh©v`v µg n‡”Q GKwU †cÖv‡UvKj ZvwjKv ev iv‡óªi ivóªcwZ|
wbe©vnx, AvBb I wePvi wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kg©KZ©v‡ì c` mg~‡ni µgweb¨vm| jvj i‡Oi e„‡Ëi gv‡S njy` i‡Oi
 GKRb e¨w³ hLb G‡Ki AwaK c` a‡i iv‡L ZLb m‡e©v”P c`wU wnmve Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ i‡q‡Q| e„‡Ëi Dc‡i
 cÖ‡qvM: ivóªxq I AvbyôvwbK Abyôv‡bi cvkvcvwk miKv‡ii Ab¨me G. Gb. G.
†jLv ÔMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`kÕ Avi wb‡P
D‡Ï‡kÏ GwU cvjb Kiv n‡e (20 RyjvB, 2020 mv‡j miKv‡ii Ab¨me g‡bvMÖvg †jLv ÔmiKviÕ Ges e„‡Ëi `ycv‡k `ywU K‡i
mvnv
D‡Ïk¨ K_vwU ev` w`‡q Ôivóªxq c`µ‡gi cÖ‡qvM n‡e †Kej ivóªxq I PviwU Zviv Av‡Q|
AvbyôvwbK Abyôv‡bÕ cÖ‡qvM n‡e e‡j cÖÁvcb Rvwi K‡i gwš¿cwil` miKvwi Awdm, bw_, ¯§viK BZ¨vw`‡Z
wefvM)| ivóªxq g‡bvMÖvg eëüZ nq|
c`gh©v`v µ‡g 25wU µg i‡q‡Q, cÖ_g 6wU µg ‡m․awU‡Z mvZwU ¯Í¤¢ Av‡Q, hv
evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡mi mvZwU welq wb‡`©k
µwgK bs c`mg~n
¯§„wZ‡m․a/ ‣mq` gvCbyj K‡i| GwU 150 dzU DuPz| Gi `yB cv‡k
1. cÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªcwZ mw¤§wjZ cÖqvm nvmvb MYKei Av‡Q| 1972 mv‡j e½eÜz Gi
2. cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖavbgš¿x wfwËcÖ¯’i ¯’vcb K‡ib I 1982 mv‡j
3. RvZxq msm‡ì w¯úKvi Gikv` D‡Øvab K‡ib|
4. cÖavb wePvicwZ, cÖv³b ivóªcwZe„›` 1913 mv‡ji 7 AvM÷ jW© KvigvB‡Kj XvKv
 cÖRvZ‡š¿i gwš¿eM© Rv`yNi D‡Øvab K‡ib| 1983 mv‡j
 cÖavb ûBc ¯^vqËkvwmZ msMVb wn‡m‡e RvZxq Rv`yN‡ii
5.
 RvZxq msm‡ì †WcywU w¯úKvi kvnevM gh©v`v †Ìqv nq| 1951-1962 mvj ch©šÍ
 msm‡` we‡ivax `jxq †bZv RvZxq Rv`yNi
(¯’cwZ: XvKv wek^we`¨vjq Rv`yNiwUi cwiPvjbv K‡i|
 gwš¿cwil‡ì m`m¨ bv n‡jI gš¿xi gh©v`vcÖvß e¨w³eM©| †gv¯Ídv Rv`yNi fe‡bi bKkvKvi •mq` gvCbyj
6.  gwš¿cwil‡ì m`mëM© Kvgvj) nvmvb| eZ©gv‡b Rv`yNiwUi Aaxb PviwU kvLv
 XvKvi †gqi (DËi I `wÿY) Rv`yNi (Imgvbx Rv`yNi, wRqv ¯§„wZ Rv`yNi,
Avnmvb gwÄj, Rqbyj Av‡ew`b msMÖnkvjv)
wePvi wefvM c„_xKiY Av‡Q|
 gvgjvi bvg: gvRnvi †nv‡mb ebvg evsjv‡`k| we‡`‡k cÖ_g RvZxq cZvvK D‡Ëvjb Kiv
 wePvi wefvM c„_KxKiY Kiv nq- 1jv b‡f¤î, 2007 nq KjKvZv¯’ evsjv‡`k wgk‡b| 1972
 GB gvgjvi ev`x wQ‡jb- mve RR gvRnvi †nv‡mb| mv‡ji 17 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K cZvKvi GB
 GB gvgjvi wePviK wQ‡jb- wePvicwZ †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj| RvZxq cZvKv Kvgiæj nvmvb iƒcwU M„nxZ nq| AbycvZ 10:6| cZvKvi
 wePvi wefvM c„w_KxKi‡Y wbe©vnx g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui KvQ †_‡K RywWwkqvj e„ËwUi e¨vmva© cZvKvi 5 fv‡Mi 1 fvM|
g¨vwR‡÷ªUMY `vwqZ¡ †bb-wb¤œ †d․R`vwi Av`vjZ| jvj e„Ë GKwU evg cv‡k| gvbwPÎ LwPZ
cZvKvi wWRvBbvi wke bvivqY `vm|
 Av‡jvwPZ wKQz AvBb  1905 mv‡j (1312 e½vã) e½f‡½i †cÖwÿ‡Z
 gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y wej- 2018: 27 A‡±vei, 2018 ‡Z msm‡` wejwU cvk nq| MvbwU iwPZ nq| cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq e½`k©b
AvB‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K¸‡jv n‡”Q- cwÎKvq (1905)| MvbwU ÔMxZweZvbÕ
1. Kv‡iv Kv‡Q 200 MÖvg ev Zvi †ewk Bqvev ivLvi m‡e©v”P kvw¯Í hve¾xeb Kve¨MÖ‡š’i ¯îweZvb Kve¨ †_‡K †bIqv| evDj
Kviv`Ð ev g„Zz¨`Û| MMY niKivi myi AbyKi‡Y myi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
2. Bqvev †me‡bi me©wb¤œ kvw¯Í 3 gvm †Rj I m‡e©v”P kvw¯Í 2 eQ‡ii Kviv`Ð| †gvU PiY 25wU| RvZxq m½xZ wn‡m‡e
3. gv`K`ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi m‡e©v”P kvw¯Í hve¾xeb ev g„Zz¨`Ð| we‡ewPZ 10 jvBb|
 moK cwienb AvBb-2018: gwšÍmfvq cvk nq 6 AvM÷ 2018 mv‡j 1971 mv‡ji 3iv gv‡P©i Bk‡Znv‡i MvbwU‡K
Avgvi †mvbvi
RvZxq msMxZ evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq m½x‡Zi gh©v`v †`qv nq|
G‡Z ejv nq, Ae‡njv K‡i Mvwo Pvwj‡q nZ¨vi m‡e©v”P kvw¯Í 5 eQ‡ii evsjv
RvZxq msMx‡Zi Bs‡iwR Abyev` K‡ib •mq`
Kviv`Ð| PvjK‡ì Aciv‡ai Rb¨ 12wU c‡q‡›U eivÏ _vK‡e| †gvU 7wU Avjx Avnmvb|
¯Í‡i kvw¯Í †Ìqv n‡e| nZ¨vi D‡Ï‡k¨ Mvwo Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b n‡j MvbwU‡Z cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q evsjvi cÖK…wZi
302 avivq g„Zz¨`Ð n‡e| K_v| ivóªxq Abyôv‡bi evRv‡bv nq cÖ_g 4
 wWwRUvj wbivcËv AvBb- 2018: msm‡` wej cvk nq 18 †m‡Þ¤î, jvBb| evsjv‡`k-fviZ I kÖxjsKvi
2018 mv‡j| AvB‡bi †gvU aviv i‡q‡Q 44wU| gyw³hy× I e½eÜz wb‡q RvZxq m½x‡Zi iwPqZv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
m¤úwK©Z 14 eQ‡ii Kviv`Ð I 1 †KvwU UvKvi A_©`Ð| 21 b¤î avivq GB me©cÖ_g †h Pjw”P‡Î RvZxq m½xZ evRv‡bv
AvB‡bi K_v Av‡Q| GB AvB‡b Rvwgb A‡hvM¨ Aciva 14wU| nq- Rxeb †_‡K †bIqv (Rwni ivqnvb)
RvZxq welq eY©bv AwZwi³ Z_¨ ANZUS Interpol
1980 mvj †_‡K w`bwU RvZxq wèm  International
RvZxq wèm 26 gvP©
wn‡m‡e cvjb Kiv n‡”Q|
 Australia, Newzealand Criminal Police
1972 mv‡j nvWzWz †Ljv‡K KvevwW bv‡g
RvZxq †Ljvi ¯^xK…wZ †`q| 1990 mv‡j & United States Organization
‡Ljv KvevwW
‡LjvwU cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Gwkqvb †Mg‡m  mì `ßi- K¨vb‡eiv,  AvšÍR©vwZK cywjk ms¯’v
AšÍfz©³ nq| A‡÷ª w jqv  cÖwZôv- 1923
15 b‡f¤î, 2010 mv‡j G‡K RvZxq  cª w Zôv- 1951  m`m¨- 195 wU [me©‡kl
e„‡ÿi gh©v`v †Ìqv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki m`m¨- gvB‡µv‡bwkqv]
e„ÿ Avg MvQ
me©Î Avg MvQ cvIqv hvq e‡j RvZxq
e„‡ÿi gh©v`v cvq|  Aviwem 
1972 mv‡ji 24 †g Kwe‡K XvKvq Avbv  wbDBqK© w fwËK DošÍ Pÿz nvmcvZvj|
KvRx bRiæj nq| 1974 mv‡j Kwe‡K RvZxq Kwei  1g XvKvq Av‡m- 1985 mv‡j|
Kwe
Bmjvg gh©v`v †`qv nq| 1976 mv‡j Kwe‡K  TI 
evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ †`qv nq|  UªvÝcv‡iwÝ B›Uvib¨vkbvj
evsjv‡`‡ki AvenvIqv  `yb©xwZ we‡ivax GKwU †emiKvwi AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v|
 AvenvIqv- †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó w`‡bi evqyi Zvc, Pvc, Av`ª©Zv, e„wócvZ  `yb©xwZ we‡ivax m~PK cÖKvk K‡i|
BZ¨vwì mvgwMÖK Ae¯’vb‡K †mw`‡bi AvenvIqv e‡j|  cÖwZôvZv: 1993| mì `ßi- evwj©b, Rvg©vwb|
 Rjevqy- †Kv‡bv GKwU AÂ‡ii 30-40 eQ‡ii Mo AvenvIqv‡K Rjevqy e‡j|  TIB ev UªvÝcv‡iwÝ B›Uvib¨vkbvj Ae evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvZv- 1996 mv‡j|
 Mererology- AvenvIqv welqK weÁvb|
 AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi Dcv`vb- evqyi Zvc, Pvc, cÖevn I evwigÐj|
 Amenesty International 
 jÛbwfwËK c„w_exi eo gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvb|
 Rjevqyi †kÖwbewb¨vm-
K. Dò Rjevqy AÂj L. bvwZkx‡Zvò Rjevqy AÂj  cÖwZôv- 1961 [cÖwZôvZv- wcUvi †e‡jbmb]
M. †giæ‡`k Rjevqy AÂj N. cve©Z¨ Rjevqy AÂj  evsjv‡`k †_‡K gnvmwPe wQ‡jb- AvBwib Lvb (7g)
 Rjevqy wbf©i K‡i- welye †iLv †_‡K `~iZ¡, mgy`ªc„ô †_‡K D”Pv I `~i‡Z¡i Dci|    fviZe‡l© we‡`wk kvm‡bi BwZnvm 
 mgfvecbœ Rjevqy- mgy`ª AÂ‡j kxZ-MÖx®§ I w`bivwÎi g‡a¨ †Zgb cv_©K¨ †`k RvwZ cwiwPwZ we‡kl Z_¨
†`Lv hvq bv, ZvB G ai‡Yi Rjevqy‡K mgfvevcbœ Rjevqy e‡j| 1514 mv‡j †KvwP‡b KzwV
 Pigfvevcbœ Rjevqy- mgy`ª DcKzj n‡Z `~‡ii AÂ‡ji AvenvIqv kxZ-MÖx®§ ¯’vcb K‡i| gvngy` kvn‡K
DfqB Pig nq| MÖx®§Kv‡j cÖPzi Mig Avevi kxZKv‡j cªPzi kxZ c‡o| fviZ (1510)
cZz©MxR wdwiw½ mvgwiK mvnvh¨ Kivi
ZvB G‡K Pigfvevcbœ Rjevqy e‡j| evsjv (1516)
wewbg‡q PÆMÖv‡g evwYR¨ KzwV
 evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy µvšÍxq †g․mygx Rjevqy bv‡g cwiwPZ| ¯’vcb K‡i|
 evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P e„wócvZ nq- wm‡j‡Ui jvjvLvb| 1602 mv‡j ÔBDbvB‡UW
 me‡P‡q Kg e„wócvZ nq- bv‡Uv‡i jvjcyi| B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb MVb|
 DËi-c~‡e© †g․mygx evqyi cÖfv‡e kxZKv‡j Kg e„wócvZ nq| †b`vij¨vÛ
WvP Ij›`vR eëmvq wUK‡Z bv †c‡i
 evsjv‡`‡k evwl©K Mo ZvcgvÎv: 26.01 †mjwmqvm| (1602)
ciZ©x‡Z B‡›`v‡bwkqvq
 evsjv‡`‡ki kxZjZg gvm- Rvbyqvwi| Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb K‡i|
 evsjvi BwZnv‡m me©wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvZ †iKW© Kiv n‡q‡Q- 1 †mjwmqvm, 1600 mv‡j 218 Rb m`m¨
w`bvRcyi (1905)| wb‡q 15 eQ‡ii Bó BwÛqv
 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m me©wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv †iKW© Kiv n‡q‡Q: 2.6 †Kv¤úvwb MVb| 1608 mv‡j
†mjwmqvm, cÂMo (2018)| Zviv evsjvq Av‡m| 1608 mv‡j
B÷
 evsjv‡`‡k evwl©K Mo e„wócv‡Zi cwigvb- 203 †mwg| Bsj¨vÛ
Bs‡iR BwÛqv
m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi myiv‡U evwYR¨KzwV
 GKKfv‡e me‡P‡q †ewk g„`y cvwb cvIqv hvq- e„wó †_‡K| (1608)
†Kv¤úvwb
¯’vc‡bi AbygwZ †`q| 1633
 NATO  mv‡j kvnRvnvb Zv‡ì evsjvq
evwYR¨ Kivi AbygwZ †`b| Zviv
 NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
wcwcjvB bvgK ¯’v‡b KzwV wbg©vY
 cÖwZôv: 1949
K‡i|
 mì `ßi: eªv‡mjm, †ejwRqvg
1616 mv‡j w`‡bgvi B÷
 eZ©gvb m`m¨: 31wU
 me©‡kl m`m¨: wdbj¨vÛ| BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb MVb K‡i|
 m`m¨ bq: ivwkqv, RwR©qv, Aw÷ªqv, †gw·‡Kvmn A‡bK †`k| †WbgvK© 1676 mv‡j kÖxivgcy‡i evwYR¨
†Wwbk w`‡bgvi
 D‡`¨v³v: hy³ivóª| (1616) KzwV ¯’vcb| 1845 mv‡j
 BD‡iv‡ci evB‡ii m`m¨: KvbvWv I hy³ivóª| Bs‡iR‡ì Kv‡Q KzwV weµq I
 gymwjg †`k: Avj‡ewbqv I Zzi¯‥| Dcgnv‡`k Z¨vM|
 eZ©gvb 13Zg gnvcwiPvjK: ÷j‡UbevM© (biI‡qi mv‡eK cÖavbgš¿x)| 1664 mv‡j divwm B÷ BwÛqv
 b¨v‡Uvi mvgwiK Kg©Kv‡Ð wd‡i Av‡m- d«vÝ| †Kv¤úvwb MVb| 1760 mv‡j
 wecixZ msMVb wQj- Iqvik c¨v± [ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi]
fviZ (1664) ew›èv‡mi hy‡× civRq I
 b¨v‡Uvi eûRvwZK evwnbx- ISAF (International Security divwm
evsjv (1668) Dcgnv‡`‡k Z¨vM| Dcgnv‡`k
Assistance Forces), cÖwZôvZv- 2001
divwmivB cÖ_g mv¤ªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii
 g~jbxwZ: ÔGK †`k AvµvšÍ n‡j m`m¨ me †`k GK‡Î Svuwc‡q co‡eÕ †Póv K‡i|
 Bs‡iR kvmK‡ì Ae`vb   Mfb©i, †Rbv‡ij I fvBmiq 
kvmK Ae`vb Mfb©i‡ì bvg Kg©
Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm ivR¯^ †evW© ¯’vcb, cvuPkvjv e‡›`ve¯Í, •ØZ kvmb iwnZ Dcgnv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g KvM‡Ri gy`ªv eë¯’v Pvjy
Kb©Iqvwjm BwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©m, `kkvjv e‡›`ve¯Í, wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í jW© K¨vwbs K‡ib| †Kv¤úvwb kvmb Aemv‡bi ci wZwbB
I‡q‡jmwj AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv (1856-62) me©cÖ_g Mfb©i| wmcvB wecøeKvjxb fvi‡Zi Mfb©i
mZx`vn cÖ_v wbwl×, Av`vj‡Z Bs‡iwR Pvjy, KjKvZv †Rbv‡ij|
DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ jW© †g‡qv 1872 mv‡j fviZe‡l© me©cÖ_g Av`gïgvwi nq|
†gwW‡Kj K‡jR
‡ij †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb, weaev weevn AvBb, WvKwUwKU- (1869-72)
Wvj‡n․wm wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb L¨vZbvgv mvwnwZ¨K| 1878
†UwjMÖvd Pvjy
K¨vwbs KvM‡Ri gy`ªv cÖPjb mv‡j wZwb A¯¿ AvBb cvm K‡i webv jvB‡m‡Ý A¯¿
jW© wjUb
‡g‡qv Av`gïgvwi ivLv wbwl× K‡ib| 1878 mv‡j msev`cÎ AvBb
(1876-80)
wjUb Avg©m A¨v± cvk K‡i †`kxq fvlvq cÖPvwiZ msev`c‡Îi
¯^vaxbZv niY K‡ib|
nv›Uvi Kwgkb MVb, ¯’vbxq kvmb eë¯’v cÖeZ©b,
wicb msev`c‡Îi ü` ¯^vaxbZv wdwi‡q †`b| 1882
BjevU© wej cvk
mv‡j cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿvi ms¯‥v‡ii Rb¨
KvR©b e½f½, B‡¤úwiqvj jvB‡eªwi, cÖZœZË¡ wefvM
jW© wicb nv›Uvi Kwgkb MVb K‡ib| wgDwbwmc¨vj A¨v‡±i
wg‡›Uv gymjgvb‡ì c„_K wbe©vPb
(1880-84) gva¨‡g fvi‡Z ¯’vbxq kvmb eë¯’vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
e½f½ i`, XvKv wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZôv, wkï nZ¨v I BjevU© we‡ji gva¨‡g fviZxq wePviK‡ì Øviv
nvwW©Ä
biewj cÖ_v wejywß BD‡ivcxq‡ì wePvi Kivi AbygwZ †`b|
‡Pgm‡dvW© cÖv‡`wkK •ØZ kvmb 1905 mv‡ji 16 A‡±vei evsjv cÖ‡`k‡K `yB fv‡M
gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb wefw³KiY jW© KvR©b fvM K‡ib| beMwVZ cÖ‡`‡ki cÖ_g †jdU¨v‡b›U
 evsjvq Bs‡iR Mfb©i  (1899-1905) Mfb©i e¨vgwdì dzjvi| B‡¤úwiqvj jvB‡eªwi I
Mfb©i‡ì bvg Kg© fviZe‡l© cÖZœZË¡ wefvM cÖwZôv K‡ib|
Dcgnv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g ÔivR¯^ †evW©Õ ¯’vcb K‡i| ivR‡Kv‡li jW© wg‡›Uv gymjgvb‡ì c„_K wbe©vP‡bi my‡hvM cÖ`vb|
Iqv‡ib- †nw÷sm (1905-10)
k~b¨Zv c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ ÔcvuPkvjv e‡›`ve¯ÍÕ Pvjy K‡ib| •ØZ
(1773-85) 1911 mv‡j ivRv cÂg R‡R©i Awf‡lK Dcj‡ÿ
kvmb eë¯’v iwnZ K‡ib|
miKvwi Kg©Pvwi‡ì Rb¨ Zvi cÖewZ©Z eë¯’v Ôe½f½Õ i` K‡ib| wkï nZ¨v I biewj cÖ_vi
we‡jvc I †ij †hvMv‡hv‡M †ek DbœwZ mvab K‡ib|
cieZ©xKv‡j ÔBwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©mÕ bv‡g cÖPwjZ nq| jW© nvwW©R
ivRavbx KjKvZv †_‡K w`wjø‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi nq| wZwb
jW© Kb©Iqvwjm 1789 mv‡j evsjvq `kkvjv e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy K‡ib| (1910-16)
†Mvcvj wms Gi Kv‡Q R¤§y I Kvk¥xi weµq K‡ib|
(1786-93) 1793 mv‡ji 22 gvP© wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy K‡ib| (Zvi bv‡gB evsjv‡`‡k me‡P‡q cÖvPxb nvwW©Ä †ij
wbqwgZ LvRbv Av`v‡q e¨_© n‡j ZLb Ôm~h©v¯Í AvB‡biÕ †mZz Av‡Q)|
gva¨‡g Rwg`vwi †K‡o †bIqv nZ| jW© †Pgm‡dvW© 1919 mv‡j fviZ kvmb AvB‡b cÖv‡`wkK •ØZkvmb
AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZvi bxwZ cÖeZ©b K‡i myivU, (1916-21) bxwZ Kvh©Ki K‡ib|
jW©I‡q‡jmwj fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb bv‡g `ywU †`k m„wó K‡ib| `yB
KY©vUK I A‡hva¨vq ¯^vaxbZv niY K‡ib| wUcy
(1798-1805) jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub †`‡ki mxgvbv wba©vi‡Y Ôi¨vWwd¬K wgkbÕ KvR K‡i|
myjZvb‡‡K civwRZ K‡ib|
(1947) Awef³ evsjvi †kl Mfb©i wQ‡jb m¨vi †d«WwiK
 Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij  Rb ev‡ivR|
Mfb©i‡ì bvg Kg©  Bs‡iR Avg‡j ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbvewj 
ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi mn‡hvwMZvq 1829 mv‡ji 4 wW‡m¤î fviZe‡l© •ØZ kvmb eë¯’vi cÖeZ©K jW© K¬vBf|
mZx`vn cÖ_v wbwl× K‡ib| fviZe‡l© cvðvZ¨ wkÿvi GB kvmb eë¯’vq wZwb bev‡ei nv‡Z †bRvgZ
DBwjqvg †ew›UK cÖmv‡i Ugvm ‡ewesUb g¨vK‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ KwgwU MVb ÿgZv A_©vr wePvi I kvm‡bi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡i Bó
(1828-35) K‡ib| Av`vj‡Z dvwm©i e`‡j Bs‡iwR Pvjy Kivi wb‡`©k BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi nv‡Z ivR¯^ I †`k iÿvi `vwqZ¡
‣ØZ kvmb
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cÖwZôv K‡ib| nq Ges RbM‡Yi `y`©kbv Pi‡g †c․‡Q| A_©Lv‡Z
Bs‡iR‡ì mxgvnxb `yb©xwZi cÖfv‡e ÔwQqvË‡ii
Bs‡iwR kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk mv¤ªvRëv`x gš^šÍiÕ msNwUZ nq|
wQ‡jb| ¯^Z¡ we‡jvcbxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i weªwUk ievU© K¬vB‡fi •ØZ kvmb bxwZ I Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix‡ì
mv¤ªv‡Rï we¯Í…wZ NUbv| mv¤ªvRëv` bxwZi Kvi‡Y AZ¨vPvi, Drcxob I †kvl‡Yi d‡j evsjvi Rbmvavi‡Yi
cieZ©x‡Z wmcvnx wecøe msNwUZ nq| 1853 mv‡j Ae¯’v µ‡gB †kvPbxq n‡q c‡o| GQvov 1770 mv‡j
Dcgnv‡`‡k †ij †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Abve„wó I Livi Kvi‡Y dmj bó n‡q †M‡j evsjvq
jW© Wvj‡n․wm
1856 mv‡ji 26 RyjvB CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii Lv`¨vfve †`Lv †`q| mgMÖ †`‡k GK fqven `ywf©ÿ †b‡g
(1848-56) wQqvË‡ii gš^šÍi
mnvqZvq weaev weevn AvBb cvk K‡ib| fvi‡Z Av‡m| GB `ywf©‡ÿ cÖvq GK †KvbwU †jvK gviv hvq| 1176
WvKwU‡KU I †UwjMÖvd jvBb Pvjy K‡ib| e½v‡ã (Bs‡iwR 1770) msNwUZ GB `ywf©ÿwU ÔwQqvË‡ii
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wUK‡Z bv †c‡i 2013 mv‡ji 15 gš^šÍiÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB mgq evsjvi Mfb©i wQ‡jb
RyjvB 162 eQ‡ii cy‡iv‡bv fvi‡Zi †UwjMÖvg †mev KvwU©qvi| evsjvi BwZnv‡m Av‡jvwPZ wZbwU `ywf©ÿ (1770-
eÜ K‡i †`qv nq| 1943-174)
gyNj Avg‡j PvKgvMY `ª‡eï gva¨‡g Lye Aí e½f‡½i cÖwZev‡` ¯^‡`kx cY¨ eënv‡ii †h
cwigvY ivR¯^ cwi‡kva KiZ| †Kv¤úvwb cve©Z¨ Av‡›`vjb M‡o D‡V, Zv‡K mvaviYfv‡e ¯^‡`kx
PÆMÖv‡gi kvmb MÖnY K‡i 1760 mv‡j| 1772-73 ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb Av‡›`vjb e‡j| XvKvi Abykxjb mwgwZ I
PvKgv we‡`ªvn mv‡j †Kv¤úvwb PvKgv ivRv †Rvqvb e·‡K bZzb KjKvZvi hyMvšÍi cvwU© wQ‡jv •ecøweK Av‡›`vj‡bi
AvB‡b ewa©Z nv‡i gy`ªvq ivR¯^ cÖ`v‡b eva¨ K‡i| `yB cÖavb kw³kvjx msMVb|
cve©Z¨ AÂ‡j gy`ªv AZ©bxwZ Pvjy Kivq RbRxe‡b 1916 mv‡ji 16 wW‡¤î Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM
e¨vcK Aw¯’iZv †`Lv †`q| GKB mv‡_ j‡ÿè․ kn‡i wbR wbR `‡ji `jxq
j‡²․ Pzw³
DËie½-cwðge‡½ cÖPzi cwigv‡Y mvuIZvjiv evm K‡i| m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb K‡ib| G m‡¤§j‡b Dfq `‡ji
Bs‡iR Avg‡j G AÂ‡j Rwg`vi‡ì AZ¨vPvi †e‡o †M‡j †bZviv HwZnvwmK j‡²․ Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡ib|
Zviv cÖwZev`x n‡q D‡V| Zv‡ì †bZv wQj `yB fvB wmay I 13 GwcÖj 1919 mv‡j fvi‡Zi Ag„Zm‡ii GKwU
Kvby| 1855 mv‡ji 16 RyjvB mvuIZvjiv HKë×fv‡e RvwjIqvbvevM evMv‡b GB nZ¨vKvÐ msNwUZ nq| †Rbv‡ij
mvuIZvj we‡`ªvn
Bs‡iR †mbvcwZ †gRi ev‡iv‡Ri evwnbx‡K civwRZ K‡i| nZ¨vKvÐ IÕWvqvi GB nZ¨vKv‡Ði wb‡`©k †`q| GiB
djkÖæwZ‡Z Av‡iv eo cwim‡i mvuIZvj‡ì MÖvg¸‡jv nvgjv cÖwZev‡` iex›`ªbv_ Knight Dcvwa eR©b K‡ib|
Kiv nq| 1856 mv‡j †bZ…¯’vbxq mvuIZvjiv aiv c‡o I wPËiÄb `v‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡ Ks‡MÖ‡mi GKvsk 1923
bvggvÎ wePvi K‡i Zvu‡ì cÖKv‡k¨ dvuwm †`qv nq| mv‡j ¯îvR cvwU© MVb K‡i| 1923 mv‡j ¯îvR
1782 mv‡j cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvq cvwU© MVb K‡i| 1923 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b ¯îvR `j
evivmZ gnKzgvi AšÍM©Z Pvu`cyi MÖv‡g Rb¥| Zvui ¯îvR`j I †e½j
†K›`ªxq AvBbmfvq msL¨vMwiô `j wn‡m‡e
cÖK…Z bvg gxi †bQvi Avjx| cÖ_g Rxe‡b wZwb c¨v± (1923)
AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| ¯îvR`j evsjvi AvBb cwil‡`
wZZzgx‡ii Av‡›`vjb jvwVqvj wQ‡jb| 1831 mv‡j Zvui cÖavb mnKvix •ØZkvmb eë¯’v APj Kivi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ gymwjg
†Mvjvg gvmy‡gi cwiKíbvq evu‡ki †Kjøv wbg©vY Kiv m`m¨‡ì mg_©b jv‡fj †Póv Pvjvq|
nq| 1831 mv‡ji 19 b‡f¤î fxlb GK hy‡× 1919 mv‡ji &AvB‡bi cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb †`qvi
wZZzgxi kvnv`vZ eiY K‡ib| K_v _vK‡jI Zv weªwUk miKvi ev¯Íevqb K‡i wb|
18B kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K BD‡iv‡c wkí wecø‡ei d‡j fviZevmxi Zxeª †ivlvb‡ji wkKvi nq
d‡j e¯¿wk‡íi Af‚Zc~e© DbœwZ mvab nq Ges weªwUkiv| djkÖæwZ‡Z weªwUk miKvi m¨vi Rb
Kvc‡o is Kivi Rb¨ bx‡ji Pvwn`v †e‡o hvq| mvBgb Kwgkb mvBg‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ 8 m`m¨ wewkó GKwU Kwgkb
Bs‡iRiv K…lK‡ì bxjPv‡l eva¨ K‡i| bxj Mv‡Qi wi‡cvU© MVb K‡i| Kwgk‡b †Kv‡bv fviZxq m`m¨ bv
bxj we‡`ªvn dj †_‡K bxj is •Zwi Kiv nZ| bxj Pv‡li d‡j _vKvq fviZxq cÖavb cÖavb ivR‣bwZK `j G‡K
Rwgi De©iZv n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| cieZ©x‡Z K…lKiv eqKU K‡i I Gi bvg †`q Ô‡k^Zv½‡ì Kwgkb|
GK †RvU n‡q Bs‡iR‡ì weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb ïiæ GB DËß cwi¯’wZ‡ZB Kwgkb KvR Pvwj‡q hvq I
K‡i| 1808 mv‡j Zvu‡K dvuwm †Ìqv nq| 1862 1930 mv‡j `yB L‡Ð wi‡cvU© †ck K‡i|
mv‡j GB we‡`ªvn mdjZvi mv‡_ †kl nq|
†gvU Drcvbœ dm‡ji wZbfv‡Mi `yBfvM cv‡e Pvlx,
 cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j evsjv‡`k 
GKfvM cv‡e Rwgi gvwjK- GB `vwe †_‡K †ZfvMv ZvwiL ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv
Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ| evsjvi cÖvq 19wU †Rjvq c„w_exi cÖ_g RvwZZvwË¡K ivóª wn‡m‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi
¯^vaxbZv jvf| Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij: gynv¤§` Avjx
†ZfvMv Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| Z‡e w`bvRcyi I 14 AvM÷, 47 wRbœvn| cÖavbgš¿x: wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb| c~e© evsjvi
iscyi †Rjvq GB Av‡›`vjb Zxeª AvKvi avibv cÖ_g Mfb©i I gyL¨gš¿x: G †K dRjyj nK I Lvb
‡ZfvMv Av‡›`vjb
K‡iwQj| Av‡›`vj‡bi †K›`ªwe›`y wQj w`bvRcyi I bvwRg DwÏb|
iscyi †Rjvq GB Av‡›`vjb Zxeª AvKvi aviY fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv jvf| Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij gvD›U
K‡iwQj| Av‡›`vj‡bi †K›`ªwe›`y wQj PvucvBbeveMÄ 15 AvM÷ e¨v‡Ub, cÖavbgš¿x RInijvj †b‡niæ, †cÖwm‡W›U
I wSbvB`n †Rjv| G Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv‡ì g‡a¨ iv‡R›`ªjvj cÖmv`|
wQ‡jb Bjv wgÎ| XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK Aveyj Kv‡mg KZ…©K
ZgywÏb gRwjm MwVZ|
fviZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi 1883 mv‡j BjevU© (fviZxq 1jv †m‡Þ¤î
GB msNU‡bi D‡`¨v‡M cieZ©x‡Z ivóªfvlv msMÖvg
wePviK KZ…©K BD‡ivcxq‡ì wePvi, hwÌ wejwU cwil` MwVZ nq|
BD‡ivcxq‡ì Pv‡c cieZ©x‡Z ¯’wMZ n‡q hvq I KivwP‡Z cvwK¯Ív‡b cÖ_g MYcwil` Awa‡ekb nq|
fviZxq‡ì HKë× Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i) cvm n‡j Kzwgjøvi ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë evsjv‡K MYcwil‡ì fvlv
23 †deªæqvwi, 48
fviZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi e„wUk‡ì weiæ‡× fviZxq‡ì N„Yv e„w× †c‡Z Kivi cÖ¯Íve †`b| MYcwil‡ì fvlv wQj D`y© I
cÖwZôv _v‡K| ZvB 1885 mv‡j ÔBwÛqvb b¨vkbvj Ks‡MÖm Bs‡iwR|
ev fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm cÖwZwôZ nq| 1885 fvlvi `vwe‡Z me wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b ag©NU Pvwj‡q
11 gvP©
hvIqvi wm×všÍ|
mv‡ji 28 wW‡m¤î gy¤^vB‡Z e¨vwi÷vi D‡gkP›`ª
‡im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b wRbœvni †NvlYv- D`y©B n‡e
e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖ_g 21 gvP©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv|
Awa‡ekb AbywôZ nq| XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi mgveZ©‡b wRbœvni cybivq †mB
1856 mv‡j Enfield bvgK GK cÖKvi eÜz‡Ki 24 gvP©
‡NvlYv|
eënvi ïiæ nq| 1857 mv‡ji 29 gvP© cwðge‡½i cÖRvmZ¡ AvB‡bi gva¨‡g wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í cÖ_v I c~e©
wmcvnx we‡`ªvn/cÖ_g 1950
eªvivKcyi I e½‡`‡ki `g`‡g wmcvwniv cÖ_g evsjvq Rwg`vwi cÖ_v I c~e© evsjvq Rwg`vwi cÖ_v wejyß|
¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb 21 †deªæqvwi, 52 fvlv Av‡›`vjb|
we‡`ªvn K‡i| Dcgnv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwb kvm‡bi
1953 hy³d«›U MVb
Aemvb N‡U 1858 mv‡j|
1954
wbe©vP‡b hy³d«‡›Ui weRq| 237wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨  fvlv Av‡›`vjb 
hy³d«›U 223wU Avmb cvq|  D`y© GKwU ZzwK© kã| Gi A_© ivRKxq †mbv wkwei| 1526-1857
B¯‥v›ì gxR©v cvwK¯Ívwb Bmjvwg cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖ_g mgqKv‡j gyNj‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZvq †mbv wkwe‡i fvlv wn‡m‡e D`y© cÖwZôv
†cÖwm‡W›U nb Ges †k‡i evsjv‡K c~e© evsjvi Mfb©i cvq| D`y© †jLv nq dvwm© eY©gvjvq|
1956 wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †Ìqv nq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g  fvlv Av‡›`vjb wfwËK cÖ_g msMVb ZgÏyb gRwjm|
msweavb iwPZ nq (GB msweav‡b 214 bs Aby‡”Q‡`  fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g cyw¯ÍKv cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv evsjv bv D`y© (‡jLK:
evsjv‡K ÔivóªfvlvÕi ¯^xK…wZ †`qv nq) Aa¨vcK Aveyj Kv‡mg, KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb I Aveyj gbmyi Avn‡g`)|
cvwK¯Ív‡b mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi, msweavb wbwl×| cÖKvkK ZgÏyb gRwjm|
1958 AvBqye Lv‡bi ÿgZv‡ivnY| AvBqye Lvb KZ…©K cvuP  ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ív‡b evsjv fvlvfvlx‡ì msL¨v wQj- 56%, D`y© 6%|
¯Íi wewkó †g․wjK MYZš¿ (1959) Pvjy|  cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK †Mvôx Aviwe ni‡d evsjv cÖPj‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ W. gyn¤§`
1961 gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Pvjy K‡ib| knx`yjøvn‡K wb‡qvM †`q| wKš‘ wZwb Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq msweavb cÖeZ©b I 8 Ryb mvgwiK  hy³d«›U miKvi 21 †deªæqvwi‡K miKvwi QzwU wn‡m‡e †Nvlbv K‡i 1954
1962
AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq| mv‡j|
Kvk¥xi‡K †K›`ª K‡i fviZ-cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ wØZxq  1952 mv‡ji 21 †deªæqvwi QvÎ RbZv 144 aviv f½ K‡i Avãyj gwZb I
1965
hy× msNwUZ| MvRxDj n‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡|
Qq `dv (evOvwji g¨vMbvKvU©v) jv‡nv‡i `vwe  fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b evsjv‡K mg_©b Rvbvq cvwK¯Ívwb cwÎKv AvRv`|
1966
DÌvcb|  27 Rvbyqvwi 1952 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x bvwRgywÏb †NvlYv K‡ib
 6q `dv  †h, D`y©B n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv|
 Qq `dv †NvlYv: ZvmL›` Pzw³‡K †K›`ª K‡i 1966 mv‡ji 6 †deªæqvwi  fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b †gvU gviv hvb - 8 Rb|
cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi we‡ivax `‡ji †bZviv jv‡nv‡i GKwU m‡¤§j‡bi  fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b cÖ_g gviv hvb iwdK (Rwe) | XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ
Av‡qvRb K‡i| m‡¤§j‡b †hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ †kL gywReyi ingvb 4 †deªæqvwi wQ‡jb Aveyj eiKZ| me©Kwbô gviv hvb AwnDjøvn|
jv‡nvi †c․uQvb| ciw`b mve‡R± KwgwUi mfvq wZwb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi  fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b wbnZ‡ì ¯§i‡b wbwg©Z fv¯‥h© †gv‡ì Mie (evsjv
RbM‡Yi `vwe wn‡m‡e ÔQq`dvÕ cÖ¯Íve †ck K‡ib Ges Zv m‡¤§j‡bi GKv‡Wwg)|
Av‡jvP¨m~wPi AšÍfz©³ Kivi `vwe Rvbvb| wKš‘ m‡¤§jb D‡`¨v³viv G cÖ¯Íve  fvlv Av‡›`vjbKvix c~e© evsjv gyL¨gš¿x wQ‡jb byiæj Avgxb|
cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib| Qq `dv‡K †K›`ª K‡i cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi msev`cÎ¸‡jv  Avgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Avwg wK fzwj‡Z cvwi MvbwUi
†kL gywRe‡K wew”QbœZvev`x iƒ‡c wPÎvwqZ Kivq wZwb 6 Zvwi‡Li m‡¤§jb iPwqZv Avãyj Mvddvi †P․ayix| MvbwUi cÖ_g myiKvi Avãyj jwZd|
eR©b K‡ib| eZ©gvb myiKvi AvjZvd gvngy`|
 Qq `dv iwPZ nq jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve Abyhvqx|  fvlv Av‡›`vjbwfwËK gyLcvÎ I cÖ_g cwÎKv mvßvwnK •mwbK (1948)|
Qq `dv `vwe †gvU wZbevi †NvlYv Kiv nq| h_v- cwÎKvwUi cÖ_g m¤úv`K wQ‡jb kv‡n` Avjx| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq Gi
cÖ_g: 5 †deªæqvwi, 1966 m¤úv`K wQ‡jb Avãyj Mdzi|
wØZxq: 13 †deªæqvwi, 1966 (we‡ivax `‡ji m‡¤§jb)  cÖ_g knx` wgbvi (bvg knx` ¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢)| 23 †deªæqvwi, 1952 mv‡j GwU
Z…Zxq: 23 gvP©, 1966 jv‡nvi (AvbyôvwbKfv‡e) [ †kL gywReyi ingvb] wbg©vY Kiv nq| 24 †deªæqvwi kwdD‡ii wcZv †g․jfx gvneyeyi ingvb
Qq `dv wèm 7 Ryb | (Qq `dv `vwe I evsjvi ¯^vwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ knx` wgbvi D‡Øvab K‡ib| wKš‘ cywjk 26 †deªæqvwi †mwU †f‡½ †`q|
1966 mv‡ji 7 Ryb niZvj cvwjZ nq| Av‡›`vj‡bi gby wgqv bvgK GiB cÖwZev‡` Kwe AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` ¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢ KweZvwU iPbv
GKRb gviv hvq|) K‡ib|
Qq `dv †h wk‡ivbv‡g cyw¯ÍKvKv‡i †ei nq: Avgv‡ì evuPvi `vwe Qq `dv  cÖ_g knx` wgbv‡ii bKkv K‡ib: W. eìæj Avjg I mvB` nvq`vi|
Kgm~wPÕ (18 gvP©, 1966)  eZ©gvb knx` wgbvi: 1957 mv‡j wkíx nvgywì ingv‡bi cwiKíbv I
Qq `dvi cÖ_g `dv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^vqËkvmb| G‡K evsjvi g¨vMbvKvU©v bKkv Abyhvqx XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri †nv‡÷j cÖv½‡Y knx` wgbvi
ejv nq| wbg©v‡Yi KvR ïiæ nq| mnKg©x wQ‡jb fv¯‥i b‡fiv Avng`| wKš‘ 1958
 AviZjv lohš¿ gvgjv (1968): 1968 mv‡ii 3iv Rvbyqvwi gv‡m †kL mv‡j mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi nIqvq Zv eÜ n‡q hvq| 1962 mv‡j mv‡j g~j
gywReyi ingvb‡K cÖavb Avmvgx K‡i 35 R‡bi weiæ‡× ivóª‡`vwnZvi bKkvq eûjvs‡k cwieZ©b K‡i knx` wgbvi •Zwi nq| knx` eiK‡Zi gv
Awf‡hv‡M Ôivóª ebvg †kL gywRe I Ab¨vb¨Õ bv‡g gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i| nvwmbv †eMg 1963 mv‡ji 21 bZzb K‡i knx` wgbvi •Zwii cÖ¯Íve Kiv
Avgxi †nv‡mb AvMiZjv lohš¿ dvum K‡ib| 18 Rvbyqvwi, 1968 mv‡j nq| 1963 mv‡ji bKkv Abyhvqx mswÿßvKv‡i knx` wgbvi •Zwi Kiv
†kL gywRe‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| AvMiZjv gvgjv cwiPvwjZ nq nq|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavb wePvicwZ Gm. G ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ we‡kl  knx` wgbv‡ii eo ¯Í¤¢wU gv‡qi cÖZxK| †QvU ¯Í¤¢¸‡jv cÖZxK knx`
UªvBeybv‡j| m¨vi Ugvm DBwjqvgmb †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi c‡ÿ gvgjv mšÍv‡bi|
cwiPvjbv K‡ib| 22 †deªæqvwi, 1969 gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq|  GKz‡ki cÖ_g KweZv: Kvu`‡Z Avwm wb, dvuwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQ (gvneyeyj
 1969 mv‡ji 15 †deªæqvwi gvgjvi Ab¨Zg Avmvgx mv‡R©›U Rniæj nK‡K Avjg)|
¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq| gvgjvi wØZxq cÖavb Avmvgx cvwK¯Ívb †b․evwnbxi  GKz‡ki cÖ_g Mvb: fzje bv, fzje bv, GKz‡k †deªæqvwi fzje bv (Av b g
†j. KgvÛvi †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb| MvRxDj nK)|
 1969 Gi MYAf‚¨Ìvb: 1969 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ívb QvÎjxM I QvÎ BDwbqb msMVb  cÖ_g msKjb : GKz‡k †deªæqvwi (m¤úv`K: nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb)|
`ywU MYZvwš¿K `vwe Av`v‡q 11 `dv Kg©m~wP †`q| QvÎ mgv‡R Z…Zxq `dvi Aax‡b cÖ_g Pjw”PÎ: Rxeb †_‡K †bIqv (Rwni ivqnvb)|
AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Qq `dv Gi AšÍfz©³ wQj| QvÎ mgvR AvBqye Lv‡bi weiæ‡×  cÖ_g bvUK: Kei (gybxi †P․ayix)
mw¤§wjZfv‡e msMÖvg K‡i| GiB †cÖwÿ‡Z 20 Rvbyqvwi QvÎ‡bZv Avmv` I 24  cÖ_g Dcb¨vm: Av‡iK dv¸b (Rwni ivqnvb)|
Rvbyqvwi beKzgvi Bbw÷wUD‡Ui QvÎ gwZDi ingvb (gwZDi ingvb wkï D`¨vb) evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv ¯^xK…wZ
cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z wbnZ nb| MYAfz¨Ìv‡b ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vjq wkÿK W.
GKwU m`¨ ¯^vaxb †`‡ki c‡ÿ hy× cieZx© we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^xK…wZ
kvgmy‡¾vnv‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq|
jvf Kiv AZ¨šÍ KwVb KvR| evsjv‡`k me©cÖ_g ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i fzUv‡bi wbKU
 AvBqye Lv‡bi mvgwiK kvmb‡K e¨½ K‡i kIKZ Imgvb Dcb¨vm wj‡Lb
†_‡K| gyw³hy‡× Av‡gwiKv I Pxb †K․kjMZ Kvi‡Y Avgv‡ì we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj
µxZ`v‡mi nvwm|
wKš‘ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb evsjv‡`k‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡iwQj|
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ `vbKvix cÖ_g †`k fzUvb (6 wW‡m¤î 1971)  Ab¨vb¨ weL¨vZ e¨w³eM© 
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ `vbKvix wØZxq †`k fviZ (6 wW‡m¤î 1971)
 Rb¥MÖnY - 16 A‡±vei 1873, mvZzwiqv (ewikvj)|
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ `vbKvix cÖ_g Avie †`k BivK (8 RyjvB,1972)  wZwb KjKvZvi †gqi (1935), Awef³ evsjvi
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ `vbKvix cÖ_g Abvie gvj‡qwkqv cÖ_g gyL¨gš¿x (1937-43), c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi
gymwjg †`k (25 †deªæqvwi 1972) gyL¨gš¿x (1954) Ges c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ `vbKvix cÖ_g c~e© Rvg©vwb ‡k‡j evsjv Aveyj (1956-58) wQ‡jb|
BD‡iv‡ci †`k (11 Rvbyqvwi 1972)  FY mvwjwk AvBb, cÖRv¯^Z¡ AvBb Ges gnvRwb
Kv‡kg dRjyj nK
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ `vbKvix cÖ_g Avwd«Kvb †m‡bMvj cÖ_v evwZj AvB‡bi cÖeZ©K|
†`k (1 †deªæqvwi 1972)
mgvRZvwš¿K †`k wnmv‡e evsjv‡`k‡K cÖ_g  jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve Dc¯’vcb K‡ib - 23 gvP© 1940|
¯^xK…wZ †`q †Kvb †`k †cvj¨vÛ Zvi iwPZ MÖ‡š’i bvg- Bengal Today
(12 Rvbyqvwi, 1972) (1944)
(G w`b eyj‡MwiqvI evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q)|
DËi Av‡gwiKvb †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ cÖ_g eve©v‡Wvm  Rb¥- 12 wW‡m¤î 1880, abcvov, wmivRMÄ|
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q †Kvb †`k (20 Rvbyqvwi, 1972)  wZwb gvby‡li Kv‡Q cwiwPZ wQ‡jb- gRjyg
`wÿY Av‡gwiKvb †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ cÖ_g †fwbRy‡qjv Rb‡bZv wn‡m‡e|
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q †Kvb †`k (2 †g, 1972)  fvmvbx HwZnvwmK js gv‡P©i †bZ…Z¡ †`b- 1976
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ `vbKvix cÖ_g I‡kwbqv †Uv½v mv‡ji 16 †g|
gnv‡`‡ki †`k (25 Rvbyqvwi, 1972)  wZwb c~e© cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi
gIjvbv Avãyj
cÂkw³i †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k‡K cÖ_g ivwkqv cÖwZôvZv mfvcwZ Ges 1957 mv‡ji KvMgvix
nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx
¯^xK…wZ †`q †Kvb †`k (24 Rvbyqvwi, 1972) m‡¤§j‡bi D‡`¨v³v|
cÂkw³i †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me©‡kl ¯^xK…wZ Pxb  1957 mv‡j b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU© (b¨vc)
†`q †Kvb †`k (31 AvM÷ ,1975) MVb K‡ib|
¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k‡K hy³ivóª ¯^xK…wZ `vb K‡i K‡e 4 GwcÖj, 1972  fvmvbxi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ me©`jxq ivóªfvlv cwil`
cvwK¯Ívb 22 †deªæqvwi, 1974 MwVZ nq- 31 Rvbyqvwi 1952 (XvKv †Rjv evi
   AvšÍR©vwZK msMV‡bi m`m¨c` jvf    jvB‡eªwi‡Z)|
 Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib- 8 †m‡Þ¤î 1892; cwðge‡½i
msMVb mvj we‡kl¨ Z_¨ †gw`bxcyi|
evsjv‡`k me©cÖ_g GB AvšÍR©vwZK
 MYZ‡š¿i gvbmcyÎ wn‡m‡e L¨vZ †nv‡mb knx`
weªwUk 18 GwcÖj, ms¯’vi m`m¨c` (32 Zg) jvf K‡i|
KgbI‡qj_ 1972 evsjv‡`k‡K m`m¨c` †Ìqvq cvwK¯Ívb ‡nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x Awef³ evsjvi †kl gyL¨gš¿x
GKB eQi KgbI‡qj_ Z¨vM K‡i| †mvnivIqv`©x (1946-47) Ges cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x (1949)
ILO 22 Rby, 1972 wQ‡jb|
17 AvM÷, RvwZmsNfz³ cÖ_g AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi  ‡mvnivIqv`©x g„ZzëiY K‡ib- 5 wW‡m¤î
IMF 1963, †jevb‡bi ivRavbx •eiæ‡Z|
1972 m`m¨c` jvf
27 A‡±vei,  Rb¥- 1 wW‡m¤î 1900; exif‚wg, fviZ|
UNESCO W. KzìZ-B-Ly`v  evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g wkÿv Kwgkb -Gi bvg- W.
1972
17 AvM÷, KzìZ -B-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb (1972)
WHO W. †gvnv¤§`  Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib- 31 wW‡m¤î 1911 mv‡j;
1972
IBRD Beªvnxg gywk©`vev‡`| evi‡Wg Gi cÖwZôvZv|
2 RyjvB,  fviZxq gymjgvb‡ì ivR‣bwZK ¯^vZ‡š¿ï Av‡›`vjb
(World
1972
Bank) ïiæ nq- †m›Uªvj b¨vkbvj †gvnv‡gWvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb
m‡¤§j‡b wd‡ì K¨v‡÷ªv e½eÜz m¤ú‡K© cÖwZôvi (1877) ci †_‡K|
•mq` Avgxi Avjx
e‡jwQ‡jb, Avwg wngvjq †`wLwb| Z‡e  weªwUk †iW wµ‡mU †mvmvBwU ¯’vc‡bi Ab¨Zg
NAM 1973 D‡`¨v³v wQ‡jb| wZwb The Spirit of Islam
†kL gywRe‡K †`‡LwQ| e¨w³Z¡ I mvn‡m
GB †jvKwU wngvj‡qi mgvb| eBwUi †jLK|
12 b‡f¤î,  Rb¥ 1933 mv‡j cwðge‡½i kvwšÍ wb‡K‡Z‡b|
FAO
1973 AgZ©¨ †mb  Zvi iwPZ MÖš’ - Poverty and Famine,
OIC 1974 32 Zg m`m¨ †`k (2q m‡¤§jb) The Idea of Justic.
RvwZms‡Ni 29Zg Awa‡ek‡b  Rb¥ wSbvB`‡n; g„Zz¨ Kzwóqvi †QDwiqv MÖv‡g,
evsjv‡`k (136Zg) m`m¨c` cvq| †hLv‡b wZwb cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb AvLov|
17 †m‡Þ¤î,
RvwZmsN Gi Av‡M 17 A‡±vei 1972 mv‡j  weL¨vZ K‡qKwU jvjbMxwZ: LvPvi wfZi AwPb
1974
evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni ¯’vqx ch©‡eÿK cvLx, wgjb n‡e KZ w`‡b, evoxi Kv‡Q Avikx
jvjb dwKi
nq| bMi, cokx emZ K‡i, RvZ †Mj RvZ †Mj
WIPO 1985 e‡j, †KD gvjv, †KD Zmwe Mjvq, ZvB‡Zv
1jv Rvbyqvwi 124 Zg †`k RvZ wfbœ ejvq, Avwg Acvi n‡q e‡m AvwQ,
WTO I‡n `qvgq cv‡o j‡q hvI Avgvq|
1995
BIMSTEC 6 Ryb, 1997  wZwb gvwbKMÄ †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
AvšÍR©vwZK  nxivjvj †mb wQ‡jb GKRb evOvwj Pjw”PÎ
nxivjvj †mb
Aciva 1 Ryb, 2010 cwiPvjK| Zvu‡K Dcgnv‡`‡ki Pjw”P‡Îi RbK
Av`vjZ ejv nq|
 wZwb 1903 mv‡j c~Y©‣`N©¨ Pwj”PÎ ÔAvjx evev I
Pwjøk †PviÕ wbg©vY K‡ib| GwU wQj A_©bxwZ wefvM
Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g wbe©vK Pjw”PÎ|
 Dgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g A¯‥vi weRqx| ev‡RU
 KjKvZvq Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jI Zvui •cwÎK wbevm GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn&|
wQj evsjv‡`‡ki wK‡kviMÄ †Rjv|  1861 mv‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g ev‡RU †NvlYv K‡ib jW© K¨vwbs| 30
mZ¨wRr ivq  evsjv mvwn‡Zï RbwcÖq PwiÎ †djy`v Zvui Agi Ryb, 1972 ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ev‡RU †ck K‡ib ZvRDwÏb
m„wó| Avng`| cÖ_g ev‡R‡Ui AvKvi wQj 786 †KvwU UvKv| evsjv‡`‡k
 weL¨vZ Pjw”PÎ- nxiK ivRvi †`k, c‡_i me©vwaKevi ev‡RU †ck K‡ib- †gv: mvBdzi ingvb I Aveyj gvj Avãyj
cvuPvwj, AcivwRZ, Akwb ms‡KZ, PviæjZv| gywnZ (12 evi)| 2022-203 A_©eQ‡ii ev‡RU 9 Ryb, 2022
 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^bvgab¨ mvwnwZ¨K I Pjw”PÎ msm‡` †ck K‡i A_©gš¿x Av.n.g. gy¯Ídv Kvgvj|
cwiPvjK| ev‡RU 2022-2023
Rwni ivqnvb  Zvui cwiPvwjZ Pjw”PÎ¸‡jv - KLbI Av‡mwb,
Kvu‡Pi †`qvj, Rxeb †_‡K †bIqv, Stop wRwWwci ev‡R‡Ui
welq cwigvY/Z_¨
nvi nvi
Genocide (cÖvgvY¨ wPÎ)|  evsjv‡`‡ki ev‡RU: 51Zg|
 wZwb A‣ØZ gjøeg©b iwPZ Dcb¨vm wZZvm ev‡R‡Ui µg  AšÍe©Z©xKvjxbmn 52Zg| AvIqvgx - -
FwZ¡K NUK
GKwU b`xi bvg †K Pjw”P‡Î iƒc †`b| jxM miKv‡ii: 23Zg|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKRb Pjw”PÎ cwiPvjK| †NvlK  A_©gš¿x Av. n.g. gy¯Ídv Kvgvj - -
 Zvui weL¨vZ Pjw”P‡Îi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- ûwjqv, ev‡R‡Ui
 678064 †KvwU UvKv 15.2% -
Zvbfxi †gvKv‡¤§j AvKvi
b`xi bvg gaygwZ, AwPb cvwL, wPÎv b`xi
mvgwMÖK Avq  436271 †KvwU UvvKv - -
cv‡i, jvjmvjy, jvjb, KY©dzjxi Kvbœv cÖf…wZ| (ivR¯^ I  ivR¯^ 433000 †KvwU UvKv 9.8% 63.8%
 Gd Avi Lvb GKRb weL¨vZ ¯’cwZ| Aby`vbmn)  ‣e‡`wkK Aby`vb 3271 †KvwU UvKv 0.7% 0.5%
 weL¨vZ ¯’vcbv- wmqvm© UvIqvi (wbDBqK©), hvi mvgwMÖK  Aby`vb e¨ZxZ- 245064 †KvwU
dRjyi ingvb Lvb eZ©gvb bvg DBwjm UvIqvi| 5.5% 36.2%
NvUwZ UvKv
 Zvi ¯’vcZ¨ wkí Tube in Tube bv‡g A_© ms¯’vb  241793 ‡KvwwU UvKv - -
cwiwPZ| ‡gvU
 ivbI‡q I gvwUi gqbv Pjw”P‡Îi cwiPvjK| 2011 wRwWwci  4449959 †KvwU UvKv - -
AvKvi
mv‡j gvwbKMÄ moK `yN©Ubvq wZwb gviv hvb| evwl©K Dbœqb
Zv‡iK gvmy`  Zvi wbwg©Z Ôgyw³i MvbÕ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Kg©m~wP  246066 †KvwU UvKv 5.6% 36.3%
hy‡×i mgq åvg¨gvb GKwU Mv‡bi `‡ji Dci (ADP)
c~Y©‣`N©¨ WKz‡g›Uvwi Pjw”P‡Î| wRwWwci
 7.5% - -
 1943 mv‡j evsjvq msNwUZ (1350 e½vã) cÖe„w×i jÿ¨
cÂv‡ki gš^šÍ‡ii Qwe Gu‡K AvšÍR©vwZK L¨vwZ gy`ªvùxwZi
 5.6% - -
jÿ¨
AR©b K‡ib|
wkívPvh© Rqbyj m‡e©v”P eivÏ  RbcÖkvmb Lv‡Z 134670 †KvwU
 Zvui weL¨vZ wPÎKg©- msMÖvg, gbcyiv-70, cÖvß LvZ UvKv
- 19.9%
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g¨vWv‡bv-43, Mvu‡qi eay, bevbœ|  ev‡R‡Ui AvKv‡ii w`K †_‡K evsjv‡`k we‡k^-64Zg (`wÿY Gwkqvq 3q,
 wZwb 1948 mv‡j cÖwZôv K‡ib- XvKv AvU© fviZ 1g I cvwK¯Ívb 2q)|
Bbw÷wUDU|  ev‡R‡Ui AvKv‡i kxl© †`k - hy³ivóª, 2q m‡e©v”P -Pxb|
 weL¨vZ wPÎKg© - Pi`Lj, nZ¨vhÁ, gvQaiv|
Gm Gg myjZvb  bovB‡j Zvui cÖwZwôZ `ywU wkï wPÎvsKb
RvZxq Avq-e¨q msµvšÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
cÖwkÿY †K›`ª n‡jv- wkï¯^M©, PviæcxV|  RvZxq Avq cwiev‡ii cÖavb c×wZ 3wU|h_v: 1. Avq c×wZ 2. e¨q c×wZ
†gv¯Ídv g‡bvqvi  evsjv KvUz©b wmwiR gxbvÕi ¯ªóv wkíx| 3. Drcv`b c×wZ|
 GDP (Gross Domestic Product) n‡jv- wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ
 iwdKzbœex (Dcbvg ibex) evsjv‡`‡ki L¨vZbvgv
ibex e¨v½wPÎ wkíx I KvUz©wbó| GK eQ‡i †Kvb wbw`©ó iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡ii mKj bvMwiK (†`k I we‡`wk)
KZ…©K Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I †mevi Avw_©K g~j¨|
 ‡UvKvB bvgK KvUz©b PwiÎwU Zvui Abe`¨ m„wó|
 GNP (Gross National Product) n‡jv- wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GK
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKvi wWRvBbvi| Zvui
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†_‡K Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I †mevi Avw_©K g~j¨|
ivq‡eu‡k b„Z¨|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wRwWwcÕi cÖavb LvZ- †mevLvZ|
dR‡j nvmvb  eª¨v‡Ki cÖwZôvZv I bvBU Dcvwa cÖvß e¨w³Z¡|
 wRwWwcÕi bZzb wfwË K‡i- 2015-16|
Av‡e`
 wfwË eQi cwieZ©b Kiv nq- 10 eQi ci ci|
eª‡Rb `vm  cÖ_g Bswjk P¨v‡bj AwZµgKvix evsjv‡`kx|
 eZ©gv‡b wRwWwcÕi LvZ- 19wU| (Zb¥‡a¨ †mevLvZ 13wU)|
gymv Beªvwng  Gfv‡i÷ Rqx cÖ_g evsjv‡`kx (2010 mv‡j)|
wbkvZ gRyg`vi  cÖ_g bvix evsjv‡`kx Gfv‡i÷ Rqx (19 †g, 2012) A_©‰bwZK mgxÿv 2022
 Rvgvj bRiæj Bmjvg evsjv‡`‡ki GKRb GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn& |
wewkó c`v_©weÁvbx, †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx| RbmsL¨v
Rvgvj bRiæj
 Zvui weL¨vZ MÖš’ The Ultimate Fate of the ‡gvU RbmsL¨v 169.11 wgwjqb
Bmjvg
Universe hv (1983 wLª.) †KgweªR RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi 1.37%
BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ 1140 Rb/eM© wK.wg.
cyiæl: bvix AbycvZ 100.2:100  e¨wóK A_©bxwZ:
¯’‚j Rb¥nvi 18.1 Rb (1000 R‡b)  e¨wóK Gi Bs‡iwR cªwZkã (Micro) | cÖvPxb wMÖK kã 'Mikros'
¯’‚j g„Zz¨nvi 5.1 Rb (1000 R‡b) n‡”Q Bs‡iwR Micro kãwUi DrcwË AvwfavwbK A‡_© gvB‡µv
wkï g„Zzï nvi 21 Rb (cÖwZ nvRv‡i RxweZ R‡b¥) (Micro) kã A_© ÿz`ª|
gwnjv cÖwZ De©iZvi nvi 2.04%  A_©bxwZi †h kvLvq wewfbœ ÿz`ª As‡ki ev GK‡Ki Avw_©K AvPiY we‡kølY
Mf©wb‡ivaK eënv‡ii nvi 63.9% Kiv nq Zv‡K e¨wóK A_©bxwZ e‡j| †hgb: e¨w³MZ Pvwn`v, Avq, †fvM,
72.8 eQi mÂq, wewb‡qvM BZ¨vw` e¨wóK A_©bxwZi AšÍfz©³|
Mo Avqy®‥vj cyiæl- 71.2 eQi  mvgwóK A_©bxwZ:
gwnjv-74.5 eQi  mvgwóK Gi BsI‡iwR cÖwZkã nq (Macro) cÖvPxbwMÖK kã
RbmsL¨v: Wv³vi 1724:1 'Makros' n‡”Q Bs‡iwR Miacro kãwU DrcwË| AvwfavwbK A‡_©
75.2%
gvB‡µv (Macro) kãwU A_© nj e„nr (Large)|
mvÿiZvi nvi (7+ eqm) cyiæl- 77.4%
gwnjv- 72.9%
 mvgwóK A_©bxwZi g~j jÿ¨ nj A_©‣bwZK eë¯’vi mvgwMÖK we‡kølY|
`vwi‡`ï nvi 20.5% †hgb: RvZxq Avq, RvZxq Drcv`b, mvwgMÖK †fvM, mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v,
Pig `vwi‡`ï nvi 10.5% mvaviY `vg¯Íi, †gvU †hvMvb, †gvU wewb‡qvM BZ¨vw` mvgwóK
‡gvU kÖg kw³ 6.35 †KvwU A_©bxwZi AšÍfz©³|
K…wl- 40.6% A_©bxwZi msÁv
†gvU kÖg kw³i kZKiv nvi wkí- 20.4%  Bs‡iwR B‡Kv‡bvwg· k‡ãi evsjv cÖwZkã A_©bxwZ| A_©bxwZi AwfavwbK
†mev-39.0% A_© nj Avw_©K welqvwì eë¯’vcbv| A_©vr A_©bxwZ ej‡Z Ggb GKwU
my‡cq cvwb MÖnYKvix 98.3% welq‡K †evSvq hv A_© mµvšÍwelqvw` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv eënvi 81.5%  cÖvPxb wMÖK k‡ã IwK‡bvwgqv n‡Z B‡Kv‡bvwg· k‡ãi DrcwË| A_©bxwZi RbK
GDP ejv nq G¨vWvg w¯§_‡K| wZwb e„‡U‡bi bvMwiK wQ‡ib| cieZx©‡Z d«v‡Ý Ae¯’vb
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K…wlLv‡Zi Ae`vb 11.50% Nations” GWvg w¯§_ Gi mgq Kv‡ji A_©bxwZwe`MY‡K K¬¨vwmK¨vj ev aªæc`x
wkíLv‡Zi Ae`vb 37.07% A_©bxwZwe` ejv nq| Amxg Afve I mxwgZ m¤ú‡ì mgš^q mvab KivB KvR|
‡mevLv‡Zi Ae`vb 51.44% Aa¨vcK Gj iwebm A_©bxwZi msÁv cÖm‡½ e‡jb ÔA_©bxwZ Ggb GKwU weÁvb
2723 gvwK©b Wjvi ev hv gvby‡li Amxg Afve Ges weKí eënvi †hvM¨ AcÖPzi DcKiY mg~n‡K †K›`ª
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232828 UvKv
2824 gvwK©b Wjvi ev 1| Amxg Afve 2| mxwgZ m¤ú`
gv_vwcQz Avq 3| m¤ú`¸‡jv weKí eënvi‡hvM¨
241470 UvKv
 A_©‣bwZK mgm¨ KqwU-3wU|
evsjv‡`wk c‡Yï Avg`vwb- ißvwb  mxwgZ m¤ú‡ì welqwU eySv‡bvi Rb¨ D™¢e-`y®cÖvc¨Zvi|
‣e‡`wkK gy`ªvi gRy` 44.089 wewjqb Wjvi  cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq m¤ú‡ì AcÖPzi †hvMvb‡K e‡j-`y®cÖvc¨ m¤ú`|
cY¨ ißvwb‡Z kxl© †`k hy³ivóª  `y®cÖvc¨Zv e‡j hw` wKQz bv _vKZ Zvn‡j A_© eë¯’v e‡j wKQz _vKZ bv|
cY¨ Avg`vwb‡Z kxl© †`k Pxb Kvi K_v- A_©bxwZwe` †÷vb I †nM|
‡iwgU¨vÝ cÖvwß‡Z Ae¯’vb 9g (Iqvì© e¨vs‡Ki g‡Z 8g)  ‡KvbwU gvbe Rxe‡bi Ab¨Zg †g․wjK mgm¨v-wbe©vPb|
cÖ_g- †m․w` Avie  cj m¨vgy‡qjmb †Kvb †`‡ki bvMwiK wQ‡jb-Av‡gwiKv|
me‡P‡q †ewk †iwgU¨vÝ
wØZxq- mshy³ Avie Avwgiv‡Z  A_©bxwZ‡K m¤ú‡ì weÁvb e‡j‡Qb-G¨vWvg w¯§_|
Avq
Z…Zxq- hy³ivóª  K¬¨vwmK¨vj gZev‡ì Abymvix-‡WwfW wiev‡W©v, Rb ÷zqª vUwgj, †R.we.†m. IqvKvi|
e¨vsK  Aó`k kZvãxi †kl Ges Dbwesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡Ki A_©bxwZew`MY‡K
‡gvU Zdwmwj e¨vsK 61wU ejv nq-K¬¨vwmK¨vj A_©bxwZwe`|
ivóªvqË evwYwR¨K e¨vsK 6wU  wbI-K¬¨vwmK¨vj Gi cÖe³v-Avj‡d«W gvk©vj|
we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK 3wU  gvk©v‡ji weL¨vZ MÖš’-wcÖwÝcvj Ad B‡Kv‡bwg·|
‡emiKvwi e¨vsK 43wU  MÖ‡š’i cÖKvk Kvj-1890|
‣e‡`wkK e¨vsK 9wU  wbI-K¬¨vwmK¨vj A_©bxwZwe` n‡jb-jvq‡bj iweÝ|
e¨vsKewnf‚©Z Avw_©K cÖwZôvb 35wU  jvq‡bj iweÝ Aa¨vcbv K‡ib-jÛb wek¦we`¨vjq|
gy`ªvùxwZ 5.83%  AvaywbK A_©bxwZwe`MY n‡jb-cj m¨vgy‡qjmb, †Rv‡md w÷ªMwjR, AgZ©‡mb|
 UNDP KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ gvbe Dbœqb wi‡cvU©- 2022 Abyhvqx  GKwU `ªe¨ cvevi Rb¨ Ab¨ Av‡iKwU `ªe¨ †Q‡o w`‡j Zv‡K e‡jÑmy‡hvM e¨q|
evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQz GNI 5472 gvwK©b Wjvi|  Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iKvi cÖe³v-gvk©vj|
 A_©‣bwZK mgxÿv 2022 Abyhvqx 2021-22 A_©eQ‡i K‡ivbv gnvgvwi  `ywU `ª‡eï mswgkªb †`Lvq-Drcv`b m¤¢vebv‡iLv|
†gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ †gvU 187679 †KvwU UvKvi 28wU cÖv‡Yv`bv c¨v‡KR  PPC-production possibility curve
ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡”Q, hv wRwWwcÕi 6.23 kZvsk|  PPF-production possibility frontier
†g․wjK A_©bxwZ  PPF Gi ‡fZ‡i Drcv`b-Ach©vß
GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn& |  PPF Gi evwn‡i Drcv`b-A`ÿ|
 A_©bxwZi cÖKvi‡f`: 1933 mv‡j Aa¨vcK ivMbvi wd«k me©cÖ_g  Drcv`b m¤¢vebvi `ywU A‡ÿ †`Lvq-2wU `ªe¨|
e¨wóK ev gvB‡µv (Micro) Ges mvgwóK ev g¨v‡µv (Macro) kã  Drcv`b m¤¢vebv‡iLv Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ mswgkªY wb‡`©k K‡i|
`ywU eënvi K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z ivMbvi wd«k me©cÖ_g A_©bxwZ‡K D³  A_©‣bwZK mgm¨ mgvav‡bi Kg© ch©vq-4wU|
`ywU fv‡M wef³ K‡ib|  A_©‣bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Kg© ch©v‡qi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc-Drcv`b|
 me©‡kl c`‡ÿc-‡fvM|  wM‡db `ªe¨: `ª‡eï `vg evo‡j wKQz `‡eï Pvwn`v ev‡o GB mKj `ªe¨‡K
 Drcv`‡bi cieZ©x ch©vq nj-wewbgq| wM‡db `ªe¨ e‡j| wM‡db `ªe¨ aviYvi cÖeZ©K- ievU© wM‡db (1840)| Pvwn`v
 Drcv`b I wewbg‡qi cieZx© ch©vq-eÈb| wewai e¨wZµg nq wM‡db `ª‡eï †ÿ‡Î| wM‡db `ªe¨ nj: †gvUv Pvj, Wvj,
 gvby‡li mdj Kg© cÖ‡Póvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q-‡fv‡Mi AvKv•ÿv| Avjy, †gvUv Kvco|
 cÖvwZôvwbK I AvBbMZ KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÛ cwiPvwjZ  w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv: g~j¨ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Pvwn`v †h `ªæZZv ev axiZvi mv‡_ cwieZ©b
n‡j Zv‡K-A_©‣bwZK eë¯’v e‡j| nq, Zv‡K Pvwn`vi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv e‡j|
 abZvwš¿K A_©eë¯’vi DrcwË-BD‡iv‡c| †hvMvb
 abZ‡š¿i Av‡iK bvg-cyuwRev`|  wbw`©ó mgq †Kvb wbw`©ó `v‡g we‡µZv †Kvb `ª‡eï †h cwigvY weµq K‡i
 cyuwRevw` A_©eë¯’vi g~j D‡Ïk¨-gybvdv AR©b| Zv‡K †hvMvb e‡j|
 cyuwRev`x A_©eë¯’vq n¯Í‡ÿc K‡ib-ivóª|
 ‡hvMvb †iLv †Kgb? Wvb w`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx|
 cyuwRev`x A_©eë¯’vi Aci bvg-e¨w³gvjxKvbv A_©eë¯’v|
 ‡hvMvb †iLvi Xvj wKiƒc? abvZ¥K|
 ¯^qswµq g~j¨ eë¯’v wK‡mi •ewkó¨-cyuwRev`|
 Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡Yi gvwjKvbv iv‡óªi nv‡Z _vK‡j Zv‡K e‡j-  ‡Kvb `ª‡eï ‡hvMvb cÖavbZ wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i? `v‡gi Dci|
mgvRZvwš¿K A_©eë¯’v|  ‡Kvb `ª‡eï `vg cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Zvi †hvMvb cwieZ©‡bi nvi‡K wK
 ‡Kvb A_© eë¯’vq e¨w³gvwjKvbvi †Kvb ¯’vb †bB-mgvRZš¿| e‡j? †hvMv‡bi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv|
 mgvRZš¿ gv‡b-mgAwaKvi|  ¯^í †gqv‡` †hvMv‡bi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †Kgb- †ewk|
 ‡KvbwU mgvRZ‡š¿i •ewkó¨-mvgvwRK Kj¨vb|  `xN©‡gqv‡` ‡hvMv‡bi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †Kgb- k~b¨|
 ‡KvbU mgvRZ‡š¿i •ewkó¨-†kvlYnxb mgvR|  ‡hvMvb wewai e¨wZµg nq- mxgve× †hvMv‡bi †ÿ‡Î| mxgve× †hvMvb
 abZš¿ I mgvRZ‡š¿i mswgkªb nj-wgkª A_©eë¯’v| n‡jv- hvi `vg evo‡jI Drcv`b ev‡obv| †hgb: cyivZb gy`ªv, cve‡jv
 evsjv‡`k GKwU wgkª A_©‣bwZK ivóª| wcKv‡mv ev Rqbyj Av‡e`x‡bi wPÎKg© BZ¨vw`|
A_©bxwZi msÁv- A_© I AvIZv  ‡hvMv‡bi mv‡_ `v‡gi m¤úK© mggyLx A_©vr `vg evo‡j †hvMvb ev‡o|
 w¯§‡_i Abymvixiv A_©bxwZ‡K wK e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb - Science of Wealth  ‡hvMv‡bi wba©viK mg~n: `ª‡eï wbR¯^ `vg, `ª‡eï Pvwn`v, mgq,
 Adam Smith Gi msÁvq- gvbe Kj¨vY Abycw¯’Z| AvenvIqvi cÖfve, weKí `ª‡eï `v‡gi cwieZ©b, Ki I fZy©wKi cÖfve|
 New Classical gZev‡ì cÖe³v - Avj‡d«W gvk©vj| Drcv`‡b I Drcv`‡bi DcKiY
 A_©bxwZi cÖ_g avibv †`b - Aristotle  A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcv`b wK? `ª‡eï Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv|
 ''Principles of Economics” Kvi †jLv - Avj‡d«W gvk©v‡ji|  Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb KqwU? 4wU|
 Principles of Economics” KZ mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq - 1890 mv‡j|  Drcv`‡bi †Kvb DcKiYwU g~j¨ k~b¨? f~wg|
 AvaywbK gZev‡ì cÖe³v - L. Robins  ÔDrcv`b c×wZ ms¯‥…wZ‡K wba©viY K‡iÕÑ Dw³wU Kvi? gvK©m|
 The General Theory of Employment, Interest and  A_©bxwZ‡Z mKj cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K wK e‡j? f~wg|
Money- eBwUi †jLK - J. M. Keynes  GKRb kÖwgK wK‡mi wewbg‡q Zvi kÖg weµq K‡i? gRywi|
 The General theory- eBwU cÖKvwkZ nq - 1936 mv‡j|  mvaviYfv‡e eëmvq wb‡qvwRZ A_©‡K wK e‡j? g~jab|
 ''Principles of Population”- eBwU KLb cÖKvwkZ nq - 1798 mv‡j|  Drcv`‡bi DcKiY Kv‡K e‡j? Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ †h me e¯‘ ev †mev
 m¨vgy‡qjmb wjwLZ A_©bxwZi eBwUi bvg - Economics| K‡g©i cÖ‡qvRb nq|
 Drcv`‡bi †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi †hvMvb mxgve×? f~wg|
 ''Das Capital”- eBwU KLb cÖKvwkZ nq - 1867 mv‡j|
 f~wg, kÖg, g~ja‡bi GKÎ mgš^q mvab‡K wK e‡j? msMVb|
 gvbe Kj¨vY A‡_©i Øviv cwigvc †hvM¨ bq GwU n‡jv - Ae¯‘ gvbwmK Ae¯’v|
 Economics is an enquiry into the nature and causes of
 kÖ‡gi gvwjK †K? kÖwgK|
the wealth of nation- e‡j‡QbÑ Adam Smith evRvi
 PvbK¨ †K Ges wK Rb¨ weL¨vZ- PvbK¨ ev †KvwUj¨ †g․h© es‡ki gM‡ai  A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi ej‡Z Kx eySvq? wbw`©ó `ªe¨ †µZv I we‡µZvi ì
wQ‡jb| wZwb ÔA_©kv¯¿Õ GKLvbv MÖš’ wj‡L weL¨vZ nb| KlvKwli gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ `v‡g µq weµq|
Pvwn`v  ‡Kvb evRv‡i eû msL¨K †µZv I we‡µZvi c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv weivR
 A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v ej‡Z wZbwU •ewkó¨ †K wb‡`©k K‡i| †m¸‡jv nj- K‡i? c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i|
1. AvKv•ÿv 2. µq ÿgZv Ges 3. A_© e¨‡qi B”Qv|  ‡Kvb evRv‡i `ª‡eï †hvMvb wbqš¿Y K‡i gvÎ `yBRb we‡µZv- WzIcjx
 A_©bxwZ‡Z †Kvb †µZvi GKwU wbw`©ó `ªe¨ µq Kivi B”Qv‡K Pvwn`v e‡j| evRv‡i|
 ‡Kvb `ª‡eï Pvwn`v cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i? `v‡gi Dci|  dvg© `xN©Kv‡j I AwZ gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i †Kvb evRv‡i-
 ‡h wewai mvnv‡h¨ `vg I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ wµqvMZ I m¤ú‡K© cÖKvk Kiv GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i|
nq Zv‡K wK e‡j? Pvwn`v wewa|  A_©bxwZ‡Z evRv‡ii Dcv`vb KqwU- PviwU|
 Pvwn`v ‡iLv me mgq wKiæc _v‡K- Wvb w`‡Ki wb¤œMvgx|  ‡µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ ì-KlvKvwli gva¨‡g GKwU wba©vwiZ `v‡g
 `vg I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i wewaw‡K Pvwn`v e‡j| †kqvi µq weµq‡K wK e‡j? †kqvi evRvi|
 `vg I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ m¤úK© †Kgb? wecixZ gyLx| `ª‡eï `vg Kg‡j  ‡Kvb `ª‡eï †hvMv‡bi †P‡q Pvwn`v †ekx n‡j wK nq? `vg evo‡e|
Pvwn`v ev‡o| bvg msÁv
 Pvwn`v ‡iLvi Xvj wKiƒc- FYvZ¥K| c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
eû msL¨v‡K †µZv I we‡µZv _v‡K|
 `vg cwieZ©b n‡j Pvwn`v †iLvi wKiƒc cwieZ©b nq? wecixZ gyLx| g~jK
 `vg I Pvwn`vi Av‡cwÿK cwieZ©b mgvb n‡j Zv‡K wK e‡j? GKK GKRb gvÎ we‡µZv _v‡K| Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï †Kvb
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 Pvwn`v wewai g~j wfwË wK? µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM| eû msL¨K we‡µZv GKB RvZxq wKš‘ c„_KxK…Z
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K. ißvwb Avq evov‡bv L. wkívq‡bi cÖmvi NUv‡bv M. cÖe„× evov‡bv
RvZxq Avq  GSP myweav cÖ`vb K‡i- WTO
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 A_©bxwZ‡Z †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b-‡gvU RvZxq Avq| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‣bwZK eë¯’v
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 evsjv‡`k wgkÖ A_©bxwZi GKwU †`k|
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 LvRbv Z‡Ë¡i cÖeZ©K †K? ‡WwfW wiKv‡W©v| economy)
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 wbg LvRbvi cÖeZ©K †K? gvk©vj|  cyuwRev`x A_©eë¯’vq m¤ú‡ì e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv,
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A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v economy)  cyuwRev`x A_©eë¯’vi RbK ejv nq A¨vWvg
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mgvRZvwš¿K
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(Socialist
eZ©gv‡b Next-11 ‡`k¸‡jvi GKwU|  Kvj© gvK©m me©cÖ_g •eÁvwbK mgvRZ‡š¿i aviYv
economy)
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 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‣bwZK eë¯’v- wgkÖ cÖK…wZi|  mgvRZvwš¿K A_©eë¯’vi RbK ejv nq Kvj©
 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi cÖavb PvwjKv kw³- K…wl| gvK©m‡K|
 evsjv‡`‡k gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ Pvjy nq- 1 RyjvB, 1991 mv‡j|  BmjvwgK A_©bxwZ Bmjvwg kixqvn& AvBb Øviv
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 WTO (World Trade Organization) KZ…©K c‡Yï ïégy³ hvq|
economy)
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(GSP)|
 WTO Qvov Ab¨ cÖwZôvb KZ…©K cÖ`Ë c‡Yï ïégy³ GDP
cÖ‡ekvwaKvi‡K e‡j - GSP Plus.  GDP Gi c~Y©iƒc: Gross Domestic Product ev †gvU †`kR Drcv`b|
 bZzb wfwËeQi 2015-16 Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Avq MYbvq  evsjv‡`‡ki wRwWwc (GDP) Õ‡Z †Kvb Lv‡Zi Ae`vb me‡P‡q †ewk- †mev|
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 2021-22 A_eQ‡ii evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQz Avq 2793 gvwK©b Wjvi| Drcv`b I †mev Lv‡Zi Avw_©K g~‡jï cwigvY‡K GDP e‡j|
 wek^ A_©‣bwZK †dvivg (World Economic Forum) KZ…©K  mvwe©Kfv‡e wRwWwc MwVZ nq: 15wU LvZ wb‡q|
cÖKvwkZ Inclusive Development Index (IDI)- 2018 G  IMF Gi me©‡kl wRwWwc i¨vswKs Abyhvqx, µq ÿgZv Zv Purchasing
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 UNDP KZ…©K gvbe Dbœqb m~PK 2022 G evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb- 129Zg| e„nr A_©bxwZ‡Z †`k|
 wRwWwc AvKv‡i wek^ A_©bxwZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb-41Zg (CEBR)  `wÿY Gwkqvq fvi‡Zi ciB 2q e„nËg A_©bxwZ GLb evsjv‡`‡ki|
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 IMF Gi g‡Z, 2023 mv‡j wek^ A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖe„w× n‡e- 3.6 kZvsk| weR‡bm wimvP© Gi c~e©vfvm g‡Z, evsjv‡`k eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi 41Zg e„nr
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cyuwRev`x, mgvRZvwš¿K, wgkÖ I Bmjvwg A_© eë¯’v| cwiYZ n‡e|
 evsjv‡`k DbœZ †`‡k cwiYZ nIqvi jÿ¨mxgv- 2041 mvj|
 wRwWwci cÖe„w×i nv‡i evsjv‡`k mvK© m`m¨ iv‡óªi g‡a¨-1g| AveMvwi ïé
 2009 †_‡K 2019 mg‡q †gvU †`kR Drcv`‡b (wRwWwc) 188 kZvsk †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i Drcvw`Z I eëüZ wewfbœ cY¨ I †mevi Dci Av‡ivwcZ
cÖe„w× AR©b K‡i evsjv‡`k mvivwe‡k^ cÖ_g Ges 177 kZvsk cÖe„w× wb‡q Ki‡K AveMvwi Ki ev ïé e‡j| †hgb: Pv, wmMv‡iU, wPwb, ZvgvK,
Pxb wØZxq| †K‡ivwmb, Ilya, w¯úwiU, w`qvkjvB, g`, MvuRv, Avwdg cÖf…wZ `ª‡eï Ici
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 ADP cwiKíbv K‡i- cwiKíbv Kwgkb| Avi Aby‡gv`b K‡i ECNEC  c`vwaKvi e‡j NBR ‡Pqvig¨vb nb- A_© gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Af¨šÍixY
 ADP AšÍfz©³- Dbœqb g~jK ev‡R‡Ui| m¤ú` wefv‡Mi (IRD) mwPe|
 we‡`k †_‡K cÖvß Aby`vb¸‡jv e¨q nq- evwl©K Dbœqb Kg©m~Px‡Z|  NBR Ki evnv`yi m¤§vbbv cÖeZ©b K‡i 2017 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡k ADP ev¯Íevq‡bi nvi- 90% Gi †ekx| wUb (TIN)
 2021-22 A_©eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U ADP Gi cwigvY wQj - 2 jÿ 25 nvRvi  RvZxq Ki wèm cvwjZ nq 15B †m‡Þ¤î| hviv Ki cÖ`vb K‡ib
324 †KvwU UvKv| Zv‡ì‡K TIN ev Taxpayers Identification Number cÖ`vb
 2022-23 A_©eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U ADP Gi cwigvb- 2 jÿ 46 nvRvi 66 Kiv nq|
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VAT hv ÒU¨v· nwj‡WÓ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
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 VAT Gi c~Y©iƒc- Value Added Tax ev g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki ev g~mK| wUAvBGb (e-TIN) c×wZ Pvjy- 2013 mv‡j|
 VAT †h ai‡bi Ki- GKwU c‡ivÿ Ki| GwwU †fv³vi Dci Av‡ivwcZ Ki|  TIN ev E-TIN n‡jv Ki`vZvi cwiwPwZ b¤î|
 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi cÖavb LvZ- f¨vU|
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ms‡hvRb Kiv ev g~mK †_‡K| jf¨vsk I gybvdv †iwR‡÷ªkb AevwYwR¨K weµq
 evsjv‡`‡k f¨vU eë¯’v Pvjy nq- 1 RyjvB 1991| ‡Uvj I †jwf A_©‣bwZK †mev ‡ijI‡q
 evsjv‡`‡k f¨v‡Ui nvi- 15% (AvMvgx 5 eQ‡ii Rb¨)| my` fvov I BRviv WvK wefvM
 f¨v‡Ui ¯Íi - †gvU 5wU| h_v 1. 2% 2.5% 3. 7.5% 4. 10% 5. 15% cÖkvmwbK wd cÖwZiÿv eve` cÖvwß Rwigvbv, `Ð I
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 evsjv‡`‡k AbjvB‡bi f¨vU cÖ`vb c×wZi D‡Øvab Kiv nq- 16 RyjvB 2020|
ivR¯^ bxwZ Sin Tax (cvc Ki)
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m¤ú~iK ïé
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cY¨ cwien‡bi e›ì, moK ev ¯’vb eënv‡ii
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cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j †m e¨w³‡K ev cÖwZôv‡bi
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 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Av‡qi Drm¸‡jv‡K 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
Ki ivR¯^ Ki-ewnf‚©Z ivR¯^
Ki msµvšÍ wèmg~n
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 evsjv‡`‡ki •Zwi †cvkvK e„nËg evRvi - hy³ivóª| Aóg cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvmg~n
 e¯¿ Avg`vwb‡Z evsjv‡`k we‡k^- 4_© (2021)|  †gqv`Kvj- RyjvB 2020 †_‡K Ryb 2025 mvj|
 evsjv‡`k me‡P‡q †ewk ißvwb K‡i- hy³ivóª| wØZxq- BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb  ‡¯øvMvb- mK‡ji mv‡_ mg„w×i c‡_|
(Rvg©vwb)|  8g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv •Zwi Kiv n‡e `ywU welq‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q-
 evsjv‡`k me‡P‡q †ewk Avg`vwb K‡i- Pxb †_‡K| 1. Z¡ivwš^Z mg„w× 2. AšÍfzw³g~jK cÖe„w×|
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 evsjv‡`k me‡P‡q †ewk •e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b K‡i- hy³ivóª †_‡K| 37.4%)|
 evsjv‡`k †`k wn‡m‡e †ewk mvnvh¨ cvq Rvcvb †_‡K|  ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR ïiæ n‡e- †Wëv cø¨vb 2100|
 evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ me‡P‡q †ewk evwYR¨ NvUwZ †Kvb †`‡ki - Pxb 2q †cÖwÿ‡Z cwiKíbv/iƒcKí 2041
Dbœqb cwiKíbv I cÂevwl©K welq Z_¨
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Dbœqb cwiKíbv 2wU| h_v-
 evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cwiKíbv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cwiKíbv Afxó 1. 2030 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Av‡qi †`‡k DbœxZ Kiv|
Kwgkb (mvaviY A_©bxwZ wefvM) †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi RvZxq, 2. 2041 mv‡ji g‡a¨ DbœZ †`‡k cwiYZ Kiv|
evwl©K, cÂevwl©K Ges †cÖwÿZ cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K| msweav‡bi 15 bs 2030 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 9% G DbœxZ Kiv|
Aby‡”Q‡` cwiKwíZ A_©bxwZ MÖnY Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| wRwWwc cÖe„w×i nvi
2041 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 9.9% G DbœxZ Kiv|
cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv 2031 mvj 7%
 1928 mv‡j mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U †Rv‡md ÷¨vwjb `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb
2041 mvj 3% Gi wb‡P|
cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡ib| G ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k 8wU cÂgevwl©K I 1wU 2031 mvj - 2.3%
wØ-evwl©K cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvi Pig `vwi`ª¨
2041 mvj - 1% Gi wb‡P
†gqv` wQj 1973-1978 mvj ch©šÍ| wØ-evwl©K cwiKíbvi †gqv` wQj 1978-
gv_vwcQz Avq 12,500 gvwK©b Wjvi
1980 mvj ch©šÍ| me©‡kl 8g cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Mo Avqy 80 eQi
evsjv‡`‡k G ch©šÍ 7wU cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv Kwgkb miKv‡ii we‡kl Dbœqb cÖKí
 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii A_©‣bwZK cvewjK cwjwm cÖwZôvb|  GKwU evwo GKwU Lvgvi cÖKíwU cÖ_g Pvjy nq- 1988 mv‡j|
 cÖwZôvKvj- 31 Rvbyqvwi, 1972 mv‡j|  GKwU evwo GKwU Lvgvi cÖK‡íi eZ©gvb bvg- Avgvi evwo Avgvi Lvgvi|
 cÖwZôvZv- RvwZi wcZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb| evsjv‡`k Dbœqb †dvivg
cÖwZôvKvjxb cwiKíbv Kwgkb 1973 mv‡j cybM©wVZ cwiKíbv Kwgkb  MVbKvj- 1974 mvj|
Aa¨vcK gyRvddi  m`m¨- 16wU †`k Ges 4wU `vZv ms¯’v wb‡q MwVZ|
†Pqviig¨vb †Pqvig¨vb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
Avng` †P․ayix
‡WcywU
 cÖ_g •eVK - 29 A‡±vei 1974 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi ivRavbx c¨vwi‡m|
W. Lvb miIqvi gywk©` Aa¨vcK byiæj Bmjvg  2001 mv‡j AvM ch©šÍ GB m‡¤§jb‡K ejv n‡Zv- c¨vwim Kb‡mvwU©qvg|
†Pqvig¨vb
m`m¨ W. †gvkviid †nv‡mb cÖ‡dmi †gvkvid †nv‡mb  evsjv‡`‡k •eVK AbywôZ nq- 2003 mvj †_‡K BDF Gi •eVK AbywôZ
W. GmAvi emy I W. m`m¨ W. †ingvb †mvenvb I nq evsjv‡`k|
Avwbmy¾vgvb cÖ‡dmi Avwbmyi ingvb
 evsjv‡`k Dbœqb †dviv‡gi •eVK AbywôZ nq- cÖwZ 2 eQi ci ci|
Dbœqb cwiKíbvKvix cÖwZôvb  evsjv‡`k D”Pqb †dviv‡gi me©‡kl 38Zg m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq- XvKvq
 ECNEC Gi cÖavb †K - cÖavbgš¿x| 2020 mv‡ji 29 I 30 Rvbyqvwi|
 evsjv‡`k RvZxq A_©‣bwZK KvDwÝ‡ji wbe©vnx cwil` (ECNEC) Gi  38Zg •eV‡Ki cÖwZcv`¨- Kvh©Ki Askx`vwi‡Z¡ wfwË‡Z †UKmB Dbœqb|
mfvcwZ n‡”Q- cÖavbgš¿x|
 evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ði m‡e©v”P ivR‣bwZK cÖwZôvb- RvZxq  GB †dvivg FY I Aby`vb, wØcvwÿK I eûcvwÿK mvnvh¨, Lv`¨ I cY¨
A_©‣bwZK cwil` (NEC)| mvnvh¨, cÖKí mvnvh¨ Ges KvwiMix mvnv‡h¨ KvR K‡i|
 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‣bwZK bxwZwba©viY Ges Dbœqb cÖKí Aby‡gv`b msµvšÍ  evsjv‡`k Dbœqb †dviv‡gi cÖavb mgš^qK- wekê¨vsK|
m‡e©v”P A_©‣bwZK ms¯’v- ECNEC.  evsjv‡`k Dbœqb †dviv‡gi •eV‡K mfvcwZZ¡ K‡i- wekê¨vK|
 ECNEC Gi c~Y©iƒc- Executive Committee of National  ‡`k wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k‡K m‡e©v”P mnvqZv K‡i Rvcvb Ges ms¯’v wn‡m‡e
Economic Council. wekê¨vs‡Ki IDA MÖæc|
 RvZxq A_©‣bwZK cwil` wbe©vnx KwgwUi (ECNEC) mfvcwZ- cÖavbgš¿x| ‡kqvi evRvi
 RvZxq A_©‣bwZK cwil` wbe©vnx KwgwU (ECNEC) MwVZ nq- 1982 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡k cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ kxl© miKvwi cÖwZôvb-  ‡kqvievRvi ev cyuwRevRvi wbqš¿K msL¨v- BSEC|
cwiKíbv Kwgkb|  BSEC-Gi c~Y©iƒc- Bagladesh Securities & Exchange
 cwiKíbv Kwgkb MwVZ nq- 1972 mv‡ji 31 Rvbyqvwi GK miKvwi Comission.
weÁwßi gva¨‡g|  cÖwZôv‡bi †kqvi evRv‡ii cª‡e‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb- cÖv_wgK MYcÖ¯Íve
 evsjv‡`‡k cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ kxl© miKvwi cÖwZôvb- mb` (IPO) |
cwiKíbv Kwgkb|
 cwiKíbv Kwgkb MwVZ nq- 1972 mv‡ji 31 Rvbyqvwi †K miKvwi
 IPO Gi c~Y©iƒc- Initial public of offering|
weÁwßi gva¨‡g|  MZ kZvãx‡Z †kqvievRv‡i am bv‡g- 1996 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb- cÖavbgš¿x|  †`‡k †kqvi gv‡K©U-2wU|
 cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi cÖ_g †Pqvig¨vb- Aa¨vcK W. †gvRvddi Avn‡g` †P․ayix| 1. DSE- 1954 2. CSE- 1995
 G ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k Dbœqb cwiKíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q- 11wU|  cÖ¯ÍvweZ Z…Zxq †kqvievRvi Ñ Lyjbv|
‡kqvi evRv‡ii mv‡_ RwoZ K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© aviYv  PTA Gi c~Y©iƒc- Preferential Trade
welq e¨vL¨v Agreement ev AMÖvwaKvig~iK evwYwR¨K Pzw³|
†Kvb we‡`wk Company ev e¨w³ evsjv‡`‡ki  evsjv‡`k I f‚Uv‡bi g‡a¨ 6 wW‡m¤î, 2020
Lock in Share evRv‡i wewb‡qvM Ki‡j AšÍZt 1 eQi ch©šÍ PTA mv‡j GB Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq|
D³ Share ‡jb‡`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|  GB Pzw³i AvIZvq evsjv‡`‡ki 100wU cY¨ f‚Uvb
Circuit Braker Share ì cZb ev e„w× †iU †eu‡a †Ìqv| Ges fzUv‡bi 34wU cY¨ evsjv‡`k Ki myweav
‡kqvi evRv‡i K…wÎgfv‡e †kqv‡ii `vg DVvbvgv Kiv‡bv| GwU †`‡e|
Manipulation
AvB‡bi cwicš’x|  c~Y©iƒc- Local Consulant Group.
Equity GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi mKj †kqv‡ii g~j¨|  evsjv‡`‡k wbhy³ 39wU wØcvwÿK I eûcvwÿK
‡h †Kvb Company-Gi fvj ev evo‡Z _vKv Share- LCG †`k I `vZv †Mvôx‡ì †RvU|
Blue chip
‡K Blue chip e‡j|  ADB, USAID, UN, WB, Norway Ges
D-Mat (De Share ‡jb‡`b B‡jKUªwbK cÖwµqvq m¤úbœ| Netherlands eZ©gv‡b wbe©vnx m`m¨|
Marterialish) e¨vsK I e¨vswKs
Bul Market †kqv‡ii `vg †e‡o hvIqv
Bear Market †kqv‡ii `vg K‡g hvIqv GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn& |
Neutral Market †kqv‡ii `vg AcwiewZ©Z e¨vsK eë¯’v
Face Value †kqv‡ii cÖv_wgK g~j¨  we‡k¦i cÖ_g e¨vsK - mvbmx e¨vsK, Pxb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki bvg - evsjv‡`k e¨vsK|
K‡qKwU †`‡ki †kqvievRvi  Rvcv‡bi †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki bvg - e¨vsK Ae Rvcvb|
wbw° Rvcvb  fvi‡Zi †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki bvg - wiRvf© e¨vsK Ae BwÛqv|
Kmwc `wÿY †Kvwiqv  e„‡U‡bi ‡K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki bvg - e¨vsK Ae Bsj¨vÛ|
fvwiZ ZvBIqvb  gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki bvg wK?- †dWv‡ij wiRvf© wm‡÷g|
n¨vs‡m nsKs ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
ißvwb cÖwµqvKiY AÂj (EPZ)  e¨vsK kãwU cÖ_g †Kvb †`‡k eëüZ nq - BZvwj|
 Ôe¨vsKÕ kãwUi A_© - b`xi Zxi|
 EPZ c~Y©iƒc- Export Processing Zone.  AvaywbK e¨vs‡Ki m~Pbv nq - 1694 mv‡j|
 ‡`‡k †gvU EPZ-10wU| (miKvwi EPZ-8wU I †emiKvwi EPZ-2wU)|  we‡k¦i cÖ_g †K›`ªxq e¨vsK- w` e¨vsK Ae Bsj¨vÛ; 1694 mv‡j|
 cÖ_g EPZ ¯’vwcZ nq- 1983 mv‡j, PÆMÖv‡gi nvwjkn‡i|  Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g gymwjg e¨vsK - nvwee e¨vsK wj: (1941 mv‡j)|
 me©‡kl miKvwi (8g) EPZ- KY©dzjx, PÆMÖvg (2006)|  we‡k¦i cÖ_g my`wenxb e¨vsK †Kv_vq cÖwZwôZ nq- BZvwj|
 ‡`‡ki GKgvÎ K…wlwfwËK EPZ- DËiv, bxjdvgvix| we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vsK
 cÖ_g †e-miKvwi EPZ- REPZ (iv½ywbqv, PÆMÖvg)| e¨vs‡Ki bvg aiY
 AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K e„nËg EPZ- ‡Kvwiqvb EPZ (PÆMÖvg)| mvbmx e¨vsK we‡k¦i mycÖvPxb e¨vsK (L„:c~e© 600 A‡ã, Px‡b)
 wewmK KvR K‡i: ÿz`ª I KzwUi wk‡íi Rb¨| e¨vsK Ae ‡fwbm me©cÖ_g miKvix e¨vsK (1157 mv‡j)
wbg©vbvaxb wgimivB Bwc‡RW e¨vsK Ae myB‡Wb cÖ_g †bvU Bmy¨Kvix I mb`cÖvß e¨vsK (1656)
 †`‡ki wbg©vYvaxb 9g miKvwi Bwc‡RW ¯’vwcZ n‡”Q- PÆMÖv‡gi wn›`y¯’vb e¨vsK Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g e¨vsK (1700 mv‡j)
wgimivB Dc‡Rjvq| we‡k¦i cÖ_g mvsMVwbK †K›`ªxq e¨vsK; we‡k¦i wØZxq
e¨vsK Ae Bsj¨vÛ
 AvqZb- 1,138 GKi (wbwg©Z n‡j GwU n‡e evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo Bwc‡RW)| mb`cÖvß e¨vsK (1694 mv‡j)|
 cÖZ¨vwkZ wewb‡qv‡Mi jÿ¨gvÎv- 4.5 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK
 Kg©ms¯’vb m„wói jÿ¨gvÎv- 5 jÿ evsjv‡`wk e¨w³i Kg©ms¯’vb|  evsjv‡`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vsK - evsjv‡`k e¨vsK
 350wU wkí BDwbU ¯’vc‡bi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|  evsjv‡`k e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq- 16 wW‡m¤î, 1971
ev¯Íevqbvwab Bwc‡RW  evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki c~e©bvg- State Bank of Pakistan
µwgK Ae¯’vb AvqZb  evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki mì `ßi- gwZwSj, XvKv
1
MvBevÜv †Rjvi †Mvwe›`MÄ Dc‡Rjvi
450 GKi  evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb Kg©KZ©vi c`we- Mfb©i
mvcgviv BDwbq‡bi iscyi myMvi wgjm  evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki Mfb©‡ii †gqv`Kvj- 4 eQi
503.40 GKi  evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki kvLv- 10wU (cÖavb Kvh©vjq Qvov)
h‡kvi †Rjvi AfqbMi Dc‡Rjvi †cÖgevM
2
BDwbq‡b  evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g Mfb©i- G Gb nvwg`yjøvn
3
cvqiv mgy`ªe›`‡ii wbKUeZ©x cUzqvLvjx mì
413.03 GKi  eZ©gvb I 12Zg Mfb©i -Ave`yi iDd ZvjyK`vi
Dc‡Rjvi AvDwjqvcyi BDwbq‡b  evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki ¯’cwZ - kwdDj Kv‡ì|
 ‡`‡ki e„nËg Bwc‡RW wbg©vY Kiv n‡e- cUzqvLvjx‡Z|  evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g gwnjv †WcywU Mfb©i- bvRbxb myjZvbv|
 ‡ecRvi Z_¨ Abyhvqx, Bwc‡RW †_‡K †gvU ißvwbi wmsnfvMB Kiv  evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g bvix cwiPvjK- Aa¨vwcKv nvbœvbv †eMg|
n‡q‡Q PÆMÖvg I XvKv Bwc‡RW †_‡K|  evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cwiPvjbv cwil‡ì m`m¨- 9 Rb (1 Rb Mfb©i,
AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôv‡bi A_©‣bwZK m¤úK© I Pzw³mg~n 4Rb †WcywU Mfb©i I 4Rb m`m¨ i‡q‡Q)|
 c~Y©iƒc- Trade and Investment  cwiPvjbv cl©‡ì cÖ_g bvix cwiPvjK- Aa¨vwcKv nvbœvbv †eMg|
Cooperation Forum Agreement  evsjv‡`k e¨vsK cÖwkÿY GKv‡Wwg- XvKvi wgicy‡i Aew¯’Z|
TICFA  evsjv‡`k I hy³iv‡óªi g‡a¨ evwYR¨ I wewb‡qvM  evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g gwnjv gnveë¯’vcK- bvRbxb myjZvbv|
Pzw³ 25 b‡f¤î, 2013 mv‡j IqvwksU‡b  evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Zvi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i- 1991 mv‡j e¨vsK AvBb Øviv|
¯^vÿwiZ nq|  evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki UvKv Rv`yNi Pvjy nq- 2013 mv‡j; wgicy‡i Aew¯’Z|
miKvwi evwYwR¨K e¨vsK 
miKvwi †bv‡U ¯^ vÿi _v‡K- A_© mwP‡ei|
e¨vs‡Ki bvg cÖwZôv Z_¨ 
e¨vsK †bv‡U ¯^vÿi _v‡K- Mfb©‡ii
‡mvbvjx e¨vsK evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo evwYwR¨K 
200 UvKvi †bvU Pvjy nq- 17 gvP©, 2020
wj.
1972
e¨vsK| 
cÙv †mZz m¤^wjZ 100 UvKvi †bvU Pvjy- cÖavbgš¿x Aegy³ K‡ib 25
Ryb, 2022 (e¨vs‡K cvIqv hvq 26 Ryb n‡Z)
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †iwWK¨vk KvW© Pvjy
RbZv e¨vsK wj. 1972
K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki 2q e„nËg e¨vsK|  evsjv‡`k e¨vsK‡K †bv‡Ui g~‡jï kZKiv 30% ¯^Y© ev †i․c¨ ev
•e‡`wkK gy`ªv wiRvf© ivL‡Z nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g miKvwi e¨vsK wn‡m‡e
AMÖYx e¨vsK wj. 1972 Ab¨vb¨ A_© msµvšÍ Uvg© ‣ewkó¨
G‡R›U e¨vswKs Pvjy K‡i|
gy`ªv ms‡KvPb n‡jv gy`ªvi mieivn n«vm wKš‘
cyuwRevRv‡i ZvwjKvfz³ cÖ_g miKvwi
iƒcvjx e¨vsK wj. 1972 gy`ªv ms‡KvPb RvZxq Drcv`b e„w×| gy`ªv ms‡KvPb n‡jv
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK|
gy`ªvùxwZi wecixZ NUbv|
evsjv‡`k evsjv‡`k wkí e¨vsK I evsjv‡`k wkí
†Wfjc‡g›U 2009 FY ms¯’v GKxf‚Z n‡q cÖwZôv Kiv nq| ‡h bxwZi gva¨‡g A‡_©i †hvMvb wbqš¿Y Kiv nq
e¨vsK wj. Zv‡K gy`ªvbxwZ e‡j| gy`ªvbxwZi nvwZqvi ¸‡jv
n‡jv- e¨vsK nvi bxwZ (Bank Rate
†ewmK e¨vsK ÿz`ª wkí cÖwZôvb M‡o Zzj‡Z A_©vqb
1989 gy ` v
ª bxwZ Policy), †LvjvevRvi bxwZ (Open
wj. K‡i|
Market Policy) I Rgvi nvi cwieZ©b
miKvwi we‡klqvwZ e¨vsK bxwZ (Variable Reserve Ratio) n‡jv
e¨vs‡Ki bvg cÖwZôv Z_¨ gy`ªv wbqš¿Y c×wZ|
evsjv‡`k K…wl ivóªxq gvwjKvbvaxb e„nËg we‡klvwqZ ‡Kvb e¨vs‡K bM` A‡_©i msKU †`Lv w`‡j †mB
1973
e¨vsK e¨vsK Ges K…wl F‡Yi cÖavb Drm| e¨vsK Ab¨ e¨vsK †_‡K bM‡` FY wb‡Z cv‡i|
gy`ªv evRvi
ivRkvnx K…wl DËivÂ‡ji me©e„nr Dbœqb Askx`vi I GUvB gy`ªvevRvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU ¯^í‡gqvw`
1987
Dbœqb e¨vsK K…wl FY mieivnKvix Avw_©K cÖwZôvb| Znwe‡ji evRvi|
cÖevmx Kj¨vY cÖevmx‡ì mvwe©K Kj¨vY I e¨vs‡Ki PvwnevgvÎ, ZjegvÎ ev ¯^í †gqv‡` †bvwU‡ki
2011
e¨vsK D‡Ïk¨| Kj gvwb †cªwÿ‡Z cwi‡kva‡hvM¨ A_© n‡jv Kj gvwb
A-ZvwjKvfz³ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK (Call Money)
 A-ZvwjKvfz³ e¨vsK 5wU| Kj gvwbi nvi Kj gvwbi my‡ì nvi ev †iU|
 e¨vsK ewnf‚©Z Avw_©K cÖwZôvb 36wU| ‡h nv‡i †K›`ªxq e¨vsK Ab¨ e¨vsK‡K FY
e¨vsK nvi
†`q| eZ©gv‡b e¨vsK nvi 5%|
gy`ªv eë¯’v I †bvU cÖPjb
A‣ea ev Kv‡jv A_©‡K †Kv‡bv P‡µi gva¨‡g
 g~j¨ùxwZ ej‡Z †evSvq- mvaviY `vg¯Íi e„w×|
†jb‡`b Kivi cÖwµqv| mvaviYZ
 mvgwqKfv‡e gy`ªvùxwZ eÜ Kiv hvq - gy`ªvi mieivn wbqš¿Y K‡i
†PvivPvjvb, mš¿vm, `yb©xwZ, U¨v· duvwK, A¯¿
 gy`ªv bxwZ n‡jv - †h bxwZi mvnv‡h¨ A‡_©i †hvMvb wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| gvwb jÛvwis
†PvivPvjvb BZ¨vw` gvwb jÛvwis Gi gva¨‡g
 g~j¨ùxwZi KviY - gy`«vi mieivn e„w× wKš‘ RvZxq Drcv`b n«vm| Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡k 2002 mv‡j gvwb
 evsjv‡`‡ki 1, 2 I 5 UvKvi †bv‡U ¯^vÿi _v‡K - A_©mwP‡ei jÛvwis cÖwZ‡iva AvBb Kiv nq|
 evsjv‡`‡k avZe gy`ªv Pvjy nq - 4 Rvbyqvwi, 1973 mv‡j, MvRxcyi| ‣e‡`wkK gy`ªvi (Wjv‡ii) wewbg‡q †`kxq
 Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g KvM‡Ri gy`ªv Pvjy nh- 1857 mv‡j| gy`ªvi (UvKvi) g~j¨gvb †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki
 evsjv‡`‡ki wmwKDwiwU wcÖw›Us †cÖm Aew¯’Z - 4 gvP©, 1972 (1 I 100 †NvlYvi gva¨‡g Kwg‡q †Ìqv‡K
UvKvi †bvU)| Devaluation ev Aeg~j¨vqb e‡j| Gi
 1972 mv‡j m`¨ ¯^vaxb iv‡óªi gy`ªvi bvg ÔUvKvÕ Ges ms‡KZ ($) gy`ªvi Aeg~j¨vqb gva¨‡g ißvwb‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv nq Ges
wba©viY Kiv nq| Avg`vwb wbiærmvwnZ Kiv nq|
(Devaluation)
 AvšÍR©vwZK †jb‡`‡b evsjv‡`wk gy`ªvi †KvW- BDT Devaluation Gi wecixZ Evaluation
 Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g gy`ªv AvBb cvm nq- 1835 mv‡j| ev AwZg~j¨vqb| ¯’vbxq gy`ªvi Aeg~j¨vqb
 Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g KvM‡Ri gy`ªv Pvjy nq- 1857 mv‡j| n‡j ißvwb ev‡o|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g avZe gy`ªv Pvjy nq- 1973 mv‡j| Pxb I Rvcvb GB bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡Q|
 `yj©f gy`ªv ejv nq- Wjvi I cvDÛ‡K
1, 2, 5 UvKvi Kv¸‡R †bvU Ges 1, 5, 10, 25 I gy`ªvùxwZ
miKvwi gy`ªv  hLb †`‡k cÖPwjZ A‡_©i cwigvY Drcvw`Z †gvU `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi Zzjbvq
50 cqmvi gy`ªv|
 †gvU: 8wU| h_v: 1 cqmv, 5 cqmv, 10 cqmv, 25 AwaK nq Ges Zvi d‡j `ªe¨g~j¨ ev `vg ¯Íi µgvMZ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K
cqmv I 50 cqmv; 1 UvKv, 2 UvKv I 5 UvKv †mB Ae¯’v‡K gy`ªvùxwZ e‡j|
 cÖeZ©bKvix: A_© gš¿Yvjq  gy`ªvùxwZi KviY mg~n n‡jv:
 cÖ_g avZe gy`ªv: 5 cqmv I 10 cqmv 1. A‡_©i †hvMvb e„w× 2. miKv‡ii AwZwi³ A_© 3. gRyix e„w×
avZe gy`ªv 4. hy× RwbZ e¨q wbe©vn 5. cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM|
(1973)| 1974 mv‡j 1 gy`ªv Pvjy nq|
 avZe gy`ªv •Zwi nq: A¨vjywgwbqvg w`‡q|  eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Z_v µq
 we:`ª: wewa Abyhvqx avZe gy`ªv KL‡bvB A‣ea ÿgZvi wfwË‡Z •e‡`wkK gy`ªvi wewbgq nvi wba©vwiZ nq|
bq| AcÖPwjZ n‡jI •ea|  gy`ªvi Aeg~j¨vqb NUv‡bv nq- ißvwbi e„w×i j‡ÿ¨|
10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 Ges 1000 UvKv  gy`ªv wewbgq nvi 2 ai‡bi-
e¨vsK †bvU 1. fvimvg¨ gy`ªv wewbgq nvi 2. w¯’i gy`ªv wewbgq nvi|
g~j¨gv‡bi 7wU †bvU| cÖeZ©K- evsjv‡`k e¨vsK|
 `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi Zzjbvq A‡_©i †hvMvb †ewk n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq- gy`ªvùxwZ|  wek¦e¨vs‡Ki mì `ßi - IqvwksUb wW.wm (hy³ivóª)|
 ÔwbK…ó gy`ªv DrK…ó gy`ªv‡K evRvi †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡iÕ- GwU †MÖkv‡gi  wek¦e¨vs‡Ki eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v - 190 wU| (G‡Ûviv)
gy`ªvwewa bv‡g cwiwPZ|  wek¦e¨vsK †_‡K m`m¨c` cÖZ¨vnviKvix GKgvÎ †`k - wKDev (1960)
 GKwU †`‡ki Avg`vwb I ißvwbi wewbgq nvi‡K e‡j- wewbgq g~j¨|  wek¦e¨vsK †h ai‡bi ms¯’v - we‡klvwqZ ms¯’v|
 e¨vsK n‡jv Avw_©K ga¨¯’ZvKvix, avi I F‡Yi Kvievwi- †Kqvb©µm|  evsjv‡`‡ki F‡Yi mgš^qK - wek¦e¨vsK|
 Fb`v‡bi me©‡kl AvkÖq¯’j- †K›`ªxq e¨vsK|  1g ‡`k wn‡m‡e FY MÖnY K‡i - d«vÝ|
 miKv‡ii e¨vsK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i- †K›`ªxq e¨vsK|  cÖavb A_©bxwZwe` - wc‡bjwc †K․wR‡bU †MvìevM©|
 GQvovI †K›`ªxq e¨vsK-gy`ªv I †bvU cÖPjb, gy`ªvgvb msiÿY, gy`ªvevRvi  wek¦e¨vsK I AvBGgGd Gi RbK - jW© †KBbm, n¨vwi †W·Uvi|
cwiPvjbv, FY wbqš¿Y I wewbgq wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K|
 wek¦ e¨vs‡K cÖavb wbe©vwPZ nb - hy³ivóª †_‡K|
 wbKvkNi ejv nq- †K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K|
 weªUb DWm Bbw÷wUDkb ejv nq - wek¦ e¨vsK I IMF ‡K|
ÿz`ª FY wek¦e¨vs‡Ki A½ms¯’v : 5wU
gvB‡µv‡µwWU Micro-credit Regulatory Authority  5wU ms¯’vi mì`ßi - IqvwksUb wW.wm, hy³ivóª|
†i¸‡jUwi (MRA) evsjv‡`‡ki ÿz`ª FY cÖ`vbKvix International Bank for Reconstruction and
A_wiwU cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni wbqš¿YKvix KZ…©cÿ| IBRD
Development.
Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation (PKSF) IFC International Finance Corporation.
RyjvB 2021-Gi wn‡m‡e Abyhvqx cÖvq 1 †KvwU 40 jÿ
cwievi‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi Avw_©K, cÖvq 1 †KvwU 40 jÿ IDA International Development Association.
cjøx Kg©-mnvqK
dvD‡Ûkb cwievi‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi Avw_©K A-Avw_©K †mev cÖ`vb International Centre for Settlement
ICSID
K‡i| GwU SEIP-Skills for Employment Invesment Disputes
Investment Program cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q| MIGA Multilateral investment Guarantee Agency.
†mvk¨vj
SDF- Social Development Foundation  wek¦e¨vs‡Ki 5wU A½ ms¯’vb¸‡jvi Kvh©µg:
eZ©gv‡b RvwZmsN †NvwlZ 17wU †UKmB Dbœqb IBRD (1945) wek¦e¨vs‡Ki g~j Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i|
†W‡fjc‡g›U
jÿ¨gvÎv (GmwWwR) Gi g‡a¨ 9wU jÿ¨gvÎv ARb© IFC (1956) ‡emiKvwi Lv‡Z ÿz`ª FY †`q|
dvD‡Ûkb
miKv‡ii mnvqK wn‡m‡e Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q| mnR k‡Z© FY †`q| hv ‘International
IDA (1960)
ÿz`ªFY m¤úwK©Z wKQz GbwRI Soft Loan Window’ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
cÖwZôvZv W. gynv¤§` BDb~m| 1983 mv‡j we‡klvwqZ cyuwR-wewb‡qvMRwbZ we‡iva gxgvsmvi eë¯’v
ICSID (1966)
cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e MÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq| 2006 K‡i|
mv‡j `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ MÖvgxY e¨vsK MIGA (1988) wewb‡qv‡M M¨vivw›U cÖ`vb K‡i|
Ges gynv¤§` BDb~m †h․_fv‡e kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi IMF
MÖvgxY e¨vsK jvf K‡ib| gvB‡µv‡µwWU m‡¤§j‡bi Ab¨Zg
D‡`¨v³v MÖvgxY e¨vsK| MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki D‡`¨v‡M
 IMF cÖwZôv nq - 1945 mv‡j|
cÖewZ©Z ÿz`ª FY Kg©m~wP we‡kî `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨  Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i - 1947 mv‡j|
Qwo‡q †`qvi Rb¨ me©cÖ_g 1997 mv‡j gvB‡µv‡µwWU  IMF Gi c~Y©iƒc - International Monetary Fund.
m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq|  IMF cÖwZwôZ nq †h m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g - weªUb DWm& m‡¤§jb|
1972 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK  IMF Gi mì`ßi - IqvwksUb wW.wm (hy³ivóª)|
Dbœq‡b we‡kî me©e„nr ÿz`ªFY `vbKvix GbwRI| Gi  AvBGgGd wewfbœ †`k‡K wiRvf© mnvqZv †`q| hv SDR (Special
eª¨vK
cÖwZôv‡bi m¨vi dR‡j nvmvb Av‡e`| we‡kî cÖvq Drawing Rights) wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| AvBGgGd Gi cvuPwU wiRvf©
13wU †`‡k eª¨v‡Ki Kvh©µg Pvjy i‡q‡Q| gy`ªv i‡q‡Q| h_v: gvwK©b Wjvi, BD‡iv, B‡qb, weªwUk cvDÛ ÷vwj©s,
1991 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ Avkv ¯^í e¨q I †UKmB ÿz`ªFY BDqb|
Avkv Kg©m~wP `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b we‡kl g‡Wj wn‡m‡e  AvBGgGd Gi F‡Yi m‡½ †hme kZ© †Ìqv nq Zvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q
cwiwPwZ †c‡q‡Q| Av‡jvwPZ welq n‡”Q KvVv‡gvMZ mgš^q (Structural Adujstment)
mgy`ª A_©bxwZ (Blue Economy)  evsjv‡`k AvBGgGd Gi Kv‡Q FY †P‡q‡Q †gvU- 10 evi| cÖ_gevi
 mgy`ª †_‡K †h m¤ú` Avnib Kiv nq Ges mgy`ª‡K wN‡i gvby‡li A_©‣bwZK FY wb‡qwQj 1974 mv‡j|
Kg©KvÛ †m¸‡jv‡K mgy`ª A_©‣bwZK (Blue Economy) Gi AvIZvq c‡i|  IMF Gi Kg©m~Px- SDR, SAP, RST
meyR A_©bxwZ (Green Economy)  Dbœqbkxj we‡k^ FY`vb kZ© ev bxwZgvjv- SAP.
 meyR A_©bxwZ Ggb GKwU eë¯’v †hLv‡b cwi‡e‡ki SzuwK Kwg‡q Ges B‡KvjwRKvj ADB
`y®úÖvc¨Zvi cÖwZ †Lqvj †i‡L gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y Drcv`b Kiv n‡e|  c~Y©iƒc - Asian Development Bank.
 GwU wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q UNEP (United Nation Environmental  ADB Gi mì `ßi Aew¯’Z - g¨vwbjv (wdwjcvBb)|
Programme) bv‡g RvwZms‡Ni we‡klvwqZ ms¯’vwU| World Economic Forum
AvšÍR©vwZK Avw_©K cÖwZôvb/eûRvwZK A_©‣bwZK ms¯’v  wek^ A_© ‣bwZK †dvivg (World Economic Forum) †R‡bfv
GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn& | wfwËK GKwU AjvfRbK •ewk^K ms¯’v|
 cÖwZôv: 1971 mv‡ji 20 Rvbyqvwi K¬vDm †mvqve bvgK myBRvij¨v‡Ûi
World Bank eëmvq wkÿvi Aa¨vcK ms¯’vwUi †MvovcËb K‡ib|
 wek¦e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq - 1944 mv‡j|  D‡Ïk¨: eëmvqx, ivR‣bwZK, GKv‡WwgK Ges mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨
 wek¦e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq - weªUb DWm& m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g (1944 mv‡ji †bZv‡ì mgš^‡q MwVZ ms¯’vwU wbqwgZ evrmwiK Av‡qvRb Kiv QvovI
RyjvB gv‡m G m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq)| wewfbœ M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K|
 cÖwZeQi wbqwgZfv‡e ms¯’vwUi evrmwiK Awa‡ekb e‡m myBRvij¨v‡Ûi Px‡bi †kqvi - 29.8%
`v‡fv‡m [ZvQvov cÖwZeQi ms¯’vi ÔA¨vbyqvj wgwUs Ad w` wbD Askx`vi evsjv‡`‡ki †kqvi= me †`‡ki mgvb (20%)
P¨vw¤úqbmÕ e‡m Px‡b]| .6729% (cÖvq - .7%)
 2015 mv‡j WEF Gi m‡¤§j‡b 4_© wkí wecø‡ei aviYv †`qv nq| weKí wek^ e¨vs‡Ki
AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwe‡ji
D‡jøL¨, ms¯’vi me©‡kl evrmwiK Awa‡ekb (52Zg) AbywôZ nq- 22- (IMF)
26 †g, 2022 (`v‡fv‡m)| OPEC
AvšÍR©vwZK A_©‣bwZK †RvU  we‡k¦i †Zj ißvwbKviK †`k¸‡jvi msMVb - OPEC
GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn& |  OPEC G c~Y©iƒc - Organization of Petroleum Exporting
 BRICS  Countries.
 BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa.  cÖwZôv - 1960 mv‡j|
 cwiPq: we‡kî e„nr A_©‣bwZK kw³/ D`xqgvb A_©‣bwZK ms¯’v|  D‡`¨v³v †`k - †f‡bRy‡qjv|
 cÖ_g aviYv †`qv nq: 2001 mv‡j gvwK©b wewb‡qvM e¨vsK Goldman  mì `ßi - wf‡qbv, Aw÷ªqv|
Sachs Gi ZrKvjxY †Pqvig¨vb Jim Q Neil Zvui Building Better  OPEC fz³ A-Avie Gkxq †`k - B‡›`v‡bwkqv I Bivb|
Global Economic BRIC cÖKvkbvq| D-8
 AvbyôvwbK †NvlYv: 2006 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î eªvwRj, ivwkqv, BwÛqv I Pxb  Dbœqbkxj †`k ¸‡jvi ms¯’v - D-8 (Developing-8)
ciivóªgš¿xiv wbDBq‡K© wgwjZ n‡q AvbyôvwbKfv‡e BRIC MV‡bi †NvlYv †`b|  D-8 cÖwZwôZ nq - 1997 mv‡j|
 BRICS cÖwZôv - 2008 mv‡j|  D-8 Gi mì `ßi Aew¯’Z - B¯Ív¤^yj (Zzi¯‥)|
 BRICS -Gi me©‡kl m`m¨ - `wÿY Avwd«Kv (2010 mvj)|  D-8 Gi m`m¨ msL¨v - 8wU| g‡b ivL‡eb †hfv‡e: evc gv bvB ZzwgB me
 BRICS mì`ßi - mvsnvB, Pxb| (ev = evsjv‡`k, c = cvwK¯Ívb, gv = gvj‡qwkqv, bv = bvB‡Rwiqv, B =
 cÖ_g mfv: ivwkqvi B‡qKv‡Zwibev‡M© [16 Ryb, 2009] B‡›`v‡bwkqv, Zz = Zzi¯‥, wg = wgki, B = Bivb|
 BRIC †_‡K BRICS nq: 2001 mv‡j `wÿY Avwd«Kv BRIC-G †hvM w`‡j| G-7
 13Zg m‡¤§jb: 09 †mÞ¤î, 2021 (fviZ)  G-7 c~Y©iƒc - Group of Seven.
 14Zg m‡¤§jb: 2022 [Px‡b]  G-7 n‡jv - we‡k¦i wk‡ívbœZ I abx †`k¸‡jvi msMVb|
 BRICS fz³ †`k¸‡jv:  mì`ßi - †bB|
 c„w_exi †gvU RbmsL¨vi : 04% [3.1 wewjqb]
 G-7 fz³ GKgvÎ Gkxq †`k - Rvcvb|
 c„w_exi †gvU AvqZb: cÖvq 27%|
 wRwWwci AvKvi: 18.6 wUªwjqb Wjvi|  c„w_exi wØZxq kxl© wk‡ívbœZ n‡qI wR-7 m`m¨ bq - Pxb|
 BRICS e¨vs‡Ki bvg: New Development Bank (NDB)  m`m¨ †`k - 7wU|
Z_¨ AIIB NDB  g‡b ivL‡eb †hfv‡e: AJI Rvg©vwb‡Z, CEF g‡b K‡i|
Asian A = Av‡gwiKv, J = Rvcvb, I = BZvwj, Rvg©vwb‡Z = Rvg©vwb, C =
New Development KvbvWv, E = Bsj¨vÛ, F = d«vÝ|
c~Y©iƒc Insfrastructure
Investment Bank
Bank  NOTE : 1997 mv‡j ivwkqv G-7 G †hvM`vb Ki‡j ms¯’vi bvg nq G-
cÖwZôv 2016 2015 8| wKš‘ 2014 mv‡j ivwkqv BD‡µ‡bi KvQ †_‡K wµwgqv DcØxc `Lj
Articles of Ki‡j G-8 ‡_‡K ivwkqv‡K ev` w`‡q ms¯’vi bvgKiY Kiv nq G-7|
cÖwZôvi Pzw³ 2014 mv‡ji m‡¤§jb G-20
Agreement 2015
Pvjy 16 Rvbyqvwi, 2016 RyjvB, 2015  G-20 cÖwZwôZ nq- 1999 mv‡j; m`m¨ msL¨v- 20wU (19wU †`k +
mvsnvB BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb)| †h ai‡bi msMVb- Group of Twenty
mì `ßi ‡eBwRs [Iwi‡q›Uvj dvBbvbwmqvj Finance Ministers and Central bank Governonrs.
UvIqvi]  we‡kî abx †`k¸‡jv msMV‡bi bvg- wR-20|
9wU †`k [Kvh©Kix = 08wU]  cwiwPwZ - fwel¨‡Z wR- 20 Major Economics †Mvôx wR-7 Gi
evsjv‡`k-16 †m‡Þ¤î, ¯’jvwfwl³ n‡e|
2021 G-77
m`m¨ 105wU (Kvh©Kix- 86wU) mshy³ Avie AvwgivZ- 4
 cÖwZôv- 15 Rby, 1964| evsjv‡`k wR-77 Gi †Pqvig¨vb wQj- 1982
A‡±vei, 2021
cÖ¯ÍvweZ - 2wU [Diæ¸‡q I mv‡j GwU RvwZms‡Ni Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni GKwU A_©‣bwZK
wgki] msMVb| GB msMV‡bi †Kv‡bv mì`ßi †bB|
cÖwZôvKvjxb 57wU [Z‡e Pzw³‡Z ¯^vÿi  D‡Ïk¨- Z…Zxq we‡kî Z_v Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi A_©‣bwZK I
BRICS fz³ 5 †`k evwYwR¨K ¯^v_© iÿv Kiv|
m`m¨ 37wU]
KLbI m`m¨ G-12
hy³ivóª, Rvcvb I KvbvWv  G-12 n‡”Q we‡kî 13wU wk‡ívbœZ †`k hviv AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨
n‡e bv
D‡`¨v³v Pxb fviZ wbqš¿Y K‡i|
gv‡K©vm cÖv‡`v Uªq‡Rv  wR-12 Gi eZ©gvb m`m¨ 13 n‡jI Gi bvg wR-12B ejv nq| Gi
‡cÖwm‡W›U wRb wjKzb (Pxb)
(eªvwRj, 2q) cÖwZôvKvjxb bvg wQj wR-10+ †¯úb Ges A‡÷ªwjqv; Gici 1984
‡Pqvig¨vb c` †bB ivwkqv mv‡j myBRvij¨vÛ AšÍfz©³ n‡iI Gi bvg wR-12 B _v‡K| eZ©gvb
fvlv Bs‡iwR, divwm I Pxbv Bs‡iwR 13wU m`m¨ n‡jv- Rvcvb, KvbvWv, Rvg©vwb, BZvwj, d«vÝ, hy³ivóª,
Pxb (26%), evsjv‡`‡ki hy³ivR¨, wbDwRj¨vÛ, †¯úb, myBRvij¨vÛ, myB‡Wb, A‡÷ªwjqv I
‡f‡Uv ÿgZv me †`‡ki mgvb †ejwRqvg|
83%
G-15 SDG
 cÖwZôv- †m‡Þ¤î, 1989 mv‡j; mì`ßi- †R‡bfv, myBRvij¨vÛ;  2015 mv‡j MDG Gi ¯’‡j SDG = Sustainable
m`m¨- 17wU †`k| Development Goals cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq|
 cwiwPwZ- Z…Zxq we‡kî †`kmg~‡ni GKwU A_©‣bwZK MÖæc|  25-27 †m‡Þ¤î -2015, wbDBqK©, hy³iv‡óª SDG M„nxZ nq|
APEC  wgwjwbqvg †W‡fjc‡g›U Gi †gqv` †kl nq 11 wW‡m¤î, 2015|
 cÖwZôv: 6 b‡f¤î, 1989; mì`ßi: wm½vcyi wmwU, wm½vcyi|  SDG Gi jÿ¨- 17wU|
 cÖwZôvZv m`m¨: 12wU (A‡÷ªwjqv, eªæbvB, KvbvWv, B‡›`v‡bwkqv,  SDG Gi mgqKvj- 2016-2030 mvj|
Rvcvb, `wÿY †Kvwiqv, gvj‡qwkqv, wbDwRj¨vÛ, wdwjcvBb, wm½vcyi,  jÿ¨ ¸‡jv n‡jv-
_vBj¨vÛ, gvwK©b hy³ivóª)| 1. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb 2. ÿzav gyw³
 eZ©gvb m`m¨ †`k- 21wU (cÖwZôvKvjxb 12wU I wPwj, Pxb, nsKs, 3. ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z Rxeb 4. gvbm¤§Z wkÿv
†gw·‡Kv, cvcyqv wbDwMwb, †ciæ, ivwkqv, ZvBIqvb, wf‡qZbvg)| 5. wj½ mgZv 6. my‡cq cvwb I cqtwb®‥vkb
 ms¯’v cÖav‡bi c`we- wbe©vnx cwiPvjK; cÖ_g kxl© •eVK nq- K¨vb‡eiv, A‡÷ªwjqv| 7. bevqb‡hvM¨ I e¨qmva¨ R¦vjvbx
OECD 8. Kg©ms¯’vb I A_©bxwZ 9. D™¢veb I DbœZ AeKvVv‡gv
 c~Y©iƒc: Orgainization for Economic Co-operation Development 10. Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK •elg¨ n«vm
 cÖwZôv- 30 †m‡Þ¤î, 1961; mì`ßi- c¨vwim, d«vÝ| 11. †UKmB bMi I m¤úª`vq 12. m¤ú‡ì `vwqZ¡c~Y© eënvi
 m`m¨msL¨v- 36; Awdwmqvj fvlv: Bs‡iwR I †d«Â| 13. Rjevqy wel‡q c`‡ÿc 14. †UKmB gnvmvMi
BD‡ivcxqvb BDwbqb 15. f‚wgi †UKmB eënvi
 we‡kî Ab¨Zg e„nr AvÂwjK ivR‣bwZK †RvU n‡”Q- BD‡ivcxqvb 16. kvwšÍ, bvqwePvi I Kvh©Ki cÖwZôvb
BDwbqb| Gi m`m¨ †`k ev BBDfz³ †`k- 27wU| 17. †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Askx`vwiZ¡
 cÖwZôv-1 Rvbyqvwi, 1958| Abbreviation
 BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi mì`ßi- †ejwRqv‡gi ivRavbx eªv‡mj‡m| GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn& |
 BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbqbfz³ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ BD‡iv gy`ªv Pvjy Av‡Q Ggb GNP Gross National Product.
†`k‡K e‡j BD‡iv‡Rvb| Gi m`m¨- 20wU| GSP Generalized System of Preference
 BD‡ivc gy`ªvi RbK- ievU© gy‡Ûj| BD‡ivc gy`ªv Pvjy nq g¨vw÷ª± BGB Border Guard of Bangladesh
Pzw³i gva¨‡g| BIDA Bangladesh Investment Development Authority
 me©‡kl BD‡iv MÖnYKvix †µv‡qwkqv| NNP Net National Product.
 BD‡ivgvwb- jÛbwfwËK A_©‣bwZK Rvb©vj| WASA Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
 EEC- European Economic Community cÖwZwôZ nq- †ivg EMTS Electronic Money Transfer Service
Pzw³, 1957 Gi gva¨‡g| BCIC Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation
 EEC †_‡K EU nq- 1993 mv‡j| BPC Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation
 EU Gi mxgvšÍiÿx evwnbx- Frontex. BTTB Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board
 European Parliament Aew¯’Z- jy‡·gev‡M©| Bangladesh Sugar and Good Industries
 Europol (European Polic Office)- Gi Kvh©vjq - †nM, BSFIC
Corporation
†b`vij¨vÛm| PPP Public-Private Partnership
 BD‡ivcxq Kwgk‡bi eZ©gvb cÖavb- Dimyjv WvbWvi †jb (Rvg©vwb)| GEP Guaranteed Mail Service
 BD‡ivcxq †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb -wµw÷bv jvMv`© (d«vÝ)| GB FDI Foreign Direct Investment
e¨vs‡Ki mì`ßi d«v¼dzU, Rvg©vwb| NTO National Tourism Organization
Brexit EMS Express Mail Service
 British Exit = Brexit: EU ‡_‡K hy³iv‡Rï †ei n‡q hvIqvi cÖwµqv| Bangladesh Telecommunication Company
23 Ryb, Brexit Bmy¨‡Z hy³iv‡R¨ MY‡fvU AbywôZ n‡qwQj| BTCL
Limited.
2016 51.9% RbMY †eªw·U Bmy¨‡Z †fvU †`q| Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration and
31 Rvbyqvwi, Brexit Act Kvh©Ki| A_©vr, weª‡Ub 47 eQi ci BAPEX
Production Co. Ltd.
2020 BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Z¨vM K‡i| BERC Bangladesh Energy Regulation Commission.
 weª‡U‡bi BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb Z¨v‡Mi djvdj: BCIC Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation
1. Divorce Bill: 2007 mv‡ji wjmeb Pzw³i 50 bs Aby‡”Q` SIM Subscriber Identity Module
Abymv‡i hy³iv‡Rï EU ‡K 2057 mvj bvMv` 39 wewjqb cvDÛ CGPA Cumulative Grade Point Average.
cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e| GRE Graduate Record Examination
2. hy³iv‡Rï cvm‡cv‡U©i is jvj †_‡K bxj n‡q hvq| TOEFL Test of English as a foreign Language.
3. Backstop: hy³iv‡Rï DËi Avqvij¨vÛ w`‡q BBD m`m¨ †`k Bangladesh Instutitue of Research and
BIRDEM Rehabilitation in Diabetes Endocrine and
Avqvij¨v‡Ûi gva¨‡g BBD‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ †h Pzw³ nq ZvB Metabolic Disorders.
e¨vK÷c| VAT Value Added Tax.
4. BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi eZ©gvb m`m¨ n‡q hvq 27wU| ATM Automated/Automatic Teller Machine.
 Brexit Bmy¨‡Z hy³iv‡Rï c`Z¨vM Kiv 2 Rb cÖavbgš¿x: †WwfW VGF Vulnerable Group Feeding.
K¨vgiæb I †_‡imv †g OMS Open Market Sale
OSS One Stop Service  PÆMÖvg ‡c․imfvi cÖ_g †Pqvig¨vb-dRj Kwig|
ICB Investment Corporation of Bangladesh.  PÆMÖvg ‡c․imfv‡K PÆMÖvg wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡b DbœxZ Kiv nq-31 RyjvB,
BSTI Bangladesh Standards and Testing Instituion. 1990 mv‡j|
LDC Least Developed Countries.  PÆMÖvg wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g wbe©vwPZ †gqi-GweGg gwnDwÏb †P․ayix|
Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers &  PÆMÖvg wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi eZ©gvb †gqi- †iRvDj Kwig|
BGMEA  PÆMÖvg wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi IqvW© msL¨v-41wU|
Exproters Association.
SME Small & Medium Enterprises.  PÆMÖvg Dbœqb KZ…©cÿ cÖwZwôZ nq-1959 mv‡j|
Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Lyjbv wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb
FBCCI  Lyjbv wgDwbwmc¨vjwU MwVZ nq-8 †m‡Þ¤î, 1884 mv‡j|
Commerce and Industry.
PIN Personal Identification Number.  Lyjbv wgDwbwmc¨vjwUi cÖ_g †Pqvig¨vb-MMY P›`ª `Ë|
MICR Magnetic Ink Character Recognition.  Lyjbv wgDwbwmc¨vj K‡c©v‡ikb‡K Lyjbv wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb G DbœxZ Kiv
EFT Electronic Fund Transfer. nq-6 AvM÷ 1990 mv‡j|
TCB Trading Corporation of Bangladesh.  Lyjbv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g wbe©vwPZ †gqi-‡kL •Zqeyi ingvb|
EPB Export Promotion Bureau  Lyjbv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi eZ©gvb †gqi-Avwbmyi ingvb wek¦vm|
Real Estate and Housing Association of  Lyjbv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi IqvW© msL¨v-31wU|
REHAB
Bangaldesh  Lyjbv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi AvqZb-4,565 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi|
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb
TRIPS  ivRkvnx wgDwbwmc¨vj K‡c©v‡ikb Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi nq-1987 mv‡j|
Property Rights
DCCI Dhaka chamber of commerce & industries  ivRkvnx wefvMxq kni wnmv‡e gh©v`v jvf K‡i-1947 mv‡j|
 ivRkvnx wgDwbwmc¨vj‡K ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡b DbœxZ Kiv nq-
bMi AÂj I cwiKíbv 1989 mv‡j|
 ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g wbe©vwPZ †gqi-wgRvbyi ingvb wgby|
wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb  ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi eZ©gvb †gqi-Lvqiæ¾vgvb wjUb|
GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn&|  ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi IqvW© msL¨v-35wU|
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb- XvKv (1990)  ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi msiwÿZ bvix Avmb-10wU|
 XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡b cÖ_g wbe©vPb nq- 1994 mv‡j| ewikvj wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb
 cwiKwíZ XvKvi Rb¨ †NvwlZ nq- W¨vc|  ewikvj †c․imfv cÖ w ZwôZ nq-1870 mv‡j|
 DAP- Detailed Area Plan (wek` AÂj cwiKíbv)  ewikvj †c․imfv‡K ewikvj wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡b iæcvšÍi Kiv nq-9 GwcÖj
 wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb- ¯’vbxq miKvi gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b| 2001 mv‡j|
 wmwU †gqi‡ì kc_ cvV Kivb- cÖavbgš¿x|  ewikvj wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi IqvW© msL¨v-30wU|
 XvKvi †gqiiv †fvM K‡ib- gš¿xi gh©v`v|  ewikvj wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g †gqi-Avnmvb nvexe Kvgvj|
 XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb‡K wejyß †NvlYv Kiv nq- 29 b‡f¤î, 2011|  ewikvj wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g wbe©vwPZ †gqi-A¨vW‡fv‡KU gwReyi
 XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb‡K `ywU cÖkvmwbK AÂ‡j wef³ Kivi †NvlYv Kiv ingvb miIqvi|
nq - 04 wW‡m¤î, 2011  ewikvj wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi eZ©gvb †gqi- mvw`K Avãyjøvn
 XvKv DËi I XvKv `wÿY wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi hvÎv ïiæ - 01 †deªæqvwi, 2012| wm‡jU wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb
 eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi msL¨v KqwU - 12wU (me©‡kl gqgbwmsn )  wm‡jU wgDwbwmc¨vj †evW© cÖwZwôZ nq-1867 mv‡j|
XvKv DËi I `wÿY wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb  wm‡jU †c․imfvi cÖ_g †Pqvig¨vb-ivq evnv`yi `yjvjP›`ª|
 XvKv cÖ_g †c․imfvi gh©v`v jvf K‡i-1 AvM÷, 1864 mv‡j|  wm‡jU †c․imfv‡K wm‡jU wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡b DbœxZ Kiv nq-9 GwcÖj,
 XvKv †c․imfvi cÖ_g †Pqvig¨vb-wWw÷ªK g¨vwR‡÷ªU wg÷vi w¯‥bvi| 2001 mv‡j|
 XvKv †c․imfv‡K ÔXvKv wgDwbwmc¨vj K‡c©v‡ikbÕ G DbœxZ Kiv nq -  wm‡jU wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb hvÎv ïiæ K‡i-28 RyjvB, 2002 mv‡j|
30 †m‡Þ¤î, 1978 mv‡j|  wm‡jU wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g wbe©vwPZ †gqi-eìDwÏb Avng` Kvgivb|
 XvKv wgDwbwmc¨vj K‡c©v‡ikb‡K XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡b DbœxZ Kiv nq  wm‡jU wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi IqvW© msL¨v-27wU|
1990 mv‡j| bvivqYMÄ wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb
 RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g †gqi-‡gvnv¤§` nvwbd|  bvivqYMÄ wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb MwVZ nq-5 †g, 2011|
 XvKv‡K †f‡½ DËi I `wÿY wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡b DbœxZ Kiv nq-1  bvivqYMÄ wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g cÖkvmK-kvn Kvgvj|
wW‡m¤î, 2011 mv‡j|  bviqYMÄ wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g †gqi wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq-30
 XvKv DËi wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi IqvW© msL¨v-36wU Ges msm`xq GjvKv 7wU| A‡±vei, 2011 mv‡j|
 XvKv `wÿY wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi IqvW© msL¨v-57wU Ges msm`xq GjvKv 8wU|  bvivqYMÄ wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g wbe©vwPZ †gqi-Wv. †mwjbv nvqvr AvBfx|
 XvKvi `wÿY wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi †gqi- e¨vwi÷vi †kL dR‡j b~i Zvcm Kywgjøv wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb
PÆªMÖvg wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb  Kz wgjø v wmwU K‡c© v‡ikb MwVZ nq-10 RyjvB, 2011 mv‡j|
 Kzwgjøv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g cÖkvmK-bvwmi DwÏb Avng‡`|
 PÆMÖvg wgDwbwmc¨vjwU MwVZ nq-22 Ryb, 1863 mv‡j| cÖ_g cÖkvmK  Kzwgjøv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g wbe©vwPZ †gqi-gwbiæj nK mv°z|
†R.wW IqvW©| iscyi wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb
 PÆMÖvg wgDwbwmc¨vjwUi cÖ_g wbe©vwPZ †Pqvig¨vb-Lvb evnv`yi Avãym mvËvi|  iscyi †Rjv MwVZ nq-16 wW‡m¤î, 1869 mv‡j|
 PÆMÖvg wgDwbwmc¨vjwU‡K PÆMÖvg †c․imfvq DbœxZ Kiv nq-27 Ryb,  iscyi Kv‡j±U‡iU cÖwZôv jvf K‡i-1769 mv‡j|
1977 mv‡j|  iscyi †Rjv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡b iæcvšÍwiZ nq-2012 mv‡j|
 cÖ_g iscyi wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq-21 wW‡m¤î, 2012 mv‡j|  RvZxq msm‡` Ô‡Rjv cwil` AvBb 2000Õ cvm nq K‡e- 3 RyjvB 2000 mv‡j|
 iscyi wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g †gqi-kidzwÏb Avn‡¤§` S›Uz|  MÖvg cwil‡ì bvg cwieZ©b Kiv nq KZ mv‡j- 1980 mv‡j|
 iscyi wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡b Dc‡Rjv msL¨v-8wU|  wRiv‡ev‡Z MÖvg miKvi K‡e MwVZ nq- 30 GwcÖj 1989 mv‡j|
MvRxcyi wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb  MÖvg miKv‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v KZ- 15 Rb|
 AvqZ‡b †`‡ki me‡P‡q eo wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb-MvRxcyi wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb|  MÖvg miKvi AvBb 2003 nvB‡KvU© KZ…©K K‡e A‣ea †NvlYv Kiv nq- 2
AvM÷ 2007|
 MvRxcyi †Rjv MwVZ nq-1984 mv‡j|
 MvRxcyi wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi IqvW© msL¨v-9wU| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
 MvRxcyi †Rjvq Dc‡Rjvi msL¨v-5wU| 1. bvixiv cÖ_g (evsjv‡`‡k)BDwbqb cwil‡` msiwÿZ Avm‡b mivmwi †fv‡U
wbe©vwPZ nq-1997 mv‡j|
 MvRxcyi wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g †gqi-Gg G gvbœvb|
2. evsjv‡`k cywj‡ki cÖav‡bi cèx-AvBwRwc|
 eZ©gvb †gqi - Rv‡q`v LvZzb| 3. e½eÜz wbnZ nb-15 AvMó 1975 mv‡j|
wewfbœ †cÖwÿ‡Z †Rjv 4. evsjv‡`k Dbœqb †dviv‡gi (GBW K¬ve) GKgvÎ Gkxq †`k-Rvcvb|
cÖ_g nvbv`vigy³ †Rjv h‡kvi 5. weªwUk ivRKxq †b․evwnbx †_‡K cÖvß `ywU Unj †b․hv‡bi bvg-we,Gb,Gm
cÖ_g wbiÿigy³ †Rjv gv¸iv ZzivM I we, Gb,Gm mv½y|
me©vwaK NbemwZc~Y© †Rjv XvKv 6. †`‡k cÖ_g †c․imfv wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq-31 wW‡m¤î 1973|
Kg NbemwZc~Y© †Rjv ev›ìevb 7. evsjv‡`k WvK wefvM 2007-08 mvj‡K †NvlYv K‡i‡Q ÔwbwðZ wewj el©Õ wn‡m‡e|
`vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P emevmKvix †Rjv KzwoMÖvg 8. †`‡ki cÖ_g †c․imfv wn‡m‡e kZfvM Rb¥ wbeÜ‡bi †M․ie AR©b K‡i-
w`bvRcyi †c․imfv|
`vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P Kg emevmKvix †jv‡Ki †Rjv Kzwóqv 9. †`‡k cÖvB‡fUvB‡Rkb †evW© MwVZ nq-1993 mv‡j|
cÖ_g Av‡m©wbK AvµvšÍ†Rjv PuvcvBbeveMÄ 10. XvKvi w`jKzkvq-1964 mv‡j wbwg©Z MfY©i nvD‡mi bvg e½feb ivLv nq
evsjv‡`‡ki DòZg †Rjv ivRkvnx 1972 mv‡j|
evsjv‡`‡ki kxZjZg †Rjv wm‡jU 11. 1864 mv‡j ZrKvjxb c~e©e‡½ cÖ_g PviwU †c․imfv MVb Kiv nq
b`xi bv‡g †h †Rjv ‡dbx †c․imfv¸‡jv n‡”Q-XvKv, PÆMÖvg, h‡kvi I Kzwgjøv|
gyw³hy‡× cÖ_g mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iva MvRxcyi 12. Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v cÖewZ©Z nq 1982 mv‡ji 23 A‡±vei|
bxjPv‡li wfwË‡Z bvgKiY bxjdvgvix 13. evsjv‡`k G.Avi.Gd Gi 26 Zg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e m`m¨c` jvf K‡i
GK Øxc GK †Rjv ‡fvjv 27/07/2006 Zvwi‡L|
cÖ_g MwVZ †Rjv PÆMÖvg (1616 mv‡j) 14. Awef³ evsjvi cÖ_g gnKzgv Lyjbv|
15. Awef³ evsjvi cÖ_g †Rjv h‡kvi Ges cÖkvmK wQ‡jbÑ wUjg¨vb †n‡¯‥j|
cÖ_g wWwRUvj †Rjv h‡kvi
16. MÖvg miKvi eë¯’vi cÖeZ©K knx` †cÖwm‡W›U wRqvDi ingvb| MÖvg miKvi
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv cÖ_g MwVZ nq XvKvi mvfvi _vbvi wRiv‡ev MÖv‡g|
GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn&| 17. evsjv‡`k †mbv, wegvb I †b․ evwnbxi cÖZxK h_vµ‡g µm wPwýZ Zievix I Dc‡i
 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq kvmb AwW©b¨vÝ Rvwi nq K‡e - 1976 mv‡j| †K․wbK Ae¯’v‡b RvZxq dzj kvcjv, R½x wegvb I iYZix|
 eZ©gv‡b miKvi KqwU ¯Í‡i ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb Pvjy K‡i‡Q - 3wU ¯’i 18. RvZxq msm‡` i¨vwcW A¨vKkb e¨vUvwjqb AvBb cvm nq -2003 mv‡j
(BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil`, †Rjv cwil`) 19. evsjv‡`k AvbyôvwbKfv‡e mve‡gwib †Ke‡ji mv‡_ hy³ nq 21 †k †g 2006
 BDwbqb cwil` Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi nq KZ mv‡j -1973 mv‡j| Zvwi‡L| evsjv‡`‡k mve‡gwib j¨vwÛs †óªkb - K·evRv‡ii wSjsÄ‡q|
 Dc‡Rjv evwZj wej K‡e msm‡` cvm nq- 26 Rvbyqvwi 1992 mv‡j 20. evsjv‡`k nvBI‡q cywj‡ki hvÎv ïiæ nq 11/05/2005 †_‡K AÂj 2wU
 Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v cyb:cÖeZ©b Kiv nq K‡e- 3 wW‡m¤î 1997 mv‡j msm‡` (K) cwðgvÂj-mì `ßi-e¸ov (L) c~e©vÂj-mì `ßi Kzwgjøvq|
AvBb cvm K‡i 21. XvKv †c․i K‡c©v‡ikb wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡b iæcvšÍwiZ nq 1989 mv‡j Ges
 cÖkvmwbK _vbv‡K cybivq K‡e Dc‡Rjv bvg AwfwnZ Kiv nq- 20 GwcÖj XvKv †c․imfv †c․iK‡c©v‡ikb nq-1978 mv‡j|
2000 mv‡j| 22. BDwbqb cwil` MwVZ nq-13 Rb cÖwZwbwa wb‡q|
 Dc‡Rjv cÖkvm‡bi cÖavb †K-Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v 23. Dc‡Rjv cwil` wej cvm nq-7 b‡f¤î 1982 mv‡j|
 BDwbqb cwil‡ì KvVv‡gv wK - 1Rb wbe©vwPZ †Pqvig¨vb, 9wU Iqv‡W© 9 Rb wbe©vwPZ 24. Dc‡Rjv cÖ_g Pvjy nq-1985 mv‡j (cÖ_g wbe©vPb 16 I 20 †g 1985)
m`m¨ Ges cyivZb cÖwZwU Iqv‡W© 9Rb m`m¨ Ges cyivZb cÖwZwU Iqv‡W© 1 Rb K‡i 25. ‡`‡ki mKj gnKzgv‡K †Rjvq DbœxZ Kiv nq-1984 mv‡j|
†gvU 3 Rb wbe©vwPZ gwnjv m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ| 26. †`‡ki me©‡kl wefvM-gqgbwmsn
 BDwbqb cwil‡` gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ msiwÿZ Avm‡bi weavb Kiv nq KZ 27. evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii †K›`ªxq Kvh©vjq-evsjv‡`k mwPevjq|
mv‡j- 1997 mv‡j| 28. gš¿xMY Zv‡ì Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ mvgwóKfv‡e Revew`wn K‡ib-RvZxq msm‡`
 †Kvb mv‡j gwnjv cÖ_g BDwbqb cwil‡` msiwÿZ Avm‡b mivmwi †fv‡U 29. evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq-30
wbe©vwPZ nq- 1997 mv‡j| Rvbyqvwi 1994 mv‡j|
 Dc‡Rjv eë¯’vi cÖeZ©K †K- û‡mBb gynv¤§` Gikv` 30. evsjv‡`k mve‡gwib K¨vej Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡i-27 gvP© 2004 mv‡j|
 DcR‡jv cwil` wej cvm nq K‡e- 7 b‡f¤î 1982| 31. evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg BDwbqb-‡eMgMÄ, †bvqvLvwj|
 cÖ_g Dc‡Rjv MwVZ nq KZwU- 45wU| 32. AvqZ‡b me‡P‡q eo wefvM-PÆMÖvg
 ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii m‡e©v”P ¯’i ‡KvbwU- †Rjv cwil`| 33. AvqZ‡b me‡P‡q †QvU wefvM-wm‡jU|
 †`‡ki mKj gnKzgv kni‡K †Rjvq DbœxZ Kiv nq KZ mv‡j- 1984 mv‡j| 34. evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU †Rjv-64wU|
 †`‡k cyivZb †Rjv ev gnKzgv wQj KZwU?- 21wU| 35. evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo †Rjv-ivOvgvwU|
 †Rjv cwil` wej K‡e msm‡` cvm Kiv nq- 3 RyjvB 2000| 36. me‡P‡q †QvU †Rjv-bvivqbMÄ|
37. wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb-12
 MÖvg miKvi AvBb K‡e cvm nq- 26 †deªæqvwi 2003 mv‡j|
38. Dc‡Rjv evwZj AvBb RvZxq msm‡` cvm nq-16 Rvbyqvix, 1992|
 MÖvg miKv‡ii cÖavb †K n‡eb- cÖwZwU IqvW© †_‡K wbe©vwPZ BDwc m`m¨|
39. Dc‡Rjv wej cybivq cvm nq- 25 b‡f¤î, 1998|
 †Rjv cwil` we‡j K‡e ivóªcwZ ¯^vÿi K‡i- 6 RyjvB 2000|
40. evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU gnKzgv GLbI †Rjvq iæcvšÍwiZ nqwb-Ck¦i`x|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ gwnjv wWwm wb‡qvM Kiv nq K‡e- 20 gvP© 2001|
41. ‡cÖwm‡W‡›Ui mwPevj‡qi cÖavb-gyL¨ mwPe|
42. cÖavbgš¿xi mwPevj‡qi cÖavb-gyL¨ mwPe| we‡k¦i RbmsL¨v
43. gš¿bvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK cÖavb-mwPe|  †Kvb †`‡ki RbmsL¨v MYbv Kiv‡K mvaviYZ wK e‡j?- Av`gïgvwi|
44. wefv‡Mi cÖkvmwbK cÖavb-Kwgkbvi|  AvaywbK Av`gïgvwi cÖ_v Pvjy nq K‡e?- mß`k kZ‡K|
45. ‡Rjvi cÖkvmwbK cÖavb-‡WcywU Kwgkbvi|
46. Dc‡Rjvi cÖkvmwbK cÖavb-Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Awdmvi|  cÖ_g weªwUk Av`gïgvwi AbywôZ nq KZ mv‡j?- 1801 mv‡j|
47. cywj‡ki cÖavb Kg©KZ©v-AvBwRwc|  ¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Av`gïgvwi AbywôZ nq K‡e?- 1974 mv‡j|
48. moK, †b․ I wegvb c‡_ RvZxq cZvKv enb K‡i-‡cÖwm‡W›U I cÖavbgš¿x|  Agymwjg †`‡ki g‡a¨ gymwjg RbmsL¨vq kxl© †`k †KvbwU?- fviZ (wØZxq
Pxb, Z…Zxq ivwkqv)|
†R‡b ivLv fv‡jv  RbmsL¨vi w`K w`‡q gymwjg we‡k¦ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vb KZZg?- PZz_©|
Ae¯’vb ¯’vb Dc‡Rjv ‡Rjv  RbmsL¨vi w`K w`‡q gymwjg we‡k¦ ÿz`ªZg †`k †KvbwU?- gvjØxc
me© DË‡ii ¯’vb evsjvevÜv/RvqMxi‡RvZ ‡ZuZzwjqv cÂMo  Avwd«Kvi Rbeûj †`k †KvbwU?- bvB‡Rwiqv|
me©`wÿ‡Yi ¯’vb ‡QuovØxc/†m›UgvwU©b ‡UKbvd K·evRvi  me‡P‡q †ewk †jvK evm K‡i †Kvb gnv‡`‡k?- Gwkqv|
me©c~‡e©i ¯’vb AvLvBbVs _vbwP ev›ìeb  me‡P‡q Kg †jvK evm K‡i †Kvb gnv‡`‡k?- I‡kwbqv|
me©cwð‡gi ¯’vb gbvKkv wkeMÄ PuvcvBbeveMÄ  RbmsL¨vi w`K †_‡K we‡k¦ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vb KZZg?- Aóg|
Ges  RbmsL¨vi wfwË‡Z we‡k¦i wØZxq ¯’vb AwaKvix †`k †KvbwU?- fviZ|
 RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk †Kvb gnv‡`‡k? - Avwd«Kv|
XvKv wK¬b wmwU PÆMÖvg ‡njw` wmwU
wm‡jU mvBevi wmwU ivRkvnx wmé/MÖxb wmwU
evsjv‡`k †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v
evsjv‡`‡ki kvmbeë¯’v
evsjv‡`‡ki †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v
evsjv‡`‡ki kvmb eë¯’vi aib msm`xq
evsjv‡`ki m‡e©v”P ivóxq gh©v`vi ivóªcwZ
AwaKvix
evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb miKvi cÖavb cÖavbgš¿x ¯’jc_ Rjc_ AvKvkc_
¯’vbxq miKvi ‡Kvb †`‡ki wewfbœ GjvKv‡K ÿz`ª ÿz`ª
GjvKv‡Z Ki Av‡ivcmn mxwgZ ÿgZv
`vb K‡i †h ¯’vbxq KZ…©cÿ MVb Kiv †b․c_
nq| moKc_ ‡ijc_
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b ¯’vbxq miKvi 3 ¯Íiwewkó| h_v-
eë¯’v Pvjy Av‡Q K| †Rjv cwil` mgy`ªc_
L| Dc‡Rjv cwil` RvZxq gnvmoK, wgUvi‡MR, eªW‡MR I
M| BDwbqb cwil`/ †c․imfv/ wmwU AvÂwjK gnvmoK I Wz‡qj‡MR
K‡c©v‡ikb| †Rjv moK
¯’vbxq miKv‡ii m‡e©v”P ¯’i ‡Rjv cwil`
cjøx AÂ‡j wbgœZg ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb BDwbqb cwil` moK †hvMv‡hvM
knivÂ‡j wbgœZg ¯^vqËkwmZ cÖwZôvb ‡c․imfv  evsjv‡`‡k moK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wbqš¿K cÖwZôvb moK cwienb I †mZz
eZ©gv‡b mwµq ¯’vbxq miKvi Dc‡Rjv cwil`, BDwbqb cwil` gš¿Yvjq| Gi c~e© bvg Ô†hvMv‡hvM gš¿YvjqÕ| Gi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i
eZ©gv‡b wbw®…q ¯’vbxq miKvi ‡Rjv cwil` ÔmoK cwienb I †mZz gš¿YvjqÕ Kiv nq 2014 mv‡ji 10 †deªæqvwi|
‡Rjv cwil` ev Dc‡Rjv cwil` 5 eQi Gi wefvM 2wU:
cwil`
cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil` (3wU cve©Z¨ GKRb †Pqvig¨vb I 33 m`m¨ wb‡q 1. moK cwienb I gnvmoK wefvM 2. †mZz wefvM
†Rjv) MwVZ| evsjv‡`k moK cwienb evsjv‡`k moK cwienb KZ…©cÿ
evsjv‡`‡k Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v Pvjy nq 1985 mv‡j K‡c©v‡ikb (BRTC) (BRTA)
evsjv‡`‡ki me©‡kl Dc‡Rjv 22 Rvbyqvwi, 09 Bangladesh Road Bangladesh Road Transport
cwil` wbe©vPb nq Transport Corporation. Authority. 1987 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq I
BDwbqb cwil` MwVZ nq 1. Rb †Pqvig¨vb, 9 Rb mvaviY 1961 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq| 1988 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi †_‡K Kvh©µg ïiæ
m`m¨, msiwÿZ Avm‡b 3 Rb evsjv‡`‡ki moK cwienb I nq| moK cwienY LvZ I moK wbivcËv
web©vwPZ bvix m`m¨ hvZvqvZ eë¯’vi Dbœqb I k„•Ljv wbwðZ Kiv; †`‡ki †gvUihvb wbqš¿Y;
BDwbqb cwil‡` bvix‡ì 1997 mv‡j wbqš¿Y KivB Gi cÖavb KvR| iæU cviwgU wdU‡bm jvB‡mÝ, WªBwfs
msiwÿZ Avm‡bi weavb Kiv nq jvB‡mÝ I †iwR‡÷ªkb cÖ`vb; evm I Uªv‡Ki
‡c․imfvi †Pqvig¨v‡bi eZ©gvb c`we ‡gqi fvov wba©viY BZ¨vw` Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i|
‡c․imfvi Kwgkbvi‡ì eZ©gvb c`we KvDwÝji  †`‡ki RvZxq gnvmoK 3990 wK.wg.|
XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi mì `ßi bMi feb  evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ †kÖwYi †gvU mo‡Ki •`N©¨ 22,432 wK.wg.|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖ‡kœvËi  AvÂwjK gnvmoK 4897 wK.wg.|
1. evsjv‡`‡ki kvmbeë¯’vi aib- cvjv©‡g›U  2003 mv‡ji 19 †m‡Þ¤î XvKv †_‡K AvMiZjvq mivmwi evm PjvPj
2. evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb miKvi cÖavb †K- cÖavbgš¿x ïiæ nq| evmwUi bvg Ô‣gÎxÕ|
3. evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b Kq ¯Íiwewkó ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v Pvjy Av‡Q- 3
4. †KvbwU ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi Ask bq- wefvM  ‡Rjv ms‡hvM moK 13545 wK.wg.|
5. evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi me©wbgœ ¯Íi- BDwbqb cwil`  ‡g‡nicy‡ii gywRebMi †_‡K KjKvZv ch©šÍ mo‡Ki bvgKiY Kiv nq
6. KZRb cÖwZwbwa wb‡q BDwbqb cwil` MwVZ nq-13Rb ¯^vaxbZv moK|
7. ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii †Kvb ¯’‡i gwnjv‡ì e¨vcK ÿgZvq‡bi my‡hvM ivLv  RvZxq wbivc` moK w`èm cvwjZ nq 22 A‡±vei|
n‡q‡Q- BDwbqb cwil`
e½eÜz †mZz ‣fie †ij †mZz
 evsjv‡`‡ki `xN©Zg moK †mZz|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wØZxq e„nËg (GKK) †ij‡mZz|
 c~e©bvg-hgybv eûgyLx †mZz|
 wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯’vcb Kiv nq-10 GwcÖj, 1994 mv‡j|  ms‡hvM- wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvi •fieevRvi Ges eªvþYevwoqv †Rjvi
 •`N©¨ I cÖ¯’ h_vµ‡g-4.8 wK‡jvwgUvi I 18.50 wgUvi| AvïMÄ‡K mshy³ K‡i‡Q|
 e½eÜz †mZz‡ Z cvBj, ¯ú¨vb I wcjvi i‡q‡Q h_vµ‡g-cvBj  ‡gNbv b`xi Dci wbwg©Z|
121wU, ¯ú¨vb 49wU I wcjvi 50wU|  ‣`N¨- 916 wgUvi (3005 dzU)|
 D‡Øvab Kiv nq-23 Ryb, 1998 mv‡j (cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv KZ…©K)|
 wbg©v‡Y A_©vqb K‡i‡Q-wek¦e¨vsK, ADB, OECF I evsjv‡`k miKvi| jvjb kvn †mZz
 wbg©vY cÖKí nv‡Z †bqv nq-1985 mv‡j|  cÙv b`xi Ici wbwg©Z evsjv‡`‡ki wØZxq e„nËg †mZz|
 wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ_g ivR‣bwZK fv‡e `vwe DÌvwcZ nq-1954 mv‡j hy³d«‡›Ui  Aew¯’Z- Kzwóqv †Rjvi †fovgviv Ges cvebv †Rjvi cvKwk c‡q‡›U|
21 `dvq| DÌvcb K‡ib gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx|  ‣`N©¨ - 1.8 wK.wg; cÖ¯-’ 18.10 wgUvi|
 mshy³ K‡i‡Q- wmivRMÄ Ges Uv½vBj †Rjv‡K|  ‡jb- 4wU; ¯ú¨vb msL¨v- 17wU
†`‡ki me©e„nr †ij‡mZz e½eÜz †ijI‡q †mZz  wfwË cÖ¯’i ¯’vcb- 13 Rvbyqvwi, 2001|
 wfwËcÖ¯’i ¯’vcb Kiv nq : 29 b‡f¤î, 2020
 wfwËcÖ¯’i ¯’vcb K‡ib - MYfeb ‡_‡K gvbbxq cÖavbgš¿x ‡kL nvwmbv|  wbg©vY ïiæ nq- 2003 mv‡j|
Abyôv‡bi mfvcwZ wQ‡jb eZ©gvb ‡ijgš¿x ‡gvt byiæj Bmjvg myRb|  D‡Øvab - 18 †g, 2004 mv‡j|
 wbg©vY KvR ‡kl n‡e: 2024 mv‡ji AvM‡÷|  wbg©vY K‡i- Pvqbv †gRi weªR BwÄwbqvwis †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW|
 ‣`N¨© -4.8 wK‡jvwgUvi|  bKkv K‡i- Rendel, Palmer and Tritton
 Ae¯’vb : wmivRMÄ I Uv½vB‡ji ms‡hvMKvix e½eÜy ‡mZy ‡_‡K 300 cvqiv †mZz
wgUvi DËi w`‡K e½eÜy ‡mZyi mgvšÍivj GB ‡ij‡mZy|
 Ae¯’vb- eywokî-cvqiv b`xi Ici|
 A_©vq‡b - evsjv‡`k I Rvcvb
 ‡gvU eivÏ -16 nvRvi 780 ‡KvwU UvKv|  mshy³- ewikvj †Rjv I cUzqvLvjx †Rjv
 cÖKíwU ev¯Íevqb Ki‡e - RvBKv|  ‣`N©¨- 1470 wgUvi; cÖ¯-’ 19.76 wgUvi
 MwZmxgv: wgUvi‡M‡R 100 wK.wg. eªW‡M‡R 120 wK.wg. ‡`‡ki me©e„nr  cvwb †_‡K †mZzi Ae¯’vb- 18.30 wgUvi
‡ij‡mZy e½eÜy ‡ijI‡q ‡mZy|  wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯’vcb- 19 gvP©, 2013
 ‡ij‡mZyi ‣ewkó¨ - Wvej jvBb Wy‡qj ‡MR|  wbg©vY KvR ïiæ- 24 RyjvB, 2016
 ‡gvU †ijc_ wbg©vY- 30 wK‡jvwgUvi|  D‡Øvab- 24 A‡±vei- 24 A‡±vei, 2021
 wcjvi msL¨v- 50wU; ¯ú¨vb msL¨v- 49wU|; ‣`wbK †Uªb Pj‡e- 88wU|  wbg©vY e¨q- cÖvq 1118 †KvwU UvKv|
cÙv †mZz Z…Zxq kxZjÿ¨v †mZz (bvwmg Imgvb †mZz)
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo †mZz|  wbg©vY ïiæ- 28 Rvbyqvwi, 2018
 †mZzwU wbwg©Z n‡”Q- kixqZcy‡ii RvwRiv I gywÝM‡Äi gvIqv c‡q‡›U|  mnvqZv K‡i- †m․w` dvÛ di †W‡fjc‡g›U|
 •`N©¨- 6.15 wK‡jvwgUvi (cÖ¯’-18.10 wg.)  ‣`N©¨- 1.2 wK‡jvwgUvi; cÖ¯-’ 22.15 wgUvi
 wbg©v‡Yi `vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i‡Q-Px‡bi †gRi weªR BwÄwbqvwis †Kv¤úvwb|  e¨q- 610 †KvwU UvKv; D‡Øvab- 10 A‡±vei, 2022
 wbg©v‡Y b`x kvm‡bi KvR ‡c‡q‡Q-Px‡bi wm‡bvnvB‡Wªv K‡c©v‡ikb| LvbRvnvb Avjx †mZz (iƒcmv †mZz)
 cÖK‡íi cÖKwíZ e¨q-30 nvRvi 193 †KvwU 39 jvL UvKv|  wfwË cÖ¯’i ¯’vcb- 30 †g, 2001; D‡Øvab- 21 †g, 2005
 f~wgK¤ú mnbxq gvÎv-wiLUvi †¯‥‡j 9 gvÎv|  wbg©v‡Y †gvU e¨q- 724.15 †KvwU UvKv
 wek¦e¨vsK I evsjv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ cÙv †mZz wb‡q Uvbv‡cvo‡bi Aemvb  mnvqZv K‡i- Rvcvb
N‡U-31 Rvbyqvwi, 2013 mv‡j| `ybx©wZi Awf‡hv‡M cÙv †mZz cÖK‡í  ‣`N©¨- 1.60 wK‡jvwgUvi; cÖ¯’- 16.58 wgUvi|
wek¦e¨vsK, RvBKv Ges AvBwWwe FYPzw³ cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i|  ‡jb- 4 wU; ¯ú¨vb-5wU
 `wÿ‡Yi 21 †Rjvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡e|  ‡h bv‡g weL¨vZ- Lyjbv kn‡ii cÖ‡ekØvi|
 ‡mZzwUi cÖ_g ¯ú¨vbwU emv‡bv nq - 30 †m‡Þ¤î, 2017|  we‡kl †jb Av‡Q- c_Pvix I Ahvwš¿K hvbevn‡bi Rb¨
 41Zg ¯ú¨vbwU emv‡bv nq- 10 wW‡m¤î 2020|
 wcjvi msL¨v- 42wU|
gaygwZ †mZz (†`‡ki cÖ_g 6 †jb †mZz)
 wbg©vY ïiæ- 5 †m‡Þ¤î, 2018
 b`x kvm‡bi KvR Ki‡Q- Px‡bi wm‡bvnvB‡Wªv K‡c©v‡ikb|
 ‡ij jvBb- wgUvi MR I eªW‡MR Dfq|  mnvqZv K‡i- RvBKv, Rvcvb|
 ‣`N©¨- 690 wgUvi; cÖ¯-’ 27.10 wgUvi|
cÖ¯ÍvweZ wØZxq cÙv †mZz  ms‡hvM moK- 4.27 wK‡jvwgUvi|
 wbg©vY - cvUzwiqv- †Mvqvj›` c‡q‡›U|
 e¨q- 960 †KvwU UvKv|
 ms‡hvM- gvwbKMÄ (cvUzwiqv) I ivRevwo (†Mvqvj›`) †Rjv‡K|
 ms‡hvM- `wÿY cwð‡gi 10 †Rjv|
 •`N©¨- 6.10 wK.wg; cÖ¯-’ 18.10 wgUvi|
 D‡Øvab- 10 A‡±vei, 2022|
nvwW©Ä weªR
 Ae¯’vb- cÙv b`xi Dci K¡xb eªxR
 hy³ K‡i‡Q- evsjv‡`‡ki cvebv †Rjvi Ckî`x Dc‡Rjvi cvKwk I  Ae¯’vb- myigv b`xi Dci ¯’vwcZ|
Kzwóqv W‡Rjvi †fovgviv Dc‡Rjv‡K|  wbg©v‡Yi D‡`¨vM- 1933 mv‡j|
 wbg©vYKvR ïiæ- 1909 mv‡j; D‡Øvab nq- 1915 mv‡j|  wbg©vY †kl- 1936 mv‡j|
 wbg©v‡Y e¨q- 35132164 fviZxq iæwc (ZrKvjxb)  ‣`N©¨- 350.52 wgUvi ; Ö¯-’ 5.4 wgUvi|
 D‡Øvab K‡ib- weªwUk fvBmiq jW© nvwW©Ä  ZrKvjxb mg‡q e¨q- 56 jvL UvKv
 ‣`N©¨- 1.8 wK‡jvwgUvi|
 †h bv‡g weL¨vZ- wm‡jU kn‡ii cÖ‡ekØvi|
 ¯ú¨vb- 15wU (B¯úvZ KvVv‡gv); ¯ú¨v‡bi •`N©¨- 120 wgUvi|
†kL nvwmbv wZZvm †mZz  wbwg©Z e¨q wØZxq e„nËg d¬vBIfvi|
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g Y AvK…wZi †mZz/wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q wZZvm b`x Dci|  wZb Zjvwewkó Pvi †j‡bi d¬vBIfviwU 10 gvÎvi
 D‡™¢vab- 16 †m‡Þ¤î 2018| f‚wgK¤ú mnbkxj|
gMevRvi-
 mshy³- 3wU Dc‡Rjv‡K (Kzwgjøvi †nvgbv I gyiv`bMi Ges  ‣`N¨ 8.25 wK.wg.
‡g․PvK
eªvþYevwoqvi evÃvivgcyi Dc‡Rjv‡K| d¬vBIfvi  Ae¯’vb- gMevRvi- †g․PvK|
 e¨q n‡q‡Q cÖvq 1 nvRvi 218 †KvwU 89 jvL UvKv|
†`‡ki cÖ_g 6 †j‡bi †mZz  wbg©vY ïiæ 2013
 Ae¯’vb: Kvwkqvbx (†MvcvjMÄ I †jvnvMov), bovBj |  Pvjy 26 A‡±vei, 2017|
 wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯’vcb: 24 Rvbyqvwi 2015|  •`N©¨ 1.33 wK.wg.
 D‡Øvab: 10 A‡±vei 2022|  Ae¯’vb- PÆMÖvg
Gg G gvbœvb
 wbwg©Z: gaygwZ b`xi Ici| d¬vBIfvi  wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯’vcb Kiv nq 2010 mv‡j wW‡m¤^‡i Ges
 ‣`N©¨: 690 wgUvi I cÖ¯’: 27.1 wgUvi| hvb PjvP‡ji Rb¨ Ly‡j †Ìqv nq 12 A‡±vei,
 Dfq cv‡k ms‡hvM moK: 4.273 wK‡jvwgUvi, hvi cÖ¯’ 30.50 wgUvi| 2013 mv‡j|
 ‡jb: 6wU|  GwU evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g d¬vBIfvi|
 A_©vq‡b: Rvcvb B›Uvib¨vkbvj †Kv-Acv‡ikb G‡RwÝ (JICA)|  •`N©¨ 1.12 wK.wg.|
 bovB‡ji gaygwZ b`x‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Qq †j‡bi Kvjbv †mZzi  Ae¯’vb- gnvLvjx, XvKv
D‡Øvab K‡i‡Qb cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv| 10 A‡±vei 2022 miKvwi  wbg©vY mgvwßi w`K †_‡K GwU evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g
evmfeb MYfeb †_‡K wfwWI Kbdv‡i‡Ýi gva¨‡g d¬vBIfvi|
gnvLvjx
d¬vBIfvi  19 wW‡m¤î, 2001 mv‡j wbg©vYKvR ïiæ nq Ges
e½gvZv †kL dwRjøvZz‡bœQv gywRe †mZz 4 b‡f¤î 2004 mv‡j D‡Øvab Kiv nq|
 D‡Øvab: 04 ‡m‡Þ¤î, 2022|  ¯ú¨vb, wcjvi I †jb msL¨v h_vµ‡g- 19wU, 18wU
 Ae¯’vb: KPv b`xi Ici (wc‡ivRcyi mì)| I 4wU|
 •`N¨©: 998 wgUvi|  A_©vqb- evsjv‡`k miKvi I wek¦e¨vsK †h․_fv‡e|
 †mZzwU ewikvj I Lyjbvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q|  ‡gvU wbg©vY e¨q- 115 †KvwU UvKv|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡iv K‡qKwU †mZz:  wbg©vY ïiæi w`‡K cÖ_g d¬vBIfvi|
 dwKi gRby kvn& †mZz Aew¯’Z-MvRxcy‡ii Kvcvwmqvi kxZjÿ¨v b`xi Dci|  mgvwß‡Z †`‡ki wØZxq d¬vBIqvi|
 KY©dzjx b`xi Dci wbwg©Z †mZzi bvg-kvn& AvgvbZ †mZz|  •`N¨© - 1.9 wK.wg.
 Ae¯’vb- wLjMvuI, XvKv
 Kxb weªR Aew¯’Z- wm‡jU †Rjvi myigv b`xi Dci| wLjMvuI
 2 Ryb, 2001 mv‡j wbg©vY KvR ïiæ nq Ges 23
 MveLvb †mZz Aew¯’Z- SvjKvwV †Rjvi MveLvb b`xi Dci| d¬vBIfvi
gvP©, 2005 D‡Øvab Kiv nq|
 knx` eyw×Rxex †mZz/eywoM½v Z…Zxq †mZz Aew¯’Z-XvKvi †gvnv¤§`cy‡i  wfwË cÖ¯Íe ¯’vcb, cÖKí Aby‡gv`b, I wbg©vY ïiæi
eywoM½v b`xi Dci| w`K †_‡K GwU cÖ_g d¬vBIfvi|
 Ave`yi ie †miwbqvevZ †mZz ‡Kvb b`xi Dci wbwg©Z- KxZ©b †Lvjv (ewikvj)  wcjvi msL¨v 4wU, ¯ú¨vb 45wU|
 nvRx kixqZ Djøvn †mZz ‡Kvb b`xi Dci wbwg©Z- Avwoqvj Lvu (gv`vixcyi)|  •`N¨ - 3.1 wK.wg.
 cvbvg †mZz ‡Kvb b`xi Dci wbwg©Z- c•LxivR Lvj (†mvbviMvuI, bvivqYMÄ)|  Ae¯’vb- Kzwoj, XvKv
 SzjšÍ †mZz ‡Kvb b`xi Dci wbwg©Z- KvßvB n«` (iv½vgvwU)|  evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g eûgyLx d¬vBIfvi|
 kvn AvgvbZ †mZz ‡Kvb b`xi Dci wbwg©Z- KY©dzjx (PÆMÖvg)|  2 †g, 2010 cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv d¬vBIfviwUi
 ‡kL nvwmbv aijv †mZz ‡Kvb b`xi Dci wbwg©Z- aijv (KzwoMÖvg- Kzwoj d¬vBIfvi
wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges 4 AvM÷, 2013 mv‡j
jvjgwbnviU) Db¥y³ Kiv nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki d¬vBIfvi  cÖ¯’ 9.2 wgUvi, D”PZv 145 wgUvi, ¯ú¨vb msL¨v
65wU Ges jyc 4wU|
GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn&|  ‣`N©¨ - 1.79 wK.wg.
wRjøyi ingvb
 Ae¯’vb- PvbLvÕicyj †_‡K hvÎvevwo| d¬vBIfvi  Ae¯’vb- wgicyi gvwUKvUv-wegvbe›ì moK|
 evsjv‡`‡ki Z…Zxq Ges eZ©gvb `xN©Zg d¬vBIfvi|  27 gvP©, 2013 Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ Db¥y³ Kivnq|
 miKvwi-†emiKvwi Askx`vwi‡Z¡ (wcwcwc) wbwg©Z †`‡ki  •`N©¨- 350 wgUvi|
cÖ_g cÖKí| knx`  Ae¯’vb- U½x, MvRxcyi|
 ‣`N©¨- 11.8 wK‡jvwgUvi| AvnmvbDjøvn  XvKv gnvbM‡ii evB‡i wbwg©Z cÖ_g d¬vBIfv‡ii
†gqi †gvnv¤§` gv÷vi bvg- knx` AvnmvbDjøvn gv÷vi d¬vBIfvi|
 wcjvi 315wU, ¯ú¨vb 152 wU, cvBj 2366wU|
nvwbd
 ‡jb msL¨v- 4wU (cÖwZwU wW‡iKk‡b 2wU †jb)
d¬vBIfvi  wbg©vY KvR ïiæ 16 gvP©, 2006 mvj Ges Db¥y³
d¬vBIfvi 23 †g, 2010|
 wbg©vY mgqmxgv- 3 eQi|
 ‣`N©¨ - 660 wgUvi|
 cÖv°wjZ wewb‡qvM- 670 †KvwU UvKv|  Ae¯’vb- †dbxi gwncv‡j XvKv-PÆMÖvg gnvmoK|
 aviYÿgZv 200 Ub| †dbx 6 †jb  GwU †`‡ki cÖ_g 6 †jb wewkó Dovj †mZz|
 wbg©vY ïiæ nq 2006, wbg©vY †kl 2013, Pvjy 11 wewkó Dovj  2015 mv‡ji 1 GwcÖj DovjmoK cÖK‡íi KvR
A‡±vei, 2013| †mZz ïiæ nq|
 ‣`N©¨- 2.34 wK.wg.  2018 mv‡ji 30 Ryb KvR m¤úbœ Kivi K_v
 Ae¯’vb- Bwmwe PZ¡i, Kvjkx I wgicyi DOHS _vK‡jI Qq gvm Av‡MB KvRwU m¤úbœ nq|
Kvjkx  cÖavb 4 †jb wewkó d¬vBIfviwU miKv‡ii wbR¯^ XvKvi mßg  GK‡b‡K Aby‡gv`b-9 Rvbyqvwi 2018|
d¬vBIqvi
A_©vq‡b wbwg©Z| IqvB Aÿ‡ii  wbg©vY e¨q- 1,012 †KvwU 11 jvL UvKv|
 XvKv DËi wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb I evsjv‡`k d¬vBIfvi  wbg©vY KvR ïiæ-Rvbyqvwi 2018|
†mbvevwnbx GB cÖKíwU 1,012 †KvwU UvKv wbg©vY wgicyi -Kvjkx  D‡Øvab- 19 †deªæqvwi 2023|
e¨‡q ev¯Íevqb K‡i‡Q| d¬vBIfvi  •`N©¨ - 2.34 wK.wg.|
 †jb- 4wU; i¨v¤ú- 5wU| AvKvk c_
 ev¯Íevq‡b- evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbxi 24 BwÄwbqvwis weª‡MW
I XvKv DËi wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb|  evsjv‡`k wegvb ms¯’vi bvg-wegvb evsjv‡`k GqvijvBÝ wjwg‡UW|
 Bwmwe PZ¡i †_‡K Kvjkx †gvo ch©šÍ d¬vBIfviwU MwVZ nq 4 Rvbyqvwi, 1972|
Pvi †j‡bi| †mLvb †_‡K Kvjkx †ivW Ges  evsjv‡`k wegv‡bi †¯øvMvb-Your home in the sky (AvKv‡k kvwšÍi bxo)|
cÖwZiÿv Awdmvi nvDwRs †mvmvBwU (Defence  evsjv‡`k wegv‡bi cÖZxK-D`xqgvb m~‡h©i gv‡S DošÍ ejvKv|
Officer's Housing Scheme-DOHS) gyLx  evsjv‡`‡k AvšÍR©vwZK wegvbe›ì: 3wU| h_v-nhiZ kvnRvjvj (i:)
g~j d¬vBIfviwU `yB †j‡bi| AvšÍR©vwZK wegvbe›ì, XvKv| kvn AvgvbZ AvšÍR©vwZK wegvbe›ì,
 G·‡cÖmI‡qwU wbwg©Z n‡e- wegvbe›ì, PÆMÖvg I Imgvbx AvšÍR©vwZK wegvbe›ì, wm‡jU| GQvov Af¨šÍixY
Avãyjøvncyi, Avïwjqv, evBcvBj I Bwc‡RW iæ‡U| wegvb e›ì i‡q‡Q 8wU †Rjvq|
 XvKvi wØZxq Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q- XvKv-  evsjv‡`k wegv‡bi cÖ_g AvšÍR©vwZK d¬vBU Pvjy nq-4 gvP©, 1972 mv‡j
Avïwjqv Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q| (XvKv-jÛb-XvKv iæ‡U)|
 GK‡b‡K Aby‡gv`b nq- 24 A‡±vei, 2017|  evsjv‡`k wegv‡bi cÖ_g Af¨šÍixY d¬vBU Pvjy nq-5 gvP©, 1972 mv‡j
 wbg©v‡Yi Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq- 26 A‡±vei, 2021| (XvKv-PÆMÖvg iæ‡U)|
 ‡h `ywU †Rjv‡K hy³ Ki‡e- XvKv I MvRxcyi|  evsjv‡`k wegv‡bi cÖ_g gwnjv cvBjU-KvwbR dv‡Zgv †ivKmvbv|
 Ae¯’vb- nhiZ kvnRvjvj wegvb e›ì †_‡K  evsjv‡`k wegvb evwnbxi †Uªwbs †m›Uvi Aew¯’Z-h‡kvi|
Avïwjqvi XvKv Bwc‡RW ch©šÍ|
 evsjv‡`k wegvb evwnbxi mì `ßi Aew¯’Z-XvKvq|
 cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi †gqv`- RyjvB 2017 †_‡K Ryb
2026 ch©šÍ|  nhiZ kvnRvjvj AvšÍR©vwZK wegvbe›ì Pvjy nq-4 †m‡Þ¤î, 1983 mv‡j|
XvKv-Avïwjqv
 cixÿvg~jK cvBwjs D‡Øvab Kiv nq- 25  nhiZ kvnRvjvj AvšÍR©vwZK wegvbe›`‡ii ¯’cwZ jv‡ivm|
Gwj‡f‡UW  cÖ_g †emiKvwi wegvb ms¯’v-A¨v‡iv †e½j GqvijvBÝ (16 RyjvB,
†m‡Þ¤î, 2021|
G·‡cÖmI‡q 1995 mv‡j)|
 wbg©vY KvR D‡Øvab Kiv nq- 12 b‡f¤î, 2022|
 wbg©v‡Y FYPzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq- evsjv‡`k A_©‣bwZK AvšÍR©vwZK wegvb
Ae¯’vb Z_¨
m¤úK© wefvM (ERD) I Px‡bi Gw·g e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨| e›ì
 wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb- Pvqbv b¨vkbvj †gwkbvwi Bg‡cvU© nhiZ kvnRvjvj Kzwg©‡Uvjv, e„nËg wegvbe›ì| 1980 mv‡j Pvjy
A¨vÛ G·‡cvU© Ki‡cv‡ikb| (int) XvKv nq| Gi ¯’cwZ jv‡ivm (d«vÝ)|
 A_©vq‡b- evsjv‡`k I Gw·g e¨vsK (Pxb) †h․_fv‡e| 1990 mv‡j AvšÍR©vwZK
 XvKv Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡qi mv‡_ XvKv Avïwjqv kvn AvgvbZ PÆMÖvg
wegvbe›`‡ii gh©v`v jvf K‡i|
Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q †hLv‡b wgwjZ n‡e- XvKv 1998 mv‡j AvšÍR©vwZK
†_‡K PÆMÖvg gnvmo‡Ki KzZzeLvjx c‡q‡›U| Imgvbx wm‡jU
wegvbe›`‡ii gh©v`v jvf K‡i|
 XvKvi cÖ_g Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q- XvKv
Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q| weAviwU (evm i¨vwcW UªvbwRU) cÖKí
 bvg- BUbv-wgVvgBb-AóMÖvgmoK  c_: MvRxcyi- kvnRvjvj wegvbe›ì
nvI‡i Avfziv
moK  Ae¯’vb- wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvi wbKjx nvI‡i  ‡÷kb: 25wU, •`N¨© : 20.5 wK.wg.
 ‣`N©¨- 29.73 wK‡jvwgUvi|  mnvqZv: Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK I divwm Dbœqb ms¯’v
 iæU- hvÎvevox-gvIqv-fvOv ch©šÍ e½eÜz  Pvjy : 2019 mv‡j (m¤¢ve¨)
G·‡cÖmI‡q
†`‡ki cÖ_g  ‣`N©¨- 55 wK‡jvwgUvi (XvKv-gvIqv-35
XvKv Gwj‡f‡UW XvKv-PÆMÖvg Gwj‡f‡UW
bvg
G·‡cÖmI‡q wK‡jvwgUvi, RvwRiv-fvOv-20 wK‡jvwgUvi) G·‡cÖmI‡q G·‡cÖmI‡q
 hvbevnb PjvP‡ji Rb¨ Db¥y³- 12 gvP©, 2020| wegvbe›ì-hvÎvevwo
c_ XvKv - PÆMÖvg
 myweav cv‡e- 22 †Rjvi gvbyl (KzZzeLvjx)
 evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ Pvjy nIqv wØZxq •gÎx ‣`N¨© 19.73/20 wK.wg. 225 wK.wg.
G·‡cÖm -eÜb G·‡cÖm| BZvwjqvb _vB cvewjK cÖvB‡fU cvU©bviwkc
mnvqZv
Lyjbv-KjKvZv  Lyjbv-KjKvZv †ijc‡_i `~iZ¡ - 175 wK.wg. †Kv¤úvwb wfwË‡Z
eÜb G·‡cÖm  m¤úªwZ fviZ- evsjv‡`‡ki AvšÍ: mxgvšÍ †ijc_
Pvjy n‡q‡Q- bxjdvgvixi wPjvnvwU †_‡K G·‡cÖmI‡q (Dovj moK)
cwðge‡½i KzPwenvi| GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn&|
 wegvb evsjv‡`k GqvijvB‡Ý eZ©gv‡b -21wU XvKv Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q
wegvb evsjv‡`k D‡ovRvnvR i‡q‡Q|
GqvijvBÝ  Gi g‡a¨ †evwqs wWªgjvBbvi- 06wU|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q cÖKí|
 AvKvkZix I aªæeKZviv D‡jøL‡hvM¨|  kvnRvjvj AvšÍ©RvwZK wegvb e›ì ‡_‡K ïiæ n‡q Kzwoj, ebvbx,
gnvLvjx, ‡ZRMvuI, gMevRvi, Kgjvcyi, mv‡q`vev`, hvÎvevwo n‡q
†b․-c_ XvKv PÆMÖvg gnvmo‡Ki KzZyeLvjx GjvKvq wM‡q ‡kl n‡e|
 evsjv‡`k †b․ cwienb ms¯’vi bvg-evsjv‡`k Af¨šÍixY †b․ cwienb|  ivRavbx XvKvi hvbRU wbim‡bi Rb¨ GwUB n‡”Q miKvi KZ©…K M„nxZ
 KZ…©cÿ (BIWTA) | 1958 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ GB cÖwZôvbwUi mì `ßi me‡P‡q eo cÖKí|
XvKvq Aew¯’Z| cÖwZôvbwU †b․-cwienb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb|  ms‡hvM moK mn GwUi ‣`N¨© n‡e 46.73 wK‡jvwgUvi|
 b`xc‡_ XvKvi mv‡_ mivmwi mshy³ bq-iv½vgvwU †Rjv|  g~j moK - 22 wK‡jvwgUvi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g evwYR¨ RvnvR-evsjvi `~Z|  cÖK‡íi e¨q n‡e 122 wewjqb UvKv|
 evsjv‡`k ‡b․-evwnbxi mì `ßi Aew¯’Z-ebvbx, XvKv|  BZvj-_vB ‡W‡fvjc‡g›U K‡c©v‡ikb wjwg‡UW 1.062 wewjqb gvwK©b
 evsjv‡`‡ki mvgyw`ªK e›ì wZbwU h_vµ‡g-PÆMÖvg, gsjv I cvqiv‡Z Wjv‡ii Pyw³ K‡i‡Q Pvqbv ‡ijI‡q KÝUªvKkb K‡c©v‡ikb Gi m‡½
Aew¯’Z| G·‡cÖmI‡qwU wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨|
XvKv-Avïwjqv Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q  XvKvi Kgjvcyi †ijI‡q †÷kb evsjv‡`‡ki me©e„nr †÷kb I `xN©Zg
†ijI‡q cøvUdg©|
 G·‡cÖmI‡qwU wbwg©Z n‡e- wegvbe›ì, Avãyjøvnvcyi, Avïwjqv,
 Kgjvcyi †ijI‡q †÷k‡bi ¯’cwZ `yB Rb- W¨vwb‡qj evb©nvg Ges ee eyB|
evBcvBj I Bwc‡RW iæ‡U|
 XvKvi wØZxq Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q- XvKv-Avïwjqv Gwj‡f‡UW iæU ‡Uª‡bi bvg
G·‡cÖmI‡q| meyY© G·‡cÖm, gnvbMi G·‡cÖm, gnvbMi
XvKv-PÆMÖvg
 GK‡b‡K Aby‡gv`b nq- 24 A‡±vei, 2017| cÖfvZx, †mvbvi evsjv G·‡cÖm, Z…Y©v G·‡cÖm
 wbg©v‡Yi Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq- 26 A‡±vei, 2021| XvKv-Lyjbv my›ìeb G·‡cÖm, wPÎv G·‡cÖm
 ‡h `ywU †Rjv‡K hy³ Ki‡e- XvKv I MvRxcyi| wmé wmwU G·‡cÖm, cÙv G·‡cÖm, ayg‡KZz
XvKv-ivRkvnx
 Ae¯’vb- nhiZ kvnRvjvj wegvb e›ì †_‡K Avïwjqvi XvKv Bwc‡RW ch©šÍ| G·‡cÖm, ebjZv G·‡cÖm|
 cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi †gqv`- RyjvB 2017 †_‡K Ryb 2026 ch©šÍ| cviveZ G·‡cÖm, Dceb G·‡cÖm, Kvjbx
XvKv-wm‡jU
 cixÿvg~jK cvBwjs D‡Øvab Kiv nq- 25 †m‡Þ¤î, 2021| G·‡cÖm, RqwšÍKv G·‡cÖm
 wbg©vY KvR D‡Øvab Kiv nq- 12 b‡f¤î, 2022| `ªæZhvb G·‡cÖm, GKZv G·‡cÖm, cÂMo
XvKv- w`bvRcyi-cÂMo
 wbg©v‡Y FYPzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq- evsjv‡`k A_©‣bwZK m¤úK© wefvM G·‡cÖm
(ERD) I Px‡bi Gw·g e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨| XvKv-iscyi iscyi G·‡cÖm, KzwoMÖvg G·‡cÖm
 wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb- Pvqbv b¨vkbvj †gwkbvwi Bg‡cvU© A¨vÛ G·‡cvU© Ki‡cv‡ikb| XvKv-wPjvnvwU
bxjmvMi G·‡cÖm
 A_©vq‡b- evsjv‡`k I Gw·g e¨vsK (Pxb) †h․_fv‡e| (bxjdvgvix)
 XvKv Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡qi mv‡_ XvKv Avïwjqv Gwj‡f‡UW XvKv-jvjgwbnvinvU jvjgwb G·‡cÖm
G·‡cÖmI‡q †hLv‡b wgwjZ n‡e- XvKv †_‡K PÆMÖvg gnvmo‡Ki XvKv- †bvqvLvjx DcK‚j G·‡cÖm
KzZzeLvjx c‡q‡›U| GMvi wmÜzi (cÖfvZx/ †Mva~jx), wK‡kviMÄ
XvKv-wK‡kviMÄ
 XvKvi cÖ_g Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q- XvKv Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q| G·‡cÖm
KY©dzjx Uv‡bj †g‡Uªv‡ij cÖKí
 KY©dzjx b`xi wb‡P Aew¯’Z GKwU cÖ¯ÍvweZ b`x myo½|  MRTÕi c~Y©iƒc- Mass Rapid Transit|
 myo½wU KY©dzjx b`xi `yB Zx‡ii AÂj‡K hy³ Ki‡e|  ‡h gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb- moK cwienb I †mZz gš¿Yvjq|
 myo½ ga¨ w`‡q XvKv-PÆMÖvg-K·evRvi gnvmoK hy³ n‡e|  ‡h wefv‡Mi Aaxb- moK cwienb I gnvmoK wefvM|
 KY©dzjx myo‡½i ‣`N¨© 3.43 wK‡jvwgUvi (wgUvi 3400)|
 myo½wU wbg©vY n‡j GwUB n‡e evsjv‡`k Gi cÖ_g myo½ c_|  ‡g‡Uªv‡ij wbg©vY I cwiPvjbvi `vwq‡Z¡ i‡q‡Q- XvKv g¨vm UªvbwRU
 wbg©vYvaxb cÖwZôvb- Pvqbv KwgDwb‡Kkb G¨vÛ Kb÷«vKkb ‡Kv¤úvwb †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW (DMTCL)|
wjwg‡UW (wmwmwmwm)|  DMTCL gvwjKvbvaxb- evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii|
 KY©dyjx b`xi ga¨fv‡M KY©dzjx myo½ Ae¯’vb Ki‡e 150 dzU Mfx‡i|  DMTCL cÖwZôv Kiv nq- 3 Ryb, 2013|
 ms‡hvM- PÆMÖv‡gi `ywU kni c‡Z½v (DËi) I Av‡bvqviv‡K (`wÿY)|  DMTCL Õi AvIZvq †g‡Uªv‡i‡ji †gvU •`N©¨- 129.901 wK.wg.|
 wbg©vY ïiæ- 24 ‡deªæqvwi 2019 mvj
 A_©vq‡b- Rvcvb B›Uvib¨vkbvj †Kv-Acv‡ikb G‡RwÝ (RvBKv)|
 Aci bvg: Uz UvDbm - Iqvb wmwU
 Pvjy n‡e : 2023  RvBKvÕi mv‡_ Pzw³ nq- 2013 mv‡j|
 ‡gvU †÷kb n‡e- 105wU|
†ijc_  ‡g‡Uªv‡i‡ji †gvU cÖKí n‡e- 6wU|
 we‡k¦ cÖ_g †ijc_ Pvjy nq-1825 mv‡j hy³iv‡R¨|  cÖ_g ch©v‡q KvR †kl Kiv n‡e- GgAviwU jvBb- 6 iæ‡Ui|
 Dcgnv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g †ijMvwo Pvjy K‡ib-jW© Wvj‡n․wm (1853 mv‡j)|
 wØZxq ch©v‡q KvR †kl Kiv n‡e- GgAviwU jvBb-1 I GgAviwU
 †`‡k cÖ_g †ijjvBb ¯’vwcZ nq-1862 mv‡j (`k©bv n‡Z Kzwóqv ch©šÍ)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg †ijI‡q †÷kb-XvKvi Kgjvcyi †ijI‡q †÷kb jvBb-5: b`©vb iæU|
(¯’cwZ- ee eyB)|  ‡`‡ki cÖ_g †g‡Uªv‡ij Pvjy nq †h jvB‡b- GgAviwU jvBb-6|
 †ijI‡qi mvwe©K mì `ßi Aew¯’Z-XvKv|  cÖ_g hvÎx wn‡m‡e wUwKU †K‡U †Uª‡b P‡ob- cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv|
 evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q wef³-c~e©vÂj I cwðgvÂj|  ‡gvU †÷kb- 17wU; AeKvVv‡gvi aib- Dovj|
 †ijI‡qi c~e©vÂ‡ji mì `ßi-PÆMÖvg|  ‡KvP¸‡jvi wbg©vZv- Rvcv‡bi KvIqvmvwK-wgZmywewk Kb‡mvwU©qvg|
 †ijI‡qi cwðgvÂ‡ji mì `ßi-ivRkvnx|
 evsjv‡`‡k †ijc_ †bB-ewikvj wefv‡M|  cÖwZwU †g‡Uªv †Uª‡bi hvÎx cwienY mÿgZv- 2308 Rb|
 wPjvnvwU †ijI‡q RskbwU Aew¯’Z-bxjdvgvix †Rjvq|  webv fvovq †g‡Uªv‡i‡j ågY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb- hy×vnZ gyw³‡hv×vMY|
 evsjv‡`‡k eªW‡MR †ijI‡q jvBb me‡P‡q †ewk-ivRkvnx wefv‡M|  gwZwSj †_‡K Kgjvcyi ‡ijI‡q †÷kb ch©šÍ Pvjy n‡e- 2025 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k †ij cwienb ms¯’vi bvg-evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q|  XvKvi DËiv †_‡K Kgjvcyi ch©šÍ cÖ_g †g‡Uªv‡ij (GgAviwU jvBb-6)
 evsjv‡`‡k †ijI‡qi i¾yc_ i‡q‡Q-wm‡j‡U| Gi ‣`N©¨- 21.26 wK.wg.|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g gwnjv †Uªb PvjK-mvjgv LvZzb|
 XvKvi DËiv †_‡K gwZwSj ch©šÍ cÖ_g †g‡Uªv‡ij (GgAviwU jvBb-6)
 evsjv‡`‡ki †ij jvBb 3 ai‡bi| h_v- wgUvi †MR, eªW †MR I Wz‡qj
†MR| wgUvi †MR †ijc‡_ `yB jvB‡bi gv‡S 1 wgUvi dvuKv _v‡K| Gi •`N©¨- 20.10 wK.wg.|
eªW‡MR †ijc‡_i `yB jvB‡bi gv‡S 1.77 wgUvi dvuKv _v‡K|  ‡g‡Uªv‡i‡ji †jv‡Mvi wWRvBbvi- Avjx Avnmvb wbkvb|
 jW© Wvj‡n․wm me©cÖ_g 1853 mv‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k †ij Pvjy K‡ib|  ‡g‡Uªv‡ij Pj‡e- we`y¨rkw³i mvnv‡h¨|
 evsjv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g †ijc_ Pvjy nq 1862 mv‡j `k©bv n‡Z Kzwóqv ch©šÍ|  ‡g‡Uªv‡i‡ji cÖ_g PvjK- gwiqg AvwdRv|
 evsjv‡`‡k AvšÍtbMi †Uªb mvwf©m Pvjy nq 1985 mv‡j|  ‡g‡Uªv‡i‡ji Pvj‡Ki c`wUi bvg- †Uªb Acv‡iUi|
 cÖ_g bvix †÷kb Acv‡iUi- Avmgv Av³vi| †`‡ki cÖ_g 6 †j‡bi †mZz
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g cvZvj †ijc_ n‡e- wegvbe›ì-Kgjvcyi iæ‡U|  Ae¯’vb: Kvwkqvbx (†MvcvjMÄ I †jvnvMov), bovBj |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Dovj †g‡Uªv‡i‡ji wbqš¿Y I hvÎx‡ì wbivcËv  wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯’vcb: 24 Rvbyqvwi 2015|
wbwð‡Z hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q- Communications Based Train  D‡Øvab: 10 A‡±vei 2022|
Control (CBTC)|  wbwg©Z: gaygwZ b`xi Ici|
 ‣`N©¨: 690 wgUvi I cÖ¯’: 27.1 wgUvi|
†`‡ki cÖ_g †g‡Uªv‡i‡ji hvÎv  Dfq cv‡k ms‡hvM moK: 4.273 wK‡jvwgUvi, hvi cÖ¯’ 30.50 wgUvi|
 18 wW‡m¤î, 2022 GK‡b‡K (ECNEC) Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq|  ‡jb: 6wU|
 26 Ryb, 2016 Gi wbg©vY KvR D‡Øvab Kiv nq|  A_©vq‡b: Rvcvb B›Uvib¨vkbvj †Kv-Acv‡ikb G‡RwÝ (JICA)|
 29 wW‡m¤î, 2022 mvaviY hvÎx‡ì Rb¨ †g‡Uªv‡ij Db¥y³ Kiv nq|  bovB‡ji gaygwZ b`x‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Qq †j‡bi Kvjbv †mZzi
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g †g‡Uªv‡ij Pvjy nq †h jvBb - GgAviwU jvBb-6| D‡Øvab K‡i‡Qb cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv| 10 A‡±vei 2022 miKvwi
evmfeb MYfeb †_‡K wfwWI Kbdv‡i‡Ýi gva¨‡g
 29 AvM÷, 2021 †`‡ki cÖ_g †g‡Uªv‡i‡ji cixÿvg~jK PjvPj ïiæ nq|
 28 wW‡m¤î, 2022 cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv DËiv †_‡K AvMviMuvI ch©šÍ
†`‡ki cÖ_g cvZvj †ij
 ‡`‡ki wØZxq †g‡Uªv‡ij cÖK‡íi bvg- MRT Line–1
†g‡Uªv‡ij Pvjy nq|  Ae¯’vb- (wegvbe›ì-Kgjvcyi) - cvZvj (aeb)
we‡k^ †g‡Uªv‡i‡ji hvÎv (bZzb evRvi - bvivqYMÄ †Rjvi iƒcMÄ Dc‡Rjvi wcZjMÄ wW‡cv)
 we‡k^ cÖ_g †g‡Uªv‡ij Pvjy K‡i- hy³ivR¨ (1863 mv‡j)|  ‣`N©¨: cvZvj: 19.872 wK.wg; Dovj: 11.369 wK.wg.| me©‡gvU:
31.241 wK.wg.|
 Gwkqvq cÖ_g †g‡Uªv‡ij Pvjy K‡i- Rvcvb (1927 mv‡j)|  ‡÷kb: cvZvj- 12wU; Dovj- 9wU|
 `wÿY Gwkqvq cÖ_g †g‡Uªv‡ij Pvjy K‡i- fviZ 1972 mv‡j)|  Dovj I cvZvj c‡_i mgš^‡q wbwg©Ze¨ MRT Line–1 Gi KvR
 we‡kî `xN©Zg †g‡Uªv‡ij: mvsnvB †g‡Uªv - Pxb (1993), •`N©¨: 831 wK.wg.| D‡Øvab Kiv nq- 2 †deªæqvwi 2023|
 we‡kî e„nËg †g‡Uªv‡ij: wbDBqK© wmwU mveI‡q| e½gvZv †kL dwRjøvZz‡bœQv gywRe †mZz
 mvK©fz³ †`‡ki g‡a¨ cÖ_g fvi‡Z Ges Z…Zxq †`k wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k  D‡Øvab: 04 ‡m‡Þ¤î, 2022|
†g‡Uªv‡ij Pvjy nq|  Ae¯’vb: KPv b`xi Ici (wc‡ivRcyi mì)|
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Uv‡bj  •`N¨©: 998 wgUvi|
 †mZzwU ewikvj I Lyjbvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q|
 `vßwiK bvg- e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Uv‡bj|
 Ae¯’vb- c‡Z½v I Av‡bvqviv, PÆMÖvg|
wewfbœ cÖKí I Zvi mnvqZvKvix
 ‡h b`xi Zj‡`‡k wbwg©Z- KY©dzjx| mnvqZvKvix
cÖKí cÖKí mnvqZvKvix
 g~j Uv‡b‡ji •`N©¨ 3.4 wK.wg.| †`k
 Dfq cÖv‡šÍ ms‡hvM moK- 5.35 wK.wg.| iƒccyi cvigvYweK ivwkqv Ges wbR¯^
cÙv †mZz
 `yB wUD‡ei g‡a¨ ms‡hvM c_- 3wU| Uv‡b‡ji cÖwZwU wUD‡ei ‣`N©¨ we`y ¨ r‡K‡›`ª fviZ A_© vq‡b
2.45 wK.wg.| ¯§vU© cwiPqcÎ ivgcvj
d«vÝ fviZ
 2wU wUD‡e hvbevnb Pj‡e IqvbI‡q c×wZ‡Z| b`xi Zj‡`k †_‡K •Zwi‡Z we`y ¨r †K›`ª
18-31 wgUvi Mfx‡i myo½ •Zwi Kiv nq| g‡nkLvwj‡Z
Rvcvb ‡g‡Uªv‡ij Rvcvb
 ‡`‡ki Z_v `wÿY Gwkqvi cÖ_g Uv‡bj- e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Uv‡bj| `y¨r‡K›`ª
 wbg©vY KvR ïiæ nq- 24 †deªæqvwi, 2019| mve‡gwib
weM-we cÖKí Rvcvb Pxb
 wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb- Pvqbv KwgDwb‡KkÝ Kb÷ªvKkb †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW •Zwi‡Z
(CCCC)| Gwj‡f‡UW Px‡bi
†Wëv cø¨vb †b`vij¨vÛm
 Uv‡bjwU PÆMÖvg bMi‡K hy³ Ki‡e- Av‡bvqviv Dc‡Rjvi mv‡_| G·‡cÖ m I‡q wmb‡Wª jv
 Uv‡bjwUi d‡j PÆMÖvg-K·evRv‡ii `~iZ¡ Kg‡e- 15 wK‡jvwgUvi| KY©dzjx
wZ¯Ív gnv-cwiKíbv Pxb Pxb
 Uv‡bjwU‡Z †gvU wUDe- 2wU| Uv‡bj
 wbg©vY e¨q- 9,880.40 †KvwU UvKv| e½eÜz †ij
eªþcyÎ Lbb wbR¯^ A_©vqb Rvcvb
 A_©vqb K‡i- Px‡bi Gw·g e¨vsK I evsjv‡`k miKvi| †mZz
GbAvBwW d«vÝ B cvm‡cvU© Rvg©vwb
 cÖKíwUi gva¨‡g PÆMÖvg kni‡K ÔIqvb wmwU Uz UvDbÕ iƒ‡c M‡o †Zvjv cvqiv we`y¨r
n‡”Q- Px‡bi mvsnvB kn‡ii Av`‡j| cvZvj †ij †¯úb I Rvcvb Pxb
cÖKí
 ‡Uvj Av`vq I iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi KvR ‡Ìqv nq- Pvqbv KwgDwb‡KkÝ
wewfbœ [Mega & Fast Project] mnvqZvKvix †`k
Kb÷ªvKkb †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW|
bvg mnvqZv
 Av‡bvqviv †_‡K c‡Z½v cÖv‡šÍi wUD‡ei c~Z© KvR †kl nq- 26
cÙv †mZz (gvIqv-RvwRiv) Pxb
b‡f¤î, 2022|
cÙv †mZz †ij ms‡hvM Pxb
 wUD‡ei KvR †kl nq: 1g wUDe- 15 b‡f¤î, 2022; 2q wUDe- 26
PÆMÖvg-K·evRvi †ijc_ ADB
b‡f¤î, 2022|
bvg mnvqZv  ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g mgy`ª e›ì cvqiv mgy`ª e›ì|
‡g‡Uªv‡ij (DËiv-gwZwSj) Rvcvb 27 wK.wg •`‡N¨©i cvZvj †g‡Uªv‡ij
e½eÜz Uv‡bj (e›ì-Av‡bvqviv) Pxb
 c_- Gqvi‡cvU©- Kgjvcyi
iƒccyi cvigvYweK we`y¨r †K›`ª (†ivmvUg), ivwkqv
 GgAviwU- 6 gvwUi Dc‡i wbwg©Z n‡jI GgviwU jvBb -01 gvwUi Dci Ges gvwUi
B-cvm‡cvU© Rvg©vwb
cvqiv †mZz Pxb
wbP w`‡q wbwg©Z n‡e| KL‡bv gvwUi Dci Avevi KLbI gvwUi wbP w`‡q `ªæZMwZ‡Z
‡Wëv cø¨vb-2100 ‡b`vij¨vÛm Pj‡e †g‡Uªv‡ij|
BIG-B Rvcvb  Gqvi‡cvU© †_‡K Kgjvcyi ch©šÍ cvZvj †g‡Uªv‡ij Ges Kzwoj †_‡K cye©vPj
‣gÎx mycvi _vg©vj (ivgcvj), ev‡MinvU fviZ ch©šÍ gvwUi Dci w`‡q †g‡Uªv‡ij wbwg©Z n‡e| GgAviwU jvBb -01 AvIZvq
‡Wgy †Uªb Pxb Gqvi‡cvU© - wLj‡ÿZ-evwiaviv-evÇv -ivgcyiv - †g․PvK n‡q Kgjvcy‡i
XvKv Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q wmb‡Wªjv, Pxb wgwjZ n‡e| Ges g‡a¨ Kzwoj †_‡K c~e©vPj ch©šÍ gvwUi Dci w`‡q †g‡Uªv‡ij
¯§vU© RvZxq cwiPqcÎ d«vÝ wbwg©Z n‡e| weAviwU (evm i¨vwcW UªvbwRU)
K·evRvi wegvbe›ì Pxb  mnvqZv- Rvcvb B›Uvib¨vkbvj †Kv-Acv‡ikb G‡RwÝ (RvBKv)|
Fast Track Proejct'i AšÍfz©³ AeKvVv‡gv  •`N¨©: 27 wK.wg
bvg Ae¯’vb ‣`N©¨

†`vnvRvix-ivgy-K·evRvi-Nybayg †ijc_
cÙv †mZz gvIqv-RvwRiv 6.15 wK.wg.  c‡_i `~iZ¡: ‡`vnvRvwi- ivgy- K·evRvi = 101 wK.wg.
†g‡Æv‡ij DËiv-gwZwSj 20.1 wK.wg.  ivgy wgqvbgvi = 29 wK.wg.
e½eÜz Uv‡bj e›ì-Av‡bvqviv 3.4 wK.wg.  ‡gvU •`N¨©: 130 wK.wg.
evm i¨vwcW UªvbwRU MvRxcyi-wegvbe›ì 20.5 wK.wg.  Pvjy: 2022 mv‡j
XvKv Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q wegvbe›ì-hvÎvevox 19.73 wK.wg.  ‡mZzeÜb: XvKv-K·evRvi, wmé †ivW Ges UªvÝ- Gwkqvb †ijc‡_i
cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖKí g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb
`xN©Zg †ijc_
cÖKí ¯’vb cÖKí ¯’vb
 XvKv- cÂM‡o hvq- cÂMo G·‡cÖm I GKZv G·‡cÖm|
Gqvi dz‡qwjs e½eÜz e¯¿ I iƒcMÄ,
K·evRvi  Lyjbv- KjKvZv hvq- eÜb G·‡cÖm
†÷kb cvU Rv`yNi bvivqYMÄ
 XvKv- cÂMo `~iZ¡ - 639 wK.wg. (me‡P‡q `~iZ¡)
‣mq`cyi, †cvkvK wkí evDwkqv,
†ijI‡q Rv`yNi †`‡ki cÖ_g cvZvj †ij
bxjdvgvix cvK© gywÝMÄ
Kvwjqv‣Ki,  ‡`‡ki wØZxq †g‡Uªv‡ij cÖK‡íi bvg- MRT Line–1
Jla cvK© MRvwiqv, gywÝMÄ nvB‡UK cvK©
MvRxcyi  Ae¯’vb- (wegvbe›ì-Kgjvcyi) - cvZvj (aib)
RbZv (bZzb evRvi - bvivqYMÄ †Rjvi iƒcMÄ Dc‡Rjvi wcZjMÄ wW‡cv)
Customs mdUIq¨vi  ‣`N©¨: cvZvj: 19.872 wK.wg; Dovj: 11.369 wK.wg.| me©‡gvU:
gy³vicyi, gywÝMÄ UvIqvi,
Station cvK© 31.241 wK.wg.|
XvKv
wmivRw`Lvb, U¨vbvwi wkí  ‡÷kb: cvZvj- 12wU; Dovj- 9wU|
gy`ªY wkí mvfvi  Dovj I cvZvj c‡_i mgš^‡q wbwg©Ze¨ MRT Line–1 Gi KvR
gywÝMÄ cvK©
mxZvKzÐ, PÆMÖvg I D‡Øvab Kiv nq- 2 †deªæqvwi 2023|
RvnvR fvOv wkí cvZvj †ij XvKv
ZvjZjx, ei¸bv ¯’jc_
jvBU
BwÄwbqvwis †eZKv,
eR©¨ we`y¨r‡K›`ª AvwgbevRvi, XvKv  evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg ¯’je›ì †ebv‡cvj h‡kv‡i Aew¯’Z|
BÛvw÷ªm gywÝMÄ  miKv‡ii mivmwi wbqš¿Yvaxb GKgvÎ ¯’je›ì †ebv‡cvj|
cvK© n‡e  wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ ¯’je›ì †UKbvd|
XvKv †_‡K cvqiv e›ì-240 wK‡jvwgUvi †ijjvBb  eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’je›ì -25wU|
 me©‡kl ¯’je›ì- gywRebMi, †g‡nicyi|
 ev‡RU- 60 nvRvi †KvwU UvKv| wbg©vY Ki‡e: hy³iv‡Rï wWwc †ij
 eZ©gv‡b ¯’je›ì Pvjy Av‡Q- 14wU|
 mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e- Pvqbv †ijI‡q Kb÷ªvKkb Ki‡cv‡ikb fviZ ev wgqvbgv‡ii
 KvR †kl n‡e- 2024 mvj bvg
Ae¯’vb
Ae¯’vb
 ewikvj wefvM cÖ_gev‡ii gZ †ij ms‡hv‡Mi AvIZvq Avm‡e| GwU †ij ‡ebv‡cvj †c‡Æv‡cvj, cwðge½ kvk©v, h‡kvi
Lv‡Zi me‡P‡q eo cÖKí cUzqvLvjxi Kjvcvov Dc‡Rjvi wUqvLvjx †fvgiv ‡NvRvWv½v, cwðge½ mvZÿxiv
BDwbq‡b ivgbvev` P¨v‡b‡j cwðgZx‡i wbwg©Z- cvqiv e›ì `k©bv K…òbMi, cwðge½ PzqvWv½v
 cÖavbgš¿x 2013 mv‡ji 18 AvM÷ †`‡ki Z…Zxq mgy`ªe›ì wn‡m‡e wnwj wnwj, cwðge½ w`bvRcyi
weij ‡M․o, cwðge½ w`bvRcyi
cvqivi D‡Øvab K‡ib Ges AvbyôvwbKfv‡e hvÎv / Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i -
evsjvevÜv dzjevwoqv, cwðge½ ‡ZuZzwjqv, cÂMo
13 AvM÷ 2016 mv‡j
bvg
fviZ ev wgqvbgv‡ii
Ae¯’vb cvqiv mgy`ª e›ì
Ae¯’vb
AvLvDov AvMiZjv, wÎcyiv eªvþYevwoqv
 cvqiv e›ì evsjv‡`‡ki cUzqvLvjx ‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
nvjyqvNvU Mv‡Qvqvcvov, †gNvjq gqgbwmsn  evsjv‡`‡ki Z…Zxq Ges `w¶Y Gwkqvi GKwU mvgyw`ªK e›ì|
weweievRvi kÖxgšÍcyi, wÎcyiv Kzwgjøv  AvKvi - •`N©¨ 30 wK.wg. Ges cÖ¯’ 1 wK.wg|
eywogvix P›`ªevÜv, cwðge½ jvjgwbinvU  cÖvq 6000 GKi RvqMvq GwU M‡o D‡V‡Q|
‡mvbv gmwR` ‡gvnvw`cyi, cwðge½ PvucvBbeveMÄ  2013 mv‡ji 19 b‡f¤î cÖavbgš¿x ‡kL nvwmbv wUqvLvjx BDwbq‡bi
‡UKbvd gy›`y, wgqvbgvi K·evRvi BUevwoqv MÖv‡g Gi wfwËdjK D‡b¥vPb K‡ib|
‡ZMvgyL w`gvwMÖ, wg‡Rvivg ‡ZMvgyL, eoKj, iv½vgvwU
njwèvwo, KzPwenvi,
 AvM÷ 13, 2016 mv‡j mgy`ª e›ìwUi AvbyôvwbK hvÎv ïiæ nq|
wPjvnvwU ‡Wvgvi, bxjdvgvix
cwðge½ †`‡ki cÖ_g Mfxi mgy`ª e›ì
‡`․jZMÄ gvRw`qv, b`xqv, cwðge½ RxebbMi, PzqvWv½v
avbyqv Kvgvjcyi eKkxMÄ, Rvgvjcyi  gvZvievwo e›ì nj evsjv‡`‡ki Mfxi mgy`ª e›ì|
‡fvjvMÄ wm‡jU  e›`‡i AšÍZ 16 `kwgK 3 wgUvi Mfx‡ii RvnvR Abvqv‡m cÖ‡ek
‡kIjv weqvbxevRvi, wm‡jU Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
we‡jvwbqv ciïivg, †dbx  cÖ¯ÍvweZ gvZvievwo e›`‡ii MfxiZv 16 `kwgK 3 wgUvi nIqvq cÖwZwU RvnvR
bvKzMvuI bwjZvevwo, †kicyi 8 nvRv‡ii ‡ewk K‡›UBbvi Avb‡Z cvi‡e|
ivgMo LvMovQwo
 gvZvievwo e›ì ¯’vc‡bi Kv‡R cÖvq 15 wK‡jvwgUvi `xN© GKwU P¨v‡bj
e½ †mvbvnvU fziæ½vgvix, KzwoMÖvg
evjøv nweMÄ ‣Zwi Ki‡e RvBKv|
Zvgvwej WvDwK, †gNvjq wm‡jU  cÖavb b¨vwf‡Mkbvj P¨v‡bj 350 wgUvi PIov n‡e|
 e›`‡ii A_©vq‡b wbg©vY Kiv n‡e 100 wgUvi `xN© ‡RwU|
mgy`ª e›ì  evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b †c․imfvi msL¨v-329wU|
PÆMÖvg mgy`ª e›ì
we‡kî cÖavb `xN© †mZzmg~n
 evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶Y-c~e©vÂ‡ji PÆMÖvg kn‡i Aew¯’Z| bvg ‣`N©¨ Ae¯’vb
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb mvgyw`ªK e›ì| (wK.wg.)
 KY©dyjx b`xi ‡gvnbvq Aew¯’Z| wRI‡Rv-‡e 41.58 Pxb
 1860 wLª÷v‡ã cÖ_g `ywU A¯’vqx ‡RwU wbwg©Z nq| ‡mm‡cK weªR 37 hy³ivóª
 1877 wLª÷v‡ã PÆMÖvg ‡cvU© Kwgkbvi MwVZ nq| c›UPvi †UªBb WvqvWv÷ª 30 hy³ivóª
 1888 wLª÷v‡ã PÆMÖvg e›`‡i `ywU gywis ‡RwU wbwg©Z nq| †m․w` Avie, evnivBb 25 ga¨cÖvP¨
 1888 wLª÷v‡ã 25 GwcÖj PÆMÖvg ‡cvU© Kwgkbvi Kvh©Ki nq| KRI‡qi
 1899-1910 mv‡ji g‡a¨ PÆMÖvg ‡cvU© Kwgkbvi I Avmvg ‡e½j fv‡¯‥v-`v-Mvgv 17.2 cZz©Mvj
‡ijI‡q hy³fv‡e PviwU ¯’vqx ‡RwU wbg©vY K‡i | AimvÛ 16 ‡WbgvK©
 1910 mv‡j PÆMÖvg e›`‡ii mv‡_ ‡ijI‡q ms‡hvM mvwaZ nq| wnDg¨vb 16 Pxb
 1926 mv‡j PÆMÖvg e›ì‡K ‡gRi ‡cvU© ‡NvlYv Kiv nq| wcÖÝ GWIqvW© AvBj¨vÛ 12.9 KvbvWv
 cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j 1960 wLª÷v‡ãi RyjvB gv‡m PÆMÖvg ‡cvU© Kwgkbvi‡K ‡cbvs 8.5 gvj‡qwkqv
PÆMÖvg ‡cvU© U«v÷-G cwiYZ Kiv nq, evsjv‡`k Avg‡j 1976 wm‡qvn¨vK 7.3 ‡Kvwiqv
wLª÷v‡ãi ‡m‡Þ¤î gv‡m PÆMÖvg ‡cvU© U«v÷-‡K PÆMÖvg ‡cvU© A_wiwU‡Z ‡MÖU †eë wd«·W wj 6.8 ‡WbgvK©
cwiYZ Kiv nq|
cÙv †mZz 6.15 evsjv‡`k
 GwU GKwU ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvwi ms¯’v|
‡m‡fb †m‡KÛ µwms 5.1 hy³iv‡Rï
gsjv mgy`ª e›ì
e½eÜz †mZz 4.8 evsjv‡`k
 gsjv e›ì evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶Y-cwðgvÂ‡j ev‡MinvU ‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
 ‡`‡ki 2q e„nËg mgy`ª e›ì| we`y¨r kw³
 Lyjbv kni ‡_‡K 48 wK‡jvwgUvi `w¶‡Y Aew¯’Z|  XvKvq me©cÖ_g •e`y¨wZK evwZi cÖPjb ïiæ nq - Avnmvb gwÄ‡j
 e›ìwU 1 wW‡m¤î, 1950 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq| (1901 mv‡j)|
 ev‡MinvU ‡Rjvi gsjv Dc‡Rjvi ‡knvjveywbqv ‡g․Rvq cïi b`x I ‡gvsjv b`xi  evsjv‡`‡ki we`y¨r kw³i Drm - LwbR †Zj, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, cvwb I Kqjv
ms‡hvM¯’‡j Aew¯’Z|
 me‡P‡q eo Zvc we`y¨r †K›`ª- †fovgviv, Kzwóqv|
 cïi b`x I gsjv bvjvi ms‡hvM¯’‡j I e‡½vcmvM‡ii cÖvq 71 bwUK¨vj  evsjv‡`‡ki AvYweK we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª- iƒccyi AvYweK we`y¨r †K›`ª
gvBj DRv‡b ‡`‡ki `w¶Y cwðg As‡k Aew¯’Z Ges cÖavb Af¨šÍixY b`x
e›ìmg~n I Lyjbvq ‡ij Uvwg©bv‡ji mv‡_ mshy³| (1961 mv‡j)
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo mvgyw`ªK e›ì PÆMÖv‡gi Dci Pvc ‡e‡o  evsjv‡`‡ki evqy we`y¨r cÖKí Pvjy nq - biwms`x †Rjvq|
hvIqvq, A‡bK AvšÍR©vwZK RvnvR ‡Kv¤úvwb weKí iæU wn‡m‡e ‡gvsjv  evsjv‡`‡ki evqy we`y¨r cÖKí Pvjy i‡q‡Q- K·evRv‡ii KzZzew`qv †Rjvq|
e›ì‡K †eu‡Q wb‡q‡Q|  cjøx we`y¨r †evW© cÖwZwôZ nq- 1977 mv‡j|
 ‡emiKvwi Lv‡Z †`‡k ¯’vwcZ cÖ_g evR©gvD‡›UW we`y¨r †K›`ª- Lyjbv iƒccyi cvigvbweK we`y¨r †K›`ª (iƒccyi, cvebv)
evR©gvD‡›UW  cÖK‡íi †gqv`: 2013-2014
 evsjv‡`‡k Zvc we`y¨r †K›`ª- 10wU|  Ae¯’vb- iƒccyi, Ckî`x, cvebv|
 wmivRMÄ †Rjvi evNvevwo‡Z ¯’vwcZ we`y¨r †K‡›`ªi bvg- weR‡qi Av‡jv|  e¨q: 12.6 wg.gv.W. (94,564 †KvwU UvKv)
 ‡`‡ki e„nËi †emiKvwi we`y¨r †K›`ª- †gNbvNvU we`y¨r †K›`ª|  A_©vqb: wbR¯^ I ivwkqvi cÖKí mvnvh¨|
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g M¨vm PvwjZ we`y¨r †K›`ª- wm‡j‡Ui nwicyi we`y¨r †K›`ª|  iƒccyi cvigvYweK we`y¨r †K›`ª n‡”Q 2.4 wMMvIqvU (2400 †gMvIqvU)
 ‡`‡k cÖ_g Kqjv PvwjZ we`y¨r †K›`ª- w`bvRcy‡ii eocyKzwiqv we`y¨r †K›`ª| ¶gZvm¤úbœ GKwU cwiKwíZ cvigvYweK we`y¨r ‡K›`ª|
Rj we`y¨r †K›`ª  GwU n‡Z hv‡”Q evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cvigvYweK we`y¨r ‡K›`ª hvi cÖ_g
 evsjv‡`‡k Rj we`y¨r †K›`ª- 1wU| BDwbU 2023 mv‡j we`y¨r Drcv`b Kvh©µg ïiæ Ki‡e|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ Rj we`y¨r †K›`ªwUi bvg- KvßvB Rjwe`y¨r †K›`ª  GB we`y¨r †K›`ªwU ivwkqvi ‡ivmv‡Uvg ‡÷U A¨vUwgK GbvwR© K‡c©v‡ikb KZ©…K
(ivOvgvwU)| wbwg©Z n‡”Q|
 KvßvB Rjwe`y¨r †K›`ª wbg©vY nq- 1962 mv‡j (KY©dzjx b`x‡Z)|  cvigvYweK we`y¨r †K›`ª wbg©v‡Yi cÖ_g cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq 1961 mv‡j
 KvßvB Rjwe`y¨r †K›`ªwU Aew¯’Z- ivOvgvwU †Rjvq| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j|
 KvßvB Rjwe`y¨r †K‡›`ªi Drcv`b ÿgZv- 230 †gMvIqvU|  1963 mv‡j cvebvi iƒccy‡i 70 ‡gMvIqv‡Ui cvigvYweK we`y¨r †K›`ª
evqy we`y¨r †K›`ª wbg©v‡Yi Aby‡gv`b ‡`q|
 2010 mv‡ji 21 ‡g cvigvYweK we`y¨r ‡K›`ª ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k
 evsjv‡`‡k evqy we`y¨r cÖKí i‡q‡Q -3wU|
1. PÆMÖvg †Rjvq 2. K·evRv‡ii KzZzew`qvq I ivwkqvb ‡dWv‡ik‡bi g‡a¨ cigvYy kw³i kvwšÍc~Y© eënvi welqK
3. †dbxi †mvbvMvRx‡Z| GKwU Framework Av‡iKwU Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq g‡¯‥v‡Z| hvi
†m․iwe`y¨r djkÖæwZ‡Z 25 wW‡m¤î 2015 mv‡j cvebvi iƒccy‡i 2400 ‡gMvIqvU
 biwms`x †Rjvi ivqcyiv Dc‡Rjvi `yM©g PivÂj cvovZjx‡Z †`‡ki we`y¨r Drcv`b ¶gZvm¤úbœ cvigvYweK we`y¨r‡K›`ª wbg©vY Kivi Rb¨
cÖ_g †m․iwe`y¨r †K›`ª Pvjy nq| ivwkqvi GUg÷«q G·‡cvU© bv‡g GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi m‡½ Pyw³ mB K‡i
 KvßvB cvwb we`y¨r‡K‡›`ªi †fZ‡i evu‡ai cv‡k miKvwifv‡e ¯’vwcZ evsjv‡`k miKvi|
n‡q‡Q †`‡ki cÖ_g †m․iwe`y¨r †K›`ª|  we`y¨r ‡K›`ªwUi †gqv`Kvj n‡e lvU eQi|
 ‡`‡ki me©e„nr (50 †gMvIqvU) †m․iwe`y¨r †K›`ª gqgbwms‡ni †M․wicyi ivgcvj Zvc we`y¨r †K›`ª
Dc‡Rjvi mywZqvLvjx‡Z Aew¯’Z|  cÖK‡íi bvg- ‣gÎx mycvi _vg©vj cvIqvi cÖ‡R±|
gvZvievwo Zvc we`y¨r ‡K›`ª  cÖavb KvuPvgvj- Kqjv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU Kqjv wfwËK cÖ ¯ Í v weZ we`y ¨ r ‡K›`ª |  Ae¯’vb- ivgcvj, ev‡MinvU|
 cÖK‡íi †gqv`: 2014-2023  wbg©v‡Y †h․_ D‡`¨vM- evsjv‡`k-fviZ|
 e¨q: 35,984 †KvwU UvKv
 cïi b`xi Zxi ‡Nu‡l GB cÖK‡í 1834 GKi Rwgi mxgvbv wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 A_©vqb: wbR¯^- 7.045 Ges RvBKv- 28.939
 we`y¨‡Zi Ae¨vnZ Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z eZ©gvb we`y¨r Drcv`b ÿgZv cÖvq
 Ae¯’vb- g‡nkLvjx, K·evRvi|
15 nvRvi †gMvIqvU †_‡K 2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 24 nvRvi †gMvIqv‡U
 civgk© - Rvcv‡bi wbàb †Kv¤úvwb|
evov‡Z miKvi we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi †h c`‡ÿç‡jv wb‡q‡Q, Zvi
 MfxiZv- 14 wgUvi|
Ab¨Zg n‡jv ivgcvj we`y¨r †K›`ª cÖKí|
 600 ‡gMvIqv‡Ui ‡gvU `ywU BDwbU Mov n‡e|
 1320 ‡gMvIqvU we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖKí nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q|
 we`y¨r †K‡›`ªi Drcv`b ¶gZv n‡e 1200 ‡gMvIqvU|
 fvi‡Zi mv‡_ Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq- 12 RyjvB 2016|
 2015 mv‡ji AvM‡÷ gvZvievwo‡Z we`y¨r †K›`ª wbg©v‡Y 36 nvRvi
‡KvwU UvKvi GKwU cÖKí Aby‡gv`b ‡`q miKvi|  wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb- †nwf B‡jKUªwb· wjwg‡UW (fviZ)|
 cÖKí 29 nvRvi ‡KvwU UvKv ‡`‡e Rvcvb AvšÍR©vwZK Dbœqb ms¯’v-RvBKv|  my›ìe‡bi ‡_‡K 14 wK‡jvwgUvi DË‡i|
 5 nvRvi ‡KvwU UvKv miKv‡ii wbR¯^ Znwej ‡_‡K ‡Ìqv n‡e|  evsjv‡`k I fviZ mgvbfv‡e GB cÖK‡íi g~ja‡bi 30 kZvsk ‡kqvi Ki‡e|
 Aewkó A‡_©i ‡hvMvb ‡`‡e ‡K›`ªwUi ev¯ÍevqbKvix I ¯^Z¡vwaKvix  ‡h․_ D‡`¨vM ‡Kv¤úvwbwU 15 eQi Ki Qv‡oi myweav ‡fvM Ki‡e|
CPGCBL|  my›ìe‡bi cwi‡ekMZ ÿwZi Rb¨ cÖK‡íi AvcwË Rvwb‡q‡Qb- BD‡b‡¯‥v|
 cÖK‡íi wVKv`vi- Rvcv‡bi mywgZ‡gv Kb‡mvwU©qvg| mywZqvLvjx †mvjvi cvIqvi cø¨v›U
 eënvi Kiv n‡e- AvjUªvmycvi wµwUK¨vj †UK‡bvjwR|  cwiwPwZ: wbg©vbvaxb †`‡ki e„nËg †m․iwe`y¨r cÖKí|
 GwU cwi‡ekevÜe we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª|  Ae¯’vb: mywZqvLvjx, †M․ixcyi, gqgbwmsn|
 g‡nkLvjx I gvZvievox P¨v‡b‡ji •`N©¨ 14 wK.wg|  Drcv`‡bi jÿ¨gvÎv: 50 †gMvIqvU|
 cÖ_g NvU †`qv RvnvR wQj- cvbvgvi cZvKvevnx|
 we‡kî e„nËg evqywe`y¨r cÖKí- _vBj¨v‡Û|
cvqiv we`y¨r ‡K›`ª
 e¨q: 2.4 wewjqb Wjvi evukLvjx we`y¨r cÖKí
 A_©vqb: Pxb I evsjv‡`k  cwiwPwZ: †emiKvwi ch©v‡q †`‡ki me‡P‡q eo we`y¨r †K›`ª|
 13 Rvbyqvwi 2020 Zvwi‡L cixÿvg~jKfv‡e Pvjy nq|  Ae¯’vb: evukLvjx, PÆMÖvg|
 GwU miKvwi Lv‡Z †`‡ki me©e„nr KqjvwfwËK we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª|  cÖavb KvuPvgvj: Kqjv|
 Ae¯’vb- avbLvjx, cvqiv, cUzqvLvjx  gvwjKvbv cÖwZôvb: evsjv‡`‡ki Gm Avjg MÖæc (70%) Ges Pxb|
 ÿgZv: 1320 †gMvIqvU|  Drcv`b ÿgZv: 1320 †gMvIqvU|
we‡kî cÖavb cÖavb D”P AÆvwjKv  B-‡cv÷- B‡jKUªwbK †gBj mvwf©m Pvjy nq
GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn&| 16 AvM÷, 2000|
bvg ‣`N©¨ Ae¯’vb  BGgwUGm - B‡jKUªwbK gvwb UªvÝdvi mvwf©m
(wK.wg.) Pvjy Kiv nq 2010 mv‡ji 26 gvP©| †gvevBj
eyR© Lwjdv `yevB 828 mshy³ Avie †dv‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j UvKv
cvVv‡bv nq GB mvwf©‡mi gva¨‡g|
AvwgivZ
 B-‡c- 2012 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤î Ô‡cv÷ B-‡cÕ
ZvB‡c-101 508 ZvBIqvb
bv‡g †gvevBj e¨vswKs ïiæ nq|
mvsnvB Iqvì© dvBb¨vwÝqvj 492 Pxb
†m›Uvi †Uwj †hvMv‡hvM
‡c‡Uªvbvm UzBb UvIqvi 453 gvj‡qwkqv
 1967- †Uwj‡dvb wkí ms¯’v (TSS) wjwg‡UW cÖwZwôZ nq|
wmqvm© UvIqvi 443 wkKv‡Mv
 1979- evsjv‡`k †UwjMÖvg A¨vÛ †Uwj‡dvb wWcvU©‡g›U‡K wewUwUwe
Iqvì© †UªW †m›Uvi 417 Dt wbDBqK©
(BTTB)- †Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
Iqvì© †UªW †m›Uvi 415 `t wbDBqK©
 1981- evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g wWwRUvj †U‡j· G·‡PÄ ¯’vwcZ nq|
A¨v¤úvqvi †÷U wewìs 381 wbDBqK©
 4 Rvbyqvwi, 1990- evsjv‡`k cÖ_g wWwRUvj †Uwj‡cvb eë¯’v Pvjy nq|
K¨vm‡Kv wewìs 346 wkKv‡Mv
 3 †m‡Þ¤î, 1992- evsjv‡`‡k KvW© †dvb eë¯’v Pvjy nq|
Rb nbvKK †m›Uvi 343 wkKv‡Mv
 8 AvM÷, 1993- wmwU‡mj †Kv¤úvwbi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k †gvevBj
wµmjvi wewìs 319 wbDBqK© †dv‡bi RM‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i|
jvB‡eªwi †¯‥vqvi UvIqvi 318 jm G‡Äjm  4 Ryb, 1996- evsjv‡`‡k B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nq|
‡U·vm Kg©vm cøvRv 305 wnD÷b  21 †g, 2006- evsjv‡`k cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv mve‡gwib †Ke‡ji mv‡_
WvK †hvMv‡hvM mshy³ nq|
GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn&|  21 RyjvB 2009- evsjv‡`‡k IqvB g¨v· cÖhyw³ Pvjy nq|
 14 A‡±vei, 2012- cixÿvg~jKfv‡e †`‡ki cÖ_g 3G cÖhyw³ D‡Øvab Kiv nq|
 Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g WvK wUwKU Pvjy nq 1  5 b‡f¤î, 2012- ¸Mj evsjv‡`‡k Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i|
A‡±vei, 1854 mv‡j|  16 wW‡m¤î, 2015- evsjv‡`‡k ev‡qv‡gwUªK c×wZ‡Z wmg KvW©
 gywRebMi miKvi evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g 8wU ¯§viK wbeÜb Pvjy nq| ev‡qv‡gwUªK c×wZ‡Z wmg wbeÜ‡b we‡kî cÖ_g
cÖPviYvg~jK WvK wUwKU cÖKvk K‡i 29 RyjvB, cvwK¯Ívb Ges evsjv‡`‡ki wØZxq|
1971 mv‡j| bKkvKvi wQ‡jb wegvb gwjøK|  19 †deªæqvwi, 2018- cÖ_g 4G Pvjy nq|
 14 GwcÖj, 1971 mv‡j PzqvWv½vq evsjv‡`‡ki  12 wW‡m¤î, 2021- cixÿvg~jKfv‡e evsjv‡`‡k 5G Pvjy nq|
cÖ_g WvKNi ¯’vcb Kiv ¯^vaxbZvi ci cÖ_g  Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨: evsjv‡`‡k †gvevBj Acv‡iUi Av‡Q 5wU| Gi g‡a¨
WvK wUwKU cÖKvwkZ nq 2 †deªæqvwi, 1972 miKvwi 1wU| evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ miKvwi †gvevBj Acv‡iUi †UwjUK
mv‡j (kwn` wgbvi m¤^wjZ WvK wUwKU) evsjv‡`k wjw‡gUW 31 gvP©, 2005 mv‡j eëmvwqK Kvh©µg ïiæ
 ¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Lvg cÖKvk K‡i| BmivB‡ji mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki †Uwj‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi †Kv‡bv eë¯’v
BwZnvm
nq 18 GwcÖj, 1972 mv‡j| †bB| eZ©gv‡b †gvevBj MÖvnK msL¨v 17.33 †KvwU Ges B›Uvi‡bU
 7 Rb exi‡kÖ‡ôi ¯§i‡Y cÖ_g WvK wUwKU MÖvnK msL¨v 11.27 †KvwU|
cÖKvwkZ nq 16 wW‡m¤î, 1982 mv‡j|
bKkvKvi wQ‡jb Avn‡g` Gd Kwig| mve‡gwib K¨vej
 1973 mv‡ji 7 †deªæqvwi evsjv‡`k  mve‡gwib K¨vej cÖKí WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb|
BDwbfvm©vj †cv÷vj BDwbq‡bi m`m¨ c`  evsjv‡`‡k 2 ai‡bi mve‡gwib K¨vej i‡q‡Q Ges Z„Zxq mve‡gwib
jvf K‡ib| K¨vej ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Pzw³ Kvh©Ki i‡q‡Q|
 1986 mv‡ji 22 wW‡m¤î †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki WvK  SEA-ME-MW-A d«v‡Ýi gvm©vB †_‡K wm½vcyi ch©šÍ 22,000
†KvW ( †cv÷vj †KvW) eë¯’v Pvjy nq| †cv÷vj wK‡jvwgUvi `xN© G ms‡hvM jvB‡b evsjv‡`‡ki As‡ki •`N©¨ 1240
†KvW †cv÷ Awd‡mi bvg wb‡`©k K‡i| wK‡jvwgUvi| PÆMÖvg- K·evRvi mve‡gwib †Kejm AcwUK¨vj dvBevi
 WvK, †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM I Z_¨cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k miKvi‡K 170 wK‡jvwgUvi `~i‡Z¡i e¨q
evsjv‡`k WvK wefv‡Mi cÖavb- gnvcwiPvjK| mgMÖ enb Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k 5wU WvK AÂ‡j wef³| cÖwZ AÂ‡ji mve‡gwib †Kej ‣`N©¨ j¨vwÛs mshy³ e¨vÛDB_
wbqš¿K cÖwZôvb cÖavb †cv÷ gv÷vi †Rbv‡ij| evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ †÷kb
†cv÷vj GKv‡Wwg ivRkvnx‡Z Aew¯’Z| GwU SEA–ME - WE - 4
18800 wSjsSv, 21 †g, 300
wK.wg. K·evRvi 2006 wRwecGm
cÖwZwôZ nq 1986 mv‡j| 1985 mv‡j XvKv KzqvKvUvi, 10
wRwcI‡Z GKwU c~Y©v½ WvK Rv`yNi ¯’vcb Kiv nq| 20,000 1500
SEA–ME–WE-5 Kjvcvov, †m‡Þ¤î,
 wRBwc- †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY Riæwi WvK wewj wK.wg. wRwewcGm
cUzqvLvjx 2017
(Guaranteed Express Post) Pvjy Kiv 23 †m‡Þ¤î, 2021 SEA–ME–WE–6
nq 1 Rvbyqvwi, 1993| Kb‡mvwU©qv‡gi m‡½ A¨vÛ †gB‡›U‡bÝ GwMÖ‡g›U I
eZ©gvb mvwf©m SEA - ME- WE -6
 B Gg Gm- Gi gva¨‡g wPwVcÎ, WKz‡g›Um Kb‡mvwU©qv‡gi mieivnKvix‡ì mv‡_ Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ
Ges wRwbmcÎ 72 NÈvi g‡a¨ we‡kî wewfbœ nq| 2024 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Z…Zxq mve‡gwibwU Pvjy n‡f|
†`‡k cvVv‡bv m¤¢e nq|  SEA–ME–WE = South East Asia-Middle East-West Europe.
WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM wefvMmg~n  we‡klZ¡- m¨v‡UjvBUwU 1600 †gMvnvU©R
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GB wefv‡Mi ZË¡veav‡bi Dr‡ÿcY Kiv nq| †bcvj, fzUvb, kÖxj¼v, wdwjcvBb I B‡›`v‡bwkqv
evsjv‡`k  BCSCL - BCSCL- Bangladesh AÂj Ges wm e¨v‡Ûi AvIZvq wgqvbgvi,
KwgDwb‡Kkb Communication Satellite Compnay Ltd. &AvdMvwb¯Ívb, ZvwRwK¯Ívb, wKiwMR¯Ívb,
m¨v‡Ujv&WwU  2017 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ cÖwZwôZ nq| Zz w K© ‡gwb¯Í v b I KvRvL¯Í v ‡bi Ask we‡kl|
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K¨vej †Kv¤úvwb Cable Compnay Ltd. †÷kbwU e¨vKAvcwn‡m‡e ivLv n‡q‡Q|
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evsjv‡`k m¨v‡UjvBU Gi gva¨‡g GLb evsjv‡`wk P¨v‡bj¸‡jv
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 wWRvBb- GUvi bKkv I wbg©vY KvR m¤úv`b K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK cwiwPwZ
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 AiweUvj ¯øU µq- 2100 †KvwU UvKvi Ges  wefv‡Mi cywjk cÖavb- wWAvBwR|
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Rb¨ 234.9 †KvwU UvKvi Pzw³ nq|  evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g wefvM- XvKv
 Ae¯’vb- 119.09 wWwMÖ c~e© `ªvwNgvi AiweUvj  1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv hy×Kvjxb mg‡q evsjv‡`‡k 4wU wefvM wQj
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 Kvh©µg ïiæ- evsjv‡`k c~Y© wbqš¿Y jvf K‡i 9
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†g, 2019| c„_K K‡i 14 †m‡Þ¤î 2015 mv‡j G wefvM m„wó Kiv nq)|
 AvqZb e„nËg wefvM I ebf~wgi cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk Av‡Q †h wefv‡M AvBbmfv: RvZxq msm`
- PÆMÖvg wefv‡M (11wU †Rjv)|  evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` GKKÿ wewkó| msweav‡bi 65 Aby‡”Q`
 AvqZb †QvU wefvM, Kg †Rjv I Kg Dc‡Rjv Av‡Q †h wefv‡M- Abyhvqx, RvZxq msm‡ì mvaviY Avmb msL¨v 300| GKK AvÂwjK
gqgbwmsn wefvM| wbe©vPwb GjvKvmg~n n‡Z cÖZ¨ÿ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g 300 Rb m`m¨
 RbmsL¨vq e„nËg wefvM I me‡P‡q †ewk †Rjv wb‡q MwVZ wefvM- XvKv wefvM| wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| GQvov 50wU Avmb gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ msiwÿZ i‡q‡Q| Zvuiv
 RbmsL¨vq †QvU wefvM I RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi me‡P‡q Kg- ewikvj
msm` m`m¨‡ì Øviv wbe©vwPZ nb| Z‡e gwnjviv msiwÿZ Avmb QvovI
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 ‡Rjvi msL¨v Kg- wm‡jU I gqgbwmsn wefv‡M (4wU)| RvZxq msm‡ì ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj
 wkÿvi nvi me‡P‡q ‡ewk- ewikvj wefv‡M  ‡h‡Kv‡bv bZzb AvBb cÖYqb, cÖPwjZ AvBb ms‡kvab, AcÖ‡qvRbxq
 wkÿvi nvi me‡P‡q Kg- wm‡jU wefv‡M| AvBb evwZj Ges msweavb ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡i RvZxq msm`|
†Rjv  RvZxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q gš¿x‡ì cÖkœ wRÁvmv K‡i, wb›`vg~jK cÖ¯Íve
 evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gvb †Rjv Av‡Q-64wU (65 Zg cÖ¯ÍvweZ †Rjv- •fie)| G‡b, ev‡RU Av‡jvPbv-mgv‡jvPbv K‡i, gyjZwe cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡i
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †Rjv nq-1666 mv‡j (PÆMÖvg)| RvZxq msm` gwš¿mfv‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 gyw³hy×Kvjxb mg‡q evsjv‡`k 19wU †Rjv I 44wU gnKzgv wQj|  RvZxq msm‡ì msL¨vMwiô `‡ji Ômsm`xq †bZvÕ cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e
 evsjv‡`‡k AvqZ‡b me‡P‡q eo †Rjv-ivOvgvwU| wb‡qvM cvb Ges wZwb msm` m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K cQ›`g‡Zv m`m¨
 b`xc‡_ mivmwi XvKvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM †bB †h †Rjvi-ivOvgvwU| wb‡q gwš¿mfv MVb K‡ib|
 evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZ‡b me‡P‡q †QvU †Rjv-bvivqYMÄ|  RvZxq msm` `yB-Z…Zxqvs‡ki †fv‡U ivóªcwZ‡K Awfmsk‡bi gva¨‡g
 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii m‡eŸ©v”P cÖkvmb-‡Rjv cwil`| AcmviY Ges w¯úKvi I †WcywU w¯úKvi‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 RbmsL¨vi me‡P‡q eo †Rjv I Nb‡Z¡i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk-XvKv †Rjvq|  msm‡ì Aby‡gv`b e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv Ki Av‡ivc msMÖn Kiv hvq bv|
 RbmsL¨vq me‡P‡q †QvU †Rjv I Nb‡Z¡i nvi me‡P‡q Kg-ev›ìev‡b| msm` AvBb e‡j miKvwi A_© wbqš¿Y K‡i|
†c․imfv  msm` AvBb e‡j cÖRvZ‡š¿i K‡g© ev PvKwi‡Z Kg©PvixM‡Yi wb‡qvM I
 kni GjvKvq ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ ms¯’vi bvg-‡c․imfv| K‡g©i kZ©vewj wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 ‡c․imfv MwVZ-1 Rb †gqi, wbe©vwPZ KvDwÝji I bvix KvDwÝji‡ì wb‡q|  ivóªcwvZ, w¯úKvi Ges †WcywU w¯úKvi I msm`xq KwgwU, msiwÿZ 50wU
 ‡c․imfvi †gqi I KvDwÝjiv wbe©vwPZ nb-RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U| Avm‡bi gwnjv m`m¨ wbe©vPb BZ¨vw` RvZxq msm‡ì Dci b¨¯Í|
 ‡c․imfvi Kvh©Kvj-5 eQi|  Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ, cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bvj I b¨vqcv‡ji c` cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 ‡c․i †Pqvig¨v‡bi eZ©gvb c`we-‡c․i †gqi| †d¬vi µwms (Aby‡”Q` - 70)
 ‡c․imfvi Kwgkbvi‡ì eZ©gvb c`we-‡c․i KvDwÝji|  evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡ì m`mïv †d¬vi µm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 AvqZ‡b evsjv‡`‡ki ÿz`ªZg ‡c․imfv-kixqZcy‡ii †fìMÄ †c․imfv| msweav‡bi 70 Aby‡”Q` Øviv m`m¨‡ì‡K †d¬vi µ‡m ev `jZ¨v‡Mi
 AvqZ‡b evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg ‡c․imfv-mvfvi †c․imfv, XvKv Dci wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 XvKv †c․imfv cÖwZwôZ nq -1864  70 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx msm` wbe©vP‡b †Kv‡bv ivR‣bwZK `‡ji cÖv_©x
 XvKv †c․i K‡c©v‡ikb XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ nq - 1990 mv‡j g‡bvbxZ n‡q hw` †Kv‡bv e¨w³ msm` m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb, cieZ©x‡Z
 evsjv‡`‡ki ‡c․i cywjk MVb Kiv nq - 16 A‡±vei 2011 `ywU Kvi‡Y Zvi Avmb k~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i| h_v-
_vbv K. wZwb hw` H `j †_‡K c`Z¨vM K‡ib
 eZ©gvb _vbv Av‡Q-654wU (me©‡kl-cÙv DËi I `wÿY _vbv)| L. wZwb hw` msm‡` wbR `‡ji wec‡ÿ †fvU `vb K‡ib|
 AvqZ‡b me‡P‡q e‡ov _vbv- k¨vgbMi (mvZÿxiv)  evsjv‡`‡k 1972 mv‡ji g~~j msweav‡bB 70 Aby‡”Q‡` `jZ¨vM we‡ivax
 AvqZ‡b me‡P‡q †QvU _vbv-Iqvix (XvKv) weavb mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡qwQj| 1991 mv‡j msweav‡bi Øv`k
 RbmsL¨vq e‡ov _vbv-MvRxcyi mì (MvRxcyi) ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g `j Z¨vM A_ev †d¬vi µwms Gi weavb‡K Av‡iv
 RbmsL¨vq †Qv‡Uv _vbv- wegvbe›ì _vbv (XvKv) K‡VviZi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z cÂ`k ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g 1972
Dc‡Rjv Gi g~j msweav‡bi 70 Aby‡”Q‡ì weavb‡K cybt¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 eZ©gv‡b Dc‡Rjv Av‡Q-495wU
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo Dc‡Rjv-k¨vgbMi, mvZÿxiv w¯úKvi I †WcywU w¯úKvi (Aby‡”Q` 74)
 Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb nq - 5 evi (1g-1985, 1990, 2009, 2014,  †Kv‡bv mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi ci msm‡ì cÖ_g •eV‡K msm` m`m¨‡ì
me©‡kl-2019 mv‡j)| g‡a¨ †_‡K GKRb w¯úKvi I GKRb †WcywU w¯úKvi wbe©vwPZ n‡eb|
 Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v cÖeZ©b nq- 1983 mv‡j G Aby‡”Q‡` Zvu‡ì ÿgZv m¤ú‡K© ejv Av‡Q|
 Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib-û‡mBb gynv¤§` Gikv` MYcwil‡ì cÖ_g w¯úKvi kvn Avãyj nvwg`
BDwbqb cwil` MYcwil‡ì cÖ_g †WcywU w¯úKvi ‡gvnv¤§` Djøvn&
 MÖvg AÂ‡ji ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii me©wb¤œ cÖwZôvb- BDwbqb cwil`
RvZxq msm‡ì cÖ_g w¯úKvi ‡gvnv¤§` Djøvn&
 eZ©gvb BDwbqb cwil` Av‡Q- 4571 wU|
 BDwbqb cwil` m„wó Kiv nq- 1973 mv‡j RvZxq msm‡ì cÖ _ g †Wcy w U w¯úKvi ‡gvnv¤§` evqZzjøvn&
 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖkvm‡bi me©wb¤œ ¯Íi- BDwbqb cwil` RvZxq msm‡ì cÖ_g bvix w¯úKvi W. wkwib kviwgb †P․ayix
 BDwbqb cwil` MwVZ- 13Rb m`m¨ wb‡q (1Rb †Pqvig¨vb, 3Rb Kvw÷s †fvU
bvix m`m¨ I 9 Rb mvaviY m`m¨)
 cÖ_g BDwbqb cwil` wbe©vPb nq-1973 mv‡j|  cvj©v‡g‡›U w¯úKv‡ii †fvU‡K Kvw÷s †fvU e‡j| †Kv‡bv wel‡qi Dci
 BDwbqb cwil‡` bvixiv †fvUvwaKvi jvf K‡i- 1997 mv‡j cvj©v‡g‡›U †fvU AbywôZ nIqvi ci hw` †`Lv hvq Dfq c‡ÿ mgvb
 me‡P‡q †Qv‡Uv BDwbqb-nvwRcyi, †fvjv| †fv‡U c‡o‡Q ZLb w¯úKvi Kvw÷s †fvU (wbY©vqK †fvU) cÖ`vb K‡ib|
 `kg BDwbqb cwil` wbe©vPb-2021 mv‡j| msweav‡bi 75(1) (K) Aby‡”Q‡` Kvw÷s‡fvU cÖ`v‡bi K_v ejv Av‡Q|
†Kvivg (Aby‡”Q` 75) b¨vqcvj (Aby‡”Q` 77)
 msm‡ì Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ msm` K‡ÿ Dcw¯’Z b~¨bZg m`m¨  evsjv‡`‡k 1972 mv‡j g~j msweav‡b 77 Aby‡”Q‡` b¨vqcvj c` m„wói Rb¨
msL¨v‡K e‡j †Kvivg (Quroum)| †Kviv‡gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K AvBb cÖYq‡bi weavb ivLv nq| cieZ©x‡Z evsjv‡`‡k 1980 mv‡j b¨vqcvj
m`m¨ Dcw¯’Z bv _vK‡j msm‡ì Kvh©µg Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| msweav‡bi msµvšÍ AvBb cvm nq| Z‡e ZLb ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k KvD‡K b¨vqcvj wn‡m‡e
75 (2) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx Kgc‡ÿ 60 Rb m`‡mï Dcw¯’wZ‡Z RvZxq wb‡qvM †Ìqv nqwb| AvBb Abyhvqx b¨vqcv‡ji Kvh©Kv‡ji †gqv` n‡e 3
msm‡ì KvR Pj‡e| A_©vr 60 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q RvZxq msm‡ì eQi; Zvi c`gh©v`v n‡e mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i Avwcj wefv‡Mi wePvicwZi b¨vq|
†Kvivg MwVZ n‡e| RvZxq msm‡ì •eVK PjvKv‡j †Kv‡bv mg‡q †Kv‡bv gš¿Yvjq ev miKvwi Kv‡R hw` †Kv‡bv Ab¨vb¨ I Awbqg msNwUZ nq
Dcw¯’Z m`m¨ msL¨v lv‡Ui (60) Kg e‡j hw` mfvcwZi `„wó AvKl©Y Z‡e b¨vqcvj Zvi Z`šÍ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
Kiv nq Zvn‡j wZwb Ab~¨b 60 Rb Dcw¯’Z bv nIqv ch©šÍ •eVK ¯’wMZ  Ombudsman ev b¨vqcvj aviYvwU me©cÖ_g myB‡W‡b D™¢vweZ nq|
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Kiv nq| myBwWk kã Ombudsman K_vwUi A_© n‡jv cÖwZwbwa
Kvh©cÖYvwj wewa (Aby‡”Q‡` 75)
(Representative) ev gyLcvÎ (Spokesman) A_©vr b¨vqcvj
 msm` †h Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ nq Zv‡K msm` Kvh©cÖYvwj wewa (Rules n‡jb Ggb e¨w³ whwb A‡bï n‡q K_v e‡jb evev A‡bï cÖwZwbwaZ¡
of Procedure of Parliament) e‡j| RvZxq msm` GKwU K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z myB‡W‡bi c_ AbymiY c_ AbymiY K‡i A‡bK
mywekvj, gh©v`vc~Y© I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ivóªxq cÖwZôvb| GB cÖwZôvb KwZcq †`‡kB b¨vqcvj c` m„wó Kiv nq|
my¯úó I myMwVZ bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ nq| msweav‡bi †k^ZcÎ
75(1)(K) Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i Kvh©cÖYvwj wewa cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| Kxfv‡e  miKvi KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj n‡jv †k^ZcÎ (White Paper) |
RvZxq msm‡ì Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb, ¯’wMZ I †f‡O †Ìqv hvq, Kxfv‡e †k^ZcÎ miKvi wewfbœ welq ev Dci cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv AvBb
msm` m`m¨MY kc_ MÖnY K‡ib, w¯úKvi I †WcywU| w¯úKvi wbe©vwPb cwieZ©b K‡i bZzb wej Avbvi Av‡M G wel‡q Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ White
nb, msm‡` cÖkœ DÌvcb c×wZ, msm` m`m¨‡ì cvjbxq wewa cÖf…wZ Paper cÖKvwkZ n‡Z cv‡i| miKvwi †Kv‡bv cwjwm cwiewZ©Z n‡j Gi KviY
m¤ú‡K© Kvh©cÖYvwj wewa‡Z ¯úó wb‡`©kbv _v‡K| e¨vL¨v K‡i miKvi †nvqvBU †ccvi cÖKv‡ki D‡`¨vM wb‡Z cv‡i|
ûBc `vqgyw³ Aa¨v‡`k (Bb‡WgwbwU AwW©b¨vÝ)
 MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ÔûBcÕ (Whip) kãwUi D‡jøL  `vqgyw³ ej‡Z AZx‡Z K…Z Aciv‡ai `vq †_‡K gyw³ jvf‡K eySvq|
†bB| Z‡e, msm` cwiPvjbvq I msm` m`m¨‡ì AvPiY I k„•Ljv ivóªweÁvbx WvBwm e‡jb, hwÌ Bb‡WgwbwU A_© A‣eaZv‡K •eaZv
msiÿ‡Yi Zvui ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| msm` cÖYxZ Kvh©cÖYvwj `vb Zey GwUI AvBb| evsjv‡`‡k KzL¨vZ Bb‡WgwbwU Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi
wewa‡Z ûBc (Whip) wbe©vPb I Zvui Kvh©vewj wel‡q D‡jøL Av‡Q| Kiv nq 1975 mv‡ji 26 †m‡Þ¤î| L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g`
 ûBc wbR wbR `‡ji m`m¨‡ì •eV‡K Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ K‡ib| `‡ji ivóªcwZ wn‡m‡e GB Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi K‡ib| Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj 1975
c‡ÿ †fvU w`‡Z m`m¨‡ì DØy× K‡ib| `jxq m`m¨‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ RvwZi wcZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb, Zvui
mKj `wjj, KvMR I Z_¨ mieivn K‡ib| cvj©v‡g‡›U msNwUZ cwiev‡ii m`m¨ Ges ivR‣bwZK †bZ…e„‡›ì nZ¨vKvix‡ì wePv‡ii `vq
NUbvewj m¤ú‡K© `jxq †bZv‡ì AewnZ K‡ib| `j‡bZvi Kv‡R †_‡K gyw³ †Ìqv| GwU wQ‡jv GKwU Kv‡jv AvBb| gvbevwaKvi,
mnvqZv K‡ib| msm‡ì ¯’vqx, evQvB Ges Ab¨vb¨ KwgwU‡Z `jxq AvB‡bi kvmb Ges MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZi cwicwš’ GB Aa¨v‡`k
m`m¨‡ì bv‡gi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib| evwZ‡ji Rb¨ `xN©w`b Av‡›`vjb nq| †kl ch©šÍ 1996 mv‡ji 12
b‡f¤î GB Aa¨v‡`k evwZj Kiv nq| Gi d‡j e½eÜz nZ¨vKvix‡ì
jwes wePv‡ii KvVMovq `vuo Kiv‡bv m¤¢e nq|
 jwes (Lobbying) GKwU cÖwµqv ev cÖ‡Póv| DÌvwcZ †Kv‡bv wej wewea Z_¨
cvk Kivi Rb¨ cvj©v‡g‡›Ui m`m¨‡ì cÖfvweZ Kiv| jwes cÖkvmwbK  evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡ì Bs‡iwR bvg- nvDR Ae `¨ †bkb
Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡ÎI nq| Avevi †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ Kvh©Ki ev ev¯Íevqb Kivi (House of the Nation)|
Rb¨ jwes Kiv nq|  evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡ì cÖZxK- kvcjv|
ZviKvwPwýZ cÖkœ  7 GwcÖj, 1973 mv‡j evsjv‡`k RvZxq msm‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ekb ïiæ nq|
 ZviKvwPwýZ cÖkœ (Question upon star mark) msm‡` DÌvwcZ  RvZxq msm‡ì 1 bs Avmb evsjv‡`‡ki cÂMo †Rjvq Ges 300bs
GK ai‡bi cÖkœ| wbqg I wewa Abyhvqx msm` m`mïv msm‡` cÖkœ AvmbwU ev›ìevb †Rjvq|
DÌvcb K‡ib| †Kv‡bv m`m¨ Zvui DÌvwcZ cÖ‡kœi hw` †g․wLK DËi  gvÎ 1wU msm`xq Avm‡b Av‡Q - iv½vgvwU, LvMovQwo I ev›ìevb †Rjvq|
Pvb Zvn‡j wZwb cÖkœwUi Dci ZviKvwPý w`‡q †`b| G ai‡bi cÖkœ‡K  evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡` we‡`wk ivóªcÖavb wn‡m‡e me©cÖ_g fvlY
ZviKvwPwýZ cÖkœ e‡j| †`b- hy‡Mvkøvwfqvi gvk©vj †Rv‡md wU‡Uv (31 Rvbyqvwi, 1974)|
m¤ú~iK cÖkœ  8g RvZxq msm‡` wb‡RB wb‡Ri Kv‡Q msm` m`m¨ wn‡m‡e kc_ †bb-
mv‡eK ivóªcwZ A¨vW‡fv‡KU Avãyj nvwg`|
 msm` m`mïv K‡ÿ Zvu‡ì cÖ‡kœi (ZviKvwPwýZ cÖkœ) †g․wLK DËi  msm‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b cÖ_g •eV‡Ki m~Pbv e³e¨ cÖ`vb K‡ib- ivóªcwZ|
PvB‡Z cv‡ib| G iKg †Kv‡bv cÖ‡kœi DËi cvevi ci G m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv  kvmb wefvM Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vqx _v‡K- AvBbmfvi wbKU|
wela e¨vL¨v ‡P‡q †h cÖkœ DÌvcb Kiv nq Zv‡K m¤ú~iK  hy× †NvlYv Kivi Rb¨ iv‡óªi †h wefv‡Mi Aby‡gv`b cÖ‡qvRb- AvBbmfvi|
(Supplementary Question) e‡j| m¤ú~iK cÖkœ DÌvcb Kiv  w¯úKvi I †WcywU w¯úKv‡ii †eZb I fvZv cÖ`vb Kiv nq- mshy³
nq: for further elucidation of any matter of fact Znwe‡ji `vqhy³ wej †_‡K|
regarding which an answer has been given.  ivóªcwZ miKvwi Kvh©vewj eÈ‡bi Rb¨ †hme wewamg~n cÖYqb K‡ib
 w¯úKvi hw` g‡b K‡ib †h, H cÖkœ AcÖvmw½K, †hfv‡e DÌvcb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡K iæjm Ae weR‡bm e‡j|
Zv wewa cwicwš’ Ges mswkøó m`m¨ G m¤úwK©Z Zvui AwaKv‡ii Ace¨nvi  RvZxq msm` cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ †hme wewaweavb cÖYqb Kiv nq
K‡i‡Qb Z‡e wZwb m¤ú~iK cÖkœ cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Zv‡K- iæjm Ae †cÖvwmwWDi e‡j|
 RvZxq msm` eë¯’vq we‡ivax `jxq †bZv c~Y©gš¿xi gh©v`v †fvM K‡ib| ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb
 miKvwi †Kv‡bv wm×v‡šÍi weiæ‡× cÖwZev`¯îƒc we‡ivax `‡ji msm` Kÿ
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmb
Z¨vM Kiv‡K ÔIqvK AvDUÕ e‡j|
 cÖwZ mßv‡ni †mvgevi gwš¿mfvi Ges g½jevi cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi
(ECNEC) wba©vwiZ •eVK AbywôZ nq|
 Ryb gv‡mi cÖ_g e„n¯úwZevi RvZxq msm‡ì A_©eQ‡ii ev‡RU †ck Kiv nq|
 gwš¿mfvi wbqwgZ •eV‡K †bZ…Z¡ †`b- gvbbxq cÖavbgš¿x| †K›`ªxq cÖkvmb gvV cÖkvmb
RvZxq I ¯’vbxq cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv
 iv‡óªi kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i- cÖkvmb| iv‡óªi wfZ‡i kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iÿv mwPevjq wefvMxq cÖkvmb
I iv‡óªi mg„w×i KvR K‡i|
 iv‡óªi ürwcÐ- cÖkvmb| gš¿Yvjq †Rjv cÖkvmb
 cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv ¯ÍiwfwËK| cÖavb ¯Íi- 2wU| h_v: †K›`ªxq cªkvmb I gvV Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb
cÖkvmb| Awa`ßi
 cÖkvm‡bi cÖ_g avc- wefvMxq cÖkvmb| wØZxq avc- †Rjv cÖkvmb| Z…Zxq
avc- Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb| cwi`ßi
 Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb G‡Kev‡i Z…Yg~j ch©vq ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z _v‡K| †K›`ªxq cÖkvmb
†K›`ªxq cÖkvmb mwPevjq
 mwPevjq †K›`ªxq cÖkvm‡bi †K›`ªwe›`y| †`‡ki mKj cÖkvmwbK wm×všÍ
GLv‡b M„nxZ nq|  mwPevjq n‡”Q evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvm‡bi †K›`ªwe›`y| mwPevjq MwVZ nq
 gš¿Yvj‡qi mKj cÖkvmwbK ÿgZv mwP‡ei nv‡Z| K‡qKwU gš¿Yvj‡qi mgš^‡q|
 mwPevj‡qi cªkvmwbK KvVv‡gvÕi Av‡jv‡K Kv‡Ri cwiwa: gš¿Yvjq
gš¿x cÖKí cÖYq I bxwZ wba©viY|  gš¿Yvjq n‡”Q mwPevj‡qi GKwU mvsMVwbK I cÖkvmwbK kvLv|
gš¿x‡K bxwZ wba©viY I kvmbKv‡h© mnvqZv Kiv Ges  cÖ‡Z¨K gš¿Yvjq GK ev GKvwaK wefvM DBs, kvLv ev †mKk‡b wef³|
mwPe
Gme bxwZ ev¯Íevqb Kiv|  gš¿Yvj‡qi wbe©vnx cÖavb n‡jb gš¿x Ges cÖkvmwbK cÖ`vb I gyL¨ wnmve
 gš¿Yvj‡qi wØZxq cÖavb cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v| wbixÿK n‡jb mwPe|
AwZwi³
 mwPe‡K wewfbœ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b mnvqZv K‡ib|  Abywefv‡Mi cÖ`vb n‡j hyM¥ mwPe|
mwPe
 gš¿Yvj‡qi mwPe bv _vK‡j mwP‡ei `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| gvV cÖkvmb/¯’vbxq cÖkvmb
 gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖwZwU Abywefv‡Mi Rb¨ 1Rb hyM¥  mwPevj‡qi mivmwi wbqš¿‡Y gv‡V cÖkvmb cwiPvwjZ nq|
mwPe _v‡Kb|  evsjv‡`‡ki ¯ÍiwfwËK cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi gvV cÖkvmb ev ¯’vbxq
hyM¥ mwPe  mwPe‡K wewfbœ Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡ib| cÖkvmb i‡q‡Q m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q wefvMxq cÖkvmb Ges me©wb¤œ ch©v‡q
 gš¿Yvj‡qi Kg©Pvix Ges Awdm eë¯’vcbvi Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb|
¯Í‡ii bvg cÖgvmwbK cÖavb
`vwqZ¡ cvjb|
wefvMxq cÖkvmb wefvMxq Kwgkbvi
 gš¿Yvj‡qi GK ev GKvwaK kvLvi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡Kb|
‡Rjv cÖkvmb ‡WcywU Kwgkbvi (wWwm ev †Rjv cÖkvmK)
DcmwPe  wewfbœ wel‡q bxwZ wba©vi‡Y hyM¥ mwPe I AwZwi³
mwPe‡K civgk© †`b I mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib| Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v (UNO)
wmwbqi mnvKix mwPe I mnKvix mwPe evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi eë¯’v m¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q DcmwP‡ei mv‡_ civgk© K‡i `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|  GKRb †Rjv cÖkvmK‡K wZbwU weKíbv‡g AwewnZ Kiv nq| h_v: 1.
wefvMxq cÖkvmb †WcywU Kwgkbvi 2. Kv‡j±i 3. wWw÷ª± g¨vwR‡÷ªU
 ‡iwR÷ªvi - †Rjv ch©v‡q Ges mve †iwR÷ªvi Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡q Kg©iZ
 evsjv‡`‡ki 8wU wefv‡Mi cÖwZwU wefv‡Mi cÖkvmwbK cÖavb- wefvMxq
_v‡Kb|
Kwgkbvi|
 kvwšÍ k„•Ljv iÿvq †d․R`vwi Kvh©wewai 144 aviv Rvwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib-
 wefvMxq cÖav‡bi `vwqZ¡: †K‡›`ªi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e wZwb wefv‡Mi cÖavb Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx g¨vwR‡÷ªU|
cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v|  LR (Local Requirement Fund) ‡Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki ZË¡veav‡b
†Rjv cÖkvmb cwiPvwjZ GKwU Znwej (hvi A_© we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b †Rjv cÖkvmK
 †Rjv cªkvmb gvV ev ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯Íi| eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib)| †Rjv cÖkvm‡bi Av‡qi Drm f‚wg ivR¯^, Ki,
 ‡Rjv cÖkvm‡bi cÖavb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v †Rjv cÖkvmK| LvRbv, BRviv &I wbjvg n‡Z cÖvß A_© cÖf…wZ|
 ‡`‡ki me †Rjvq GKRb K‡i †Rjv cÖkvmK Av‡Qb|  BPSC (Bangladesh Public Service Commission) ev
evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg©Kwgkb GKwU mvsweavwbK cÖwZôvb| cÖwZôv; 8
Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb GwcÖj, 1972 mv‡j| Ae¯’vb- AvMviMvuI, XvKv|
 Dc‡Rjvi cÖavb cÖkvmK; Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v|  iv‡óªi PZz_© ¯Í¤¢ ejv nq- msev`cÎ ev MYgva¨g‡K|
 cÖavb `vwqZ¡mg~n:  evsjv‡`‡ki msm`xq kvmb eë¯’vq ivóªcwZ n‡jb- wbqgZvwš¿K ev
 Dc‡Rjvi cÖkvmwbK KvR Z`viK Kiv Ges Dc‡Rjv †KvlvMv‡ii bvggvÎ cÖavb| cÖavbgš¿x n‡jb- cÖK…Z ev wbe©vnx cÖavb| A_©vr
iÿ‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Kiv| cÖavbgš¿xB n‡”Qb kvmb wefv‡Mi cÖavb|
 Dc‡Rjvi mKj DbœqbKvR Z`viK Kiv I miKvwi A‡_©i e¨q  iv‡óªi 3wU wefvM (Organ) Gi g‡a¨ kvmb wefv‡Mi cÖavb- gvbbxq
ZË¡veavb Kiv| cÖavbgš¿x, AvBb wefv‡Mi cÖavb- w¯úKvi Ges wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖavb
 miKvi KZ…©K cÖ`Ë Ab¨vq `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv| n‡jb- cÖavb wePvicwZ|
 miKv‡ii cÖavbgš¿x, mKj gš¿x, cÖwZgš¿x Ges Dcgš¿x‡ì wb‡q gwš¿cwil`  eZ©gvb KwgwUi AvnŸvqK- cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv|
(Council for Ministers) MwVZ (msweav‡bi 56 Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i)|  KvR:
wKš‘ †Kwe‡bU ev gwš¿mfv (Cabinet)- ïay cÖavbgš¿x I miKv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ 1. bZzb wefvM, †Rjv, wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb,
¸iæZ¡c~Y© gš¿x‡ì wb‡q MwVZ (Aby‡”Q` 55)| Dc‡Rjv, _vbv I †c․imfv MVb/¯’vc‡bi
 miKvi KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ eëmv cÖwZôvb‡K Public Enterprise cÖ¯Íve we‡ePbv|
e‡j| †hgb: evsjv‡`k †c‡Uªvwjqvg K‡c©v‡ikb, evsjv‡`k 2. wefvM, †Rjv, wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb, Dc‡Rjv
†UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb wj‡g‡UW (BTCL) cÖf…wZ| _vbv I †c․imfvi mxgvbv cybwb©aviY msµvšÍ
 miKvi KZ…©K wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ M„nxZ eë¯’v‡K Public cÖ¯Íve we‡ePbv|
Policy e‡j|  c~Y©iƒc: National Institute of Local
 miKvwi weÁwß ej‡Z- evsjv‡`k †M‡R‡U cÖKvwkZ †Kv‡bv weÁwß‡K Government.
†evSvq| evsjv‡`k †M‡RU n‡jv miKv‡ii gyLcvÎ|  RvZxq ¯’vbxq miKvi Bbw÷wUDU, ûgvqyb
 VVIP (Very Very Important Person) ej‡Z †evSvq iv‡óªi †ivW, XvKvq 1 RyjvB, 1969 mv‡j cÖwZôv
me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³eM©‡K A_©vr miKvi cÖavb I ivóªcÖavb‡K| NILG jvf K‡i|
†hgb: †`‡ki ivóªcwZ I cÖavbgš¿x Ges we‡`‡ki ivóªcÖavb I miKvi  Aaxb: ¯’vbxq miKvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq
cÖavb n‡jb VVIP| gš¿Yvj‡qi|
 VIP (Very Important Person) ej‡Z †evSvq iv‡óªi AwaK  cÖavb gnvcwiPvjK|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³eM©‡K| †hgb: gš¿x, cÖwZgš¿x, ivóª`~Z, AvšÍR©vwZK  jÿ¨ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vq
ms¯’vmg~‡ni cÖavbMY, miKvi KZ…©K †NvwlZ VIP e¨w³MY Gi AšÍfz©³| m¤ú„³ gvbe m¤ú‡ì Dbœqb|
wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb `ßZi ev wefvMmg~n wmwfj mvwf©m
evsjv‡`k U¨vwid Kwgkb, evsjv‡`k Pv †evW©, ißvwb CCS (1786) B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi wmwfj mv‡f©›U‡ì ejv n‡Zv
ewYR¨ gš¿Yvjq Dbœqb ey¨‡iv (Bwcwe), †UªwWs K‡c©v‡ikb,, RvZxq Convenanted Civil Service.
†fv³v AwaKvi msiÿY Awa`ßi cÖf…wZ| ICS (1861) 1861 mv‡j bvgKiY nq ICS. me©cÖ_g ICS
BEZA, BEPZA, BIDA, Public Private Awdmvi -m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ VvKzi (iwe VvKz‡ii eo fvB)
Partnership Authority, Governance CSP (1947) 1947 mv‡j †`k fv‡Mi ci bvg nq Civil Serivice
Innovation Unit, NSI, GbwRI welqK eyy¨‡iv, of Pakistan. 1972 mv‡j bvg nq|
cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq Special Security Force, DcAvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv
†mj (GmAviwmwm), †emiKvwi ißvwb cÖwµqvKiY wmwfj mvwf©m
AÂj (wcBwc‡RW), a2i ‡cÖvMÖvg, RvZxq `ÿZv  evsjv‡`k wmwfj mvwf©m Gi mswÿß iƒc- wewmGm|
Dbœqb KZ…©cÿ|  miKvwi Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM ev wbe©vP‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kiv
BSCIC, BSTI, BCIC, BAB ‡c‡U›U wWRvBb nq- wmwf©j mvwf©m K¨vWvi|
wkí gš¿Yvjq  evsjv‡`k wmwfj mvwf©m Gi cÖv³b bvg- †m›Uªvj mywcwiqi mvwf©m Ae
I †UªWgvK©m Awa`ßi|
†b․cwienb BIWTA, BIETC, ¯’je›ì KZ…©cÿ, mgy`ª e›ì cvwK¯Ívb|
gš¿Yvjq KZ…©cÿ cÖf…wZ|  wewmGm Gi g~j bxwZ I cwiPvjbv cwil`- evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg©
cvwbm¤ú` PKSF, BSEC, ICB, `¨ wmwKDwiwU wcÖw›Us Kwgkb (BPSC)
gš¿Yvjq K‡c©v‡ikb cÖf…wZ|  evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg© Kwgk‡b eZ©gv‡b K¨vWvi msL¨v- 26wU|
cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvjq mve‡gwib I ¯úvi‡mv| evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg© Kwgkb (BPSC)
weÁvb I cÖhyw³ evsjv‡`k mgy`ª M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU I evsjv‡`k  c~Y©iƒc: Bangladesh Public  Ae¯’vb: AvMviMvuI, evsjv‡`k|
gš¿Yvjq cigvYy kw³ Kwgkb|  Ôevsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg© KwgkbÕ
Service Commission.
 BPATC (Bangladesh Public  cwiPq: GwwU mvsweavwbK Ges bvgKiY nq- 22 wW‡¤î, 1977
Admisnistration Training Centre) ev ¯^vaxb I ¯^Zš¿ cÖwZôvb, hv  miKvwi Kg© Kwgkb MV‡bi
evsjv‡`k †jvK cÖkvmb cÖwkÿY †K›`ª| XvKvi miKvwi PvKzi‡Z wb‡qvM msµvšÍ mvsweavwbK evaëvaKZv ewY©Z
mvfv‡i 28 GwcÖj, 1984 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq| KvR K‡i _v‡K| Av‡Q- 137-141 Aby‡”Q` ch©šÍ|
cÖav‡bi c`we- †i±i|  cÖwZôv: 8 GwcÖj, 1972  ‡Pqvig¨vb I m`m¨‡ì
RbcÖkvmb
 BCSAA (BCS Admisnistration  cÖwZôvZv: RvwZi wcZv e½eÜz c`gh©v`v- Avwcj wefv‡Mi
Academy) ev wewmGm cÖkvmb GKv‡Wwg n‡jv †kL gywReyi ingvb| wePvicwZ‡ì mgvb|
cÖkvmb K¨vWvi‡ì cÖv_wgK cÖwkÿY cÖwZôvb|
21 A‡±vei, 1987 mv‡j XvKvq cÖwZwôZ nq|  BPATC: Bangladesh Public
cÖav‡bi c`we- †i±i| evsjv‡`k †jvK Administration Training Center
FSA (Foreign Service Academ) Gi cÖwZôv: cÖkvmb cÖwkÿY  Ae¯’vb- mvfvi, XvKv
ciivóª gš¿Yvjq  Aaxb- RbcÖkvmb gš¿bvj‡qi
1996 mv‡j| ¯’vb- †eBwj †ivW, XvKv| †K›`ª
(BPATC)  cÖwZôvb- 28 GwcÖj, 1984
cÖkvmwbK cybwe©b¨vm I ms¯‥vi  cÖavb- †i±i
 c~Y©iƒc- National Implementation  KvR- wewmGm K¨vWvi‡ì cÖwkÿY `vb|
Committee for Administrative Reforms. wewmGm cÖkvmb  c~Y©iƒc: BCS Administration Academy
NCAR GKv‡Wwg  cwiPq: wewmGm cÖkvmb K¨vWvi‡ì cÖv_wgK
 cÖkvmwbK cybM©Vb msµvšÍ RvZxq ev¯Íevqb
KwgwU, cÖwZôv jvf 1982 mvj| (BCSAA) cÖwkÿY cÖwZôvb|
 Ae¯’vb- kvnevM, XvKv  MwVZ- 10 b‡f¤î, 1986
 cÖwZôv: 21 A‡±vei, 1987  evsjv‡`k mk¯¿ evwnbxi me©vwaKbvqK- ivóªcwZ|
 cÖavb- †i±i (mwPe c`gh©v`vi)  evsjv‡`k mvgwiK Rv`yNi Aew¯’Z- weRq miYx, †ZRMvuI, XvKv|
 Aaxb- RbcÖkvmb gš¿bvj‡qi  ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g †Rbv‡ij c`we jvf K‡ib- gCb D Avn‡g`|
 Ae¯’vb- myMÜv †eBwj †ivW, XvKv  mk¯¿evwnbx MwVZ nq- 21 b‡f¤î, 1971 mv‡j|
d‡ib mvwf©m  cÖwZôv: 1996 cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvjq Aaxb wKQz `ßi I ms¯’v
GKv‡Wwg (FSA)  Aaxb- ciivóª gš¿Yvjq  m‡e©v”P c`- †Rbv‡ij|
 KvR- d‡ib mvwf©m Awdmvi‡ì cÖwkÿY `vb|  cÖ_g cÖavb- Gg G wR Imgvbx
evsjv‡`‡ki gvV cÖkvmb  c~e© bvg- B÷‡e½j †iwR‡g›U
 gvV cÖkvm‡bi cÖ_g I m‡e©v”P avc n‡jv- wefvMxq cÖkvmb|  cÖZxK- µm wPwýZ `yBwU Zievwi I Dc‡i
 wefvMxq cÖkvm‡bi m‡e©v”P cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v n‡jb- wefvMxq Kwgkbvi †K․wYK Ae¯’vq RvZxq dzj kvcjv|
(AwZwi³ mwPe)  ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †mbvcÖavb- KvRx
 wefvMxq Dbœqb †ev‡W©i mfvcwZ- wefvMxq Kwgkbvi| gynv¤§` kwdDjøvn (7 GwcÖj 1972- 25
 wefvMxq Kwgkbv‡i c‡ì m„wó nq- 1929 mv‡j| AvM÷, 1975)
 ‡Rjv cÖkvm‡bi cÖkvmwbK cÖavb- †Rjv cÖkvmK ev wWwm (†WcywU  eZ©gvb †mbvcÖavb- †Rbv‡ij GmGg kwdDwÏb
evsjv‡`k
Kwgkbvi/ DcmwPe) †mbvewnbx Avn‡g` (17Zg)
 eZ©gvb †Rjv KvVv‡gv MwVZ n‡qwQj- gyNj Avg‡j|  cÖ_g bvix •mwbK wb‡qvM- 26 Rvbyqvwi, 2015
 ‡Rjv cÖkvmb c` mycÖwZwôZ nq- 1790 mv‡j|  mì `ßi- XvKv †mbvwbevm
 miKvi I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ wgjb †mZz wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib- †WcywU Kwgkbvi|  wgwjUvwi GKv‡Wwg- fvwUqvix, PÆMÖvg (cÖwZôv
 Z…Zxq ave cv wb¤œ ch©v‡qi i‡q‡Q - Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb| 1974)
 Dc‡Rjv cÖkvm‡bi cÖkvmwbK cÖavb- Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Awdmvi ev  gyw³hy‡× †LZve- exi‡kÖô- wmcvnx †gv¯Ídv
ÔBDGbIÕ (wmwbqi mnKvix mwPe) Kvgvj, wmcvnx nvwg`yi ingvb, K¨v‡Þb
c`‡mvcvb (Hierarchy of field Administration) gwnDwÏb Rvnv½xi; exi DËg-39Rb; exi
weµg- 88 Rb; exi cÖZxK- 157 Rb; †gvU
wefvMxq Kwgkbvi (Divisional Commissioner)
287 Rb †LZvecÖvß|
  cÖZxK- KvwQ‡ewóZ †bv½i I Gi Dci kvcjv|
†Rjv cÖkvmK (Deputy Commissioner)  cÖ_g cÖavb- K¨v‡Þb byiæj nK
  eZ©gvb cÖavb- GWwgivj †gv: kvnxb BKevj
wmwbqi mnKvwi Kwgkbvi (Senior Assistant Commissioner) (16Zg)
  mì `ßi- ebvbx, XvKv
mnKvwi Kwgkbvi (Assistant Commissioner)  ‡bfvj GKv‡Wwg- c‡Z½v, PÆMÖvg|
cÖwZiÿv I k„•Ljv  gyw³hy‡× †LZve- exi‡kÖô- †gvnv¤§` iæûj
cÖwZiÿv gš¿bvjq (Defence Ministry) Avwgb; exi weµg- 08 Rb; exi cÖZxK- 07
 MVb- 1971 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡mi †kl w`‡K| Rb; †gvU 21 Rb|
 cÖ_g cÖwZiÿvgš¿x- ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g`  hy×vRvnvRmg~n:
 eZ©gvb `vwqZ¡cÖvß gš¿x- cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv  ev‡b․Rv e½eÜz - †`‡ki cÖ_g I e„nËg
hy×RvnvR| aib: wd«‡MU|
 `vwqZ¡- mk¯¿ evwnbx, AvšÍtevwnbx `ßi Ges cÖwZiÿv mnvqK Ab¨vb¨
`ßi I ms¯’vi Wmgš^q mvab|  ev‡b․Rv cÙv- †`‡ki •Zwi cÖ_g hy×
 Uv¯‥‡dvm©- †mbv, †b․ I wegvbevwnbxi mw¤§wjZ `j| RvnvR| aib: µvdU c¨vUªj|
 ‡mvW© Ae Abvi- cÖwZiÿv evwnbxi †P․Km K¨vWvi‡ì m‡e©v”P m¤§vbbv  ev‡b․Rv behvÎv I ev‡b․Rv RqhvÎv-
evsjv‡`k Wz‡evRvnvR (mve‡gwib)| 2017 mv‡j
hy×RvnvR Z_¨KwbKv †b․evwnbx evsjv‡`k 41Zg mve‡gwibavix †`k
‡`‡ki cÖ_g †b․en‡bi bvg| wn‡m‡e Pxb †_‡K mve‡gwib wK‡b †bq|
ev‡b․Rv e½eÜz ‣ewkó: †`‡ki e„nËg RvnvR|
mve‡gwib `yBwU †kL nvwmbv mve‡gwib
aib; wd«‡MU|
NvuwU, PÆMÖv‡g i‡q‡Q|
‡`‡ki •Zix cÖ_g hy× RvnvR|
ev‡b․Rv cÙv
aib- Ad‡mvi c¨vUj †fmj|  ‡b․evwnbx‡Z cvuPwU AvaywbK RvnvR- 5
ev‡b․Rv behvÎv Wz‡evRvnvR (mve‡gwib)| 2017 mv‡j evsjv‡`k 41Zg b‡f¤î, 2020 evsjv‡`k †b․evwnbx‡Z cvuPwU
I ev‡b․Rv †`k wn‡m‡e Pxb †_‡K mve‡gwib wK‡b †bq| PÆMÖv‡g Rvnv‡Ri Kwgkwbs nq| bZzb Kwgkwbs cvIqv
RqhvÎv i‡q‡Q †kL nvwmbv mve‡gwib NvuwU| RvnvR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ `ywU AvaywbK wd«‡MU
mk¯¿ evwnbx wefvM (Armed Forces Division) ev‡b․Rv Igi dviæKÕ I ev‡b․Rv Avey
 cwiPq- MYcÖRvZš¿ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi GKwU mgvšÍivj wefvM| DevB`vn| Ab¨ wZbwUi g‡a¨ GKwU Kv‡f©U
 mvgwiK (Military) -cÖwZiÿv evwnbx ( †mbv, †b․ I wegvb) hy×RvnvR cÖZ¨vkv Ges `ywU Rwic RvnvR
 ‡emvgwiK evwnbx (Civil)- cywjk| ev‡b․Rv `k©K I ev‡b․Rv Zjøvwk| bZzb hy³
 Avav-mvgwiK evwnbx (Para-military): BGB I †Kv÷ MvW©| RvnvR¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki Rjmxgv myiÿvq
 Aaxb- cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq †b․evwnbxi mÿgZv evo‡e|
 cÖwZôv- 28 †m‡Þ¤î, 1971 mv‡j fvi‡Z `ywU eëüZ n‡e| BGBÕi `yB Rb exi‡kÖô b¨vÝ
bvMvj¨vÛ (1wU cyiv‡bv wWwm-3 wegvb, bv‡qK b~i †gvnv¤§` †kL Ges j¨vÝ bv‡qK Avãyi
KvbvWvi •Zwi 1wU AUvi wegvb Ges d«v‡Ýi iD‡di bvg †nwjKÞvi `ywUi bvgKiY Kiv nq|
•Zwi 1wU A¨vj‡qU-3 †nwjKÞvi wb‡q)  cÖZxK- GK cv‡k av‡bi kxl, GK cv‡k M‡gi
 cÖZxK- DošÍ CMj I Gi Dc‡i kvcjv| kxl‡ewôZ gvSLv‡b †b․Kv Dc‡i kvcjv|
 cÖ_g cÖavb- G †K L›`Kvi  m‡e©v”P c`- gnv cywjk cwi`k©K (AvBwRwc)
 eZ©gvb cÖavb- fvBm gvk©vj †kL Avãyj nvbœvb (16Zg)  c~e©bvg- B÷ †e½j cywjk, B÷ cvwK¯Ívb cywjk
evsjv‡`k
wegvbevwnbx  mì `ßi- Kzwg©‡Uvjv, XvKv  cÖ_g gnvcwi`k©K- Gg G Lv‡jK|
 gyw³hy‡× Ae`vb- cÖvq 35 Awdmvi I K¨v‡WU  eZ©gvb gnvcwi`k©K- †P․ayix Ave`yjøvn Avj
Ges cÖvq 500 wegvb‡mbv cvwK¯Ívb cÿ Z¨vM gvgyb (31Zg)
evsjv‡`k cywjk
K‡i gyw³hy‡× †hvM`vb K‡ib|  mì `ßi- 6 dwb·‡ivW, dzjevwoqv,
 gyw³hy‡× †LZve cÖvwß- d¬vBU †jd‡Ub¨v›U ¸wj¯Ívb, XvKv|
gwZDi ingvb‡K exi‡kÖô Dcvwa‡Z; 06  cÖ_g bvix m`m¨ wb‡qvM- 8 Ryb, 1974
Rb‡K exi DËg, 01 Rb‡K exi weµg Ges  BwZnvm- 1861 mv‡j jW© K¨vwbs fviZxq
15 Rb‡K exi cÖZxK †LZv‡e f‚wlZ Kiv nq| Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g cywjk eë¯’v Pvjy K‡ib|
 c~Y©iƒc- Bangladesh Space Research and  gyw³hy‡× †LZve- exi weµg-02 Rb; exi
Remote Sensing Organization ev evsjv‡`k cÖZxK- 03 Rb; †gvU- 05 RRb|
gnvKvk M‡elYv I `~i Abyaveb cÖwZôvb|  c~Y©iƒc- Rapid Acition Battalion
 cÖwZôv: 1980 mvj|  cÖZxK- kx‡l© RvZxq dzj kvcjv, Zvi wb‡P
SPARRSO  ‡Pqvig¨vb- Rbve †gvt Avãym mvgv` (AwZwi³ RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡m․‡ai wcQ‡b mey‡Ri Dci jvjm~h©
mwPe) hvi `ycv‡k av‡bi kxl Ges Gi wb‡P AMÖMwZi
 mì `ßi- AvMviMvuI, XvKv PvKvmn i¨v‡ei g~jgš¿
 Aaxb- cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi|  MVb cÖwµqv- evsjv‡`k cywjk, evsjv‡`‡ki
 KvR- N~wY©So I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK `~‡h©v‡Mi †mbv, †b․ I wegvb evwnbxi m`m¨‡ì wb‡q
i¨ve (RAB)
c~e©vfvm cÖ`vb| i¨ve MwVZ nq|
 MVb- 1971 mv‡ji 10 GwcÖj|  cÖwZôv- 2004 mv‡ji 26 gvP© (Avg©W cywjk
 cÖ_g ¯îvóªgš¿x- Aveyj nvmbvZ †gvnv¤§` e¨vUvwjqb A¨v± 1979 AvBb ms¯‥vi K‡i)
Kvgviæ¾vgvb  Kvh©µg ïiæ- 2004 mv‡ji 14 GwcÖj|
¯îvóª gš¿Yvjq  eZ©gvb `vwqZ¡cÖvß gš¿x- Avmv`y¾vgvb Lvb  cÖ_g gnvcwiPvjK- Av‡bvqviæj BKevj|
 `vwqZ¡- Af¨šÍixY AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZi  eZ©gvb gnvcwiPvjK - Gg Lyikx` †nv‡mb|
Dbœqb, gvbm¤ú` I Rxe‡bi wbivcËv cÖ`vb,  mì `ßi- Kzwg©‡Uvjv, XvKv
kvwšÍc~Y© evsjv‡`k cÖf…wZ  cÖZxK- Rvnv‡Ri gv¯‘j Gi wfZ‡i KvwQ‡ewóZ
 c~Y©iƒc- Border Guard Bangladesh †bv½i I Gi Dci kvcjv
 cÖwZôv- evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi c~‡e© Gi bvg  cÖwZôv- 14 †deªæqvwi, 1995
wQj ÔB÷ cvwK¯Ívb ivB‡djmÕ (BwcAvi), evsjv‡`k †Kv÷  cÖ_g gnvcwiPvjK- Kg‡Wvi Gg kwdzKi ingvb|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi ci 1972 mv‡j Gi MvW©  eZ©gvb gnvcwiPvjK- wiqvi GWwgivj
bvg nq Ôevsjv‡`k ivB‡djmÕ (wewWAvi)| gvbbxq Avkivdzj nK †P․ayix|
cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv MZ 23 Rvbyqvwi 2011  mì `ßi- XvKv
Zvwi‡L mì `ß‡i bZzb cZvKv AvbyôvwbKfv‡e  RvnvR msL¨v- 57wU|
D‡Ëvjb Ges g‡bvMÖvg D‡b¥vP‡bi ga¨w`‡q eW©vi  15 b‡f¤î 2020 †Kv÷ Mv‡W© hy³ nq 9wU
MvW© evsjv‡`k hvÎv ïiæ K‡i| RvnvR I GKwU NvuwU| hy³ 9wU Rvnv‡Ri g‡a¨
 cÖZxK- µm wPwýZ `ywU ivB‡dj I Dc‡i †K․wYK PviwU BZvwj †_‡K †Kbv nq| evwK cvuPwU •Zwi
Ae¯’vq RvZxq dzj kvcjv| Kiv nq †b․evwnbx cwiPvwjZ bvivqYMÄ I
eW©vi MvW©
 eZ©gvb gnvcwiPvjK- †gRi †Rbv‡ij G †K Gg Lyjbv wkcBqv‡W©|
evsjv‡`k
(BGB)
bvRgyj nvmvb, (29 Rvbyqvwi, 2023)  BZvwji Ad‡kvi †f‡mj- BCGS ‣mq`
 mì`ßi- wcjLvbv, XvKv| bRiæj Bmjvg, BCGS ZvRDÏxb,
 gyw³hy‡× †LZve- exi‡kÖô- j¨vÝ bv‡qK gywÝ Ave`yi ‡Kv÷ Mv‡W© hy³ BCGS gbmyi Avjx I BCGS
iDd, j¨vÝ bv‡qK b~i †gvnv¤§` †kL; exi DËg- bZzb RvnvR I Kvgiæ¾vgvb ( †gvU 4wU)
08 Rb; exi weµg- 32 Rb; exi cÖZxK- 76 Rb; NvuwU  †`‡k •Zwi †f‡mj- BCGS meyR evsjv,
†gvU 118 Rb †LZvecÖvß BCGS k¨vgj evsjv, BCGS †mvbvi
 BGB'i Gqvi DBs‡qi AvZ¥cÖKvk- 8 b‡f¤î evsjv, BCGS ¯^vaxb evsjv I BCGS
2020 ivwkqvi •Zwi `ywU AZ¨vaywbK †nwjKÞvi Aciv‡Rq evsjv|
ms‡hvR‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q BGB'i Gqvi DBs‡qi hvÎv  GQvov 16 b‡f¤î 2020 `ywU dv÷ †c‡Uªvj
ïiæ nq| mÿgZv e„w× I mxgv‡šÍ bRi`vwi evov‡Z †evU BCGS ‡mvbvw`qv, BCGS KzZzew`qv
nwjKÞvi `ywU eënvi Ki‡e BGB| †`‡ki mKj G evwnbxi en‡i hy³ nq| †Kv÷ Mv‡W©i en‡i
mxgvšÍc‡_ gv`K`ª‡eï Aby‡cÖ‡ek e‡Ü †nwjKÞvi hy³ bZzb NvuwU n‡jv BCG †em, †fvjv|
evsjv‡`k I RvwZmsN ivq 7 RyjvB, 2014 14 gvP©, 2012
1974 mv‡j 17 †m‡Þ¤î RvwZms‡Ni 29Zg Awa‡ek‡b AR©b evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU AwR©Z n‡q‡Q- 118813 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi
136Zg †`k wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ nq| wewfbœ ivR‣bwZK mxgv/ DcK‚jxq wfwË †iLv †_‡K 12
m`m¨c` mxgv‡iLvi mxgv bwUK¨vj gvBj
(m`m¨c‡ì weiæ‡× Pxb †fv‡Uv cÖ`vb K‡iwQj)| GKB
cÖvwß m½v
Awa‡ek‡bi 25 †mÞ¤î, 1974 mvaviY cwil‡` e½eÜz
evsjvq 1g fvlY cÖ`vb K‡ib| A_©‣bwZK mxgv/ Exclusive wfwË †iLv †_‡K 200
1986 mv‡j RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡ì 41Zg Economic Zone bwUK¨vj gvBj
cÖ_g gnx‡mvcvb/ Continetal wfwË †iLv †_‡K 350
Awa‡ek‡b evsjv‡`k cÖ_g mfvcwZZ¡ K‡i (mfvcwZ-
mfvcwZZ¡ Shelf bwUK¨vj gvBj| Z‡e
ûgvqyb ikx` †P․ayix)|
evsjv‡`‡ki gnx‡mvcvb
wbivcËv evsjv‡`k ¯^w¯Í/wbivcËv cwil‡ì A¯’vqx m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ
354 bwUK¨vj gvBj|
cwil‡ì nq- 2 evi: 1978 mv‡j (1979-80 †gqv‡`) Ges 1999
A¯’vqx m`m¨ mv‡j (2000-01 †gqv‡`)| evsjv‡`k I ewnwe©k^
RvwZms‡N evsjv‡`‡ki 1g ¯’vqx cÖwZwbwa Rbve Gm.G.Kwig| evsjv‡`k wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi Kvh©vjq
¯’vqx
eZ©gvb ¯’vqx cÖwZwbwa †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj gywnZ| wZwb RvwZms‡N ms¯’v Kvh©vjq
cÖwZwbwa
wbhy³ evsjv‡`‡ki 16Zg ¯’vqx cÖwZwbwa| AvšÍRvwZK gy`ªv Znwej (IMF) AvMviMvuI, XvKv
Pvu`vi RvwZms‡N evsjv‡`‡ki Pvu`vi nvi RvwZms‡Ni ev‡R‡Ui Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK (ADB) ‡k‡ievsjv bMi, XvKv
cwigvY 0.01%| International Jute Study Group (IJSG) dvg©‡MU, XvKv
RvwZmsNfz³ 139wU †`‡ki g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki K‚U‣bwZK m¤úK© AvšÍR©vwZK Dìvgq †ivM M‡elYv‡K›`ª (icddr,b) gnvLvjx, XvKv
K‚U‣bwZK i‡q‡Q -154wU †`‡ki mv‡_| evwYwR¨K m¤úK© Av‡Q wKš‘
m¤úK© K‚U‣bwZK m¤úK© †bB ZvBIqvb Gi mv‡_; BmivB‡ji mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki bv‡g we‡k^ wewfbœ ¯’vb I ¯’vcbv
evsjv‡`‡ki evwYwR¨K I K‚U‣bwZK †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| bvg Ae¯’vb
we‡`‡k evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU 64wU †`‡ki 81wU wgkb Av‡Q; evsjv‡`k ¯‥qvi jvB‡ewiqv
11wU †`‡k GKvwaK wgkb i‡q‡Q (me©vwaK 5wU fvi‡Z)| evsjv‡`k w÷ªU AvBfwi †Kv÷
wgkb evsjv‡`k feb cwðge½, fviZ
`wÿY Gwkqvi †`k AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv wgkb
†bB (evsjv‡`‡k `wÿY Gwkqvi me †`‡ki wgkb Av‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k wf‡jR Kvk¥xi, fviZ
KzU© Iqvì‡nBg- 1973 wjUj evsjv‡`k Av‡g©wbqv I hy³ivóª
evsjv‡`k evsjv‡`k †ivW `wÿY my`vb
‡c‡iR `¨ Kz‡qjvi 1989
RvwZms‡Ni
Kwd Avbvb- 2001 kc_ cvV
gnvmwPe‡ì
evb wK gyb - 2008 I 2011
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BwÛqvb KvDwÝj A¨v± (1892) ms‡kvwaZ I cwigvwR©Z n‡q gywRebMi¯’ cÖevmx wecøex miKvi †`‡k G‡m
1909 Ôgwj©-wg‡›Uv ms¯‥vi AvBbÕ cÖYxZ nq| †hLv‡b †K›`ª I cÖ`‡k Dfq `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| ZrKvjxY evsjv‡`‡ki
ch©v‡q AvBb Ges kvmb cwil‡` fviZxq msL¨v evov‡bv nq| ivó&ªcwZ RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi
ingvb cvwK¯Ívb KvivMvi †_‡K gyw³jvf
weªwUk-fviZ cÖ_g msweavb wn‡m‡e ÔfviZ kvmb AvBbÕ
wØZxq K‡i 10 Rvbyqvwi, 1972 evsjv‡`‡ki
cÖYqb Kiv nq| wKš‘ GB msm`xq miKvi eë¯’vi weavb
1919 cÖeZ©b Ges fviZxq RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi eë¯’v AšÍ e ©Z©xKvjxY cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib|
_vK‡jI Zv‡ì‡K miKvi MV‡bi Ges wbqš¿‡Yi †Zgb msweavb (A¯’vqx  11 Rvbyqvwi, 1972 mv‡j e½eÜz †kL gywReyi
AwaKvi †`q nqwb| msweavb Av‡`k) ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªavb wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki
AwaKZi ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© Ges c~‡e©i Zzjbvq †ewk ¯^vqËkvm‡bi A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`k (Provisional
weavb msewjZ ÔfviZ kvmb AvBbÕ cvk Kiv nq| GB Constitution of Bangladesh Order)
1935 Rvwi K‡ib| 1972 mv‡ji 11 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K
AvB‡bi Aax‡b hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vi Av`‡j 1946 mv‡j
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| 16 wW‡m¤î, 1972 mvj ch©šÍ (evsjv‡`‡ki
weªwUk cvj©v‡g›U KZ…©K ÔfviZ ¯^vaxbZv AvBbÕ cvk nq| msweavb Kvh©Ki nIqv ch©šÍ) GB A¯’vqx
GB AvB‡bi Øviv fviZ Ges cvwK¯Ívb bvgK `yÕwU c„_K msweavb Av‡`k evsjv‡`‡ki wØZxq
1947 AšÍe©Zx©Kvjxb msweavb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q|
ivóª m„wó Kiv nq| 1947 mv‡ji 14 AvM÷ cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ges
15 AvM÷ fvi‡Zi Rb¥ nq|  GB Av‡`k Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k weªwUk c×wZi
msm`xq miKv‡ii weavb Pvjy Kiv nq|
 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb ¯^vaxb nevi ci c~e© evsjv cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKwU
cÖ‡`‡ki gh©v`v jvf K‡i| 1947 mv‡ji fviZ ¯^vaxbZv AvB‡bi 8 evsjv‡`‡k MYcwil` Av‡`k
avivq cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ GKwU msweavb mfv MV‡bi K_v ejv nq| Gi  A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`‡ki Aax‡b 12 Rvbyqvwi, 1972 RvwZi RbK
†cÖwÿ‡Z 1946 mv‡j AbywôZ wbe©vP‡bi fviZxq hy³ivóªxq AvBb mfvq e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb ivóªcwZ c` †_‡K c`Z¨vM K‡ib Ges
wbe©vwPZ †hmKj m`m¨ cieZ©x‡Z cvwK¯Ív‡bi AšÍfz©³ nq Zv‡ì wb‡qB AšÍe©Zx© Kvjxb msweavb Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ wePvicwZ Avey mvC` †P․ayix
MwVZ nq cvwK¯Ív‡bi mswe`vb mfv| 26 Rvbyqvwi, 1950 fvi‡Zi Zvu‡K cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM `vb K‡ib| MYcÖRvZš¿x ¯^vaxb I
msweavb cvk Kiv nq| wKš‘ ivR‣bwZK e¨w³eM©, Avgjv I mve©‡f․g evsjv‡`‡ki fwel¨r ¯’vqx kvmbZš¿ iPbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ 1972
†mbvevwnbxi D”P c`¯’ Kg©KZ©v‡ì we‡ivwaZv Ges kÎæfvevcbœ mv‡ii 22 gvP© evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ Ôevsjv‡`k MYcwil` Av‡`kÕ
g‡bvfv‡ei Kvi‡Y cvwK¯Ív‡bi msweav‡bi M„nxZ nq| (The Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh Order)
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYq‡bi BwZnvm Rvwi K‡ib| GB Av‡`kwU 23 gvP© †M‡RU weÁwß AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ
 `ywU AšÍe©ZxKvjxb msweavb nq| GB Av‡`k wQj evsjv‡`k msweavb cÖYq‡bi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc|
K. ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ (The Proclamation of Intependence) cieZ©x‡Z 7 GwcÖj, 1972 G Ôevsjv‡`k MYcwil` Av‡`k
L. evsjv‡`‡ki A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`k (Provisional (ms‡kvabx), 1972 Rvwi Kiv nq| GB Av‡`‡k ejv nq-
Constitution of Bangladesh Order) 1. 1970 mv‡ji 7 wW‡m¤î I 1971 mv‡ji 1jv gv‡P©i gaëZ©x wewfbœ
 ‡gqv`Kvj- 26 gvP©, 1971 †_‡K 10 AbywôZ wbe©vPb¸‡jv‡Z RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì Avmb¸‡jv‡Z
Rvbyqvwi, 1972 weRqx evsjv‡`wk cÖwZwbwa‡ì wb‡q MYcwil` MwVZ n‡e|
 Rvwii ZvwiL- 10 GwcÖj, 1971 2. GB MYcwil` cÖRvZ‡š¿i Rb¨ GKwU msweavb cÖYqb Ki‡e|
cÖ_g
AšÍe©Z©bxKvjxb  1971 mv‡ji 26 gvP© RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL
msweavb
gywReyi ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv †m‡KÛ UvBg GWf¨vÝ e¨v‡P fwZ© I K¬vm Pj‡Q|
K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z 10 GwcÖj, 1971 gywRebMi
(¯^vaxbZvi wj‡RÛ †Kqvi
miKvi ¯^vaxbZvi GB †NvlYvcÎwU
†NvlYvcÎ)
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Rvwi K‡i| GB †NvlYv Abyhvqx †hvMv‡hvM: 01719-686047, 01713-432846
gywRe bMi miKvi wQj ¯^vaxb MYcÖRvZš¿x
evsjv‡`‡ki wecøex miKvi| D³ miKvi 1971
msweav‡bi cÖKvi‡f`  MYcwil‡ì wØZxq Awa‡ekb ïiæ nq|
 bvbvb Avw½‡K msweav‡bi cÖKvi‡f` Kiv hvq| †hgb- 12 A‡±vei, Awa‡ek‡b W. Kvgvj †nv‡mb 153wU Aby‡”Q`
1972 msewjZ Lmov msweavbwU wej AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb
wjwce×Ki‡Yi wfwË‡Z msweavb K‡ib|
 Lmov mswe`vb we‡ji Dci Z…Zxq I me©‡kl
cvV P‡j| G w`b MYcwil` KZ…©K
4 b‡f¤î, 1972
wjwLZ msweavb AwjwLZ msweavb me©m¤§wZµ‡g MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki mswe`vb
M„nxZ nq|
 MYcwil‡ì m`m¨MY n¯ÍwjwLZ g~j msweav‡bi
‡Kv‡bv iv‡óªi kvmb cwiPvjbvi ‡Kv‡bv iv‡óªi kvmb cwiPvjbvi
evsjv I Bs‡iwR wjwc‡Z ¯^vÿi K‡ib|
†g․wjK wbqg-Kvbyb¸‡jv hLb †g․wjK wbqg-Kvbyb¸‡jvi
MYcwil‡ì 399 Rb m`m¨ n¯ÍwjwLZ g~j
GK ev GKvwaK `wj‡j wjwce× AwaKvskB hLb †Kv‡bv `wj‡j 15 wW‡m¤î, msweav‡b ¯^vÿi K‡ib| ¯^vÿi Lmov msweavbwU
_v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K wjwLZ wjwLZ AvKv‡i wjwce× _v‡K bv, 1972
n‡q †gvU 109 c„ôvi| msweavb iPbv KwgwUi
msweavb e‡j| †hgb- evsjv‡`k, ZLb Zv‡K AwjwLZ msweavb GKgvÎ we‡ivax `jxq m`m¨ myiwÄZ †mb¸ß
fviZ, hy³ivóª, Rvcvb e‡j| AwjwLZ msweavb g~jZ msweav‡b ¯^vÿi K‡ibwb|
cÖ_v, wePvi‡Ki ivq, AvPvi 16 wW‡m¤î,  weRq wèm n‡Z MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki
eënvi I ixwZ-bxwZi Dci 1972 msweavb Kvh©Ki nq|
wfwË‡Z K‡i M‡o I‡V| †hgb-
hy³ivR¨, wbDRj¨vÛ, †¯úb, GK bR‡i evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb
†m․w`-Avie g~jbxwZ-4wU cÖ¯Ívebv-1wU Aby‡”Q`-153wU
ms‡kva‡bi wfwË‡Z msweavb msweavb
Zdwmj-7wU fvM-11wU ms‡kvabx-17wU

mycwieZ©bxq msweavb `y®úwieZ©bxq mswe`vb
mycwieZ©bxq msweavb Ggb GK `y®úcwie©Zbxq msweavb ej‡Z

msweav‡bi fvMmg~n
msweavb, hv cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ †mB ai‡bi msweavb¸‡jv‡K 1g cÖRvZš¿
Aby‡”Q` 1-7 L
†Kv‡bv c„_K ev RwUj c×wZi eySvq †h¸‡jv cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨
cÖqvRb nq bv| AvBbmfvi RwUj I we‡kl c×wZi cÖ‡qvRb 2q ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ
Aby‡”Q` 8-25
mvaviY AvB‡bi g‡ZvB ïay nq| †hgb- evsjv‡`k, hy³ivóª
msL¨vMwiô msm` m`m¨‡ì 3q †g․wjK AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` 26-47 K
†fv‡U Zv ms‡kvab, cwieZ©b
Kiv hvq| †hgb- hy³ivóª, 4_© wbe©vnx wefvM
Avqvij¨vÛ Aby‡”Q` 48-64
5g AvBbmfv
msweavb cÖYq‡bi avievwnK NUbv Aby‡”Q` 65-93
 MYcwil` cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡bi cÖ_g •eV‡K wgwjZ wePvi wefvM
6ô
10 GwcÖj, 1972 nb| D‡Øvabx Abyôv‡bi 414 Rb MYcwil` msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` 94-117
m`m¨ Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| fvMmg~n wbe©vPb
 MYcwil` cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡bi wØZxq •eV‡K wgwjZ 7g
nb| 11 GwcÖj, 1972 MYcwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡bB
Aby‡”Q` 118-126
34Zg m`m¨ wewkó GKwU Lmov msweavb cÖYqb gnv wnmve-wbixÿK I wbqš¿K
8g Aby‡”Q` 127-132
KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| msweavb KwgwUi 34 Rb
m`‡mï bvg MYcwil‡` cÖ¯Íve K‡ib †nv‡mb gbmyi evsjv‡`‡ki Kg©wefvM
Avjx| AvBbgš¿x W. Kvgvj GB Lmov cÖYqb KwgwUi 9g
Aby‡”Q` 133-141
11 GwcÖj, 1972 †Pqvig¨vb wbhy³ nb| GB Rb¨ Zvu‡K msweav‡bi
iƒcKvi ejv nq| GB KwgwU‡Z gvÎ GKRb we‡ivax 9K Riæwi weavbvewj
`jxq m`m¨ wQ‡jb myiwÄZ †mb¸ß (b¨vc, Aby‡”Q` 141K-141M
†gvRvddi)| msweavb iPbv KwgwUi GKgvÎ gwnjv msweavb ms‡kvab
m`m¨ wQ‡jb †eMg ivwRqv evby| GQvovI msweavb
10g
Aby‡”Q` 142
cÖYq‡b GKRb we‡`wk we‡kl‡Ái civgk© MÖnY Kiv
nq wZwb n‡jb weªwUk AvBbRxex AvB Mv_wi| 11Zg wewa
Aby‡”Q` 143-153
17 GwcÖj, 1972  Lmov msweavb cÖYqb KwgwUi cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m|
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb  gwš¿mfvi m`mïv we‡ivax `‡ji cÖ‡kœi Reve w`‡Z eva¨|
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡` we‡ivax `‡ji f‚wgKv Kvh©Z `ye©j|
1g AšÍe©Zx©Kvjxb 2q AšÍe©Zx©Kvjxb evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‣bwZK `jmg~n

Rvwi: 26 gvP©, 1971 Rvwi: 11 Rvbyqvwi, 1972 evsjv‡`‡ki wbewÜZ ivR‣bwZK `j
‡gqv`: 10 Rvbyqvwi, 1972 ch©šÍ ‡gqv`: 16 wW‡m¤î, 1972 ch©šÍ  2008 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vPb Kwgkb (Bwm) ivR‣bwZK `j¸‡jv
wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i| Gi †cÖwÿ‡Z 2008 mv‡ji ci 5wU
MYcwil` Av‡`k ivR‣bwZK `‡ji wbeÜb evwZj K‡i evsjv‡`k wbe©vPb Kwgkb|
MYcwil` Rvwi: 22 gvP©, 1972  evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b wbewÜZ ivR‣bwZK `j 41wU| 14wU b‡f¤î 2018 nvB‡KvU©
†M‡RU cÖKvk: 23 gvP©, 1972 wefv‡Mi Av‡`‡ki cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z 18 †deªæqvwi 2023 me©‡kl bZzb ivR‣bwZK
`j wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi wbeÜb jvf K‡i Ô Z…Yg~j evsjv‡`k
1g Awa‡ekb 2q Awa‡ekb RvZxqZvev`x `jÕ| `jwUi cÖZxK Ô †mvbvjx AvkÕ Ges wbeÜb bs 45|
1g GwcÖj, 1972 12 A‡±vei, 1972 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb ivR‣bwZK `jmg~n
Lmov kvmbZš¿ cÖYqb KwgwU  cÖZxK- †b․Kv|
MVb: 11 GwcÖj, 1972  cÖwZôvKvj- 23 Ryb, 1949
1g •eVK: 17 GwcÖj, 1972  cÖwZôvi ¯’vb- †ivR Mv‡W©b, †KGg `vm †jb,
¯^vgxevM, XvKv
wej AvKv‡i Dc¯’vb cvV I Av‡jvPbv P‚ovšÍfv‡e M„nxZ  cÖ_g mfvcwZ- gIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx|
12 A‡±vei, 1972 19 A‡±vei, 1972 4 b‡f¤î, 1972  cÖ_g mvaviY m¤úv`K- kvgmyj nK|
evsjv‡`k  cÖ_g hyM¥ m¤úv`K- e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb|
¯^vÿi msweavb Kvh©Ki AvIqvgx jxM  cÖwZôvKvjxb bvg- c~e© cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx
14 I 15 wW‡m¤î, 1972 16 wWm‡¤î, 1972 gymwjg jxM|
 cwiewZ©Z bvg- c~e© cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx jxM
(1955) mv‡j)
`jxq eë¯’vi wewfbœiƒc  eZ©gvb bvg- evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM
GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn&|  mn‡hvMx msMVb- 8wU, åvZ…cÖwZg msMVb- 2wU|
 ivR‣bwZK `‡ji msL¨vi wfwË‡Z †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi `jxq eë¯’v‡K cÖavbZ  eZ©gvb mfv‡bÎx- †kL nvwmbv|
wZbwU †kÖwY‡Z wef³ Kiv nq; h_v- (K) GK`jxq eë¯’v (One-  cÖZxK- av‡bi kxl
Party System), (L) wØ`jxq eë¯’v (Bi-Party System) Ges  cÖwZôvKvj- 1 †m‡Þ¤î, 1978
(M) eû`jxq eë¯’v(Multi-Party System)  cÖwZôvZv- wRqvDi ingvb
`j eë¯’v
 cÖwZôvi D‡Ïk¨- 1977 mv‡j wRqvDi ingvb
evsjv‡`k Zvi †mbv kvmb‡K †emvgwiK Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨
RvZxqZvev`x `j
19 `dv Kg©m~wP ïiæ K‡ib| Zvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z
GK-`j eë¯’v wØ-`j eë¯’v eû-`j eë¯’v we.Gb.wc
MwVZ nq weGbwc|
 eZ©gvb †Pqvicvm©b- †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv|
GKwU gvÎ `j _v‡K GKvwaK `j eû `‡ji (`yB‡qi
_vK‡jI `ywU `‡ji  eZ©gvb fvBm †Pqvig¨vb- Zv‡iK ingvb|
AwaK) Aw¯ÍZ¡ I
cÖvavb¨ _v‡K  eZ©gvb gnvmwPe- wgR©v dKiæj Bmjvg AvjgMxi|
cÖvavb¨ _v‡K
 cÖZxK- jv½j
ivR‣bwZK `j  cÖwZôvKvj- 1 Rvbyqvwi, 1986
 Aa¨vcK †M‡Ui Gi g‡Z, ÔivR‣bwZK `j ej‡Z Kg-‡ewk msMwVZ RvZxq cvwU©  cÖwZôvZv- û‡mBb gynv¤§` Gikv`
GK`j †jvK‡K eySvq, hviv ivR‣bwZK GKKiƒ‡c KvR K‡i Ges
†fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g miKvi MVb I Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z  eZ©gvb †Pqvig¨vb- wR Gg Kv‡ì|
PvqÕ| eZ©gvb MYZvwš¿K aviYvi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K-  eZ©gvb gnvmwPe- †gvt gywReyj nK Pzbœy
 eZ©gvb mg‡q MYZ‡š¿i Aci bvg `jxq kvmb|  cÖZxK- gkvj
 MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vq wbe©vP‡b †h `j msL¨vMwiôZv cvq, †mB `jB RvZxq  cÖwZôKvj- 31 A‡±vei, 1972
miKvi MVb K‡i| mgvRZvwš¿K `j-  cÖwZôvKvj- Gg G Rwjj I Av.m.g. Ave`yj ie
 iv‡óªi gyLcvÎ wn‡m‡e ivóª cwiPvjbv K‡i- miKvi| Rvm`  eZ©gvb mfvcwZ- nvmvbyj nK Bby
 RbMY‡K Zv‡ì ¯^v_©mswkøó wel‡q m‡PZb KivI ivR‣bwZK
`‡ji KvR|  eZ©gvb mvaviY m¤úv`K- wkixb AvLZvi|
 ivR‣bwZK `‡ji cÖavb jÿ¨ wbqgZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z ivóªÿgZv  cÖZxK- Kv‡¯Í
jv‡fi gva¨‡g miKvi MVb Kiv|  cÖwZôvKvj- 6 gvP©, 1948
evsjv‡`‡ki
 cÖ‡Z¨K ivR‣bwZK `‡ji GKwU Av`k© I mywbw`©ó Kg©m~wP _v‡K|  cÖwZôvZv m`m¨- Kg‡iW gwb wms
Av`‡k©i w`K †_‡K †Kv‡bv `j ag©wfwËK Avevi †Kv‡bv `j KwgDwb÷ cvwU©
 eZ©gvb mfvcwZ- †gvnv¤§` kvn Avjg
ag©wbi‡cÿ nq| Ab¨w`‡K A_©bxwZi iƒc‡iLv we‡ePbvqI `j  eZ©gvb mvaviY m¤úv`K- iæwnb †nv‡mb wcÖÝ
wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- mgvRZvwš¿K `j I cyuwRev`x `j|
wbe©vPb  ‡`‡ki cÖ _ g bvix wbe© vPb Kwgkbvi- KweZv Lvbg|
 ‡Kv‡bv wbe©vPb Kwgkbv‡ii c‡ì †gqv` Zvui `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi ZvwiL  eZ©gv‡b bvix wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi - †eMg iv‡k`v myjZvbv (2q)
†_‡K 5 eQi ch©šÍ _vK‡e| ¯§vU© KvW© cwiPqcÎ
 ivóªcwZ c‡ì †gqv` Aemv‡bi Kvi‡Y D³ c` k~b¨ n‡j †gqv`  ¯§vU© KvW© •Zwi K‡ib- wbe©vPb Kwgkb|
mgvwßi Zvwi‡Li c~e©eZ©x 90 w`b n‡Z 60 w`‡bi g‡a¨ k~b¨ c`  ‡gqv`- 10 eQi|
c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡e|  ¯§vU© Kv‡W©i wWwRU - 10wU|
 g„Zz¨, Z¨vM ev Acmvi‡Yi d‡j ivóªcwZi c` k~b¨ n‡j c`wU k~b¨  RvZxq cwiPqc‡Îi †gqvw` wQj - 15 eQi|
nIqvi ci 90 w`‡bi g‡a¨, Zv c~Y© Kivi Rb¨ wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡e|  mnvqZv w`‡qwQj - d«vÝ [eZ©gv‡b- evsjv‡`k miKvi]
 msm` †f‡O hvIqvi e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y msm‡ì †Kv‡bv m`m¨c`  Acv‡ikb behvÎv- Qwemn †fvUvi ZvwjKv I RvZxq cwiqPcÎ cÖYq
k~b¨ n‡j c`wU k~b¨ nIqvi 90 w`‡bi g‡a¨ D³ k~b¨c` c~iY Kivi Kg©m~wPi bvg [2007]
Rb¨ wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡e| wbivcËv-‣ewkó¨ ‡mev w`‡e Z_¨ _v‡K
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb 3 ¯Í ‡ i 25wU 22 ai‡bi 32 ai‡bi
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb EVM (E-Voting)
wbe©vPb miKvi
AbywôZ 1g Awa‡ekb ‡gqv` weRq jvf  c~Y©iƒc: Electronic Voting Machine
cÖavb
7 gvP©, 7 GwcÖj, 6 b‡f¤î AvIqvgx
†kL  evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Pvjy- XvKv Awdmvm© K¬v‡ei Kvh©Kix msm‡ì wbe©vP‡b, 2007
1g gywReyi mv‡j| mdjfv‡e cÖ_g PÆMÖvg wmwU wbe©vP‡b, 2010 mv‡j|
1973 1973 1975 jxM
ingvb  GKv`k RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡b B‡jKUªwbK †fvwUs‡gwk‡b (BwfGg)
30 30
GKv`k wW‡m¤î, Rvbyqvwi, eZ©gvb
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 Plebiscite (MY‡fvU)- iv‡óªi mvaviY ev ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q
ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb mivmwi Rbmg_©b hvPvB‡qi †fvU Referrendum
 24 Rvbyqvwi, 1974 mv‡j webv cÖwZØw›ØZvq evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ivóªcwZ (MY‡fvU)- iv‡óªi AvBb cwil` KZ…©K cvmK…Z †Kvb
weZwK©Z we‡ji Dci Rbmvavi‡Yi mg_©b hvPvB‡qi †fvU|
wbe©vwPZ nb †gvnv¤§` Djøvn| me©‡kl 13 †deªæqvwi, 2022 mv‡j  evsjv‡`‡k MY‡fvU n‡q‡Q- 3wU (cÖ_g 2wU cÖkvmwbK Ges
22Zg ivóªcwZ wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nb †gv: mvnveywÏb| MY‡fvU †k‡liwU mvsweavwbK)|
 GB ch©šÍ wZbevi cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡q‡Q| Plebiscite cÖ_g 30 †g, 1977 wRqvDi ingv‡bi wbR
1. 1978 mv‡j wRqvDi ingvb, 2. 1981 mv‡j Ave`ym mvËvi kvmb‡K •eaKiY
3. 1986 mv‡j †nv‡mb gynv¤§` Gikv`| wØZxq 1 gvP©, 1985 †Rbv‡ij Gikv‡ì mg_©b
hvPvB
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ Z…Zxq 15 †m‡Þ¤î, 1991 msweav‡bi Øv`k ms‡kvabx
 wbe©vPb Kwgkb AvBb 2022 Abymv‡i wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi nIqvi Rb¨ AvBb cÖ¯Íve
3wU †hvM¨Zv ivLv n‡q‡Q| h_v: evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK nIqv, 50 eQi
eqm nIqv I 20 eQ‡ii †ckvMZ AwfÁZv| AvBb mfv
 5g RvZxq msm‡` DcivóªcwZ c` evwZj Kiv nq Ges cybivq GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn&|
gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kivnq| ‡`k cvj©v‡g›U/AvBbmfv
 5g RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡b me©‡kl MY‡fvU AbywôZ nq| †WbgvK© †dv‡K©wUs
 6ô RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb, `j wenxb msm` wbe©vPb| G msm‡ì †gqv` G‡¯Ívwbqv ‡÷U G¨v‡m‡¤^wj
Kvj wQj me †P‡q Kg (wZb gvm)| biI‡q ÷iwUs
 7g RvZxq msm‡` cÖavbgš¿x cÖ‡kœvËi ce© Pvjy Kiv nq| ‡cvj¨vÛ wmg
 Bb‡WgwbwU Aa¨v‡`k AvBb 1996 mv‡ji 12 b‡f¤î 7g RvZxq myB‡Wb wiKmW¨vM
msm`‡B evwZj Kiv nq| gvj‡qwkqv ‡Ìqvb ivKvqvZ
 9g RvZxq msm‡` (2011 mv‡j) ZË¡veavqK miKvi evwZj I gwnjv myBRvij¨vÛ b¨vkbvj KvDwÝj
msiwÿZ Avmb 45 †_‡K evwo‡q 50 Kiv nq| ‡b`vij¨vÛm ‡÷U †Rbv
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g MY‡fvU AbywôZ nq 30 †g, 1977| gvqvbgvi wc`vsmy ûZZvI
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †c․imfv wbe©vPb 31 wW‡m¤î, 1973 mv‡j| D”PKÿ- ivR¨mfv
 XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb‡K 2 fv‡M wef³ Kiv nq 29 b‡f¤î, 2011| fviZ wb¤œKÿ- †jvKmfv (feb- msm` feb)
iv‡Rï AvBbmfv- weavbmfv
evsjv‡`k wbe©vPb Kwgkb ivwkqv ‡÷U Wzgv
 MVb- msweav‡bi 118(1) bs Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx| Rvg©vwb ivBL÷¨vW
 MwVZ-7 RyjvB, 1972| Pxb b¨vkbvj wccjm Ks‡MÖm
 ‡gvU Kwgkbvi- 5 Rb [cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi I 4 Rb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi ‡¯úb ‡µvUm
 wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡ì c‡ì †gqv`- 5 eQi| Rvcvb Wv‡qU
 wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡ì c‡ì †gqv`- 5 eQi| BmivBj ‡b‡mU
 wbe©vPb KwgkbviMY wbhy³ nb-ivóªcwZ KZ…©K| ‡bcvj b¨vkbvj G¨v‡m¤^wj
 wbe©vPb Kwgkb ¯^vaxb nq- 9 gvP©, 2008 mv‡j| gvjØxc gRwjk
 eZ©gvb 13Zg cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi- KvRx nvweeyj AvDqvj [27 g‡½vwjqv _yivj
†deªæqvwi, 2022 †_‡K ciZ©x 5 eQi] DËi †Kvwiqv mywcÖg wccjm A¨v‡m‡¤^wj
hy³ivóª Ks‡MÖm  GB cwil‡` 1 Rb wbe©vwPZ †Pqvig¨vb, bqwU
Zzi¯‥ MÖvÛ b¨vkbvj A¨v‡m‡¤^wj IqvW© †_‡K 9 Rb wbe©vwPZ mvaviY m`m¨ I 3
A‡÷ªwjqv cvj©v‡g›U Ae KgbI‡qj_ Rb wbe©vwPZ gwnjv m`m¨ (msiwÿZ Avm‡b)
wgki evj©vg¨vb i‡q‡Q| A_©vr BDwbqb cwil‡ì †gvU m`m¨
¯’vbxq miKvi 13 Rb|
 BDwbqb cwil‡ì bvix‡ì Rb¨ msiwÿZ
GLvb †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ Kgb Avm‡eB, Bbkvjøvn&| Avm‡bi weavb Kiv nq 1997 mv‡j|
¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi  GKwU BDbqb 9wU Iqv‡W© wef³| gwnjv
m`m¨MY cÖwZ 3 Iqv‡W© 1 Rb- GB wfwË‡Z
RbM‡Yi mivmwi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb|
 BDwbqb cwil‡ì Kvh©Kvj 5 eQi| 5 Rb m`m¨
MÖvgvÂ‡j knivÂ‡j wb‡q BDwbq‡bi mvwjwk Av`vjZ MwVZ nq| GKRb
wb‡qvMcÖvß mwPe BDwbqb cwil‡ì `vßwiK KvR
K‡i _v‡Kb|
knivÂ‡ji ¯’vbxq kvmb
BDwbqb cwil` Dc‡Rjv cwil` †Rjv cwil`  knivÂ‡j wb¤œZg ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb n‡”Q
†c․imfv|
 †c․imfv †Pqvig¨vb ev m`m¨ Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ `yB
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Z…Zxqvsk m`‡mï †fv‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb nq|
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wfwË‡Z †kÖwY wefvM Kiv nq|
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 ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii m‡e©v”P ¯Íi| Kvh©Kvj 5 eQi|  XvKv DËi, XvKv `wÿY, PÆMÖvg, ivRkvnx,
 1 Rb †Pqvig¨vb, 15 Rb m`m¨ Ges msiwÿZ Lyjbv, ewikvj, wm‡jU, bvivqYMÄ, Kzwgjøv,
Avm‡bi 5 Rb gwnjv m`m¨ †gvU 21 Rb wb‡q iscyi, MvRxcyi Ges gqgbwmsn|
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c‡ivÿfv‡e wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ n‡q †gqi I KvDwÝjiMY RbM‡Yi mivmwi †fv‡U
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†Rjv cwil`
 ‡Rjv cwil` AvBb cÖewZ©Z nq 6 RyjvB, 2000  wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi †gqi cÖwZgš¿xi gh©v`v †fvM
mv‡j wKš‘ cÖ_g wbe©vPb nq 2016 mv‡j| K‡ib|
 64wU †Rjv cwil‡ì gv‡S LGRD  Z‡e XvKv DËi I XvKv `wÿY wmwU
gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b 61wU| K‡c©v‡ik‡bi †gqiMY c~Y©gš¿xi gh©v`v †fvM
 evwK 3wU †Rjv cwil` (iv½vgvwU, ev›ìevb I K‡ib| wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi †gqv` 5 eQi|
LvMovQwo) cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b| cÖ¯ÍvweZ wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb-dwi`cyi|
 1982 mv‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi Aa¨v‡`k e‡j _vbv
cwil` MVb Kiv nq| cve©Z¨ AÂ‡ji ¯’vbxq kvmb
 1983 mv‡j Aa¨v‡`kwU ms‡kvab K‡i we`¨gvb  cve©Z¨ †Rjv ¯’vbxq miKvi cwil` Aby‡gv`b
_vbvmg~n‡K Dc‡Rjvq DbœxZ Kiv nq| jvf K‡i 6 gvP©, 1989 mv‡j| cve©Z¨
 Dc‡Rjv cwil‡ì cÖ_g wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq PÆMÖv‡gi 3wU †Rjv wb‡q cve©Z¨ †Rjv wb‡q
1985 mv‡j| cve©Z¨ †Rjv ¯’vbxq miKvi cwil` MVb Kiv
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi
 Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v cybivq cÖewZ©Z nq 1998 mv‡j| nq Ges wbe©vPb nq 1989 mv‡ji 25 Ryb|
¯’vbxq miKvi
 6 GwcÖj, 2009 RvZxq msm‡` ÔDc‡Rjv  cve©Z¨ †Rjv ¯’vbxq miKvi cwil‡ì †gqv` 3
cwil`
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AvBb, 2009Õ cvm nq| DcRvZxq‡ì ga¨ †_‡K|
 1 Rb †Pqvig¨vb, 2 Rb fvBm †Pqvig¨vb Ges  c`vwaKvi e‡j cwil‡ì mwPe wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡
Dc‡Rjvi AvIZvaxb BDwbqb cwil`mg~‡ni cvjb K‡ib wWwm/‡Rjv cÖkvmK|
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cwil` MwVZ nq|  evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 64 Aby‡”Q‡` A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡i‡ji wb‡qvM,
 ‡Pqvig¨vb Dc‡Rjvi †fvUvi‡ì cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U `vwqZ¡, AwaKvi I cvwikÖwgK m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ejv n‡q‡Q,
wbe©vwPZ nb| mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePviK nIqvi †hvM¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ivóªcvwZ KZ…©K
 cjøx AÂ‡j wb¤œZg ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb n‡”Q evsjv‡`‡ki A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡ij wn‡m‡e wbhy³ n‡eb Ges Zvui Kvh©Kvj I
BDwbqb cwil`| cvwikÖwgK ivóªcwZ KZ…©K wba©vwiZ n‡e| wZwb msweavb, ivR¯^,
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Kiv n‡q _v‡K| 16Zg A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡ij Avey †gvnv¤§` Avwgb DwÏb|
Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
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wb‡q MwVZ †Mvôx‡K Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx †evSvq; (A Pressure  D`vi‣bwZK MYZ‡š¿ miKvi eë¯’vq Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxmg~‡ni f‚wgKv AwZ
e¨vcK I Zvrch©c~Y©|
group can be defined as a group whose members hold
 D‡Ïk¨ Abymv‡i Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
shared attitude.)  wkÿK Kg©Pvix HK¨‡RvU msiÿYg~jK Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx|
 G.A. Almond Ges Powell Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx‡K mvaviYZ Pvi  wekê¨vsK I AvBGgGd GKai‡bi Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx|
(4) fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| h_v-  mykxj mgvR Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
K. ¯^Ztù‚Z© ¯^v_©‡Mvôx L. msMVb wfwËK ¯^v_©‡Mvôx  Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxi g~j jÿ¨ †Mvôx ¯^v_© D×vi|
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 Gm.B.dvBevi Ôjwe MÖæcÕ Ges GBP, wRMji Pvc m„wôKvix †Mvôx‡K Interest  Dbœqbg~jK Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx‡K A‡bK mgq mykxj mgvR I GbwRI bv‡g
group e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôxmg~n Zv‡ì cQ‡›ì AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|
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cQ›`bxq `j ev e¨w³ wbe©vwPZ n‡q AvBbcÖYqb I kvmb KvR cwiPvjbv
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†`‡ki ivR‣bwZK NUbv cÖev‡ni Dci cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i| Pvc m„wóKvix NAM (Non-Aligned Movement)
†Mvôxi g~j jÿ¨ †Mvôx¯^v_© D×vi Kiv|  wØZxq wek^hy‡×i ci ¯œvqy hy×Kvjxb mg‡q `yB civkw³i (hy³ivóª I
Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôxi D`vniY †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb) †bZ…‡Z¡ wek^ `ywU eø‡K wef³ n‡q c‡o| Z…Zxq
 TIB- Transprency International Bangladesh we‡kî †`kmg~n GB `ywU eø‡Ki †KvbwU‡ZB AskMÖnY bv K‡i wbi‡cÿ
 BLAST- Bangladesh Legal Aid & Service Trust _vKvi wm×všÍ †bq| GiB †cÖwÿ‡Z 1955 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡j B‡›`v‡bwkqvi
 BELA- Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association. ev›`ys‡q 29wU ‡`‡ki cÖwZwbwa‡ì Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Ôev›`ys m‡¤§jbÕ Gi
 myRb- mykvm‡bi Rb¨ bvMwiK| gva¨‡g GKwU Ô‡RvU wbi‡cÿ Av‡›`vjbÕ (NAM) MV‡bi wm×všÍ
 mbvK- m‡PZb bvMwiK KwgwU †bIqv nq| 1961 mv‡j ZrKvjxb hy‡Mv¯øvwfqvi ivRavbx †ej‡MÖW GK
 evsjv‡`k gwnjv mwgwZ kxl© m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g AvbyôvwbKfv‡e NAM AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i|
 wekê¨vsK NAM-Gi c~Y©iƒc  Non-Aligned Movement
 AvBGgGdBZ¨vw`| cÖ w ZôvKvj  1961 mvj|
G¸‡jv QvovI cyuwRcwZ, wkíD‡`¨v³v I eëmvqx †Mvôx DbœZ we‡k^ Pvc cÖ _ g kxl© m‡¤§jb  1961 mv‡j ZrKvjxY hy‡Mv¯øvwfqvi ivRavbx
m„wóKvix wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Aby w ôZ nq †ej‡MÖ‡W|
ivR‣bwZK `j I Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôxi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v  120wU
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mì `ßi
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cÖ_g †Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb  ‡hv‡md gvk©vj wU‡Uv
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Kiv| K‡i- 25wU †`k|
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g‡bvfvevcbœ †jvK‡ì wb‡q| Network (NNN).
mykxj mgvR Commonwealth of Nations
 mgv‡Ri wkwÿZ †kÖwYi †h Ask miKvi ev K‡c©v‡iU MÖæ‡c _v‡K bv, wKš‘  ‡h mKj ivóª GKmgq weªwUk kvmbvax‡b wQj wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b ¯^vaxb †h
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iv‡óªi cÖavb Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx| bvMwiK msMVb, †ckxRxex msMVb,
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msMVb, MYgva¨g, we‡kl ¯^v_©`j BZ¨vw` mykxj mgv‡Ri D`vniY| nIqv m‡Ë¡I KgbI‡qj‡_ m`m¨ bq|
MV‡bi †cÖÿvcU  cy b ivq wgki Aviejx‡M †hvMv`b K‡i- 1989
 1926 mv‡ji †ej‡dvi †NvlYv Ges 1929 mv‡j weª‡U‡bi B‡¤úwiqvj mv‡j (mì `ßi cybivq Kvq‡iv‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi
Kbdv‡i‡Ý ÔweªUk KgbI‡qj_ Aeb †bkbmÕ aviYvi ïiæ nq| 1931 Kiv nq)|
mv‡j Statute of Westminister AvB‡bi gva¨‡g weªwUk  wdwjw¯Íb‡K Avie jx‡Mi c~Y©v½ m`m¨ c`
†Ìqv nq- 1996 mv‡j|
Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡K c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv †Ìqv nq Ges KgbI‡qj_‡K  Avie jx‡Mi me©‡kl m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq- 31
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e ¯^Zš¿ gh©v`v cÖ`vb Kiv nq| 28 GwcÖj, 1949 mv‡j gvP©, 2019, wZDwbwkqv|
jÛb †NvlYvi gva¨‡g weªwUk kãwU ev` w`‡q eZ©gvb  Aviex jxM †_‡K wmwiqvi m`m¨c` ¯’wMZ Kiv
Commonwealth of Nations bvgwU MÖnY Kiv nq| 1965 mv‡j nq- 2011 mv‡j (wmwiqvq M„nhy‡×i Kvi‡Y)
KgbI‡qj_ mwPevjq cÖwZôv Kiv nq|  m`m¨ †`k- Aviwe fvlvi †`kmg~n| Biv‡bi fvlv
cÖwZôv  28 GwcÖj, 1949 mv‡j| Aviwe bq, dviwm| d‡j Bivb mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥w… ZK
`vßwiK fvlv  Bs‡iwR Aviefz³ bq eis dvwm©qvb ev dviwm|
m`mi `ßi  gvj©‡ev‡iv nvDR, jÛb OIC
eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v  56wU  1967 mv‡j 3q Avie-Bmiv‡qj hy‡×i †cÖwÿ‡Z Bmiv‡qj 1969 mv‡j
me©‡kl m`m¨  ‡Uv‡Mv gymjgvb‡ì cÖ_g ‡Kejv †RiæRv‡j‡gi ÔevBZzj †gvKvÏvmÕ G (gmwR`
ms¯’vwUi cÖavb n‡jb  ivRv Z…Zxq Pvj©m| Avj AvKmv) Av¸b jvwM‡q †`q| GiB †cÖwÿ‡Z gymwjg we‡kî‡bZviv
eZ©gvb †m‡µUvwi  c¨vwUªwmqv R¨v‡bU (¯‥Uj¨vÛ) 1969 mv‡ji 20-25 †m‡Þ¤î gi‡°vi ivRavbx ivev‡Z GK Riæwi
†Rbv‡ij
m‡¤§j‡b wgwjZ n‡q gymwjg we‡kî ¯^v_© iÿvq 25 †m‡Þ¤î, 1969
cÖwZeQi KgbI‡qj_  gvP© gv‡mi wØZxq †mvgevi|
wèm cvwjZ nq mv‡j AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Organization of Islamic Conference
KgbI‡qj_fz³  nvBKwgkbvi cÖwZôv K‡i| 2011 mv‡j ms¯’vwUi bvgKiY Kiv nq Organization
m‡e©v”P K‚U‣bwZK‡ì of Islamic Co-operation.
ejv nq  Organization of Islamic Co-
OIC-Gi c~Y©iƒc
 hy³ivR¨ Ges mv‡eK weªwUk Dcwb‡ekfz³ operation.
15wU †`k cÖZxKx ivóªcÖavb wn‡m‡e g¨vb K‡i  Organization of Islamic
- weª‡U‡bi ivRv/ivwb‡K| cÖwZôvKvjxb bvg
Conference
 GwU cÖwZôvi aviYv M„nxZ nq- B‡¤úwiqvj
m‡¤§j‡b| cÖwZwôZ nq  25 †m‡Þ¤î, 1969 mv‡j|
 KgbI‡qj_ c`Z¨vMKvix †`k- Avqvij¨vÛ, `vßwiK fvlv  3wU (Avie,Bs‡iwR I divwm)
wR¤^vey‡q| mì `ßi  ‡RÏv (‡m․w` Avie)
 evsjv‡`k KgbI‡qj_ Gi m`m¨ c` jvf cÖwZôvKvjxb m`m¨  25wU|
K‡i- 18 GwcÖj, 1972 (32 Zg m`m¨, eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v  57 (hvi g‡`¨ 49wU gymjgvb cÖavb †`k)
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ †Kvb AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e G me©‡kl m`m¨  AvBfwi‡Kv÷ (2001 mv‡j)
ms¯’vq evsjv‡`k cÖ_g m`m¨ c` jvf K‡i|) eZ©gvb gnvmwPei  û‡mBb Beªvwng Zvnv (Puv`) (gnvmwP‡ei †gqv`
 ‡¯^”Qvq m`m¨c` Z¨vM K‡i cybivq wd‡i (12Zg) 5 eQi)
Av‡m- cvwK¯Ívb, Mvw¤^qv, wdwR, `wÿY esjv‡`k m`m¨c`  23 †deªæqvwi, 1974 mv‡j 2q kxl© m‡¤§j‡b
Avwd«Kv I gvjØxc (me©‡kl)| jvf K‡i (32Zg)
 KgbI‡qj_ Gi m`m¨ BD‡iv‡ci †`k- 3wU
 ivwkqv, emwbqv, _vBj¨vÛ, ZzwK©‡q, mvBcÖvm Ges
(hy³ivR, gvëv, mvBcÖmv)| ch©‡eÿK †`k
mvZwU msMVb I ms¯’v|
 KgbI‡qj_ Gi m`m¨ Gwkqvi †`k- 8wU|
me©‡kl m‡¤§jb  me©‡kl m‡¤§jb Abywm&VZ nq 2022 mv‡j
 27Zg m‡¤§jb AbywôZ n‡e- mv‡gvqv
(15Zg) Mvw¤^qvq|
(2023)|
IAvBwm-Gi g~j A½  3wU (1. miKvi cÖavb‡ì m‡¤§jb 2. ciivóªgš¿x
Avie jxM ms¯’v KvDwiÝj 3. mvaviY mwPevjq)
 Avie †`kmg~‡ni A_©‣bwZK, ivR‣bwZK I Ab¨vb¨ cvi¯úwiK m`m¨vi  11wU (1. Bmjvwg m‡¤§jb, 2. ciivóªgš¿x
mgvavb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ 1945 mv‡j MwVZ nq Avie jxM| KvDwÝj 3. ÷¨vwÛs KwgwU 4. wbev©nx KwgwU 5.
cÖwZôv  22 gvP©, 1945 mvj| AvšÍR©vwZK Bmjvwg wePvi Av`vjZ 6.
IAvBwm-Gi †gvU A½
gvbevwaKvi welqK ¯^vaxb ¯’vqx Kwgkb 7. ¯’vqx
mì `ßi  wgk‡ii ivRavbx Kvq‡iv| msMVb
cÖwZwbwa KwgwU 8. mvaviY mwPevjq, 9.
 7wU (wgki, RW©vb, BivK, †m․w` Avie, mvewmwWqvwi AM©vb, 10. we‡klvwqZ Bbw÷wUDU
cÖwZôvZv m`m¨ †jevebb, wmwiqv I B‡q‡gb (B‡q‡g‡b 5 †g Ges 11. Aby‡gvw`Z Bbw÷wUDU)
†hvMv`b K‡i)|  gymjgvb cÖavb bv n‡qI Bmjvwg mn‡hvwMZv
eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v  22 (ewn®‥…Z wmwiqvmn) ms¯’vi m`m¨- DMvÛv, K¨v‡giæb, †gvRvw¤^K,
eZ©gvb gnvmwPe  Avn‡g` Aveyj ‡NBZ (wgki)| Mvqvbv, M¨veb, †ewbb, mywibvg|
 5wU (1. Av‡g©wbqv, 2. eªvwRj 3. BwiwÎqv  Bmjvwg m‡¤§j‡b ms¯’vi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i
ch©‡eÿK †`k
4. fviZ 5. †fwbRy‡qjv) Bmjvwg mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’v ivLv nq- 28 Ryb
 Avie jxM †_‡K wgk‡ii m`m¨c` ¯’wMZ Kiv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ 2011 mv‡j|
nq- 1979 (1978 mv‡j Bmiv‡q‡ji mv‡_  IAvBwmi cÖ_g gnvmwP‡ei bvg- †UsKz Avãyi
K¨v¤ú †WwfW Uzw³ Kivi Kvi‡Y)| ingvb (gvj‡qwkqvi cÖwZôvZv)
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
 wgk‡ii m`m¨c` ¯’wMZ Kivi Aviejx‡Mi  IAvBwm gnvmwP‡ei †gqv`Kvj- 5 eQi|
mì `ßi Kvq‡iv †_‡K ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq-  Bmjvwg Dbœqb e¨vsK cÖwZôvZvi wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq-
wZD‡bwkqvi wZDwb‡k| 1973 mv‡j Ges Kvh©µg ïiæ nq 1975 mv‡j|
Ab¨vb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK ivR‣bwZK msMVb  mvsnvB mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’v Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation
 GCC Gi c~Y©iƒc Gulf Co-  cÖwZwôZ nq- 15 Ryb, 2001 mv‡j|
operation Council.  eZ©gvb m`m¨ †`k 9wU|
 cvim¨ DcmvMixq Avie †`k¸‡jv wb‡q GB  ‡`k¸‡jv n‡jv- Pxb, ivwkqv, KvRvL¯Ívb,
AvÂwjK ms¯’v cÖwZwôZ nq 25 †g, 1981 mv‡j| mvsnvB mn‡hvwMZv wKiwMwR¯Ívb, ZvwRwK¯Ívb, DR‡ewK¯Ívb,
GCC  mì `ßi- †m․w` Avi‡ei wiqv‡`| ms¯’v (SCO) fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb I Bivb (me©‡kl)|
 ms¯’vwUi eZ©gvb m`m¨ 6wU| h_v: †m․w`  mì `ßi- †eBwRs (Pxb)
Avie, Kz‡qZ, KvZvi, evnivBb, Igvb I  G ms¯’vi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ - Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi
mshy³ AvwgivZ| gva¨‡g mxgvšÍ we‡iva gxgvsmv, AvÂwjK
 GCC Gi eZ©gvb gnvmwP‡ei bvg bv‡qd web Dbœqb, mn‡hvwMZvc~Y© m¤úK© Ges kvwšÍc~Y©
dvjvn Avj nvRivd (Kz‡qZ)| mnve¯’vb eRvq ivLv|
 OAU Gi c~Y©iƒc- Organization of  JIO c~Y©iƒc- International Jute
African Unity. Organisation
 cÖwZwôZ nq 25 †g, 1963 mv‡j|  GwU cÖwZôZ nq - 1984 mv‡j|
 cÖwZôvZv- gyqv¤§vi MvÏvwd|
 IJSG †Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq- 27 GwcÖj,
 2003 mv‡j GwU African Union Gi
OAU/AU iƒcvšÍi nq|
2002 mv‡j|
 mì `ßi- AvwÏm Avevev, Bw_Iwcqv|
IJO & IJSG  mì `ßi - XvKvq (evsjv‡`k)
 eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v 55 (me©‡kl m`m¨ gi‡°v,  IJSG Gi c~Y©iƒc- The International
†hvM †`q 30 Rvbyqvwi, 2017)| Jute Study Group Gi m`m¨ msL¨v-
 my`vb, Mvqvbv, gvwj Ges eyiwKbv dv‡mvi 30wU|
m`m¨c` ¯’wMZ i‡q‡Q|  jÿ¨ cv‡Ui AvšÍR©vwZK evRvi m„wó Ges
 Av‡gwiKvi AÂ‡ji †RvU n‡jv ißvwb bxwZgvjv cÖYqb|
Organization of American States  USMCA Gi c~Y© iƒc United States-
(OAS). Mexico-Canda Agreement.
OAS
 mì `ßi - IqvwksUb wWwm|  GwU North American Free Trade
 cÖwZôvKvj- 1948 mvj Ges eZ©gvb m`m¨ Agreement (NAFTA) Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc|
- 35wU|
USMCA  NAFTA Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq 1993 mv‡j
Ges Kvh©Ki nq 1 Rvbyqvwi, 1994 mv‡j|
 CIS c~Y©iƒc- Commonwealth of
Gi m`m¨ msL¨v 3wU (hy³ivóª, KvbvWv I
Independent States †gw·‡Kv)|
 mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ ivóªmg~n‡K wb‡q GwU  USMCA bvgKiY Kiv nq 2018 mv‡j|
cÖwZwôZ nq 8 wW‡m¤î, 1991 mv‡j|
 mì `ßi- wgb¯‥, †ejviæk| RvwZmsN evsjv‡`k
 cÖwZôvZv m`m¨- 6wU Ges mn‡hvMx m`m¨  evsjv‡`k 1974 mv‡j 136Zg †`k wn‡m‡e RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨c` jvf
2wU, †gvU 11wU| K‡i|
 Z¨vMKvix m`m¨ - RwR©qv|  1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i mgq fvi‡Z AvkÖqMÖnYKvix cÖvq GK †KvwU
CIS evsjv‡`wk kiYv_©x‡K RvwZmsN Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wPwKrmvmn wewfbœ
 c~Y©m`m¨ †`k- Av‡g©wbqv, AvRvievBRvb,
gvbweK mvnvh¨ w`‡q †eu‡P _vKvi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡qwQj| ¯^vaxbZv-
‡ejviæk, KvRvL¯Ívb, wKiwMwR¯Ívb, cieZ©x mg‡q hy×weaŸ¯Í evsjv‡`‡ki cybM©V‡bI RvwZmsN mvnvh¨-
ZvwRwK¯Ívb, DR‡ewK¯Ívb, gj‡`vfv, ivwkqv| mn‡hvwMZv K‡iwQj|
 mn‡hvMx m`m¨- ZzK©‡gwb¯Ívb I BD‡µb|  evsjv‡`k G ch©šÍ `yevi (1979-80 Ges 2000-01) wbivcËv
 1991 mv‡j wW‡m¤^‡i KvRvL¯Ív‡bi ivRavbx cwil‡ì A¯’vqx m`m¨c` jvf K‡i|
Av¯Ívbvq †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi ¯^vaxbZv  RvwZmsN Avgv‡ì Ôfvlv I knx`Õ wèm 21 †k †deªæqvwi‡K
cÖvß 11wU †`‡ki †cÖwm‡W›U‡ì GK kxl© ÔAvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèmÕ wn‡m‡e †NvlYv w`‡q (1999 mv‡j) evsjv
•eV‡K CIS- Gi †MvovcËb Kiv nq| fvlv‡K m‡e©v”P gh©`vi Avm‡b DbœxZ K‡i‡Q|
 APA Gi c~Y©iƒc- Asian  1991 mv‡j wgqvbgvi n‡Z jvL jvL †ivwn½v kiYv_©x evsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡ek
Parliamentary Assembly. Kivq GK fqven cwiw¯’wZi m„wó nq| G mgq RvwZmsN I Gi wewfbœ
Association of Asian ms¯’v evsjv‡`k‡K wecyjfv‡e mvnvh¨ Kivq evsjv‡`k †m mgm¨v KvwU‡q
parliamentary for Peace (AAPP) DV‡Z mÿg nq|
cÖwZwôZ nq- 1999 mv‡j|  wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki mgy`ªmxgv wb‡q we‡iva wQj, hv wb‡q
evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vj‡Z gvgjv K‡i| 2012 mv‡j
APA
 AAPP AvIZvq 2006 mv‡j cÖwZôv Kiv nq AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vj‡Zi GK iv‡q G we‡iv‡ai wb®úwË nq Ges GK
Asian Parliamentary Assembly wekvj mgy`ªmxgvi Dci evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ nq|
(APA)
 Gi mì `ßi- †Znivb (Bivbv)| †m‡KÛ UvBg GWf¨vÝ e¨v‡P fwZ© I K¬vm Pj‡Q|
 eZ©gvb m`m¨ 43|
 g~j D‡Ïk¨- Gkxq AÂ‡j kvwšÍ I wbivcËv wj‡RÛ †Kqvi
cÖwZôv Kiv| †hvMv‡hvM: 01719-686047, 01713-432846
 DcMÖn msL¨v- 0
f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek wefvM  D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DcMÖn - †bB
 m~h© †_‡K `~iZ¡ (wK‡jvwgUvi GK‡K)- 10 †KvwU 82 jÿ¨
f‚‡Mv‡ji aviYv ïµ  ‡m․iRM‡Zi DòZg MÖn, c„ô ZvcgvÎv 465 wWwMÖ
 f‚‡Mvj kãwU G‡m‡Q- Bs‡iwR Geography kã †_‡K| †mjwmqvm|
 Geography kãwU cÖ_g eënvi K‡ib- cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi f‚‡Mvjwe` Bqv‡Uvw¯’wbm|  ïKZviv ev mÜ¨vZviv Avm‡j ïµ MÖn|
 Geo A_©- Ôf‚Õ ev c„w_ex Ges Graphy k‡ãi A_©- ÔeY©bvÕ|  c„w_exi RgR MÖn ejv nq|
Geography k‡ãi A_©: c„w_exi eY©bv  DcMÖn msL¨v- 1
 mgq I ¯’v‡bi mv‡c‡ÿ gvbyl I cwi‡e‡ki Aa¨qb KivB n‡”Q- f‚‡Mvj|  D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DcMÖn - Puv`
 Geography ev f‚‡Mv‡ji RbK: Bqv‡Uvw¯’wbm (wMÖm)|  m~h© †_‡K `~iZ¡ (wK‡jvwgUvi GK‡K)- 14 †KvwU 96 jÿ
 AvaywbK f‚‡Mv‡ji RbK- Av‡jKRvÛvi fb nvg‡evì| c„w_ex  m~h© †_‡K Mo `~iZ¡ 14.9 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi GB
 f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb Dcv`vb- gvbyl I c„w_ex| `~iZ¡‡K 1 G‡÷ªvbwgKvj BDwbU e‡j|
 Geography kãwU 1g eënvi K‡ib- Bqv‡Uvw¯’wbm|  m~h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Av‡jv †c․uQv‡Z mgq jv‡M 8 wgwbU
 Ôcvim¨‡cKwUfm Ab `¨ †bPvi Ae wRIMÖvwVÕ eBwUi iPwqZv- wiPvW© 19 †m‡KÛ (8.32 wgwbU)
nvwU©‡kvb  DcMÖn msL¨v- 2
 me cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡bi Rbbx (Mother of all science)- f‚‡Mvj|  D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DcMÖn - wW‡gvm, †dv‡evm
 cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mvj- c„w_exi MVb, f‚wgiƒc, cÖvK…wZK cwieZ©b, b`x-bvjv, g½j  m~h© †_‡K `~iZ¡ (wK‡jvwgUvi GK‡K)- 22 †KvwU 79 jÿ
Dw™¢`-cÖvwY, AvenvIqv-Rjevqy BZ¨vw` Av‡jvPbv K‡i  g½‡ji 1 eQi c„w_exi wn‡m‡e 687 w`b|
 gvbweK f‚‡Mvj- gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY, ms¯‥…wZ, ivR‣bwZK ms¯’v (UN,  g½‡ji 1 w`b = 24 NÈv 37 wgwbU|
WHO BZ¨vw`), AÂj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|  DcMÖn msL¨v- 67
 c„w_exi DrcwË, Af¨šÍixY Ae¯’v, wkjv, LwbR, wewfbœ b`-b`xi DrcwË,  D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DcMÖn - PviwU M¨vwjjxq DcMÖn hv‡ì
f‚wgK¤ú, Av‡MœqwMwi BZ¨vw` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i- f‚wgiƒcwe`¨v| mvaviY `yiweb w`‡q †`Lv hvq: M¨vwbwgW, K¨vwj‡÷v,
†mŠiRMr BD‡ivcv, Av‡qv|
 m~h© MÖn, DcMÖn, MÖnvYycyÄ, a~g‡KZz, Dév cÖf…wZ wb‡q †h cwievi Zv‡K  m~h© †_‡K `~iZ¡ (wK‡jvwgUvi GK‡K)- 77 †KvwU 86 jÿ|
e„n¯úwZ
ejv nq †m․iRMr|  ‡m․iRM‡Zi e„nËg MÖn|
 Gi Ae¯’vb wgwéI‡q M¨vjvw·i mwc©j evûi evB‡ii w`‡K| †m․iRM‡Zi  e„n¯úwZi 1 eQi c„w_exi wn‡m‡e 12 eQi|
cÖvY‡K›`ª n‡jv m~h©| †m․iRM‡Z 8wU MÖn, kZvwaK DcMÖn, nvRvi nvRvi  e„n¯úwZi 1 w`b= 9 NÈv 53 wgwbU|
MÖnvYycyÄ I jÿ jÿ a~g‡KZz i‡q‡Q|  ‡MÖU †iW ¯úU- †m․iRM‡Zi e„nËg N~wY©So|
Dév  M¨vwbwgW †m․iRM‡Zi e„nËg DcMÖn|
 gnvk~‡b¨ AR¯ª RowcÐ †f‡m †eovq| GB RowcÐ¸‡jv c„w_exi wbK‡U  DcMÖn msL¨v- 62
Avm‡j AwfKl© e‡ji AvKl©‡Y cÖPÐ MwZ‡Z (†m‡K‡Û cÖvq 3 wK‡jvwgUvi)  D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DcMÖn - UvBUvb, †iqv, Bqv‡cUvm, †Uw_m
c„w_exi w`‡K Qz‡U Av‡m| evqyi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m evqyi m‡½ Nl©‡Yi d‡j Giv  m~h© †_‡K `~iZ¡ (wK‡jvwgUvi GK‡K)- 143 †KvwU 35 jÿ|
R¦‡j I‡V| d‡j G‡ì QzUšÍ Zviv e‡j g‡b nq| G‡ì ZLb Dév ejv kwb  29 eQi 5 gv‡m Kÿ cwiµgv| (kwbi 1 eQi)|
nq| †ewkifvM DévwcÐB AvKv‡i †ek ÿz`ª|  10 NÈv 47 wgwb‡U wbR Aÿ cwiµgv (kwbi 1 w`b)
m~h©  wZbwU D¾¡j ejq kwb MÖn‡K wN‡i _v‡K, Giv g~jZ
 †m․iRM‡Zi mKj MÖn I DcMÖ‡ni wbqš¿K n‡jv m~h©| m~h© GKwU D¾¡j ÿz`ª MÖnvYy Øviv MwVZ|
bÿÎ| m~h© c„w_exi A‡cÿv cÖvq 13 jÿ ¸Y eo| c„w_ex †_‡K GwU cÖvq  DcMÖn msL¨v- 27
15 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i Aew¯’Z| Gi e¨vm cÖvq 13 jÿ 84 nvRvi  D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DcMÖn - UvBUvwbqv, I‡eib, wgivÛv
wK‡jvwgUvi| m~h© cÖvq 25 w`‡b wbR A‡ÿi Ici GKevi AveZ©b K‡i|  m~h© †_‡K `~iZ¡ (wK‡jvwgUvi GK‡K)- 295 †KvwU 1 jÿ|
BD‡ibvm
m~‡h©i fi cÖvq 213 wK‡jvMÖvg, hv †m․iRM‡Zi †gvU f‡ii ( †m․i fi)
30  84 eQ‡i Kÿ cwiµgv|
99.86%|  GiI kwb MÖ‡ni g‡Zv ejq Av‡Q|
 AvbygvwbK 4.6 wewjqb eQi c~‡e© AvYweK M¨vm †gN †_‡K m~h© Rb¥ †bq|  G‡K meyR MÖnI e‡j|
Rb¥j‡Mœ GB bÿÎ cÖvq cy‡ivUvB nvB‡Wªv‡Rb w`‡q •Zwi wQj| eZ©gv‡b Gi  DcMÖn msL¨v- 14
73.5 kZvsk nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Ges evwKUv wnwjqvg Ges Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb w`‡q  D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DcMÖn - UªvBUb, †b‡iBW
MwVZ| †bcPzb  m~h© †_‡K `~iZ¡ (wK‡jvwgUvi GK‡K)- 441 †KvwU 50 jÿ|
MÖn  165 eQ‡i Kÿ cwiµgY K‡i|
 †m․iiRM‡Zi 8wU MÖn Av‡Q| m~h© †_‡K MÖn¸‡jvi `~iZ¡ Abyhvqx µgvš^‡q  ‡m․i RM‡Zi kxZjZg MÖn|
Ae¯’vb n‡jv: eya (Mercury), ïµ (Venus), c„w_ex (Earth), g½j Pvu`
(Mars), e„n¯úwZ (Jupiter), kwb (Saturn), BD‡ibvm (Uranus)  c„w_ex n‡Z Pvu‡ì `~iZ¡ M‡o 238855 gvBj ev 384400 wK.wg.| c„w_ex
Ges †bcPzb (Neptune) | 2006 mv‡ji 24 AvM÷ cøy‡Uv MÖ‡ni gh©v`v Pvu‡ì Zzjbvq 49 ¸Y eo| Pvu` cÖwZ 27.32 w`‡b (27 w`b 8 NÈvq)
nvivq| cøy‡Uv‡K eZ©gv‡b Ôevgb MÖnÕ Gi gh©v`v †Ìqv nq| MÖn¸‡jvi g‡a¨ c„w_exi Pviw`‡K GKwU c~Y© AveZ©b m¤úbœ K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K Pvu` cÖwZ
me‡P‡q eo e„n¯úwZ Ges me‡P‡q †QvU eya| g½jI e„n¯úwZi Gi 29.53 w`‡b (29 w`b 12 NÈvq) wbR A‡ÿi Pvicv‡k GKevi AveZ©b
gvSLv‡b Av‡Q MÖnvYycyÄ| K‡i|
MÖn Z_¨
 DcMÖn msL¨v- 0 P›`ªwZw_-c~wY©gv I Agvem¨v
 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DcMÖn- †bB  †h․_ gnvKl© cÖ fv‡e Pvu` c„w_exi Kÿc‡_ Ave×| Pvu‡ì GKwU gyL
eya
 m~h© †_‡K `~iZ¡ (wK‡jvwgUvi GK‡K)- 5 †KvwU 79 jÿ memgq c„w_exi w`‡K _v‡K| IB gy‡L Av‡jv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q G‡j
 Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨- †m․iRM‡Zi ÿz`ªZg I m~‡h©i wbKUZg MÖn| c„w_ex‡Z †RvQbv †`Lv hvq|
 Pvu‡ì Kÿc‡_ AveZ©bKvj 27 w`b 8 NÈv hvi wbqwgwZ ch©‡eÿY K‡i gvbyl Uª‡cvgÐj ev Uª‡cvwùqvi
GB mgq‡K P›`ªgvm wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q| P›`ªwZw_ `yBwU c‡ÿ (1 cÿ =  †gN, e„wócvZ, eRªcvZ evqycÖevn, So, ZzlvicvZ, wkwki, Kzqvkv
Kg‡ewk 15 w`b) wef³| cÿ `ywU c~wY©gv I Agvem¨v w`‡q c„_KK…Z| mewKQzB GB ¯Í‡i m„wó nq| evqygÐ‡ji 75 fvM fi GB ¯Í‡i|
Agvem¨v †_‡K c~wY©gv ch©šÍ cÿKvj ïK¬cÿ bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB mgq mÜ¨vq  Uª‡cvgÐ‡ji †kl cÖv‡šÍi As‡ki bvg Uª‡cvweiwZ ev Uª‡cvcR| GLv‡b
Pvu` I‡V| c~wY©gvq c~Y© Pvu` mÜ¨vq D‡V mviv ivZ †RvQbv Qovq| ZvcgvÎv- 54 †mjwmqv‡mi wb‡P n‡Z cv‡i|
 c~wY©gvi ci Agvem¨v ch©šÍ _v‡K K…òcÿ| GB w`b¸‡jv‡Z Pvu` Dw`Z  GB ¯Íi f‚c„ô †_‡K wbiÿxq AÂ‡j cÖvq 16-19 wK‡jvwgUvi Ges †giæ
nevi mgq mÜ¨v †_‡K wcQv‡Z _v‡K| Agvem¨vq Pvu‡ì gy‡L Av‡jv co‡Z AÂ‡j cÖvq 8 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z|
co‡Z †fvi n‡q hvq| m~‡h©i Zxeª Av‡jvi Kvi‡Y †mB Pvu` Avi †`Lv hvq †g‡mvgÐj ev †g‡mvwùqvi
bv| mvivivZ †RvQbvnxb _v‡K e‡jB G‡K e‡j Agvem¨v| cÿ¸‡jvi
cÖwZwU w`b G‡KKwU wZw_| mbvZb a‡g© GB wZw_¸‡jv wewfbœ †è †èZvi  ÷ªv‡UvweiwZi Dci cÖvq 80 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z evqy¯Íi‡K †g‡mvgÐj
bv‡g DrmM© Kiv nq| cÖwZwU c‡ÿi gaëZ©x wZw_ Z_v Aógx wZw_‡Z m~h© ev †g‡mvwùqvi e‡j|
I Pvu` j¤^fv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| GB w`b giv KUvj nq|  ‡g‡mvgÐj evqygÐ‡ji me‡P‡q kxZjZg ZvcgvÎv aviY K‡i (-83
†Rvqvi fvUv †mjwmqvm)
 gnvKvk †_‡K †hme Dév c„w_exi w`‡K Qz‡U Av‡m †m¸‡jvi AwaKvskB
 gnvK‡l©i AvKl©Y †_‡K wÎgvwÎK e¯‘‡Z m„ó cvk^©Pvc‡K e‡j Tidal
GB ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ G‡m c‡o hvq|
Force. GB e‡ji mv‡_ Aÿxq MwZi mshy³ djvdj n‡jv †Rvqvi fvUv|
 GB ¯Í‡ii evqyi Pvc Kg| Gi EaŸ©mxgvq evqyi Zvc cÖvq 65.5
cvk^©Pv‡ci j¤^ eivei ùxwZ‡K e‡j †Rvqvi Avi cvk^©Pvc eivei AebwZ‡K
†mjwmqvm|
e‡j fvUv| c„w_exi PweŸk NÈvi c~Y© Aÿxq AveZ©‡bi g‡a¨ Pvu‡ì mv‡_
AvKl©‡Yi cÖfv‡e `yBevi †Rvqvi I `yBevi fvUv nq| GB wn‡m‡e cici ÷ªv‡UvÐj ev ÷ªv‡Uvwùqvi
`yBwU †Rvqvi ev cici `yBwU fvUvi gaëZ©x mgq eëavb cÖvq 12 NÈv|  Uª ‡ cvweiwZi Dc‡ii w`‡K cÖvq 50 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ ÷ª‡UvgÐj we¯Í…Z|
 Pvu‡ì Kÿc_ cwiµgvi mv‡_ †Rvqvi fvUvi ZxeªZv e`jvq| P›`ªwZw_i GB ¯Í iwU Rjxqev®úwenxb|
mv‡_ Gi cwieZ©b †_‡K `yBwU Pig Ae¯’v cvIqv hvq|  ÷ª‡UvgÐj I †g‡mvgÐj gaëZ©x AÂ‡j ZvcgvÎvi w¯’Zve¯’v‡K
 ‡ZRKvUvj ev fiv KUvj: c„w_ex, Pvu` I m~h© †gvUvgywU GKB mij‡iLvq Ae¯’vb wb‡j ÷ªv‡UvweiwZ (Stratopause) e‡j|
Zxeª †Rvqvi nq| mvaviYZ c~wY©gv Ges Agvem¨vq †ZRKUvj N‡U|  GB ¯Í‡iB I‡Rvb (O3) M¨vm †ewk Av‡Q|
 givKvUvj: m~h© Ges Pvu` hw` c„w_ex‡K †K‡›`ª †i‡L †gvUvgywU mg‡Kv‡Y Ae¯’vb †bq  Soe„wó _v‡K bv e‡j GB ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ w`‡q mvaviYZ †RU wegvb¸‡jv
ZLb `ye©j †Rvqvi nq| Pvu‡ì Aógx wZw_‡Z givKUvj N‡U| PjvPj K‡i|
 KviY- Pvu` I m~‡h©i AvKl©Y| ZvcgÐj ev _v‡g©vwùqvi
 ‡Rvqv‡ii cvwb b`x‡Z Avmvi mgq gv‡S gv‡S A‡bK DQz nq, G‡K e‡j- evb|  ‡g‡mvweiwZi Dc‡i cÖvq 500 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z|
 ‡Kvb †`k cÖ_g †Rvqv‡ii kw³‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q we`y¨r Drcv`b K‡i- d«vÝ|  GB ¯Í‡ii evqyi ZvcgvÎv AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ nv‡i e„w× †c‡q 1480 †mjwmqv‡m †c․uQvq|
 m~h©, Pvu` I c„w_ex Ae¯’vb‡f‡` wKQz NUbv:  ‡m․i wewKi‡Yi iÄb iwk¥ I AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥i cÖfv‡e GB As‡ki evqy Avqbhy³ nq|
 m~h©MÖnY- GB mg‡q m~h© I c„w_exi g‡a¨ Pvu` Ae¯’vb K‡i| ZvB ZvcgÐ‡ji wb¤œ Ask‡K AvqbgÐj ev Avq‡bvwùqvi e‡j|
 P›`ªMÖnY- G mgq m~h© I Pvu‡ì gv‡S c„w_ex Ae¯’vb K‡i|  wewfbœ †eZviZi½ AvqbgÐ‡ji wewfbœ Avq‡b evav †c‡q cybivq f‚c„‡ô
evqygÐj wd‡i Av‡m|
 f‚c„ô †_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K cÖvq 10,000 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ evqygÐj we¯Í…Z| G‡·vgÐj ev G‡·vwùqvi
Gi cÖvq 97 fvM Dcv`vbB f‚c„ô †_‡K cÖvq 30 wK‡jvwgUv‡ii g‡a¨  ZvcgÐ‡ji Dc‡i cÖvq 960 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z|
mxgve×| f‚-Af¨šÍi †_‡K wbM©Z M¨vm †_‡K cÖvq 350 †KvwU eQi Av‡M  G ¯Í‡ii ZvcgvÎv cÖvq 300 †_‡K 1650 †mjwmqvm ch©šÍ nq|
evqygÐj m„wó nq| AwfKl© I f‚-Pz¤^K‡ÿ‡Îi Avkª‡q Ab¨ MÖ‡ni g‡Zv G GQvovI G‡·vgÐ‡ji ci †_‡K 10000 wK.wg. A_©vr evqgÐ‡ji †kl
evqygÐj wejxb nq bvB| ch©šÍ GB GjvKv‡K ejv nq †P․¤^KgÐj| GB ¯Íi †_‡K evqygÐj ax‡i
evZv‡m wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi bvg I cwigvY ax‡i gnvk~‡b¨ wejxb n‡Z _v‡K GB ¯Í‡ii DòZv m~‡h©i K‡ivbv
Dcv`v‡bi bvg kZKiv nvi AÂ‡ii g‡Zv| evZvm GLv‡b AvqwbZ Ae¯’ vq _v‡K Ges GB ¯Í‡ii
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb (N2) 78.01 NbZ¡ LyeB Kg|
Aw·‡Rb (O2) 20.71 Aÿ‡iLv
AvM©b (Ar) 0.80  c„ w _exi †K›`ª w`‡q DËi `wÿ‡Y KwíZ †iLv‡K Aÿ e‡j|
Rjxqev®ú 0.41 wbiÿ‡iLv ev welye‡iLv
Kve©b WvBA·vBW (CO2) 0.03  `yB †giæ †_‡K mgvb `~i‡Z¡ c„w_ex‡K c~e©-cwð‡g †eób K‡i †h †iLv Kíbv
Ab¨vb¨ M¨vmmg~n 0.02 Kivnq Zv‡K ejv nq wbiÿ‡iLv ev welye‡iLv| wbiÿ‡iLvi w`b ivwÎ me©Î
a~wjKYv I KwYKv 0.01 mgvb nq|
‡gvU 100.00 Aÿvsk
evqygÐ‡ji ¯Íiweb¨vm  wbiÿ‡iLv †_‡K DË‡i ev `wÿ‡Y Aew¯’Z †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi †K․wYK `~iZ¡‡K H ¯’v‡bi
 evqygÐj †h mg¯Í Dcv`v‡b MwVZ Zv‡ì cÖK…wZ, •ewkó¨ I DòZvi cv_©K¨ ejv nq| †m·U¨v›U h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi Aÿvsk wbY©©q ev m~h© I Ab¨vb¨
Abymv‡i f‚c„ô †_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K ch©vqµ‡g cvuPwU fvM Kiv nq| h_v- MÖ‡ni DbœwZ cwigvc Kiv hvq| DËi I `wÿY †giæi Aÿvsk 90 wbiÿ‡iLv
Uª‡cvgÐj, ÷ªv‡UvgÐj, †g‡mvgÐj, ZvcgÐj I G‡·vgÐj| DwjøwLZ †_‡K cÖ‡Z¨K †giæi †K․wYK `~iZ¡ 90| f‚-‡MvjK‡K 181wU Aÿvs‡k wef³ Kiv
¯Íi¸‡jv cÖ_g wZbwU mggÐj Ges cieZ©x `ywU welggÐj-Gi AšÍfz©³| Av‡Q| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz Aÿ‡iLv n‡jv:
mggÐ‡j evZv‡mi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vbmg~n mgfv‡e wgwkÖZ _v‡K| cÖvq  23.5 DËi Aÿvsk ev KK©UµvwšÍ (Tropic of cancer)
100 wK‡jvwgUvi D”PZvi ci GgbwU Avi †`Lv hvq bv| IB D”PZv‡K
 23.5 `wÿY Aÿvsk ev gKiµvwšÍ (Tropic of Capricorn)
e‡j Uv‡e©vweiwZ, hvi ci †_‡K welggÐ‡ji ïiæ| welggÐj fvix
M¨vm¸‡jv wb‡Pi w`‡K Rgv nq Avi nvjKv M¨vm¸‡jv †f‡m †f‡m `~i  66.5 DËi Aÿvsk ev my‡giæe„Ë
†_‡K `~‡i †h‡Z _v‡K|  66.5 `wÿY Aÿvsk ev Kz‡giæe„Ë|
`ªvwNgv‡iLv  AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡ii cwðg Zx‡i- Av‡gwiKv Aew¯’ Z |
 wbiÿ‡iLv‡K wWwMÖ (), wgwbU ( Õ ) I †m‡K‡Û ( ÕÕ ) fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K  cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii Aew¯’Z- †ewis mvMi, Rvfv mvMi, cxZ mvMi, `wÿY
fv‡Mi Dci w`‡q DËi †giæ †_‡K `wÿY †giæ ch©šÍ †h †iLv¸‡jv Kíbv Pxb mvMi|
Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡K `ªvwNgv‡iLv e‡j| `ªvwNgv‡iLv‡K ga¨‡iLvI ejv nq|  AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡i Aew¯’Z- f‚ga¨mvMvi, evwëK mviM, K¨vwiexq
`ªvwNgvi cwiPvqK †K․wYK cwigvc‡K e‡j `ªvwNgvsk| g~j ga¨‡iLv‡K mvMi, K…ò mvMi, mviMvm‡mv mvMi ( •kevj mvMi)|
wfwË a‡i GwU AvwRgy_ †KvY| `ªvwNgv‡iLv¸‡jv cywÄf‚Z n‡q‡Q DËi †giæ  fviZ gnvmvM‡i Aew¯’Z- Av›`vgvb mvMi, Avie mvMi, †jvwnZ mvMi|
I `wÿY †giæ‡Z| DËi †giæ c‡o‡Q AvK©wUK gnvmvM‡i| `wÿY †giæi we‡kî wewfbœ mgy`ªe›ì m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
Ae¯’vb G›UvK©wUK gnv‡`‡k|  d« v ‡Ýi e„nËg mgy`ªe›ì - gv‡k©B
wRwcGm  `wÿY Gwkqvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mgy`ªe›ì- wm½vcy‡i Aew¯’Z|
 wRwcGm-Gi Bs‡iwR n‡jv Global Positioning System (GPS)|  mvK© f³
z †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mgy`ªe›ì †bB- †bcvj, fzUvb I AvdMvwb¯Ív‡i|
mgy`ª‡¯ªvZ GKb‡Ri †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLv
 mgy`ª‡¯ªv‡Zi cÖavb KviY evqycÖevn| evqycÖevn mgy‡`ªi Dcwifv‡Mi cvwbi jvBb/ mxgv‡iLv †`k
m‡½ Nl©Y (Fricition) ‣Zwi K‡i Ges Nl©‡Yi Rb¨ cvwb‡Z N~Y©b 49 DËi Aÿ‡iLv hy³ivóª - KvbvWv
(Gyre/Spiral Pattern) •Zwi K‡i| mgy‡`ªi cvwb GKwU wbw`©ó 38 DËi Aÿ‡iLv DËi †Kvwiqv - `wÿY †Kvwiqv
MwZc‡_ AbymiY K‡i PjvPj K‡i, G‡K mgy`ª‡¯ªvZ e‡j| b`©vb wjwgU jvBb DËi †Kvwiqv- `wÿY wf‡qZbvg
 mgy`ª‡¯ªvZ‡K DòZvi ZviZg¨ Abymv‡i `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- fviZ- cvwK¯Ívb| cvwK¯Ívb GB †iLv
K. Dò †¯ªvZ I L. kxZj †¯ªvZ| 24 DËi Aÿ‡iLv eivei mxgvbv `vwe K‡i|
Dò †¯ªvZ DËi wf‡qZbvg- `wÿY wf‡qZbvg
17 DËi A‡ÿ‡iLv
 wbiÿxq AÂ‡j ZvcgvÎv †ewk nIqvq Rjivwk nvjKv nq I nvjKv
cwðgfvM fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb mxgvšÍ I
Rjivwk mgy‡`ªi DcwifvM w`‡q c„ôcÖevniƒ‡c kxZj †giæ AÂ‡ji w`‡K ‡iWwK¬d jvBb
c~e©e fvM evsjv‡`k -fviZ
cÖevwnZ nq| Giƒc †¯ªvZ‡K Dò †¯ªvZ (Warm currents) e‡j|
jvBb Ae K‡›Uªvj fviZ -cvwK¯Ívb
 Gj wb‡bv (El-nino): El-nino A_© The Little Boy (‡QvU †Q‡j)|
jvBb Ae A¨vKPzqvj K‡›Uªvj fviZ- Pxb
cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii MÖx®§gÐjxq Mig cvwb cwðg w`K †_‡K c~e© w`‡K
Ae¯’vbMZ cwieZ©b‡K Gj wb‡bv e‡j| Gj-wb‡bv ga¨ I cwðg cÖkvšÍ gvK‡gvnb jvBb Pxb - fviZ
gnvmvMi AÂ‡j GKwU Dò ch©vq •Zwi K‡i| Wzivì jvBb cvwK¯Ívb- AvdMvwb¯Ívb
kxZj †¯ªvZ m‡bviv jvBb hy³ivóª- †gw·‡Kv
 ‡giæ AÂ‡j kxZj I fvix Rjivwk R‡ji wb‡Pi Ask w`‡q wgwjUvwi wWgvi‡Kkb jvBb DËi †Kvwiqv-`wÿY †Kvwiqv
AšÍtcÖevniƒ‡c wbiÿxq DògÐ‡ji w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq| Giƒc †¯ªvZ‡K g¨vwR‡bv jvBb Rvg©vwb-d«vÝ
kxZj †¯ªvZ (Cold Currents) e‡j| †hgb- DËi Av‡gwiKvi j¨veªvWi| wRM‡d«W jvBb/wmMd«vBW jvBb Rvg©vwb-d«vÝ
 jv wbbv (La-nina): ‡¯úbxq La-nina A_© The Little Girl (‡QvU wnÛvievM© jvBb Rvg©vwb-‡cvj¨vÛ
†g‡q ev `~iZ¡ evwjKv) cÖK…Z A‡_© cÖej e„wócvZ I eb¨v| cÖkvšÍ jvBb Ae wWgvi‡Kkb cZz©Mvj - †¯úb
gnvmvM‡ii ga¨c~‡e©i MÖx®§gÐjxq AÂ‡ji ZvcgvÎv mgy`ªc„‡ôi †P‡q kxZj g¨vbvi‡nBg jvBb ivwkqv - wdbj¨vÛ
nIqv‡K jv wbbv e‡j| jv-wbbv cÖgvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii `wÿY-cwðg AÂj ch©šÍ dP jvBb ‡cvj¨vÛ - wj_yqvwbqv
we¯Í…Z n‡q GwU kxZj ch©vq •Zwi K‡i| evsjv‡‡`‡ki eb¨v¸‡jv (1988, eøy jvBb Bmiv‡qj - †jevbb
1998) jv wbbv Gwc‡mv‡W n‡q‡Q| cvc©j jvBb Bmiv‡qj - wmwiqv
mvMi wMÖb jvBb Bmiv‡qj - I Gi cÖwZ‡ekx †`kmg~n
 gnvmvMi A‡cÿv ¯^í AvqZbwewkó Rjivwk‡K mvMi e‡j| †hgb: GK bR‡i wewfbœ cÖYvwjmgyn
K¨vwiweqvb mvMi, `wÿY Pxb mvMi|  cÖYvwj n‡jv `ywU b`x ev mgy‡`ªi ms‡hvMKvix msKxY RjcÖevn ev aviv|
DcmvMi cÖYvwj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvgyw`ªK c_ wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| cÖYvwji mv‡_ b`x
 Bs‡iwR‡Z Mvjd (Gulf) Ges †e (Bay) †K evsjvq GKk‡ã DcmvMi Ges Lv‡ji h‡_ô cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| cÖYvwj mvaviYZ A‡bK eo Ges
bv‡g WvKv nq| mvgyw`ªK •ewkó¨ n‡q _v‡K|
Bay cÖYvwji bvg mshy³ K‡i‡Q c„_K K‡i‡Q
 ‡e n‡jv wÎ‡KvYvKvi DcK‚j| cK cÖYvwj fviZ gnvmvMi I Avei fviZ-kÖxjsKv
 wZbw`‡K ¯’j Ges GKw`‡K Rj Øviv cwi‡ewóZ Rjivwk‡K Bay e‡j| gnvmvMi
 ‡e A‡_© e„nËg DcmvMi: e‡½vcmvMi| wReªvëvi cÖYvwj DËi AvUjvw›UK Avwd«Kv-BD‡ivc
Gulf gnvmvMi I f‚ g a¨mvMvi
 Mvjd cÖvq me w`K †_‡KB ¯’j Øviv Ave× Rjivwk| miæ GKUv ms‡hvM c_ `v`©v‡bwjm cÖYvwj BwRqvb mvMi I gg©i Gwkqv-BD‡ivc
_vK‡Z cv‡i| cÖvq Pvi w`‡K ¯’j Øviv †ewóZ Rjivwk‡K Gulf e‡j| mvMi
 Mvjd A‡_© e„nËg DcmvMi: †gw·‡Kv DcmvMi| emdivm cÖYvwj K…òmvMi I gg©i mvMi Gwkqv -BD‡ivc
gnvmvMi eve-Gj-gvb‡è G‡Wb mvMi I †jvwnZ Gwkqv -Avwd«Kv
 †MÖU †ewiqvi wid - cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡i (A‡÷ªwjqvi DcK‚‡j) Aew¯’Z| cÖ Y vwj mvMi
 Av‡gwiKvi I BD‡ivc‡K c„w_KKvix gnvmvMi- AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi| ‡ewis cÖYvwj ‡ewis mvMi I DËi Gwkqv -DËi
 AvqZ‡b we‡kî e„nËg mvMi- `wÿY Pxb mvMi (AvqZb: 2974600 eM© wK.wg)| mvMi Av‡gwiKv
‡Wwfm cÖYvwj e¨vwdb mvMi I jveªvWvi wMÖbj¨vÛ -KvbvWv
 we‡kî me‡P‡q Mfxi mvMi- K¨vwiqvb mvMi (2575 wgUvi)| mvMi
 ‡m›U Gjev I I Kwl©Kv Øx‡ci Ae¯’vb- f‚-ga¨mvM‡i| ‡ewis cÖYvwj ‡ewis mvMi I DËi Gwkqv-DËi Av‡gwiKv
 wMÖm I Zzi‡¯‥i gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b- BwRqvb mvMi| mvMi
‡fwWm cÖYvwj e¨vwdb mvMi I jveªvWvi wMÖbj¨vÛ-KvbvWv fvi‡Zi †m‡fb wmóv‡m©i AšÍM©Z Avmvg, wg‡Rvivg, wÎcyiv, †gNvjq,
mvMi (DËi c~e©vÂjx) ivR¨ AiæbvPj, bvMvj¨vÛ I gwbcyi|
‡Wvfvi cÖYvwj Bswjk P¨v‡bj I DËi d«vÝ-weª‡Ub fvi‡Zi DËi c~e©vÂjYx ivR¨ gwbcyi, bvMvj¨vÛ I AiæbvPj|
mvMi evsjv‡`k mxgv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z
Bswjk P¨v‡bj AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi I d«vÝ-weª‡Ub evsjv‡`‡ki AwPwýZ mxgvšÍ¯’vb •`LvZv (KzwoMÖvg), gûixi Pi
DËi mvMi (†dbx) I jvVwUjv (wm‡jU)|
b_© P¨v‡bj AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi I DËi Avqvij¨vÛ- evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb wefv‡Mi mv‡_ XvKv I ewikvj wefvM|
AvBwim mvMi ¯‥Uj¨vÛ fviZ I gvqvbgv‡ii †Kvb
‡d¬vwiWv cÖYvwj ‡gw·‡Kv DcmvMi I ‡d¬vwiWv-wKDev mxgvšÍms‡hvM †bB
AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi c„w_ex
di‡gvRv cÖYvwj c~e©Pxb mvMi I UswKs ZvBIqvb -Pxb
mvMi c„w_exi †gvU AvqZb cÖvq 51,01,00,500 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi (51
‡Kvwiqv cÖYvwj gvjv°v c~e©Pxb mvMi I Rvcvb ‡Kvwiqv-Rvcvb †KvwU 66 nvRvi eM© wKwg)
cÖYvwj mvMi c„w_exi ¯’jfv‡Mi AvqZb 14,89,50,860 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi (c„w_exi
my›`v cÖYvwj fviZ gnvmvMi I Rvfv mygvÎv-Rvfv †gvU AvqZ‡bi 29.2%)
mvMi c„w_exi cwiwa 36,28,53,140 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi (c„w_exi
‡gwmbv cÖYvwj wZinwbqvb mvMi I BZvwj-wmwmwj †gvU AvqZ‡bi 70.5%)
AvBwbqvb mvMi c„w_exi e¨vm cÖvq 40,234 wKwg ev 25,000 gvBj
wmwmwj cÖYvwj wZinwbgv mvMi I wmwmwj-Avwd«Kv c„w_exi e¨vmva© welye‡iLvq: cÖvq 12,765 wKwg (7,926 gvBj)
f~ga¨mvMi DËi-`wÿ‡Y: cÖvq 12,715 wKwg (7,901
cÖYvwj m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ gvBj)
 we‡kî `xN©Zg cÖYvwj- ZvZvi cÖYvwj| c„w_exi AvbygvwbK eqm 460 ‡KvwU ev 4,500 wgwjqb ev 4.6
 Bswjk P¨v‡bj‡K DËi mvM‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i‡Q- †Wvfvi cÖYvwj| wewjqb eQi (cÖvq)
 nigyR cÖYvwj wb‡q we‡iva Pj‡Q- Bivb I Igv‡bi g‡a¨| c„w_exi Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ 5.5
 cK cÖYvwj c„_K K‡i‡Q- fviZ - kÖxjsKv‡K| c„w_exi AvK…wZ AwfMZ †MvjK| AwfMZ †MvjK A_© DËi-
 wReªvëvi cÖYvwj c„_K K‡i‡Q- gi‡°v I †¯úb‡K| `wÿ‡Y mvgvb¨ Pvcv Ges c~e©-cwð‡g
 f‚-ga¨mvM‡ii cÖ‡ekØvi ejv nq- wReªvëv‡K| mvgvb¨ ùxZ| AvwýK MwZi Rb¨ c„w_exi
 emdivm cÖYvwji cÖ‡ekØvi- †Mv‡ìb nb©| AvK…wZ Giƒc n‡q‡Q|
 Gwkqv I I‡kwbqv gnv‡`k c„_Kvix cÖYvwji bvg- UvBwZgyi cÖYvwj| c„w_exi me© DË‡i we›`y Kv‡dKjy‡eb Øxc (MÖxbj¨v‡Ûi DËi)
 evsjv‡`k †_‡K Bswjk P¨v‡bj cvwo w`‡q‡Q- eª‡Rb `vm| (g~jf~wg)
evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb mxgvbv I AvqZb c„w_exi me© `wÿ‡Yi we›`y `wÿY †giæ
c„w_exi D”PZg ¯’vb gvD›U Gfv‡i÷ (†bcvj) (c„w_exi m‡e©v”P
evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb eM©gvBj 56,977 eM©gvBj| (cÖvK…wZK) we›`y: gvD›U Gfv‡ió, gvD›U Gfv‡i‡ói
AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K we‡k¦ 94 Zg D”PZv: 8850 wgUvi Mfx‡i)
evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb c„w_exi wbgœZg ¯’vb (cÖvK…wZK) g„Z mvMi
evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU mxgvšÍ‣`N©¨ 5138 wK‡jvwgUvi c„w_exi wbgœZg ¯’vb (f~wg‡Z) 14,95,00,000 wK.wg
fvi‡Zi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki 3715 wK‡jvwgUvi (gva¨wgK c„w_ex †_‡K m~‡h©i Mo `~iZ¡ 66,700 gvBj/NÈv ev 1,07,320 wKwg/NÈv
mxgv‡iLv f~‡Mvj eB); 4156 wK‡jvwgUvi
m~‡h©i AveZ©‡bi MwZ‡eM 365 w`b 5 N›Uv 48 wgwbU 47 †m‡KÐ;
gvqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU 271 wK.wg (wewRwe) A_ev 280
(cÖvq 1 eQi)
mxgvšÍ •`N©¨ wK.wg (gva¨wgK f~‡Mvj)|
m~h©‡K cÖ`wÿY Ki‡Z 23 NÈv 56 wgwbU 41 †m‡KÛ
evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU ¯’jmxgv 4427 wK‡jvwgUvi|
c„w_exi mgq jv‡M
evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‣bwZK mgy`ªmxgv 12 bwUK¨vj gvBj (1 bwUK¨vj
gvBj = 1.85318 wK.wg)| c„w_exi wbR A‡ÿi Dci GKevi 3,84,400 wKwg
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‣bwZK mgy`ªmxgv 370.4 wK.wg (200 bwUK¨vj ) AveZ©b Ki‡Z mgq jv‡M
c„w_exi `xN©Zg mgy`ª •mKZ 125 wK.wg| c„w_exi †_‡K Puv‡ì Mo `~iZ¡ 21 Ryb (DËi †Mvjv‡a© hLb `xN©Zg w`b
K·evRv‡ii ‣`N©¨ ZLb `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© `xN©Zg ivZ)
evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ mxgvšÍms‡hvM i‡q‡Q `yÕwU| (fviZ I gvqvbgvi) DËi †Mvjv‡a© `xN©Zg w`b 22 wW‡m¤î (DËi †Mvjv‡a© hLb `xN©Zg
ivZ ZLb `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© `xN©Zg w`b)
evsjv‡`‡ki DË‡i fvi‡Zi cÖ‡`k cwðg e½, Avmvg I †gNvjq| DËi †Mvjv‡a©i `xN©Zg ivZ 22 wW‡m¤î
Aew¯’Z
`wÿY †Mvjv‡a©i `xN©Zg w`b 21 Ryb
evsjv‡`‡ki cwð‡g fvi‡Zi cÖ‡`k cwðge½|
Aew¯’Z c„w_exi me©Î w`b ivwÎ mgvb 21 gvP© I 23 †m‡Þ¤î
evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿ‡Y fvi‡Zi Av›`vgvb wb‡Kvei ØxccyÄ  evsjv‡`‡ki b`-b`x 
cÖ‡`k Aew¯’Z e‡½vcmvM‡i b` I b`xi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ e¨vKviYMZ| mvaviYZ †h
evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZx© †Kvb †Rjvi ev›ìevb I K·evRvi| b`xi bvg bvixevPK (Av-B-D cÖZ¨qvšÍ), Zv‡K b`x
mv‡_ fvi‡Zi mxgvšÍms‡hvM †bB b` I b`xi g‡a¨
e‡j| †hgb- cÙv, †gNbv, myigv| Avi †h¸‡jv
evsjv‡`k I fviZ AgxgvswmZ mxgvšÍ 6.5 wK‡jvwgUvi| cv_©K¨
cyiælevPK (cÖZ¨qvšÍ bq), Zv‡K b` e‡j| †hgb-
fvi‡Zi KZwU †Rjvi mv‡_ 10wU| h_v PweŸk ciMbv, b`xqv, eªþcyÎ, K‡cvZvÿ BZ¨vw`|
evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍ i‡q‡Q gywk©`vev`, evnvivgcyi, KzPwenvi,
gvj`n, RjcvB¸wo, K…òbMi, ‡h b`x me‡P‡q †ewk c_ AwZµg K‡i, Zv‡K
`xN©Zg b`x
exif~g, evivmvZ| `xN©Zg b`x e‡j|
‡h b`x‡Z cÖwZ wgwb‡U †ewk cwigvY cvwb cÖevwnZ BqvswmwKqvs
e„nËg b`x nq, Zv‡K e„nËg b`x e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg  DrcwË: wZeŸ‡Zi gvjf‚wg
b`x †gNbv I c„w_exi e„nËg b`x AvgvRb|  cZb: c~e© Pxb mvMi|
‡h mKj b`x mivmwi †Kv‡bv cÖvK„wZK Drm †_‡K  BqvswmwKqvs Gwkqvi `xN©Zg b`x|
cÖavb b`x m„wó nq, Zv‡K cÖavb b`x e‡j| †hgb- cÙv,  G‡K ¯^Y©‡iYyi b`xI e‡j|
†gNbv, eªþcyÎ BZ¨vw`| UvBwMÖm-BD‡d«wUm (`vRjv-†dvivZ)
kvLv b`x
‡h b`x Ab¨ †Kv‡bv b`x †_‡K m„wó nq, Zv‡K kvLv b`x  DrcwË: Av‡g©wbqvi D”P f‚wg
e‡j| †hgb- eywoM½v n‡”Q a‡jkîx b`xi kvLv b`x|  cZb: cvim¨ DcmvMi
ce©Z ev n«` †_‡K m„ó †h b`x Ab¨ †Kv‡bv b`x‡Z  cÖvPxb †g‡mvc‡Ugxq mf¨Zv MwVZ n‡qwQj GB `yBwU
Dcb`x †g‡k, Zv‡K Dcb`x ejv nq| †hgb- bvMi, Uv½b b`xi AeevwnKvq|
BZ¨vw`|  GB b`x `yBwUi wgjbf‚wg ÔkvZ Bj AvieÕ bv‡g
‡h Lv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q b`x cÖevwnZ nq, Zv‡K H cwiwPwZ| Aviexq DcØx‡ci me‡‡Pq De©i ¯’vb|
DcZ¨Kv
b`xi DcZ¨vKv e‡j| `vwbqye
b`xMf© b`x DcZ¨vKvi Zj‡`k‡K b`xMf© e‡j|  DrcwË: eø¨vK d‡i÷
‡h b`x GK ev GKvwaK †`‡ki ivR‣bwZK mxgvšÍ  cZb: K…ò mvMi
AvšÍtmxgvšÍ b`x ev
AwZµg K‡i, Zv‡K AvšÍtmxgvšÍ b`x e‡j| †hgb-  BD‡iv‡ci `kwU †`k `vwbqy‡ei cvwb †c‡q‡Q| ZvB
Awfbœ b`x
cÙv, eªþcyÎ BZ¨vw`| G‡K AvšÍR©vwZK b`x ejv nq|
b`x hLb †Kv‡bv mvMi ev n«‡` cwZZ nq, Zv‡K fjMv
†gvnbv
cwZZ ¯’vb‡K †gvnbv e‡j|  DrcwË: fj`vB cvnvo
†`vqve cÖengvb `ywU b`xi gaëZ©x f‚wg‡K †`qve e‡j|  cZb: Kvw¯úqvb mvMi
b`xi fv½‡b me©¯^všÍ RbMY‡K ejv b`x wkKw¯Í| BD‡ivc  BD‡iv‡ci `xN©Zg b`x| (3,531 wK‡jvwgUvi)
b`x wkKw¯Í I cqw¯Í Avi b`x‡Z Pi RvM‡j hviv Pvlvev` K‡i, Zv‡ì bxjb`
ejv nq b`x cqw¯Í|  DrcwË: wf‡±vwiqv n«`
 evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU AvšÍtmxgv b`x Av‡Q 57wU| 54wU fvi‡Zi mv‡_ I  cZb: f‚ga¨mvMi
wZbwU wgqvbgv‡ii [mv½y-gvZvgyûix-bvd]|  GKK b`x wn‡m‡e c„w_exi `xN©Zg|
 evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ Awfbœ b`x msL¨v- 54wU [53 wU fvi‡Z †_‡K  bxjb` Avwd«Kvi `xN©Zg b`x (6650 wK‡jvwgUvi)|
I 1wU evsjv‡`k †_‡K cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q]|  cÖvPxb wgkixq mf¨Zv GB b`xi DcK‚‡j wQj|
 evsjv‡`‡k †gvU b`x Av‡Q- cÖvq 700wU| [b`xc_ •`N©- 24,140 wK.wg]  wf‡±vwiqv RjcÖcvZ GB b`xi †¯ªvZ‡iLvq Aew¯’Z|
 cyivZb eªþcyÎ b` †h †Rjvi Dci w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq- gqgbwmsn|  GB b`xwU 11wU †`‡ki ga¨w`‡q cÖevwnZ|
 ‡gNbv b`x‡Z me mgq †Rvqvi-fvUv engvb _v‡K e‡j G‡K e‡j wgwmwmwc-wg‡m․wi
wPi‡h․ebv b`x ejv nq|  DrcwË: wg‡b‡mvUv n«`
 `xN©Zg b`x: †gNbv| DËi  cZb: ‡gw·‡Kv DcmvMi
 `xN©c_ AwZµgKvix b`x- eªþcyÎ| Av‡gwiKv  wg‡m․wi b`xwU wgwmwmwci Dcb`x|
 evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fvi‡Zi 54wU b`x Av‡Q| Z‡e †Kej GKwU b`xi  Zv‡ì wgwjZ •`N©¨ 5971 wK‡jvwgUvi|
(M½v) cvwb eÈb wb‡q fvi‡Zi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki Pzw³ Av‡Q|  wgwmwmwc wg‡m․wi DËi Av‡gwiKvi `xN©Zg|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †fZi w`‡q †h b`x wef³ n‡q Avevi wgwjZ n‡q‡Q- †gNbv| AvgvRb
we‡kî wewfbœ b`-b`x  DrcwË: Avw›`R ce©Zgvjv
gnv‡`k Z_¨  cZb: AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi
cÙv/M½v `wÿY  AvqZ‡b GwU c„w_exi e„nËg b`x|
 DrcwË: wngvj‡qi M‡½vÎx wngevn Av‡gwiKv  AvgvRb ebf‚wgi cÖvY|
 cZb: e‡½vcmvMi|  GB b`x‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk cvwbi cÖevn nq|
 fvi‡Zi cÖavb b`x  AvgvRb `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi `xN©Zg b`x| (6437
 wn›`y‡ì Kv‡Q GB b`xi Rj cweÎ| wK‡jvwgUvi)
eªþcyÎ gv‡i Wvwj©s
 DrcwË: wZeŸ‡Zi gvjf‚wg  DrcwË: gvD›U †Kvwmqv‡¯‥v ce©Z
 cZb: e‡½vcmvMi I‡kwbqv  cZb: fviZ gnvmvMi
 fvi‡Zi `xN©Zg b`x|  gv‡i Wvwj©s A‡÷ªwjqvi `xN©Zg b`x (3718
wK‡jvwgUvi)|
wmÜz
Gwkqv
 DrcwË: wZeŸ‡Zi gvjf‚wg  evsjv‡`‡ki AvenvIqv 
 cZb: Avie mvMi|  AvenvIqv: †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó w`‡bi evqyi Zvc, Pvc, Av`ª©Zv, e„wócvZ
 wmÜzi cvuPwU weL¨vZ Dcb`x-weAvm, †Pbve, ivfx, BZ¨vw` mvgwMÖK Ae¯’vb‡K †mw`‡bi ÔAvenvIqvÕ e‡j|
mvU‡jR I we¯Ív| G‡ì Dcw¯’wZ cvÄve ivR‡K  Rjevqy: †Kv‡bv GKwU AÂ‡ji 30-40 eQ‡ii Mo AvenvIqv‡K Rjevqy e‡j|
cÂb‡ì †`‡k wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ K‡i‡Q|  Mererology- AvenvIqv welqK weÁvb|
†nvqvs‡nv  AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi Dcv`vb- evqyi Zvc, Pvc, cÖevn I evwigÐj|
 DrcwË: Kzbjyb ce©Z  Rjevqyi †kªwYweb¨vm-
 cZb: cxZ mvMi K. Dò Rjevqy AÂj L. bvwZkx‡Zvò Rjevqy AÂj
 GB b`xwU Li‡¯ªvZv el©vq cøveb G‡b Ab‡K ÿqÿwZ K‡i| M. †giæ‡`kxq Rjevqy AÂj N. cve©Z¨ Rjevqy AÂj
ZvB G b`xwU Px‡bi `ytL bv‡g cwiwPwZ †c‡q‡Q|  Rjevqy wbf©i K‡i- welye ‡iLv `~iZ¡, mgy`ªc„ô †_‡K D”PZv I `~i‡Z¡ Dci|
 mgfvevcbœ Rjevqy- mgy`ª DcKyj n‡Z `~‡ii AÂ‡ji AvenvIqv kxZ-MÖx®§  mgy`ª mgZj †_‡K evwK AÂj¸‡jv †hgb-
DfqB Pig nq| MÖx®§Kv‡j cÖPzi Mig Avevi kxZKv‡j cÖPzi kxZ c‡o| w`bvRcy‡ii D”PZv 37.50 wgUvi, e¸ovi
ZvB G‡K Pigfvevcbœ Rjevqy bv‡g cwiPwZ| D”PZv 20 wgUvi, gqgbwms‡ni D”PZv 18
 evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P e„wócvZ nq- wm‡j‡Ui jvjvLvb| wgUvi Ges bvivqYMÄ I h‡kv‡ii D”PZv 8
 me‡P‡q Kg e„wócvZ nq- bv‡Uv‡ii jvjcyi| wgUvi|
 DËi-c~e© †g․mygx evqyi cÖfv‡e kxZKv‡j Kg e„wócvZ nq| cwi‡ek Pzw³/cÖ‡UvKj
 evsjv‡`‡k evwl©K Mo ZvcgvÎv: 26.01 †mjwmqvm|
 evsjv‡`‡ki kxZjZg gvm- Rvbyqvwi|  Abyôvb¯’j- gw›Uªj, KvbvWv
 evsjvi BwZnv‡m me©wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv †iKW© Kiv n‡q‡Q: 1 †mjwmqvg,  ¯^vÿi- 16 †m‡Þ¤î, 1987
w`bvRcyi (1905) gw›Uªj cÖ‡UvKj  Kvh©Ki- 01 Rvbyqvwi, 1989
 evsjv‡`k mg_©b K‡i- 2 AvM÷, 1990
 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m me©wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv †iKW© Kiv n‡q‡Q: 2.6
 ‡gvU ms‡kvab nq- 6 evi
†mjwmqvg, cÂMo (2018)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki evwl©K Mo e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY: 203 †mwg|  c~Y©iƒc- Kyoto Protocol to the United
 GKKfv‡e me‡‡Pq †ewk g„`y cvwb cvIqv hvq: e„wó †_‡K| Nations Framework Converntion
on Climate Change.
evsjv‡`‡ki f~cÖK…wZ  ¯^vÿi- 11 wW‡m¤î, 1997
 evsjv‡`k c„w_exi Ab¨Zg e„nr e-Øxc| M½v b`x cwðg, eªþcyÎ b` wK‡qv‡Uv cÖ‡UvKj  ¯’vb- Rvcv‡bi cÖvPxb ivRavbx wK‡qv‡Uv‡Z|
DËi, myigv I Kzwkqviv b`x DËi-c~e© w`K †_‡K †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek  jÿ¨- •ewk^K Dòvqb †iv‡a 1990 mv‡ji
K‡i GK‡hv‡M mywekvj Øx‡ci m„wó K‡i‡Q| ¯Íi‡K wfwË eQi a‡i wb‡q DbœZ †`k¸‡jv
 evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY -c~e©, DËi I DËi- Zv‡ì 6wU wMÖbnvDm M¨v‡mi †h․_ wbtmiY
c~e©vÂ‡ji cvnvomg~n G AÂ‡ji AšÍfz©³| 5.2% n«vm Ki‡e|
Uviwkqvwi hy‡M wngvjq ce©Z DwÌZ nIqvi  Aci bvg- •Re R¦vjvwb wbivcËv welqK
mgq G mKj cvnvo m„wó n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv cÖ‡UvKj|
Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvo bv‡g L¨vZ|  ¯^vÿi- 2000
 iv½vgvwU, ev›ìevb, LvMovQwo, K·evRvi I KvUv‡Mbv cÖ‡UvKj  Kvh©Ki- 2003
PÆMÖvg †Rjvi c~e©vsk G AÂ‡ji AšÍey©³|  evsjv‡`k ¯^vÿi K‡i- 2000
 `wÿY-c~‡e©i G cvnvo¸‡jvi Mo D”PZv 610  evsjv‡`k Aby‡gv`b K‡i- 2004
wgUvi|  ¯^vÿwiZ nq- gw›Uªj, KvbvWv|
Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi
 1230wgUvi D”PZvwewkó k„½ wKIµvWs G
cvnvomg~n RvwZms‡Ni cwi‡ek ms¯’v
AÂ‡ji `wÿY-c~e© cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z|
 gqgbwmsn I †bÎ‡Kvbv †Rjvi DËivsk,  cwiPq- RvwZms‡Ni cwi‡ek Kg©m~wP|
wm‡jU †Rjvi DËi I DËi -c~e©vsk Ges  UNEP- United Nations
†g․jfxevRvi I nweMÄ †Rjvi `wÿ‡Yi Environment Program
cvnvo¸‡jvi Mo D”PZv 244 wgUv‡ii †ewk  MVb- 5 Ryb, 1972
bq|  MV‡bi †cÖÿvcU- 1972 mv‡ii ÷K‡nvg
 DË‡ii cvnvo¸‡jv ¯’vbxqfv‡e wUjv bv‡g UNEP
mvwgU
cwiwPZ| G¸‡jvi D”PZv 30 †_‡K 90  mì `ßi- bvB‡ivwe, †Kwbqv|
wgUvi|  eZ©gvb cÖavb- Inger Andersen,
e‡i›`ªf‚wg Denmark
 ‡`‡ki DËi -cwðgvÂ‡ji cÖvq 9320  UNDG m`m¨ nq- 1997 mv‡j|
eM©wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKvq e‡i›`ªf‚wg we¯Í…Z|
 cwiPq- RvwZms‡Ni AvenvIqv ms¯’v|
 cøveb mgf‚wg n‡Z Gi D”PZv 6 †_‡K 12
wgUvi|  WMO- World Meteorological
 G ¯’v‡bi gvwU a~mi I jvj e‡Y©i| Organization.
gaycyi I fvIqv‡ii Mo WMO  MVb - 1950
 Uv½vBj I gqgbwmsn †Rjvq gaycyi Ges  MU‡bi †cÖÿvcU- 1947 mv‡ji AvenvIqv
cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji Kb‡fbkb
MvRxcyi †Rjvq fvIqv‡ji Mo Aew¯’Z|
†mvcvbmg~n
 Gi AvqZb cÖvq 4103 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi|  mì `ßi- †R‡bfv|
 mgf‚wg †_‡K Gi D”PZv cÖvq 30 wgUvi|  m`m¨- 193 [187 wU †`k + 6wU AÂj/ ivR¨]
 gvwUi is jvj‡P I a~mi|  cwiPq- gvbem„ó Rjevqy cwieZ©b wb‡q KvR
jvjgvB cvnvo Kiv RvwZms‡Ni †bUIqvK©|
 Kzwgjøv kni †_‡K 8 wK‡ivwgUvi cwð‡g jvjgvB  IPCC- Inter-governmental Panel on
†_‡K gqbvgwZ ch©šÍ G cvnvowU we¯Í…Z| Climate Change.
 Gi AvqZb cÖvq 34 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi Ges Mo  MVb- 1988
D”PZv 21 wgUvi| IPCC  MVbKvix- UNEP I WMO
 Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvomg~n Ges  m`m¨- 195
cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji †mvcvbg~n Qvov mgMÖ  mì `ßi: †R‡bfvq Aew¯’Z WMO fe‡b|
mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji  g~jKvR- K‡qKk weÁvbxi mgš^‡q gvbe„ó
evsjv‡`k b`xwe‡a․Z GK we¯ÍxY© mgf‚wg|
cøveb mgf‚wg
 G cøveb mgf‚wgi AvqZb cÖvq 1,24,266 Rjevqy cwieZ©b WI cÖfve wb‡q cÖwZ‡e`b
eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| •Zwi Kiv|
 ‡bv‡ej kvwšÍ jvf- 2007 [ZLb cÖavb mv‡eK †R¨vwZ¯‹gÛjx I †mŠiRMr
gvwK©b fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U Avj †Nvi]  †RvwZ®‥ Kv‡K e‡j?
 eZ©gvb cÖavb : `wÿY †Kvwiqvi †nv‡qmvs wj| D: gnvKv‡k bÿÎ, MÖn, DcMÖn, a~g‡KZz, Qvqvc_, Dév, bxnvwiKv,
 cwiPq- RvwZms‡Ni Rjevqy cwieZ©b Znwej| cvjmvi, K…òevgb, K…òMnŸi i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv‡K ‡RvwZ®‥ e‡j|
 GCF- Green Climate Fund  bÿÎ Kv‡K e‡j?
 MVb- 2010 D: ivwÎ‡ejv †gNgy³ AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvKv‡j A‡bK Av‡jvKwe›`y wgU wgU
 MV‡bi †cÖÿvcU: 2009 mv‡ji ÔKc-15Õ Gi Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| G‡ì‡K bÿÎ ejv nq|
GCG
Av‡jv‡K  `~iexÿY h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ •eÁvwbKMb KZ¸‡jv bÿ‡Îi mÜvb †c‡q‡Qb?-
 cÖwZôvZv- UNFCCC 100 †KvwUiI AwaK|
 mì `ßi- ms`y, BbwPqvb, `wÿY †Kvwiqv|  c„w_ex †_‡K bÿÎ ev bÿÎ †_‡K bÿ‡Îi `~iZ¡ gvc‡Z †Kvb GKK
 cwiPvjbv †ev‡W©i m`m¨- 24 Rb| eënvi Kiv nq? - Av‡jvKel©|
 cwiPq- •ewk^K cwi‡ek †bUIqvK©|  m~h© †_‡K c„w_exi `~iZ¡ KZ?- 15 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi|
 CEF- Global Environment Facility  m~h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Av‡jv Avm‡Z KZ mgq jvM‡?- 8 wgwbU 19 †m‡KÛ|
 MVb- 1992  m~‡h©i wbKUZg bÿ‡Îi bvg wK?- cÖw·gv †m›Uvi|
GEF  MV‡bi †cÖÿvcU- 1992 mv‡ii wiI  c„w_ex †_‡K cÖw·gv †mÂzwi Gi `~iZ¡ KZ?- 38 jÿ †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi|
Kbdv‡iÝ|  Kb‡÷ª‡jkvb A_© wK?- bÿÎgÛj|
 mì `ßi- IqvwksUb, hy³ivóª|  K‡qKwU bÿÎgÛ‡ji bvg wjL|- mßwl© gÛj, Kvjcyiæl ev Av`g myiZ,
 g~j KvR- A_©‣bwZK mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb I MÖnY jNymßwl©, K¨vwmIwcqv, e„nr Kz°zi gÛj, GwiWvbvm|
 M¨vjvw· Kv‡K e‡j- gnvKv‡k †KvbwU †KvwU bÿÎ, a~wjKbv Ges wekvj
wewea ev®úKzÛ wb‡q ‡RvwZ¯‥ gÛjxi †h `j m„wó n‡q‡Q Zv‡K M¨vjvw· e‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb FZz‡K ¯^Zš¿ FZz ejv nq- el©v|  M¨vjvw·i ÿz`ª Ask‡K wK e‡j?- Qvqvc_|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb FZz‡K FZzivR ejv nq- emšÍ|  Qvqvc‡_i Bs‡iwR bvg wK?- wgwé I‡q|
 evsjv‡`‡k evwl©K Mo ZvcgvÎv KZ- 26 †m.|  iv‡Zi AÜKvi AvKv‡k DËi `wÿ‡Y we¯Í…Z D¾¡j `xß `xN© c‡_i gZ †h
 evsjv‡`‡ki evwl©K Mo e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY KZ- 203 †mw›UwgUvi| ZviKv ivwk †`Lv hvq Zv‡K wK e‡j?- Qvqvc_|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„wócv‡Zi KZfvM el©vKv‡j nq- 80% |  †beyjv A_© Kx?- bxnvwiKv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki Kvj-•ekvLx So KLb nq- cÖvK-†g․mygx evqy FZz‡Z|  †g‡Uqi A_© wK?- Dév|
 MÖxb nvDR B‡d‡±i cwiYwZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q ¸iæZi cÖZ¨ÿ ÿwZ  †g‡Uqi ev Dév A_© wK?- QzUšÍZviv|
Kx n‡Z cv‡i- wb¤œf‚wg wbgw¾Z n‡e|  a~g‡KZzi Bs‡iwR bvg wK?- K‡gU, hvi A_© n‡jv G‡jv‡Kkx|
 evqygÐ‡ji †Kvb ¯Í‡i IR‡bi wecyj Dcw¯’wZ jÿ Kiv hvq- ÷ªv‡UvgÐj|  n¨vwji a~g‡KZz KZevi Ges KZ eQi ci ci †`Lv †`q?- 4 evi (1759,
 evZv‡m †KvbwUi cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk-bvB‡Uªv‡Rb| 1835, 1910 Ges 1986) 76 eQi ci ci|
 MÖxb nvDR cÖwZwµqvi evqygÐ‡ji Kx ai‡bi cwieZ©b nq- ZvcgvÎv †e‡o hvq|  n¨vwji a~g‡KZz †K Avwe¯‥vi K‡ib?- GWgÛ n¨vwj| Zvi bvgvbymv‡i Gi
 MÖxb nvDR ÿwZi KviY Kx- CFC M¨vm| bvg ivLv nq n¨vwji a~g‡KZz|
 evsjv‡`k cwi‡ek Av‡›`vj‡bi bvg Kx- evcv (evsjv‡`k cwi‡ek Av‡›`vjb)|  †m․iRM‡Z †gvU KqwU MÖn Av‡Q Ges Kx Kx? - 10wU| eya, ïµ, c„w_ex,
 cwi‡ek Av‡›`vj‡bi m~PbvKvix †K- †nbix †WwfW _¨v‡iv (Bsj¨vÛ)| g½j, e„n¯úwZ, kwb, BD‡ibvm, †bcPzb, fjKvb, GKm|
 ¯‥zj QvÎ‡ì cwi‡ekev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi bvg - d«vB‡WÕm di wdDPvi|  DcMÖ‡ni Bs‡iRx bvg wK?- m¨vUvjvBU|
 f‚-Z¡K Kx?- f‚c„‡ôi/c„w_exi ewniveiY|  UvBUvb DcMÖnwU †K Avwe¯‥vi K‡ib?- L„wóqvb †n‡MÝ|
evwëK ivóª mg~n  DcMÖn¸‡jv g‡a¨ me‡P‡q eo †KvbwU Ges Gi e¨vm KZ?- UvBUvb|
1. jvUwfqv, 2. G‡¯’vwbqv, 3. wj_ywbqv  †Kvb MÖn‡K jvj MÖn ejv nq?- g½j|
¯‹¨vwÛ‡bwfqvb †`kmg~nt  m~h© Kx?- m~h© GKwU D¾¡j bÿÎ|
1. AvBmj¨vÛ, 2. myBRvij¨vÛ, 3. biI‡q, 4. wdbj¨vÛ, 5. †WbgvK©|  m~‡h©i e¨vm I fi KZ?- e¨vm 13 jÿ 84 nvRvi wK.wg| fi 1.99
10(13) wK‡jvMÖvg|
cwj‡bwkqvb †`kmg~nt
 m~‡h©i †K‡›`ª DËvc KZ?- 150000000 wWMÖx †mjwmqvm|
1. †Uv½v, 2. Uªyf¨vjy, 3. KzK ØxccyÄ, 4. Bóªvi, 5. mv‡gvqv,  m~‡h©i c„‡ôi DËvc KZ?- 6000 wWMÖx †mjwmqvm|
6. nvIqvB, 7. wbI  MÖn¸‡jvi Bs‡iRx bvg wjL|- eya-gviKvix, ïµ-‡fbvm, c„w_ex-Av_©,
†g‡jv‡bwkqv †`kmg~nt g½j-gvP©, e„n¯úwZ-RywcUvi, kwb-m¨vUvb©, BD‡ibvm-BD‡ibvm, †bcPzb-
1.cvcyqv wbDwMwb, 2.wemgvK©, 3.mvjgvb ØxccyÄ, 4. K¨vj‡Wvwbqv, 5.fvbyqvZz ‡bcPzb, fjKvb-j`Kvb|
†m‡fb wmóvm©t  me‡P‡q eo I †QvU MÖn †KvbwU?- eo-e„n¯úwZ, †QvU-eya|
1.gwbcyi, 2.†gNvjq 3.Avmvg 4.AiyYvPj, 5.wg‡Rvivg, 6.wÎcyiv, 7.bvMvj¨vÛ  e„n¯úwZi K‡qKwU DcMÖ‡ni bvg wjL|- †jv, BD‡ivc, M¨vwb‡gW,
w_ª UvBMvit K¨vwj‡÷v BZ¨vw`|
1.BZvwj, 2.Rvcvb, 3.Rvg©vwb  kwbi K‡qKwU DcMÖ‡ni bvg wjL|
 UvBUvb, n~qv, WvBIb, K¨vwcUvm, †Uw_ªm|
†dvi UvBMvit  ‡Kvb MÖ‡ni ejq i‡q‡Q?- kwb MÖ‡ni nvRvi nvRvi ejq i‡q‡Q|
1.ZvBIqvb, 2.wm½vcyi, 3.`wÿY †Kvwiqv, 4.nsKs  kwbi evqygÛj †Kgb?- nvB‡Wªv‡Rb-wnwjqvg wgkªY, wg‡_b I A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm|
mycvi †m‡fbt  BD‡ibv‡mi K‡qKwU DcMÖ‡ni bvg wjL|- wgivÛv, Gwi‡qj, G¨vw¤^‡qj,
 1. _vBj¨vÛ, 2. gvj‡qwkqv, 3. B‡›`v‡bwkqv, 4. ZvBIqvb, UvBUvwbqv I I‡eib|
 †bcPz‡bi `ywU DcMÖn wK wK?- UvBUvb I b¨vivBW|
5. wm½vcyi, 6. `wÿY †Kvwiqv, 7. nsKs
 †Kvb †Kvb MÖ‡ni DcMÖn †bB?- eya I ïµ|
†Mv‡ìb Uv‡q½jt  c„w_ex †_‡K bÿÎ ev GK bÿÎ †_‡K Ab¨ bÿ‡Îi `~iZ¡ cwigv‡ci GKK
 1. _vBj¨vÛ, 2. gvqvbgvi, 3. jvIm| wK?- Av‡jvKel©|
 c„w_ex A‡cÿv m~h© ¸Y eo|- 13 jÿ ¸Y|  bxnvwiKvi Bs‡iRx bvg wK-‡beyjv|
 `ywe©ÿY h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ weÁvbxMY G ch©šÍ KZwU bÿ‡Îi mÜvb †c‡q‡Qb|-  AvKvk M½v, myi M½v Kvi Aci bvg-Qvqvc‡_i|
100 †KvwUiI AwaK  Dév‡K Bs‡iRx‡Z wK ejv nq-g¨vUvqi|
 m~‡h©i wbKUZg bÿ‡Îi bvg wK?- cÖw·gv †m›UivB|  Comet k‡ãi A_© wK-ayg‡KZz|
 c„w_ex †_‡K cÖw·gv †m›UivB Gi `~iZ¡ KZ?- cÖvq 38 jÿ wK.wg|  n¨vwji ayg‡KZzi Avwe®‥vi †K-GWgÛ n¨vwj|
 mßwl© gÛj, Kvjcyiæl, K¨vwmIwcqv G¸‡jv GK GKwU wK?- bÿÎgÛjx|  n¨vwji ayg‡KZz Avevi K‡e †`Lv hv‡e-2061|
 M¨vjvw·i ÿz`ªZg Ask‡K wK e‡j?- Qvqvc_|  MÖ‡ni Bs‡iRx bvg wR-cø¨v‡bU|
 †m․iRM‡Zi MÖ‡ni msL¨v KZwU?- 10wU| me©‡kl Avwe®K…Z MÖn 2wU|  †Kvb MÖ‡ni ejq i‡q‡Q-kwbi|
fjKvb I G·|  †Kvb MÖ‡n Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi †gN †`Lv hvq-ïµ MÖn|
 ‡m․iRM‡Zi †gvU Avwe®K…Z MÖ‡ni msL¨v KZwU?- 48wU|  GwmW e„wó nq-ïµ MÖ‡n|
 m¤cÖwZ cøy‡Uv wK‡mi gh©v`v nvwi‡q‡Q?- MÖ‡ni gh©v`v|  AvKv‡k m~h© `yBevi D‡V I `yBevi A¯Í hvq-ïµ MÖ‡n|
 jvj MÖn ejv nq †Kvb MÖn‡K?- g½j MÖn‡K| Gi `ywU DcMÖn i‡q‡Q|  †Kvb MÖ‡ni f~-Z¡K ei‡d XvKv-kwb MÖ‡ni|
†dv‡evm I wW‡gvm|  †Kvb MÖn‡K jvj MÖn e‡j-g½j MÖn|
 m~‡h©i wbKUZg MÖn eya| eya I ïµ MÖ‡ni †Kvb DcMÖn †bB|  DcMÖn¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mePvB‡Z eo †KvbwU-UvBUvb|
 me© e„nr MÖ‡ni bvg wK?- e„n®úwZ| Gi DcMÖn 16wU|  UvBUvb †Kvb MÖ‡ni DcMÖn-kwbi DcMÖn|
 Avgiv ïKZviv I mÜ¨v Zviv e‡j _vwK ïµ MÖn‡K|- kwbi Pviw`‡K  UvBUvb DcMÖnwU †K Avwe¯‥vi K‡ib-wLªóªqvb †n‡Mbm|
nvRvi nvRvi ejq i‡q‡Q| Gi DcMÖ‡ni msL¨v 22wU|  c„w_exi e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ªi Drcbœ †KvY KZ wWwMÖ-360 wWwMÖ|
 BD‡ibv‡mi DcMÖn KqwU?- 5wU|  wbiÿ †iLvi Aÿvsk KZ wWwMÖ-0 wWwMÖ|
 †bcPz‡bi DcMÖn KqwU?- 2wU|  DËi †giæ Ges `wÿY †giæi Aÿvsk-`yBwU 90 wWwMÖ|
 eya Gi DcMÖn: †bB|  wbiÿ‡iLv n‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K †giæi †K․wbK `~iZ¡-90 wWwMÖ|
 ïµ Gi DcMÖn: †bB|  23.5 wWwMÖ DËi `wÿY Aÿvsk-KK©UµvwšÍI gKi µvwšÍ|
 c„w_exi DcMÖn: Puv` c„w_exi GKgvÎ DcMÖn|  66.5 wWwMÖ DËi I `wÿY Aÿvsk-my‡giæ I Kz‡giæ e„Ë|
 g½j Gi DcMÖn: 2wU, †d‡evm Ges wW‡gvm|  wbgœ Aÿvsk e‡j-30 wWwMÖ n‡Z 60 wWwMÖ Aÿvsk‡K|
 e„n¯úwZ †m․ieM‡Zi me©e„nr MÖn Ges Gi DcMÖ‡ni msL¨v 16wU|  DËi †giæ I `wÿY †giæ ms‡hvMKvix-`ªvwNgv †iLv|
 kwb DcMÖn: kwbi 22wU DcMÖn Avwe®‥…Z nq|  MÖxwb‡Pi g~j ga¨‡iLvi `ªvwNgv KZ wWwMÖ-0wWwMÖ|
 BD‡ivbvm DcMÖn: 5wU DcMÖn Avwe®K…Z nq|  c„w_exi cwiwa Øviv Drcbœ †KvY KZ wWwMÖ-360 wWwMÖ|
 †bcPzb DcMÖn: `ywU-UªvBUb I †bivBW|  4 wgwbU mg‡qi cv_©‡Kï Rb¨ `ªvwNgvi cv_©K¨-1 wWwMÖ|
 Aÿ‡iLv wK?- c„w_exi gvbwP‡Î †Kvb ¯’vb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ c~e©-cwð‡g  mgvÿ‡iLv †Kvb w`‡K Aew¯’Z-c~e©-cwð‡g|
KZ¸‡jv KvíwbK †iLv A¼b Kiv nq| G¸‡jv‡K Aÿ‡iLv e‡j|  `ªvwNgv †iLv †Kvb w`‡K Aew¯’Z-DËi-`wÿ‡Y|
 wbiÿ †iLv wK?- `yB †giæ †_‡K mgvb `~i‡Z¡ c„w_ex‡K c~e©-cwð‡g †e÷b  m‡e©v”P Aÿvsk KZ wWwMÖ-90 wWwMÖ|
K‡i GK †iLv Kíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q ZvB wbiÿ †iLv ev welye †iLv|  m‡e©v”P `ªvwNgvsk KZ wWwMÖ 180 wWwMÖ|
 Aÿvsk wK?- wbiÿ †iLv †_‡K DË‡i ev `wÿ‡Y Aew¯’Z †Kvb ¯’v‡bi  wbR A‡ÿ c„w_ex GKevi †Nv‡i 1,400 wgwbU|
†K․wbK `~iZ¡‡K †mB ¯’v‡bi Aÿvsk e‡j|  hy³ivóªª I KvbvWvq cÖgvY mgq Av‡Q h_vµ‡g-4wU I 5wU|
 c„w_exi e„‡Ëi ‡K‡›`ªi Drcbœ †KvY KZ wWwMÖ?- 360 wWwMÖ|  evsjv‡`‡ki mgq MÖxwb‡Pi mgq A‡cÿv-6N›Uv †ekx|
 wbiÿ †iLvi Aÿvsk KZ?- 0 wWwMÖ|  evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq ga¨ fv‡M Aew¯’Z-90 wWwMÖ c~e© `ªvwNgvq
 DËi `wÿY †giæ‡Z Aÿvsk KZ?- 90 wWwMÖ|  XvKvi cÖwZev‡` ¯’vb †Kv_vq-`wÿY Av‡gwiKvi AšÍM©Z|
 23.5 wWwMÖ DËi I `wÿY Aÿvsk‡K wK e‡j?- 23.5 wWwMÖ DËi  wPwj wbKU cÖkvšÍgnvmvM‡i|
Aÿvsk‡K KK©UµvwšÍGes 23.5 wWwMÖ `wÿY Aÿvsk‡K gKiµvwšÍe‡j|  †Kvb ¯’v‡bi m~h© hLb gv_vi Dci H ¯’v‡bi mgq KZ aiv nq-`ycyi 12Uv|
 66.5 DËi I `wÿY Aÿvsk‡K wK e‡j?- 66.5 DËi Aÿvsk‡K my‡giæ  †Kvb ¯’v‡bi m~‡h©i m‡e©v”P Ae¯’v n‡Z †h mgq wbY©q Kiv nq Zv‡K wK
e„Ë I 66.5 wWwMÖ `wÿY Aÿvsk‡K Kz-‡giæ e„Ë e‡j| e‡j?-¯’vbxq mgq|
 †Kvb h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Aÿvsk wbY©q Kiv nq?- †m·U¨v›U|  mgMÖ c„w_exi cÖgvY mgq †Kvb †Kvb kn‡ii `ªvwNgvi wfwË‡Z wVK Kiv nq-
 0 wWwMÖ `ªvwNgvi cv_©‡Kï Rb¨ mg‡qi cv_©K¨ nq KZ wgwbU?- 4 wgwbU| MÖxwbP kn‡ii|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖgvY mgq MÖxwb‡Pi cÖgvY mgq A‡cÿv KZ cv_©K¨?- 6 N›Uv  c„w_exi GKwU c~Y© AveZ©‡bi mgq‡K wK e‡j-‡m․iw`b|
AMÖeZx©|  wèvivwÎ msNwUZ nq-AvwýK MwZi d‡j|
 XvKvi cÖwZcv` ¯’vb †Kv_vq?- `wÿb Av‡gwiKvi AšÍM©Z wPwj wbKU  c„w_ex cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û KZ wK‡jvwgUvi †e‡M m~h©‡K cÖ`wÿY K‡i-30
cÖkvšÍgnvmvM‡i| wK‡jvwgUvi †e‡M|
 †Kvb ¯’v‡bi Aÿvsk 70 wWwMÖ DËi n‡j Zvi cÖwZcv` ¯’v‡bi Aÿvsk KZ  evsjv‡`k I fviZ Qvov c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k FZz-4wU|
n‡e?- 70 wWwMÖ `wÿY|  DËi †Mvjv‡a© hLb kxZ Kvj `wÿY †Mvjv‡a©I-kxZKvj|
 †Kvb ¯’v‡bi `ªvwNgv I cÖwZcv`¯’v‡bi `ªvwNgv †hvM Ki‡j KZ n‡e?- 180  DËi †Mvjv‡©a hLb emšÍKvj `wÿY †Mvjv‡a©I-kirKvj|
wWwMÖ n‡e|  FZz †Kb cwiewZ©Z nq-ZvcgvÎvi cv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y|
 †Kvb ¯’v‡bi `ªvwNgv 40 wWwMÖ c~e© n‡j Zvi cÖwZcv`¯’v‡bi `ªvwNgv KZ  c„w_exi DcwievM †_‡K Gi †K›`ª ch©šÍ KZwU ¯’i i‡q‡Q-3wU| f~-Z¡K,
n‡e?- 180-40=140 wWwMÖ cwðg n‡e| ¸iægÐj I †K›`ªgÐj|
 15 `ªvwNgvšÍ‡i mg‡qi cv_©K¨ KZ n‡e?- 1 N›Uv|  f~-c„‡ô wkjvi †h AveiY _v‡K Zv‡K e‡j-f~-Z¡K|
¸iæZ¡c~Y©  f~-Z¡‡Ki cyiæZ¡ M‡o KZ wK‡jvwgUvi-20 wK.wg|
 wRIMÖvwd kãwU cÖ_g-BivUm‡_wbm eënvi K‡ib?  gnv‡`‡ki Zj‡`k I mg~`ª Zj‡`k M‡o KZ wK.wg-gnv‡`k 35
 c„w_ex †_‡K bÿ‡Îi `~iZ¡-Av‡jvK el© GK‡K gvcv nq| wK‡jvwgUvi I mg~`ª 5 wK‡jvwgUvi|
 m~‡h©I c‡ii bÿ‡Îi bvg wK-cÖw·gv †m›UivB|  mvaviYZ: gnv‡`kxq f~-Z¡‡Ki ¯’i‡K wK e‡j-wmqvj¯’I, hv wmwjKb I
 bÿÎ¸‡jv‡K wK ejv n‡q _v‡K-R¡jšÍM¨vmwcÛ| A¨vjywgwbqvg Øviv MwVZ|
 gnvKv‡k ¯^ív‡jvwKZ ZviKvivwRi Av¯ÍibB-bxnvwiKv|  mg~`ª Zj‡`‡ki f~-Z¡K MwVZ-e¨vmë RvZxq wkjv Øviv|
 wmwjKb I g¨vM‡bwmqvg wK bv‡g cwiwPZ-wmgv|  DËi gnvmvM‡ii AvqZb I MfxiZv KZ?-1 †KvwU 50 jÿ e.wK.wg I
 f~-Z¡‡Ki wb‡Pi ¯’i‡K wK e‡j-¸iægÛj| 824 wgUvi|
 ¸iægÛjxq ¯’i KZ wK.wg cyiæ-2,885 wK.wg|  `wÿY gnvmvM‡ii AvqZb I MfxiZv KZ?-1 †KvwU 47 jÿ e.wK.wg I
 †K›`ªgÛj KZ wK.wg cyiæ-3,686 wK.wg| 149 wgUvi|
 †K›`ªgÛj KZ wK.wg cyiæ-3,686 wK.wg|  Aqb evqy cÖevwnZ GjvKvq mgy`ª †mªvZ †Kvb w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq-c~e© n‡Z
 †K›`ªgÛj c„w_exi AvqZ‡bi KZ fvM-16 fvM| cwðg w`‡K|
 †K›`ªgÛ‡ji ZvcgvÎv-3 nvRvi †_‡K 5 nvRvi wWMÖx|  wbiÿxq †mªvZ wK ai‡bi †mªvZ-Dò †mªvZ|
 f~-c„‡ôi ewniveiY wK bv‡g cwiwPZ-f~Z¡K|  wkZj †mªv‡Zi D`vniY-dKj¨vÛ †mªvZ, †e½y‡qjv †mªvZ|
 `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †g․‡ji mgš^‡q wK MwVZ nq-LwbR|  DcmMvixq †mªv‡Zi is wK ai‡bi-Mvp bxj|
 †g․j Øviv MwVZ LwbR-nxiv, †mvbv, Zvgv, iƒcv, cvi`, MÜK| cÖ: GK ev  jveªvWvi †mªv‡Zi cvwbi is wK-meyR|
GKvwaK Lwb‡Ri wgkª‡b wK MwVZ nq-wkjv|  Pvwiw`‡K ¯’j Øviv †ewóZ cvwb ivwk‡K wK e‡j-n«`|
 cÖK…wZ‡Z LwbR wK Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq-wgwkªZ Ae¯’vq|  mgy`ª †mªvZ DËi ‡Mvjv‡a© Wvb w`‡K I `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© evg w`‡K †eu‡K
 wkjv KZ cÖKvi I wK wK-wZb cÖKvi| Av‡Mœq wkjv, cvjwjK wkjv I hvevi KviY wK-c„w_exi AvwýK MwZ|
iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv|  ga¨cÖv‡P¨ †gvU KZwU ivóª Av‡Q-18wU|
 Av‡Mœq wkjv I iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv|  ga¨cÖv‡Pï AwaKvsk Awaevmx wK-K‡Kkxq|
 Av‡Mœq wkjv KZ ai‡bi cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i I wK wK?  ga¨cÖv‡P¨ gymjgvb‡ì msL¨v kZKiv KZ-96%|
 `yB ai‡bi| h_v: D`‡eax I wb:mvix|  f~-cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i ga¨cÖvP¨‡K KqwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q-wZbwU fv‡M|
 wb:mvix Av‡Mœq wkjv KZ cÖKvi-`yB|  Avbv‡Zvwjqv gvjf~wg †Kvb w`‡K Xvjy-cwðg w`‡K|
 cvZvwjK wkjvi D`vniY-MÖvbvBU, M¨v‡eªv I mv‡qbvBU|  ga¨cÖv‡Pï Awaevmx‡ì cÖavb Lv`¨km¨ wK?-Mg|
 DccvZvwjK wkjvi D`vniY wK?-cwidvBwi|  hy³iv‡Rï m‡e©v”P ce©Z k„½- MÖvgwcqvb ce©Z|
 we‡ùviK Av‡Mœq wkjvi D`vniY-Zvd I †eªwmqv|  hy³iv‡Rï w`ÿ‡Yi ce©Z gvjvi bvg wK-MÖvgwcqvb|
 cwj mwÂZ n‡q †h wkjvi m„wó-cvjwjK wkjv|  d«v‡Ýi g‡a¨ †Kvb gvjf~wg Aew¯’Z-‡g‡mUv gvjf~wg|
 cvjwjK wkjv f~-Z¡‡Ki †gvU AvqZ‡bi-kZKiv 5 fvM|  Aví‡mi m‡e©v”P ce©Z k„‡½i bvg wK-gvD›U eø¨v¼|
 cvjwjK wkjvi D`vniY-K`©g, †e‡jcv_i, bywocv_i|  wfmywfqvm †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z?-BZvwj‡Z|
 W‡jvgvBU, PvU©, wRcmvg-ivmvqwbK cvjwjm wkjv|  GUbv †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z-wmwm Øx‡c|
 cvjwjK wkjv-wZb ai‡bi hvwš¿K, ivmvqwbK I •RweK|  `wÿY-c~e© BD‡ivc‡ci ce©Z †KvbwU-K‡Kwmqv|
 †K›`ª †_‡K j¤^vjw¤^ Dcwi¯’ we›`y‡K wK e‡j-Dc‡K›`ª|  cvgxi gvjf~wgi Aci bvg wK-cvgxi MÖwš’|
 †h Av‡MœqwMwi †_‡K AvMœyrcvZ nq-mwµq Av‡MœqwMwi|  Kzbjyb I wngvj‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb gvjf~wg-wZeŸZ gvjf~wg|
 eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z mwµq Av‡MœqwMwii msL¨v-850 wU|  c„w_exi D”PZg ce©Z †kªYxi bvg wK - wngvjq, •`N©¨ 2414 wK.wg, we¯’vi
 Av‡MœqwMwi KqwU †kªYx‡Z wef³-wZbwU| 241-402 wK.wg|
 wkì Av‡MœqwMwi †`L‡Z-e¨v‡Oi QvZvi g‡Zv|  wngvjq m‡e©v”P k„½-gvD›U Gfv‡i÷ (8884 wgUvi)|
 ce©Z-4 cÖKvi| fw½j, Av‡Mœq, Pz¨wZ, j¨v‡Kvwj_|  eQ‡i Qq gvm ei‡d Ave„Z _v‡K †Kvb b`x-Avgyi b`x|
 fw½j ce©‡Zi D`vniY-wngvjq, Avím, iwK cÖf„wZ|  †nvqvs‡nv b`xi DrcwË¯’j I cwZZ ¯’j †Kv_vq?-DrcwË¯’j Kzbjyb ce©Z,
 Av‡Mœq ce©‡Zi D`vniY-gvD›U †m›U †njbm, dzwRqvgv| cwZZ n‡q‡Q †cwPwj DcmvM‡i|
 gvjf~wg KZ cÖKvi-wZb cÖKvi|  BqvswmwKqvs (5525 wK.wg. Gwkqvi `xN©Zg b`x)|DrcwË: wZeŸZ
 KvbvWvi †cÖBwi AÂj mgf~wg-wngevn mgf~wg| gvjf~wg, cwZZ n‡q‡Q: c~‡e© Pxb mvM‡i|
 Av‡gwiKv hy³iv‡óªi eøvK wnjmj¨v‡Kvwj_ ce©Z|  c„w_exi kxZjZg ¯’v‡bi bvg-eviLqvb¯‥|
 fvi‡Zi `vwÿYv‡Zï gvjf~wg wK Øviv MwVZ-jvfv Øviv|  c„w_exi e„nËg n«` Gi bvg wK-Kvw¯úqvb mvMi|
 evqygÐ‡ji NbZ¡ †Kv_vq †ekx-mgy`ªc„‡ô|  c„w_exi MfxiZg n«` Gi bvg wK?-‣eKvj n«`|
 evqy‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb Gi cwigvY KZ?-bvB‡Uªv‡Rb 87.02 fvM  my‡cq cvwb n«` †KvbwU-mywcwiqi n«`|
I Aw·‡Rb 20.71 fvM|  evsjv‡`‡ki gvSvgvwS‡Z †iLv-KK©UµvwšÍ†iLv|
 evqy‡Z AvM©b I Kve©b M¨v‡mi cwigvb KZ?-AvM©b 0.80 evM I Kve©b  G‡`k †Kvb AÂ‡ji AšÍM©Z-µvšÍxq AÂ‡j|
0.03 fvM|  evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU mxgv‡iLv KZ wK.wg.-4,712 wK.wg (fvi‡Zi mv‡_
 evqygÛj‡K KqwU ¯’‡i fvM Kiv hvq?-PviwU| 3,715 wK.wg, gvqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ 280 wK.wg Ges e‡½vcmvM‡ii ZU‡iLv
 evqygÛ‡ji PviwU ¯’‡ii bvg wK?-Uª‡cvgÛj, ÷ª‡UvgÛj, †g‡mvgÛj, ZvcgÛj| 716 wK.wg)|
 evqyi D”PZv e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ NbZ¡ I DòZvi n«vm cvq|  c„w_exi Ab¨Zg e„nr eØxc Gi bvg wK?-evsjv‡`k|
 evqygÛ‡ji †gvU kw³i m~h© †_‡K Av‡m-99.97 kZvsk|  f~-cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i evsjv‡`k‡K Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?-3fv‡M|
 †Kvb h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ evqyi Pvc gvcv nq-e¨v‡ivwgUvi|  evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿYc~e© cvnvo¸‡jvi Mo D”PZv-610 wgUvi|
 evqy cÖevn‡K KqwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq Ges wK wK?-PviwU| wbqZ,  evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P ce©Z-wKIµvWs (1230 wg. D”PZv)|
 †g․jfxevRvi I nweM‡Äi `wÿ‡Yi cvnvo¸‡jvi Mo D”PZv KZ?-244 wgUvi|
mvgwqK, ¯’vbxq evqy I AwbqwgZ|
 DË‡ii cvnvo¸‡jvi ¯’vqx fv‡e wK bv‡g cwiwPZ Ges Gi D”PZv KZ?-
 wbqZ evqy Avevi KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?-wZb cÖKvi| Avqb, cwðgv, †giæ evqy| wUjv bv‡g cwiwPZ| 30-90 wgUvi|
 welyexq AÂ‡j m~h© wKfv‡e wKiY †`q-j¤^vfv‡e|  e‡i›`ª f~wg-cÖvq 9,320 eM© wK.wg, D”PZv (6-12) wgUvi|
 evqy‡Z Rjxq ev‡®úi Dcw¯’wZ‡K wK e‡j?-evqyi Av`ª©Zv|  gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji Mo-AvqZb 4103 eM© wK.wg| D”PZv 30 wgUvi,
 e„wócvZ-Pvi cÖKvi| cwiPjb, •k‡jvr‡ÿcY, NywY©, msNl©| gvwUi is jvj I a~mi|
 evqyi Pv cwigv‡ci GK‡Ki bvg wK-wgwjevi|  jvjgvB cvnvo-Kzwgjøv kni n‡Z 8 wK.wg cwð‡g AvqZb 33.65 eM©
 evwigÛj c„w_exi kZKiv KZ fvM `Lj K‡i Av‡Q-71 fvM| wK.wg Mo D”PZv 21 wgUvi|
 cÖkvšÍgnvmvM‡ii AvqZb KZ?-16 †KvwU 60 jÿ e: wK.wg|  mgf~wg n‡Z w`bvRcy‡ii D”PZv-37.50 wgUvi|
 fviZ gnvmvM‡ii AvqZb I MfxiZv KZ?-7†KvwU 36 jÿ eM© wK.wg.|  †dbx b`xi DrcwË I ¯’vb wjL-cve©Z¨ wÎcyiv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy cwiwPZ-µvšÍxq †g․mygx evqy bv‡g|  Gwkqvi me©wbgœ ZvcgvÎvÑ gvBbvm 89 †m: fviLqvb¯‥, ivwkqv|
0
 evsjv‡`‡ki Mo ZvcgvÎv KZ?-24.40 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm-26.70 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm|  c„w_exi e„nËg n«`Ñ Kvw¯úqvb|
 Mo e„wócvZ KZ-203 †m.wg|  c„w_exi MfxiZg n«`Ñ •eKvj n«`|
 evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy‡K KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvh?-3 fv‡M|  Gwkqvi `xN©Zg b`xÑ Bqvswm wKqvs|
 MÖx®§Kvjxb e„wócvZ wK bv‡g cwiwPZ-Kvj‣ekvLx|  c„w_exi m‡ev©”P ce©Zk„½Ñ gvD›U Gfv‡ió|
 KvßvB cvwb we`y¨r †K›`ª n‡Z wK cwigvb we`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv nq-80  c„w_exi e„nËg AiY¨Ñ •ZMv, ivwkqv|
nvRvi wK‡jvIqvU, 1962 mv‡j wbg©vb Kiv nq|  c„w_exi e„nËg †ijc_Ñ UªvÝ mvB‡ewiqvb †ijc_, ivwkqv
 AvïMÄ Zvc we`y¨r †K›`ª †Kvb †Rjvq Aew¯’Z?-eªvþYevwoqv|  c„w_exi D”PZg †ijc_Ñ wZeŸZ-mvsnvB †ijc_|
 wmw×i MÄ we`y¨r †K›`ª †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z?-bvivqYMÄ †Rjvq|  c„w_exi e„nËg giæf~wgÑ †Mvwe giæf~wg|
 A‡kvwaZ †Zj †Kv_vq cÖK…wZ RvZ Kiv nq?-PÆMÖv‡g|  Gwkqvi e„nËg mgf~wgÑ cwðg mvB‡ewiqv mgf~wg|
 wm‡g‡›Ui KuvPvgv‡ji bvg wK?-Pzbvcv_i|  Gwkqvi †h †`k `yB gnv‡`‡k Aew¯’ZÑ Zzi¯‥|
 eQ‡i KZ wkjv Zzjv nq-17 jÿ Ub|  Gwkqv I BD‡ivc‡K GK‡Î e‡jÑ BD‡iwkqv|
 wmwjKv evwj wK wbg©v‡Y eënvi nq?-KuvP wbg©v‡b|  Gwkqvi GKgvÎ †e․× ivóªÑ kªxjsKv
 MÜK cvIqv hvq †Kv_vq?-PÆMÖvg †Rjvi KzZzew`qv Øx‡c|  Gwkqvi DòZg ¯’vbÑ †R‡KvKvev`, cvwK¯’vb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ‡ek Øvi ejv nq †Kvb bMix‡K?-PÆMÖvg‡K|  c„w_exi kxZjZg ¯’vbÑ fviLqvb¯‥, ivwkqv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki KZ fvM evwYR¨ PÆMÖvg e›ì w`‡q-80 fvM|  Gwkqvi Lªx÷vb ivóªÑ wdwjcvBb, c~e© wZgyi|
 evsjv‡`‡k Kq ai‡bi wegvb mvwf©m †`Lv hvq?-2ai‡bi|  Gwkqvi e„nËg ØxcÑ †evwb©I|
 Av‡gwiKvi m‡e©v”P k„‡½i bvg g¨vKwKbwj (6194 wK.wg) BD‡ivc gnv‡`k
 c„w_exi e„nËg ¯^v`y cvwbi n«` †KvbwU?-mywcwiqi|  BD‡iv‡ci AvqZbÑ 1,05,30,750 eM© wK.wg.|
 DËi Av‡gwiKvi DËivs‡k e„nËg b`x g¨v‡KwÄ|  BD‡iv‡ci ¯^vaxb †`kÑ46wU|
 wgwmwmwc-wg‡m․wii wgwjZ •`N©¨ cÖvq 8095 wK.wg|  BD‡iv‡ci m‡e©v”P we›`yÑGjeyR©, ivwkqv|
 wgwmwmwci cÖavb Dcb`x wg‡m․ix|  BD‡iv‡ci me©wbgœ we›`yÑ Kvw¯úqvb mvMi|
 wkKv‡Mv wgwkMvb n«‡ì Zx‡i Aew¯’Z|  wµ‡K‡Ui g°v ejv nqÑ Bsj¨v‡Ûi jW©m †K|
 U‡i‡›Uv A›UwiI n«‡ì Zx‡i Aew¯’Z|  BD‡iv‡ci iæMœ gvbylÑ Zzi¯‥|
 ey‡qÝ Avqvim jv-cøvUv b`xi †gvnbvq Aew¯’Z|  BD‡iv‡ci iY‡ÿÎ wnmv‡e L¨vZÑ †ejwRqvg|
 ewjwfqvi ivRavbx jvcvR c„w_exi mePvB‡Z DuPz ivRavbx|  BD‡iv‡ci Øvi ejv nqÑ wf‡qbv‡K|
 ‡gwiqvbv, K¨v‡ivwjbv, gvk©vj cÖf„wZ Øxc cyÄ wb‡q gvB‡µv‡bwkqv MwVZ|  BD‡iv‡ci `xN©Zg b`xÑ fjMv|
 wdwR, wbDwMwb, wemgvK©, m‡jvgb, wbDK¨vwj‡Wvwbqvmn eû Øxc I  BD‡iv‡ci `xN©Zg ce©ZgvjvÑ Avím|
ØxccyÂ‡K †g‡j‡bwkqvi AšÍf©y³|  BD‡iv‡ci e„nËg myo½c_Ñ BD‡iv Uv‡bj|
 mv‡gvqv, †Uv½v, ZI‡gvZz, B÷ªvi, ZvwnwZ ØxccyÄ‡K cwj‡bwkqv e‡j|  BD‡iv‡ci e„nËg n«`Ñ jv‡MvWv|
 A‡óªwjqvi ivRavbx K¨vb‡eiv|  BD‡iv‡ci e„nËg DcØxcÑ ¯‥¨vwÛ‡bwfqv|
 Zvmvgwbqvi ivRavbx †nvevU©|
 c„w_exi kxZjZg gnv‡`k A¨v›UviK©wUKv|
Avwd«Kv gnv‡`k
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cÖevj Øxc ‡m›UgvwU©b|  Avwd«Kvi AvqZbÑ 3,00,43,884 eM© wK.wg.|
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo Øxc †fvjv|  Avwd«Kvi ¯^vaxb †`kÑ 53wU|
 evsjv‡`‡ki AvenvIqv †K›`ª 3wU: XvKv, c‡Z½v I K·evRv‡i|  `wÿY Avwd«Kvi GKwUÑ wQ`ªvwqZ|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Pv‡qi Pvl Ai¤¢ nq wm‡j‡Ui gvjbxQovq|  eykg¨vb RvwZ evm K‡iÑ Avwd«Kvi eZ‡mvqvbvq|
 cici `ywU †Rvqv‡ii g‡a¨ eëavb n‡jv 13 N›Uv|  Ônb© Ae Avwd«KvÕ ejv nqÑ Bw_Iwcqv, †mvgvwjqv, BwiwÎqvI I wReywZ‡K|
 Aa© P›`ªvK…wZ evwjqvwo‡K eviLvb e‡j|  Avwd«Kvi e„nËg (AvqZ‡b) †`kÑ my`vb|
 hy³iv‡óªi K¨vUw¯‥U GKwU ÿqRvZ ce©Z|  Avwd«Kvi e„nËg (RbmsL¨vq) †`kÑ bvB‡Rwiqv|
 mvB‡ewiqv mgf~wg GKwU ÿqcÖvß mgf~wg|  Avwd«Kvi e„nËg †mvbvi LwbÑ wK¤^vwj©, `: Avwd«Kv|
 c„w_exi `xN©Zg b`Ñ bxjb`|
GK bR‡i c„w_ex  Avwd«Kvi me©wbgœ we›`yÑ †jK AvvmvB, wReywZ|
 c„w_exi eqm KZ eQi?- AvbygvwbK 550 †KvwU eQi|  Avwd«Kvi m‡e©v”P we›`yÑ wKwjgvbÄv‡iv,
 c„w_exi AvqZb KZ? - 51,01,00,500 eM© wK.wg.|  Avwd«Kvi e„nËg ØxcÑ gv`vMv¯‥vi|
 c„w_ex †_‡K m~‡h©i Mo `~iZ¡ KZ? - cÖvq 15 †KvwU wK.wg.|
 c„w_exi GKgvÎ DcMÖn †KvbwU? - Pvu`| DËi Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`k
 c„w_exi e„nËg gnv‡`k †KvbwU? - Gwkqv gnv‡`k|  DËi Av‡gwiKvi AvqZbÑ 2,43,45,906 eM© wK.wg.|
 c„w_exi gnvmvMi KqwU? - 5wU (cÖkvšÍ, AvUjvw›UK, fviZ, DËi I `wÿY  DËi Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxb †`kÑ 23wU|
gnvmvMi)|  DËi Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‥vi K‡ibÑ wµ‡÷ªvdvi Kj¤^vm (1492 mv‡j)|
 c„w_exi gnv‡`k KqwU? - 7wU (Gwkqv, BD‡ivc, Avwd«Kv, DËi  DËi Av‡gwiKvi e„nËg (AvqZ‡b) †`kÑ KvbvWv|
Av‡gwiKvq `wÿY Av‡gwiKv, I‡kwbqv I G¨v›UvK©wUKv)|  DËi Av‡gwiKvi ÿz`ªZg (AvqZ‡b) †`kÑ evev©‡Wvm|
 c„w_exi wbR A‡ÿi Dci AveZ©b Ki‡Z KZ mgq jv‡M? - 23 NÈv 56  DËi Av‡gwiKvi MfxiZg wMwiLvZÑ MÖvÛ K¨vwbqb|
wgwbU 4 †m‡KÛ|  c„w_exi iæwUi Szwo ejv nqÑ ga¨ Av‡gwiKv n‡Z ga¨ wgwmwmwc AeevwnKv
 c„w_exi DòZg ¯’vb †KvbwU? - †R‡KvKvev`, cvwK¯’vb| ch©šÍ mywe¯Í…Z mgf~wg‡K|
 c„w_exi kxZjZg ¯’vb †KvbwU? - fviLqvb¯‥, ivwkqv|  DËi Av‡gwiKvi Avw` AwaevmxÑ †iW BwÛqvb|
Gwkqv gnv‡`k  c„w_exi e„nËg ØxcÑ MÖxbj¨vÛ|
 Gwkqvi AvqZbÑ 4,44,30,000 eM© wK.wg.|  c„w_exi †h․_fv‡e `xN©Zg b`xÑ wgwmwmwc, wg‡m․ix|
 Gwkqvi ¯^vaxb †`kÑ 48wU|  DËi Av‡gwiKvi m‡e©v”P ZvcgvÎvÑ 57 †m:|
 Gwkqvi me©wbgœ we›`yÑ †jvwnZ mvMi, MfxiZv-396.8 wgUvi|  DËi Av‡gwiKvi me©wbgœ ZvcgvÎvÑ 66 †m:|
 c„w_exi †gvU AvqZ‡biÑ 16.3%| 1| •RweK b„weÁvb 4| cÖZœZvwË¡K b„weÁvb
 AvqZ‡b c„w_exi e„nËg RjcÖcvZÑ bvqvMÖv| 2| mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK b„weÁvb 5| fvlvZvwË¡K b„weÁvb
 we‡k¦i `xN©Zg †mZzÑ †mmv‡cK eªxR, hy³ivóª| 3| ivR‣bwZK b„weÁvb
 inm¨gq giæf~wg †bfv`vÑ hy³iv‡óª Aew¯’Z| 1| •RweK b„weÁvb: GKwU cÖRvwZ wn‡m‡e gvby‡li DrcwË I weeZ©‡bi BwZnvm,
 †nvc c‡q›U Aew¯’ZÑ hy³iv‡óªi Avjv¯‥vq| •RweK •ewk‡óï wePv‡i gvby‡li wbKUZg cÖvYx‡ì mv‡_ gvby‡li wgj I
`wÿY Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`k Awgj Ges •`wnK I •RweK •ewk‡óUï †cÖwÿ‡Z gvbe RvwZi ga¨Kvi †h
 `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi AvqZbÑ 1,77,59,565 eM© wK.wg.| •ewPÎ †m welqK ÁvbB n‡jv •RweK b„weÁvb|
 `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxb †`kÑ 12wU| 2| mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK b„weÁvb: mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK b„weÁv‡b h_vµ‡g
 BbKv I gvqv mf¨ZvÑ `wÿY Av‡gwiKvq| mgvR I ms¯‥…wZ cÖZ¨‡qi Dci cÖvavb¨ †`qv n‡jI Dfq avivi b„weÁvbxiv
 K¨v‡¤úv I cv¤úvm Z…Yf~wg Av‡QÑ `wÿY Av‡gwiKvq| GB welq¸wj Aa¨vq‡bi Rb¨ Z_Kw_Z Avw`g Rb‡Mvôxi DciB †ekx bRi
 `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi e„nËg ( RbmsL¨vq) †`kÑ eªvwRj| w`‡qwQ‡jb|
 `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi ÿz`ªZg ( RbmsL¨vq) †`kÑ Mvqvbv| 3| ivR‣bwZK b„weÁvb: b„weÁv‡bi GKwU bexbZg kvLv n‡”Q ivR‣bwZK
 `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi e„nËg ( AvqZ‡b) †`kÑ eªvwRj| b„weÁvb| ivRbxwZ K_vwU ej‡jB Avgv‡ì †Pv‡Li mvg‡b fv‡m ÿgZv,
 `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi ÿz`ªZg ( AvqZ‡b) †`kÑ mywibvg| AvBb cvj©v‡g›U, ivóª, cÖkvmb cÖf„wZ cwifvlv¸‡jv|
 c„w_exi `xN©Zg ce©ZgvjvÑ Avw›`R ce©Z| 4| cªZœZvwË¡K b„weÁvb: A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, cÖZœZË¡ GKwU ¯^qs m¤ú~Y© weÁvb| wKš‘
 c„w_exi cÖk¯’Zg b`xÑ AvgvRvb| m~² we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hv‡e †h, cÖZœZË¡ gvbe weÁv‡biB GKwU we‡kl kvLv
 c„w_exi D”PZg ivRavbxÑ jvcvR, ewjwfqv| gvÎ|
 c„w_exi D”PZg n«`Ñ wUwUKvKv, ewjwfqv| 5| fvlvZvwË¡K b„weÁvb: fvlv gvbe cÖRvwZi GKwU Abb¨ m¤ú`|
 c„w_exi D”PZg RjcÖcvZÑ G‡Äj, †fwbRy‡qjv| evOvwj RvwZi D™¢e I weKvk
 `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi m‡ev©”P we›`yÑ A¨vKv½v¸qv, Av‡R©w›Ubv|  evsjv‡`‡k AvMZ mKj Rb‡Mvôx‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
 `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi me©wbgœ we›`yÑ fvj‡Wm †cwbb, Av‡R©w›Ubv cÖvK-Avh©/Abvh© Rb‡Mvôx Ges Avh© Rb‡Mvôx|
I‡kwbqv gnv‡`k  G AÂ‡j Avh©‡ì AvMg‡bi c~‡e© †h RvwZ‡Mvôxmg~n emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i
 I‡kwbqv gnv‡`‡ki AvqZbÑ 83,87,500 eM© wK.wg.| Zv‡ì‡K cÖvK-Avh© ev Abvh© RvwZ‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq|
 I‡kwbqv gnv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxb †`kÑ 13wU|  G‡ì g‡a¨ ‡bwMÖ‡Uv, Aw÷ªK, `ªvweo I †fvUPxbxq GB PviwU b„-‡Mvôx
 gvIix DcRvwZ evm K‡iÑ wbDwRj¨vÛ| D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
 GeiRxb DcRvwZ evm K‡iÑ A‡óª&ªwjqvq|  G‡ì wgkÖ RvwZi mv‡_ Avh© RvwZ G‡m hy³ n‡q M‡o Zz‡j eZ©gv‡bi
 K¨v½viæi †`k e‡j cwiwPZÑ A‡óªªwjqv| evOvwj RvwZ|
 I‡kwbqv gnv‡`‡ki e„nËg b`xÑ gv‡i Wvwj©s|  Avh© I Abvh© RvwZi mswgkÖ‡Y eZ©gv‡bi evOvwji RvwZ M‡o D‡V‡Q
 I‡kwbqv gnv‡`‡ki e„nËg (AvqZ‡b) †`kÑ A‡óªªwjqv| e‡j evOvwj RvwZ ÔmsKi RvwZÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 I‡kwbqv gnv‡`‡ki ÿz`ªZg (AvqZ‡b) †`kÑ bvDiæ|  b„-ZvwË¡Kfv‡e evOvwj RvwZ Avw` A‡óªjxq bi‡Mvôxfz³ Giv wblv`
 I‡kwbqv gnv‡`‡ki e„nËg (RbmsL¨vq) †`kÑ A‡óªªwjqv| RvwZ bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
 I‡kwbqv gnv‡`‡ki ÿz`ªZg (RbmsL¨vq) †`kÑ bvDiæ|
 I‡kwbqv gnv‡`‡ki e„nËg n«`Ñ †jK Bi, A‡óªªwjqv| evsjv‡`‡k AvMZ RvwZ‡Mvôxmg~n
 I‡kwbqv gnv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i nviÑ 1.8%| welq Z_¨
G›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`k  AvMgb: Avwd«Kv
 G›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`‡ki AvqZbÑ 1,37,47,926 eM© wK.wg.|  mgqKvj: cÖvq 20,000 eQi c~‡e©
 G›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`‡k A¯’vqxfv‡e †jvK emevm K‡iÑ 4000 Rb|  kvixwiK •ewkó¨: Le©vKvi, Mv‡qi iO Kv‡jv,
 we‡k¦i e„nËg fvmgvb eidLÐÑ im AvBm †kjd, G›UvK©wUKv| gv_vi Pzj †KvuKov‡bv, gv_vi Mob j¤^v‡U,
 `wÿY †giæ Rq K‡iÑ †ivÛ GgyÛmb, biI‡q|
 ei‡d Av”Qvw`Z gnv‡`kÑ G›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`k| bvK P¨vÞv, cyiæ †VvuU
‡bwMÖ‡Uv
 c„w_exi Rbk~b¨ gnv‡`kÑ G›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`k|  eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb : Avmv‡gi bvMv RvwZ Ges
 G›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ LwbR c`v_© njÑ Kqjv| evsjv‡`‡kj my›ìeb AÂj, h‡kvi I
gqgbwmsn †Rjvq|
b„weÁvb  we‡kl Z_¨: evsjv‡`k AÂ‡j cÖ_g
hv bv Rvb‡jB bq AvMgbvKix b„‡Mvôx|
b„-weÁvb K_vwU‡Z b„ gv‡b gvbyl| GwU mvs¯‥…wZK kã| weÁvb gv‡b we‡kl  AvMgb: B‡›`vPxb
Ávb| A_©vr gvbe welqK weÁvb|  mgqKvj: 5-6 nvRvi eQi c~‡e©
b„weÁvb Gi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Anthropology. 'Anthropo' A_© gvbe Logos  kvixwiK •ewkó¨: Mv‡qi is ev`vwg, fvix
A_© Ávb| gvbyl msµvšÍwe‡kl Ávbwkÿv I Aa¨qb KivB b„weÁvb| GLv‡b we‡kl Ávb †Pvqvj, †Pv‡Li gwY ev`vwg ev K‡jv
A_© †Kvb wbw`©ó Ávb bq eis gvbyl m¤ú‡K© mvwe©K Ávb‡KB wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q|  eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb : mvuIZvj, gyÐv, gvjcvnvwo
b„weÁv‡bi we‡klZ¡ GB †h, GwU gvbe welqK Ab¨vb¨ weÁv‡bi Zzjbvq Ges welqe¯‘i Aw÷ªK
BZ¨vw` ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôx
e¨vcKZv I cwiwai †ÿ‡Î AwaKZi •ewPÎc~Y©| b„weÁv‡b GKvav‡i gvbe mËvi •RweK  we‡kl Z_¨: GB b„‡Mvôx †_‡KB evOvwj RvwZi
I mvs¯‥…wZK ¯îƒc Abyave‡bi †Póv Kiv nq| GUv Ki‡Z wM‡q b„weÁv‡bi AbymÜv‡bi cÖavb Ask M‡o D‡V‡Q| Giv wblv` RvwZ
†ÿÎ we¯Í…Z n‡q‡Q| my`~i cÖv‣MwZnvwmK Kvj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i G hveZ c„w_exi wewfbœ bv‡g cwiwPZ| Giv †bwMÖ‡Uv‡ì DrLvZ K‡i
hZ ai‡Yi gvbe‡Mvôx emevm K‡iwQj Ges eZ©gv‡b Ki‡Q Zvi meB Gi AvIZvq
emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i|
c‡o| welq ‣ewP‡Îi w`K †_‡K GB ÁvbKv‡Ûi i‡q‡Q wewfbœ DcwefvM| h_v-
 AvMgb: `wÿY fviZ L) eûcZœxK cwievi
 mgqKvj: 4 nvRvi eQi c~‡e© hLb GKRb cyiæl GKvwaK ¯¿x weevn K‡i cwievi MVb K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K
 kvixwiK •ewkó¨: eY© Kv‡jv, D”PZv gvSvwi, eûcZœxK cwievi e‡j|
gv_v †MvjvKvi, Pzj †XD †Ljv‡bv ev †mvRv, M) eûcwZ cwievi
bv‡Ki D”PZv gvSvwi, †PvL eo, †Pv‡Li gwY hLb GKRb ¯¿x G‡Ki AwaK ¯^vgx MÖnY K‡i cwievi MVb K‡i ZLb Zv‡K
`ªvweo eûcwZ cwievi e‡j|
Kv‡jv ev †Nvjv‡U Kv‡jv|
 eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb : `wÿY fvi‡Zi Zvwgj, 3) cvwievwiK KvVv‡gv we‡ePbvq cwiev‡ii cÖKvi‡fi
cvwievwiK KvVv‡gvi Ici wfwË K‡i cwievi‡K `yB ‡kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv nq|
†Z‡j¸, Kbœo BZ¨vw` AÂ‡ji RbMY
h_v:
 we‡kl Z_¨: `ªvweo‡ì cÖK…Z DrcwË n‡qwQj K) GKK cwievi (Nuclear Family)
f‚ga¨mvMixq AÂ‡j| Giv wmÜz mf¨Zvi ¯ªóv| hLb GKRb ¯^vgx I GKRb ¯¿x Zv‡ì Ici wbf©ikxj- mšÍvb-mšÍwZ wb‡q
 AvMgb: Pxb I wZeŸZ cwievi MVb K‡i ZLb Zv‡K GKK cwievi e‡j GKK cwievi ‡Qv‡Uv
 mgqKvj: wLªóc~e© 200 A‡ã cwievi|
 kvixwiK •ewkó¨: Kv‡jv Pzj †MvjvKvi gv_v, L) ‡h․_ cwievi (‡h․_ cwievi)
‡fvUPxbxq bvK P¨vÞv, Mv‡qi is ev`vwg, †Pv‡Li is ‡h cwiev‡i `v`v-`vw`, evev-gv, PvPv-PvwP, fvB-‡evb, ‡Q‡j-‡g‡q I
Kv‡jv, †PvV, †Pv‡Li cÖvšÍ fvuRhy³ Ab¨vbïv GKm‡½ emevm K‡i, Zv‡K ‡h․_ cwievi e‡j|
 eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb : cve©Z¨ AÂ‡j emevmKvix
 µm KvwRb e‡j gv‡qi fvB‡qi mšÍvb ev evevi
Mv‡iv, wÎcyiv, PvKgv, †KvP BZ¨vw`| Cross-
†ev‡bi mšÍvb‡ì| A_©vr µm KvwRb gvgv‡Zv
 AvMgb: ga¨ Gwkqv cousin
fvB‡evb ev dzdv‡Zv fvB‡evb|
 mgqKvj: wLªóc~e© 1500 Aã
Parallel  c¨vivj KvwRb n‡jv- PvPv‡Zv/Lvjv‡Zv fvB‡evb|
 kvixwiK •ewkó¨: `xN©Kvq kixi, Lvov bvK,
Cousing
Mv‡qi is dm©v, cvZjv †VvuU
Avh©  eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb : cvwK¯Ívb, DËi fviZ, weevn I cwievi
AvdMvwb¯Ívb  weevn n‡”Q mgvR, mvs¯‥…wZ I ag© KZ…©K Aby‡gvw`Z Ggb GKwU Pzw³ hvi
 we‡kl Z_¨: mbvZb ag©vej¤^x wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ gva¨‡g GKRb cyiæl I GKRb gwnjv GK‡Î emevm Kivi P~ovšÍ ÿgZv
Avh©‡ì ag©MÖš’ wQj †e`| Giv •ew`K mf¨Zvi ARb© K‡i, weevn‡K K‡qKfv‡M fvM Kiv nq-
¯ªóv| 1. GK weevn: †h weevn GKRb cyiæl Ges GKRb gwnjv‡K •eevwnK Pzw³
eÜ‡b Ave× K‡i Zv‡K GK weevn e‡j|
weevn 2. eûweevn: †h weevn GKvwaK bvix Ges cyiy‡li g‡a¨ ‣eevwnK m¤ú‡K©i
 miKvwi wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôx i‡q‡Q 50wU| evsjv‡`‡ki
m„wó nq Zv‡K eû weevn e‡j|
DcRvwZi msL¨v 16,50,159 Rb hv †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 1%|
 eûweevn `yBwU iƒc- 1. eû¯¿x weevn 2. eû¯^vgx weevn|
cwievi  eû¯¿x weevn- GwU Ggb GKwU •eevwnK m¤úK© †hLv‡b GKRb cyiæl
 cwievi n‡jv gvby‡li msNe× Rxeb hvc‡bi GK wek¦Rbxb (Universal) GKvwaK gwnjvi mv‡_ •eevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i|
iƒc| c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li mgvR hZw`‡bi cwiev‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡I wVK  eû¯^vgx weevn: GKRb gwnjv hLb GKB m‡½ GKvwaK cyiæ‡li mv‡_
ZZw`‡bi| cwiev‡ii GKK ‡Kv‡bv msÁv cvIqv KwVb| cwiev‡ii msÁv •eevwnK m¤ú‡K© Ave× nq ZLb Zv‡K eû¯^vgx weevn e‡j|
wb‡q mgvRweÁvbx‡ì g‡a¨ gZ cv_©K¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| wewfbœ
mgvRweÁvbx wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY ‡_‡K cwievi‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb|  ‡jwf‡iU- g„Zz ¯^vgxi †h †Kv‡bv fvB‡qi mv‡_ weaev gwnjvi weevn‡K
 cwiev‡ii Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã ÔFamilyÕ K_vwU G‡m‡Q ‡ivgvb kã ÔFamuleasÕ †jwf‡iUU weevn ixwZ e‡j|
kã ‡_‡K hvi A_© Ôf…Z¨ ev ‡meKÕ| ‡iv‡gi AvBb eë¯’vq µxZ`vm I Drcv`K  m‡iv‡iU- †Kv‡bvv e¨w³i ¯¿x ggviv †Mj †m Zvi g„Z ¯¿xi †h †Kv‡bv †evb‡K
‡Mvôx, Ab¨ f…Z¨MY, Awfbœ esk ev weevnm~‡Î m¤úwK©Z Ab¨ m`m¨‡ì weevn Ki‡j †m weevn‡K m‡iv‡iU e‡j|
‡evSv‡bvi Rb¨ ÔFamulusÕ kãwU eëüZ n‡Zv|  ewnwe©evn- †h weev‡n cvÎ A_ev cvÎx‡K Aek¨B wfbœ ‡Mvôx ev †Mv‡Îi
 Avevi A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib, ÔFamilyÕ kãwU j¨vwUb ÔFamiliaÕ kã ‡_‡K n‡Z nq Zv‡K ewnwe©evn e‡j|
G‡m‡Q hvi A_© Ô‡meKÕ| k‡ãi DrcwË wb‡q ‡hgb gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q ‡Zgwb  AšÍwe©evn- †h weev‡n wbZ¨ †MvÎ ev †Mvôxi wfZ‡iB cvÎ cvÎx wbe©vPb
msÁv wb‡qI gZ‡f` _vKvUvB ¯^vfvweK|
Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K AšÍwe©evn e‡j|
cwiev‡ii cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Family)
1) esk cwiPq we‡ePbvq cwievi RvwZ, †Mvôx I ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôx
cÖvPxb hy‡M esk cwiP‡qi wfwË‡Z cwievi‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq, h_v:  miKvwi wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôx i‡q‡Q 50wU| evsjv‡`‡ki
K) wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi (Patriarchal Family) DcRvwZi msL¨v 16,50,159 Rb hv †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 1%|
‡h cwiev‡i wcZv c«avb _v‡K Zv‡K wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi e‡j| ZvB ‡nbwi  wek^ Avwèvmx wèm 9 AvM÷|
‡gB‡bi g‡Z, ÒwcZ…Zvwš¿K cwieviB Avw`g cwievi|Ó
L) gvZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi (Matriarchal Family)  UsK Av‡›`vj‡b mswkøó DcRvwZ- nvRs|
‡h cwiev‡i gvZv c«avb _v‡Kb ev gvZvi w`K ‡_‡K esk cwiPq ‡Ìqv nq  gvZ…cÖavb DcRvwZ Mv‡iv I Lvwmqv|
ZLb Zv‡K gvZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi e‡j|  nvRs-‡ì g‡a¨ weevn we‡”Q`, eûweevn, weaev weevn cÖPjb i‡q‡Q|
2) ‣eevwnK cÖ_vi we‡ePbvq cwiev‡ii cÖKvi‡f`  gymwjg b„-‡Mvôx cvOb, jvIqv, web`|
Ici wfwË K‡i cwievi‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v:  me‡P‡q †ewk ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôx emevm K‡i iv½vgvwU †Rjvq|
K) GKcZœxK cwievi
hw` GKRb cyiæl GKRb ¯¿x MÖnY K‡i cwievi MVb K‡i, Z‡e Zv‡K  GKgvÎ Avwèvmx exi gyw³‡hv×v BD †K wPs (gvigv), wZwb exi weµg
GKcZœxK cwievi e‡j| †LZve cÖvß|
wewfbœ ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôx  Ae¯’vb- iv½vgvwU, ev›ìevb, LvMovQwo
 ag©- mbvZb
 Avwèvm- AvivKvb I †bcvj| wÎcyiv
 fvlv- KK‡eviK
 G‡ì MÖvg‡K Av`vg e‡j|  Drme- ‣emy/‣emyK
 K‡qKwU MÖvg wb‡q †g․Rv MwVZ|  Ae¯’vb- gqgbwmsn, †kicyi †bÎ‡Kvbv
 iv½vgvwU †Rjvq m‡e‡Pq †ewk emevm K‡i| (wewiwkwi), Uv½vBj I Rvgvjcyi
 Rbïgvwi I M„nMYbv Abymv‡i, PvKgv‡ì msL¨v Mv‡iv  ag©- wLª÷vb
483299 Rb (e„nËg ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôx)  fvlv- gvw›` LywmK, AvwPK LywmK
PvKgv
 G‡ì wkÿvi nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (72%)  Drme- IqvbMvjv
 wcbb I nvw` G Rb‡Mvôxi HwZnëvnx †cvkvK|  Ae¯’vb- ev›ìevb, iv½vgvwU, LvMovQwo
 nvw`‡K _vwgI ejv nq|  ag©- ‡e․×
 gvigv
Zv‡ì wbR¯^ eY©gvjv I fvlv Av‡Q|  fvlv- AvivKvwb
 PvKgv fvlvq wjwLZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Ô†d‡evÕ hv  Drme- mvsMvB, IqvM¨B ev cÖeviYv c~wY©gv
2004 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq|  Ae¯’vb- cUzqvLvjx, ei¸bv, K·evRvi
 mgZ‡j e„nËg ÿz`ª RvwZ †Mvôx|  ag©- ‡e․×
ivLvBb
 G‡ì msL¨v 147112 Rb|  fvlv- gv‡i․I, i¨vgh©
mvuIZvj  mvuIZvwj fvlvq †èZv‡K e‡j †evsMv|  Drme- Rj‡Kwj
 G‡ì cÖavb †èZv n‡”Q m~h©‡è|  Ae¯’vb- iscyi, w`bvRcyi, e¸ov, bIMvu, bv‡Uvi,
 Szgyi Mvb I bvP G‡ì GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| ivRkvnx
 c~e© bvg ÔgMÕ| 1961 mv‡j Avgïgvwi mgq gM bvg mvuIZvj  ag©- mbvZb I wLªóvb
†_‡K gvigv bvg aviY K‡i|  fvlv- mvuIZvj
gvigv  msL¨vq 224261 Rb (2q e„nËg ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôx)|  Drme- mv‡›`, †mvnivB
 wP¤^yK cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k emevm K‡i|  Ae¯’vb- gqgbwmsn, †bÎ‡Kvbv, †kicyi, wm‡jU
 G‡ì MÖvg‡K Kve©vwj bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|  ag©- mbvZb
nvRs
 gvZ…Zvwš¿K b„-‡Mvôx|  fvlv- nvRs
 Drme- RvLv
 Giv gb‡L‡gv fvlvq K_v e‡j|
Lvwmqv
 Lvwmqv MÖvg¸‡jv cywÄ bv‡g cwiwPZ|  Ae¯’vb- iscyi, w`bvRcyi, RqcyinvU, e¸ov,
ivRkvnx
 AwZw_ G‡j cvb mycvwi I Pv w`‡q Avc¨vqb K‡i|
IivuI  ag©- R‡ovcvmK
 Giv gvZ…Zvwš¿K| G‡ì wbR¯^ eY©gvjv †bB|
 fvlv- KzuoL/mv`wi
 RvwZMZ cwiP‡q A‡bK‡B gvw›` e‡j cwiPq †`b|
 Drme- dv¸qv
 Mv‡iv‡ì fvlvq gvw›` k‡ãi A_© n‡jv gvbyl|
 Zv‡ì Avw` a‡g©i bvg Ômvsmv‡iK|  Ae¯’vb- mybvgMÄ, nweMÄ, †g․jfxevRvi
 ag©- wLªóvb
Mv‡iv  ‡MvÎ weevn wbwl×| m¤ú‡ì mKj gvwjK bvixiv| Lvwmqv
 fvlv- eg©x
 Zv‡ì Avw` a‡g©i bvg Ômvsmv‡iKÕ|
 G‡ì cÖavb †èZvi bvg ZvZviv eviæMv|  Drme- ¯œ¨vg _vBwg
 mvjRs Zv‡ì De©iZvi †èZv|  Ae¯’vb- ‡g․jfxevRvi, mybvgMÄ, nweMÄ, wm‡jU
 Mv‡iv‡ì cÖavb ag©xq I mvgvwRK Drm‡ei bvg IqvbMvjv|  ag©- ‣eòe
gwYcyix
 G‡ì Avw`g wbevm fvi‡Zi gwYcyi iv‡R¨|  fvlv- weòzwcÖqv/‣g‣ZB
 Drme- gnv ivgjxjv, ivm c~wY©gv
 evsjv‡`‡k gwbcyixiv wZbwU kvLvq wef³ Ges
gwYcyix ¯’vbxqfv‡e Zviv (1) gwYcywi ev •g‣Z (2) gwYcywi  Ae¯’vb- iscyi
gymjgvb ev cvOvj I (3) gwYcywi weòzwcÖqv ev  ag©- cÖK…wZ c~Rvwi
ivReskx
weòzcywiqv bv‡g cwiwPZ|  fvlv- KvgZvcyix
 †ew`qv ev evB`¨v bv‡g cwiwPZ|  Drme- û`ygv c~Rv, e¨v‡Oi we‡q
 GB åvg¨gvY Rb‡Mvôxi Avw` bvg gbZs|  Ae¯’vb- Lyjbv, mvZÿxiv I my›ìeb GjvKvq
†e‡`  dmj †Zvjvi †g․my‡g eëmvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Giv  ag©- wewfbœ †èZvi c~Rv
gyÛv
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡g-M‡Ä cwiågY K‡i|  fvlv- gyÛvix
 GB cwiågY‡K †e‡ì fvlvq MvIqvj e‡j|  Drme- mvi`yj ev mviRyb
 Ae¯’vb- ev›ìevb, iv½vgvwU, LvMovQwo, PÆMÖvg,
evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi Ae¯’vb, fvlv, ZÂ½¨v
K·evRvi
ag© I Drme  ag©- ‡e․×
 fvlv- ZbPsMv/ZÂ½¨v
 Ae¯’vb- iv½vgvwU (me‡P‡q †ewk), ev›ìevb,
 †KvP fvlv GKwU wZeŸZx-eg©x fvlv|
LvMovQwo I K·evRvi
 Ae¯’vb- e„nËi gqgbwms‡ni ‡kicyi, ‡bÎ‡KvYv,
 ag©- †e․×
PvKgv wK‡kviMÄ, MvRxcyi Ges e‡i›`ª AÂ‡ji cvebv,
 fvlv- PvKgv †KvP
e¸ov, ivRkvnx, gvj`n, iscyi, w`bvRcyi,
 Drme- weRy, dvêybx c~wY©gv
RqcyinvU I bIMvu ‡Rjvq evm K‡i|
 †cvkvK- nvw` (†g‡q)
 †KvP‡ì wbR¯^ fvlv _vK‡jI wbR¯^ ‡Kvb eY©gvjv †bB|
 1989 mv‡j cve©Z¨ †Rjvq ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv Kiv nq| cve©Z¨ RvwZ/DcRvwZ ‡f․‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb
PÆMÖvg kvwšÍPzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq 2 wW‡m¤î, 1997 m v‡j| GB Pzw³‡Z gvIix wbDwRj¨v‡Ûi Avwèvmx
evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii c‡ÿ Aveyj nvmbvZ Avãyjøvn Ges cve©Z¨ wKDB wbDwRj¨v‡Ûi Awaevmx
RbmsnwZ mwgwZi c‡ÿ †R¨vwZwi›`ª †evwawcÖq jvigv (mš‘ jvigv) ¯^vÿi DBNyi Px‡bi wRbwRqvs cÖ‡`‡ki gymwjg Avwèvmx
K‡ib| Pzw³i kZ©vbyhvqx 1998 mv‡ji 15 RyjvB cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg welqK gyi DËi Avwd«Kvi emevmiZ Bmjvg ag©vej¤^xiv
gš¿Yvjq MwVZ nq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ cÖ‡`‡ki IqvwRi¯’v‡bi
 ‣emvwe Drme: DcRvwZ‡ì el©eiY Abyôvb n‡jv •emvwe| •PÎ Avwd«w`
DcRvwZ
msµvwšÍ Dcj‡ÿ¨ GB Drm‡ei Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| GwU cve©Z¨ `ªvweo `wÿY fvi‡Zi Avw` Awaevmx
PÆMÖv‡gi DcRvwZ‡ì HwZnëvnx cÖavb evwl©K Drme| wÎcyiv‡ì KmvK †cvj¨v‡Ûi `wÿY-c~e© mxgvšÍ I BD‡µ‡bi K…lKMY
•emyK, gvigv I ivLvBb‡ì mvsMÖvB, PvKgv I ZÂ½¨v‡ì weSz, GB GeviwRb A‡÷ªwjqvi Avwèvmx I DcRvwZ
wZbwU Dr‡mie wZb bv‡gi Av`¨vÿi wb‡q •emvwe bv‡gi DrcwË| •PÎ n¨vgvBUvm DËi cwðg Avwd«Kvi Kv‡jv Pvgovi Awaevmx
gv‡mi †kl `yB w`b Ges bee©‡li cÖ_gw`b †K wN‡i •emvwe Drme cÖvPxbKv‡ji K‡Kwmqvb| eZ©gv‡b Bû`x I
cvwjZ nq| ‡mvgvBUm
Bw_Iwcqvb‡ì †ÿ‡Î eëüZ nq|
bvg Ae¯’vb cÖwZôvb Bsj¨vÛ I KvbvWvi Awaevmx Ges e„wUk es‡kv™¢yZ
ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi mvs¯‥…wZK GKv‡Wwg wewiwkwi, 1977 A¨vs‡jv m¨v·b
Av‡gwiKvb I A‡÷ªwjqvb Awaevmx
(cÖ_g) †bÎ‡KvYv ‡d¬wgsm ‡ejwRqv‡gi Awaevmx
KgjMÄ, 1977 WvP/Ij›`vR nj¨v‡Ûi Awaevmx
gwYcyix jwjZKjv GKv‡Wwg
†g․jfxevRvi ûUz I UzUmx eyiæÛxi weev`gvb `y‡Uv DcRvwZ
ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi mvs¯‥…wZK Bbw÷wUDU iv½vgvwU 1978
‡iW BwÛqvb I †¯úbxq‡ì mswgkª‡Y msKi DcRvwZ
ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi mvs¯‥…wZK Bbw÷DU ev›ìevb 1988 ‡gw÷ª‡Rv
c¨viv¸‡q‡Z emevm K‡i|
K·evRvi mvs¯‥…wZK †K›`ª K·evRvi 1994 wb‡MÖv I BD‡ivwcqvb‡ì msKi RvwZ, eªvwR‡j
ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi mvs¯‥…wZK Bbw÷wUDU LvMovQwo 2003 gyjv‡Uv
emevmKvix GKwU DcRvwZ|
ivRkvnx wefvMxq ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi ivRkvnx - gvqvbgv‡i emevmKvix GKwU DcRvwZ hv‡ì bvMwiK ¯^xK…wZ
KvjPvivj GKv‡Wwg ‡ivwn½v
†bB|
ivgy, - gvIev`x ‡bcv‡j ¯^vaxbZvKvgx GKwU DcRvwZ
ivLvBb mvs¯‥…wZK Bbw÷wUDU
K·evRvi ‡UvWv fvi‡Zi bxjwMwi ce©‡Z emevmKvix DcRvwZ|
Avwèvwm I DcRvwZ ‡kicv ‡bcvj I wZeŸZ mxgv‡šÍ emevmKvix es‡kv™¢yZ Awaevmx
 ÔAvwèvmxÕ k‡ãi Bs‡iwR A_©- Indigenous Peoples, Native Peoples, n‡UbUU `t Avwd«Kv, eZ‡mvqvbv , bvwgweqvi DcRvwZ
First Peoples, Fourth World, First Nations , Tribe. gnv‡akx †bcvj
 Indigenous kãwU G‡m‡Q- divwm indigena †_‡K, hvi A_© cvOb evsjv‡`k cve©Z¨ ev›ìevb, gymwjg DcRvwZ
†`kR ev ¯^‡`k RvZ| g¨vwUK Uvqvi eªvwR‡ji DcRvwZ
 Avwèvmx - GKwU wbw`©ó AÂ‡ji ewn¯’ Rb‡Mvôxi AvMg‡bi Av‡M
†_‡K emevmKvix Rb‡MvwôB Avwèvmx| weL¨vZ b„-weÁvbx‡ì bvg
 Pxb, Rvcvb I wgqvbgv‡ii Awaevmxiv RvwZ‡Z- g‡½vjxq|  Rvbyqvix 11, 1905 gvP©
 fzUv‡bi AwaKvsk Awaevmxiv - WªvcKvm RvwZi AšÍfz©³|  GKRb Av‡gwiKvb b„ZË¡we` Ges mvgvwRK
 K‡¤^vwWqvi AwaKvsk Awaevmx - †LgviiæR‡ì eskai| ZvwË¡K, whwb bvfv‡Rv Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨
 bvB‡Rwiqvi e„nËg Rb‡Mvôx - nvDmv-dzjvwb| `xN©‡gqv`x b„ZvwË¡K Kv‡Ri Rb¨ me©vwaK
 DËi Av‡gwiKvi Avw` Awaevmx‡ì Ô‡iW BwÛqvbÕ bvg †`b- Kj¤^vm| cwiwPZ|
 Avie, cvwK¯Ívb I DËi fvi‡Zi Awaevmxiv RvwZ‡Z - K‡Kkxq|  Av‡gwiKvb b„weÁv‡bi g‡a¨ ms¯‥…wZi Z‡Ë¡i
 wcMwg- Avwd«Kvi wbiÿxq K‡½v AÂ‡j emevmKvix AwZ †eu‡U K¬vBW K¬zK‡nvb
weKv‡k Zvi Ae`vb|
Avwèvmx| c~Y©eq¯‥ GKRb wcMwgi D”PZv m‡e©v”P mv‡o wZb dzU n‡Z  Zvi RxeÏkvq, K¬yK‡nvb Av‡gwiKvb GKv‡Wwg
cv‡i| Mo D”PZv wZb dzU| Ad AvU©m A¨vÛ mv‡q‡Ým (1944),
 Av‡gwiKvi †k¦Zv½ I K…òv½ mswgwkÖZ RvwZi bvg- wgjv‡Uv| BDbvB‡UW ‡÷Um b¨vkbvj GKv‡Wwg Ad
RvwZ/DcRvwZ ‡f․‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb mv‡q‡Ým (1952)|
Kzw`© Zzi¯‥, BivK I Biv‡bi AšÍf©y³ Kzw`©¯’v‡bi DcRvwZ  Av‡gwiKvb wd‡jvmwdK¨vj ‡mvmvBwU (1952)
ZvZvi mvB‡ewiqv, ZzK©‡gwb¯Ívb I †÷cm AÂ‡ji `my¨ RvwZ Gi m`m¨ wQ‡jb|
wcMwg Avwd«Kvi wbiÿxq AÂ‡ji Le©Kvq RvwZ  g„Zz¨ - 28 RyjvB, 1960 mvšÍv ‡d, wbD ‡gw·‡Kv|
‡e`yCb Avie I DËi Avwd«Kvi hvhvei RvwZ  Rb¥: 28 b‡f¤î 1908
Gw¯‥‡gv MÖxbj¨vÛ I AvK©wUK AÂ‡ji Awaevmx  GKRb divwm b„ZË¡we` Ges b„weÁvbx hvi KvR
fvBwKs Avie I DËivÂ‡ji Awaevmx `my¨ RvwZ wQj KvVv‡gvev` Ges KvVv‡gvMZ b„Z‡Ë¡i Z‡Ë¡i
wb‡MÖv ga¨ I `wÿY-cwðg Avwd«Kvi Kv‡jv gvbyl weKv‡k|
K¬W ‡jwf-÷«m  wZwb 1959 Ges 1982 mv‡ji g‡a¨ K‡jR wW
DËi Av‡gwiKvi Avwèvmx (iwK ce©Z I wg‡m․wi b`xi
‡iW BwÛqvb d«v‡Ý mvgvwRK b„weÁv‡bi ‡Pqv‡i AwawôZ wQ‡jb|
gaëZ©x¯’v‡b evm K‡i)
 1973 mv‡j GKv‡Wwg d«v¼vB‡Ri m`m¨
Ryjy, BbKv_v `wÿY Avwd«Kvi wb‡MÖv RvwZ
wbe©vwPZ nb Ges c¨vwi‡mi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
Kzjy `wÿY Avwd«Kvi Avwèvmx
¯‥yj di A¨vWfvÝW ÷vwW‡Ri m`m¨ wQ‡jb|
 wZwb we‡k¦i wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vjq I cÖwZôvb kã A_© kã A_©
‡_‡K AmsL¨ m¤§vbbv ‡c‡q‡Qb| cxi dwKi‡ì
cÖ_g wek¦ wk‡ívbœZ cwðgv †`k| LvbKvn
Av¯Ívbv|
 g„Zz¨- 30 A‡±vei 2009 mvs‡MÖb m¤cÖ`v‡qi
 1884 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| ivLvBb
Drme
Mv‡iv‡ì IqvbMvjvÕ Drme
 g¨vwj‡bvw¯‥ µvKn‡d c`v_©we`¨v Ges MwY‡Z ivp AÂ‡ji evDj‡ì
Avgxb Rwg gv‡c ÿ¨vcv
mœvZK m¤úbœ K‡ib| Mvb
 1910 mv‡j wZwb jÛb ¯‥yj Ae BKbwgK‡m eb¨v
ÔcvbvwmÕ cÖKí †Kvb AMÖnvqb-
Avgb avb I‡V
K¨v¯úvi wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z ‡c․l
g¨vwj‡bvw¯‥ wZwb mœvZK m¤úbœ K‡ib|
m½x‡Zi cÖvZ:Kvjxb
 g¨vwj‡bvw¯‥B b„weÁv‡b wdìIqvK© ev gvVKg© gvj‡Kvl
ivM
cv‡LvqvR g„`½ ev`¨ hš¿wU
cÖeZ©b K‡ib| †kiIqvbx cÖavbZ:
 g¨vwj‡bvw¯‥ U«weqvÛ‡ì Dci Kiv M‡elYvq cvwU mvcUv
wfZ‡i ÿx‡ii cyi hy³
AÜ«cÖ‡`k AÜ«cÖ‡`k AÂ‡ji
wcVv
wbweofv‡e Zv‡ì Rxeb hvÎv cÖZ¨¶ K‡iwQ‡jb| ‡cvkvK
b„-weÁvb m¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ Rb‡Mvôxi cÖavb ag©MÖš’
PvKgv `¯ÍiLvbv Avnvi
wÎwcUK
kã A_© kã A_© mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ
MÖvgvÂ‡j †h N‡i e‡m Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvi BDwbqb, c~e© BD‡ivc
kvcjv dzj cvKvi c‡i 3q wek¦ 2q wek¦
KvQvix Ni Avjvc Av‡jvPbv ev ‡Xc Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv| Ges mgvRZvwš¿K
wfZ‡ii Ask|
wekªvg †bqv nq| †`k¸‡jv|
wmw× †Kvb wel‡q †gvÿ jvf| cÂgyLx GK cÖKvi KPz| Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvi Pig cvU cPv‡bvi Rb¨
GK cÖKvi Mv‡Qi 4_© wek¦ RvM †`qv
Znkxj`vi `wjj †jLK| AvKvkgwb `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv| cvwb‡Z wfRv‡bv|
wewP| KzB‡Uv BKz‡qW‡ii ivRavbx gyÛv GKwU DcRvwZ
evevi evwo‡Z †eov‡Z †mÝi †ev‡W©i Pjw”P‡Îi QvocÎ cÖ`vb †iwWI GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv
bvBIwi KzP GK cÖKvi dj|
Avmv Kb¨v|
KvR Kiv| †_ivcx c×wZ
ZiKvixi ¯^v`
cy‡ivwnZ wn›`y‡ì ag©¸iæ| Rvqdj bxj Pv‡li weiæ‡×
e„w×KviK gmjv| ÔmyRbÕ Gi
mykvm‡bi Rb¨ bvMwiK| bxj we‡`ªvn weªwUk we‡ivwa
imyBNi ivbœvNi| K_yK GK ai‡bi bvP c~Y©iƒc
Av‡›`vjb|
Zv¤^yj cvbcvZv| †ZjyB Mv‡q njy‡ì Abyôvb| wel‡q hviv †Mvovwg Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wbw`©ó
ÔeoÕ †hLv‡b cvb Pvl Kiv nq| wncnc i¨vc msMxZ| †g․jev`x cÖ‡UvKj
K‡i| wbqg|
†ivgvb cyiv‡Y ewY©Z cwðge½ I c~e©e‡½i we‡qi NUK‡K ‡gv³vi
Kvbyb‡Mv Ki msMÖnKvix| wKDwcW e½ f½ †gv³vi
†cÖ‡gi †èZv| c„_KxKiY| e‡j|
cvwb‡Z cvU MvQ wfwR‡q e¨_v Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k AvU‡K
KjwK ZvgvK †me‡bi cvÎ| RvM †`qv
ivLv‡K RvM †`qv e‡j| cwÆ wfRv Kvc‡o AvNvZ †ivwn½v cov gvqvbgv‡ii
†Lvjv ev Db¥y³ wekvj gvV cÖvß ¯’vb euvav| bvMwiK|
cv_vi †fucy euvwk|
ev dm‡ji †ÿZ| wbw`©ó †Kvb KvR
we‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ ei K‡bi mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi mgvwß K‡i †`qvi
wePzb nvZcvLv| cvbwUwb evwo‡Z wgwó Av`vb eyKvi cyi¯‥vi wUÛvi
Rb¨| k‡Z© Kv‡iv mv‡_
cÖ`vb|
Pzw³|
wcQv Svo–| cvwbdj cvb‡m ¯^v‡ì dj
Acv‡ikb 2002 mv‡j A¯¿ D×vi †ZfvMv weªwUk we‡ivax
i‡qj UK dj| R¨vR GK ai‡bi msMxZ wK¬bnvU© Awfhv‡bi Rb¨| Av‡›`vjb Av‡›`vjb|
Gwg Av&U‡K cov
Pjw”PÎ I m„Rbkxj Ô‡iu‡bmvÕ beRvMiY| wenvix Kviv
evsjvNi wekªv‡gi Rb¨ •Zwi Ni| GIqvW©†Kb cvwK¯Ívbx|
Kv‡R
†`qv PvKgviv K‡qKwU MÖvg‡K wePvi mvwj‡ki Rb¨
wkï‡ì Aváy`xÿv Av`vg Kviv cÂv‡qZ
GK‡Î Av`vg e‡j| GKwÎZ ev mg‡eZ nIqv|
e¨vwcóª Kviv we‡ivax wLªó a‡g©i cc GK ai‡bi Mvb
mKvj †ejv| el©eiY,
Abymvix
Bmv‡ejv Gi bevbœ Drme, QvqvbU,
Bmv‡ejv GKwU weL¨vZ MÖš’ Rb wdUm weqvb‡ejv D`xwPi wewfbœ Abyôvb, hvÎv Db¥y³ gÂ bvUK|
†jLK
†gw·‡Kv‡Z ev `wÿY Avwèvmx‡ì Abyôvb
KvbKzb †niv GKwU ce©Z BZ¨vw`|
Av‡gwiKvq
G·‡cwi‡g›Uvj wkíKjv GKv‡Wwg‡Z iR‡Ki Kvco ev Ab¨vb¨ KvIqvwj GKcÖKvi msMxZ| KxZ©b ag©xq msMxZ|
nj Aew¯’Z| KvR wRwb‡mi is Kiv| mvRv‡bv nvwZi wc‡V
i_ bbvm ¯^vgxi †evb|
†cv÷ g‡U©‡gi Rb¨ jvk KwVb Pxei †e․×‡ì agx©q ivRviv Ny‡i †eov‡Zv|
†Wvg
KvUv| `vb Abyôvb| †b․KvevBP,
KvwZ©K gv‡m DËie½ nvIov
wdwjw¯Í‡bi gyw³ GK cÖKvi NywY©S‡oi g½v fvIqvBqv, Kzw¯’, nv-
dvZvn& DBjgv GjvKvq †h Afve| ms¯‥…wZ
Av‡›`vjb| bvg| Wy-Wy|
RyZv ivLvi Rb¨ we‡qi ci K‡bi cÖ_g we‡qi ci K‡bi cÖ_g
d¨v›Uvwm wKsWg GKwU K…wÎg cvK©| i¨vK Pjb wdivwb
eëüZ e¯‘| k¦ïo evwo hvIqv| evevi evwo hvIqv|
Av¯’vej †Nvov ivLvi ¯’vb| KvIqvjx GK cÖKvi Rvix Mvb| b`x‡Z cÖPÛ †e‡M
wn›`y‡ì we‡kl GKwU bRi †`qv Lvivc `„wó‡Z †`Lv| evb
†Pjnvg gi‡bvËi †fvR Abyôvb| ivqZ cvwb Avmv‡K eySvq|
†Mvôx| we‡klZ mÜ¨v ev iv‡Z
†e․× a‡g©i mvaK †QvU †Q‡j-
wfÿz wRDm MÖx‡mi †èZv|
cyiæl| evZvm jvMv ‡g‡q/Mf©eZx ¯¿xi evB‡i bRi †`qv Lvivc `„wó‡Z †`Lv|
Qv‡ì wb‡P Kvc‡oi hvIqvi wel‡q cÖPwjZ
K¨vUwibv GKwU S‡oi bvg| Pv`yqv
•Zwi AveiY| Kzms¯‥vi|
wRqvdZ `vIqvZ| jUKj GK cÖKvi dj| Dqvix e‡Uk¦i
†Kvb wbw`©ó jÿ¨ •L GK cÖKvi dj biwms`x
Aew¯’Z|
gRgv Mv‡bi Avmi| ivWg¨vc ev¯Íevq†b avivevwnK
c`‡ÿc|
mvaviY MwYZ  Type-8 

(‡Kvb msL¨vi mv‡_ †Kvb msL¨v †hvM Ki‡j GKvwaK msL¨v Øviv wbt‡k‡l wefvR¨Zv)
 j.mv.¸ I M.mv.¸  15. 999999 Gi m‡½ Gi m‡½ †Kvb ÿz`ªZg msL¨v †hvM Ki‡j †hvMdj 2,
3, 4, 5 Ges 6 Øviv wbt‡k‡l wefvR¨ n‡e?
 Type-1 
K) 21 L) 39 M) 33 N) 29 DËi: K
(j.mv.¸, M.mv.¸ Ges GKwU msL¨v †`qv _vK‡j Aci msL¨v wbY©q)
1. `ywU msL¨vi M.mv.¸ 12 Ges j.mv.¸ 336, GKwU msL¨v 48 n‡j Aci 16. 9999 Gi m‡½ †Kvb ÿz ` Z
ª g msL¨v †hvM Ki‡j †hvMdj 2, 3, 4, 5
msL¨vwU KZ? Ges 6 Øviv wbt‡k‡l wefvR¨ n‡e?
K) 12 L) 64 M) 72 N) 84 DËi: N K) 21 L) 39 M) 33 N) 29 DËi: K
2. `ywU msL¨vi j.mv.¸ 60 Ges M.mv.¸ 10| GKwU msL¨v Aci msL¨v `yB-    Type-10 
Z…Zxqvsk n‡j †QvU msL¨vwU KZ?
(j.mv.¸ Ges M.mv.¸ Gi cÖ‡qvM msµvšÍ mgm¨v)
K) 20 L) 30 M) 10 N) 40 DËi: K
17. 5wU NÈv GK‡Î †e‡R h_vµ‡g 5, 10, 15, 20 I 25 †m‡KÛ AšÍi
 Type-2  Avevi evR‡Z jvMj, KZÿY ci NÈv¸‡jv Avevi GK‡Î evR‡e?
(`ywU msL¨vi ¸Ydj eënvi K‡i j.mv.¸/M.mv.¸ wbY©q) K) 5 wgwbU L) 6 wgwbU M) 10 wgwbU N) 5 N›Uv DËi: K
3. `ywU msL¨vi ¸Ydj 3380 Ges M.mv.¸ 13| msL¨v `ywUi j.mv.¸ KZ? 18. GKwU ¯‥z‡j c¨v‡iW Kivi mgq QvÎ‡ì 10, 12 I 16 mvwi‡Z mvRv‡bv
K) 260 L) 780 M) 130 N) 490 DËi: K nq| H ¯‥z‡j b~¨bZg KZRb QvÎ Av‡Q?
4. `ywU msL¨vi ¸Ydj 1536| msL¨vwU `ywUi j.mv.¸ 96 n‡j M.mv.¸ KZ? K) 120 L) 180 M) 220 N) 240 DËi: N
K) 12 L) 16 M) 24 N) 30 DËi: L    ev¯Íe msL¨v 
 Type-3 
 Type-1(e„nËg ev ÿz`ªZg msL¨v wbY©q) 
(`ywU msL¨vi AbycvZ eënvi K‡j j.mv.¸/M.mv.¸ wbY©q)
19. 5/12, 6/13, 11/24 Ges 3/8 Gi g‡a¨ eo fMœvskwU?
5. `yBwU msL¨vi AbycvZ 7:5 Ges Zv‡ì j.mv.¸ 140 n‡j msL¨v `yBwUi
M.mv.¸ KZ? K) 5/12 L) 6/13 M) 11/24 N) 3/8 DËi: L
K) 9 L) 4 M) 12 N) 6 DËi: L 20. wb‡Pi †Kvb fMœ v skwU e„ n Ëg?
6. `ywU msL¨vi AbycvZ 2:3 Ges M.mv.¸ 4 n‡j e„nËg msL¨vwU KZ? K) 5/8 L) 6/11 M) 8/14 N) 3/5 DËi: K
K) 6 L) 12 M) 8 N) 16 DËi: L 21. ‡Kvb fMœ v skwU ÿz ` Z
ª g?
K) 5/6 L) 12/15 M) 11/14 N) 17/21 DËi: M
 Type-4    22. ‡Kvb fMœvskwU 2/3 †_‡K eo ?
(‡Kv‡bv jwNô msL¨vi mv‡_ wbw`©ó msL¨v †hvM Ki‡j wefvR¨Zv wb©Yq) K) 33/50 L) 8/11 M) 3/5 N) 11/17 DËi: L
7. ‡Kvb jwNô msL¨vi mv‡_ 2 †hvMdj 12, 18 Ges 24 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e?
K) 89 L) 70 M) 170 N) 142 DËi: L    Type-2 (g~j` I Ag~j` msL¨v wbY©q)   
8. ‡Kvb ÿz`ªZg msL¨vi m‡½ 1 †hvM Ki‡j †hvMdj 3, 6, 12 I 15 Øviv 23. wb‡Pi †KvbwU g~j` msL¨v?
wbt‡k‡l wefvR¨ n‡e? K) 1.111... L) 1.1010101..
K) 179 L) 359 M) 361 N) 721 DËi: K M) 1.1001001001.... N) 1.1010010001... DËi: N
24. wb‡Pi †KvbwU gsj` msL¨v?
 Type-5  3 3 3 3
(j.mv.¸, M.mv.¸ Ges GKwU msL¨v †`qv _vK‡j Aci msL¨v wbY©q) K) 243 L) 343 M) 392 N) 676 DËi: L
9. ‡Kvb ÿz`ªZg msL¨v‡K 8, 12, 18 Ges 24 Øviv fvM Ki‡j cÖ‡Z¨Kevi 25. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Ag~j` msL¨v? 3 4 5
27 125 81 32
fvM‡kl 5 n‡e? K) L) M) N) DËi: K
3 5 4 8
K) 35 L) 72 M) 57 N) 77 DËi: N
10. ‡Kvb ÿz`ªZg msL¨v‡K 3, 4 I 5 Øviv fvM Ki‡j wbt‡k‡l wefvR¨ n‡e?  Type-3 (‡g․wjK msL¨v m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v)   
K) 160 L) 90 M) 120 N) 60 DËi: N 26. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †g․wjK msL¨v?
K) 143 L) 47 M) 87 N) 91 DËi: L
 Type-6    27. 10 †_‡K 60 ch©šÍ †h mKj †g․wjK msL¨vi GKK ¯’vbxq AsK 9 Zv‡ì
(KZ¸‡jv msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j GKvwaK fvM‡kl _vKv mv‡c‡ÿ msL¨v wbY©q) mgwó KZ?
11. ‡Kv‡bv ÿz`ªZg msL¨v‡K 3, 4, 5, 6 Øviv fvM Ki‡j h_vµ‡g 2, 3, 4 K) 146 L) 99 M) 105 N) 107 DËi: N
Ges 5 Aewkó _v‡K? 28. 43 †_‡K 60 Gi g‡a¨ †g․wjK msL¨vi msL¨v-
K) 47 L) 49 M) 57 N) 59 DËi: N K) 5 L) 3 M) 7 N) 4 DËi: N
12. Pvi A‡¼i †Kvb ÿz`ªZg msL¨v‡K 4, 6, 10 I 32 Øviv fvM Ki‡j 29. 40 †_‡K 100 ch©šÍ c~Y© msL¨vi g‡a¨ e„nËg I ÿz`ªZg †g․wjK msL¨v
h_vµ‡g 2, 4, 8 I 30 Aewkó _v‡K? `ywUi Mo KZ?
K) 1438 L) 7548 M) 1968 N) 2335 DËi: K K) 70 L) 69 M) 68 N) 78 DËi: L
 Type-7   Type-4 (ga¨g msL¨v wbY©q) 
(†Kv‡bv e„nËg msL¨v Øviv KZ¸‡jv msL¨v‡K fvM Ki‡j fvM‡kl 30. GKwU msL¨v 301 n‡Z hZ eo 381 n‡Z ZZ †QvU| msL¨vwU KZ?
_vKv mv‡c‡ÿ msL¨v wbY©q) K) 340 L) 341 M) 342 N) 344 DËi: L
31. GKwU msL¨v 31 †_‡K hZ †ewk, 55 †_‡K ZZ Kg, msL¨vwU KZ?
13. ‡Kvb e„nËg msL¨v Øviv 100 I 184 †K fvM Ki‡j cÖ‡Z¨Kevi fvM‡kl
K) 39 L) 41 M) 43 N) 45 DËi: M
4 _vK‡e?
K) 14 L) 10 M) 12 N) 16 DËi: M    Type-5 
14. cvuP A‡¼i †Kvb e„nËg msL¨v‡K 16, 24, 30 I 36 w`‡q fvM Ki‡j (e„nËg I ÿz`ªZg msL¨vi AšÍidj wbY©q)
cÖ‡Z¨Kevi fvM‡kl 10 n‡e? 32. cvu P As‡Ki ÿz ` ªZg msL¨v I Pvi As‡Ki e„nËg msL¨vi AšÍi KZ?
K) 98725 L) 98745 M) 99370 N) 99781 DËi: M K) 9 L) 10 M) 1 N) -1 DËi: M
33. cvuP As‡Ki e„nËg I ÿz`ªZg msL¨v `ywUi †hvMdj KZ? 50. GK e¨w³ 20% mij my‡` 700 UvKv Ges 10% my‡` 500 UvKv wewb‡qM
K) 100009 L) 109999 M) 99999 N) 1000999 DËi: L Ki‡j GK eQi ci wZwb KZ my` cv‡eb?
 Type-6  K) 150 UvKv L) 190 UvKv M) 225 UvKv N) 290 UvKv DËi: L
(µwgK msL¨vi ¸Ydj †_‡K †hvMdj wbY©q)  Type-2(gybvdvi nvi wbY©q) 
34. cici wZbwU msL¨vi ¸Ydj 120 n‡j Zv‡ì †hvMdj n‡e- 51. kZKiv evwl©K KZ nvi my‡` 5 erm‡ii my`, Avm‡ji 1/5 Ask n‡e?
K) 9 L) 12 M) 14 N) 15 DËi: N K) 6% L) 5% M) 7% N) 4% DËi: N
35. wZbwU µwgK msL¨vi ¸Ydj 60 n‡j Zv‡ì †hvMvdj KZ n‡e? 52. 10% gybvdvq 3000 UvKv Ges 8% gybvdvq 2000 UvKv wewb‡qvM Ki‡j
K) 20 L) 12 M) 15 N) 14 DËi: L †gvU g~ja‡bi Dci M‡o kZKiv KZ nv‡i gybvdv cvIqv hv‡e?
 Type-7(e‡M©i AšÍidj †_‡K msL¨v wbY©q)    K) 9% L) 9.2% M) 8% N) 8.2% DËi: L
36. `yBwU µwgK msL¨vi e‡M©i AšÍi 199 n‡j eo msL¨vwU KZ?
K) 70 L) 80 M) 90 N) 100 DËi: N  Type-3 
37. `ywU µwgK ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi e‡M©i AšÍi 17 n‡j msL¨vØ‡qi †hvMdj- (my‡`-Avm‡j gyjab n ¸Y n‡j gybvdvi nvi wbY©q)
K) 8 L) 9 M) 17 N) 18 DËi: M 53. mij my‡ì nvi kZKiv KZ UvKv n‡j †h †Kvb g~jab 8 erm‡i my‡`-
Avm‡j wZb¸Y n‡e?
 kZKiv  K) 12.50 UvKv L) 20 UvKv M) 25 UvKv N) 15 UvKv DËi: M
 Type-1(mvaviY kZKiv wbY©q)   54. kZKiv KZ nvi jv‡f †Kv‡bv Avmj 10 eQ‡i jv‡f Avm‡ji wØ¸Y n‡e?
38. 80 Gi 75% Gi 25% = KZ? K) 10 UvKv L) 12 UvKv M) 15 UvKv N) 20 UvKv DËi: K
K) 10 L) 15 M) 20 N) 25 DËi: L
39. 39 msL¨vwU wb‡Pi †Kvb msL¨vwU 65%?  Type-4 (g~jab wbY©q) 
K) 60 L) 65 M) 78 N) 95 DËi: K 55. 5% nv‡i 20 eQ‡ii my` 250 UvKv n‡j, Avmj-
 Type-2(kZKivi mvaviY cÖ‡qvM-1)  K) 250 UvKv L) 300 UvKv M) 3500 UvKv N) 400 UvKv DËi: K
40. GKRb e¨w³ m¤ú‡ì 12% ¯¿x‡K, 58% cyÎ‡K I Aewkó 480000 56. ‡Kv‡bv Avmj 3 eQ‡i my` Avm‡j 460 UvKv Ges 5 eQ‡i my‡` Avm‡j
UvKv Kb¨v‡K `vb K‡ib| cy‡Îi m¤ú‡ì g~j¨ gvb KZ? 500 UvKv n‡j Avmj KZ?
K) 928000 L) 982000 M) 968000 N) 988000 DËi: K
41. GKwU cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvq 60% cixÿv_©x cvm Ki‡Q| hviv cvm K) 400 UvKv L) 405 UvKv M) 410 UvKv N) 435 UvKv DËi: K
K‡iwb Zv‡ì 15 Rb we‡`‡k P‡j †Mj Ges 45 Rb eëmv ïiæ Kij|    Type-5 (mgq wbY©q) 
KZRb cixÿv_©x cix·vq AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q? 57. kZKiv evwl©K 12 UvKv nvi gybvdvq 500 UvKvi KZ eQ‡ii mij gybvdv
K) 100 Rb L) 150 Rb M) 200 Rb N) 300 Rb DËi: L 360 UvKv n‡e?
 Type-3 (kZKivi mvaviY cÖ‡qvM-2)  K) 5 eQi L) 6 eQi M) 3 eQi N) 2 eQi DËi: L
42. 60 Rb Qv‡Îi g‡a¨ 42 Rb †dj Ki‡j cv‡mi ni KZ? 58. evwl©K 8% nvi my‡` KZ eQ‡i my` Avm‡ji mgvb n‡e?
K) 25% L) 28% M) 30% N) 32% DËi: M K) 8 eQi L) 12.5 eQi M) 10 eQi N) 14.5 eQi DËi: L
43. GKwU `ªe¨ 380 UvKvq weµq Kivq 20 UvKv ÿwZ n‡jv| ÿwZi kZKiv nvi KZ?
K) 4% L) 6% M) 5% N) 7% DËi: M    Type-6 (Pµe„ w × my ` msµvšÍ mgm¨v) 
59. 20% †h․wMK gybvdvq g~jab 100000 UvKv 2 eQ‡ii Rb¨ wewb‡qvM
 Type-4 
(ch©vqµwgK n«vm-e„w× msµvšÍ kZKiv) Kiv n‡jv| hw` †h․wMK gybvdv Aa© eQi wn‡m‡e aiv nq, Zvn‡j Pµe„w×
44. GK eëmvqx GKwU c‡Yï g~j¨ 25% evov‡jv, AZtci ewa©Z g~j¨ ‡_‡K g~jab KZ?
25% Kgv‡jv| me©‡kl g~j¨ me©cÖ_g g~‡jï Zzjbvq- K) 124 L) 114 M) 104 N) 94 DËi: L
K) 45% Kgv‡bv n‡q‡Q L) 6.25% Kgv‡bv n‡q‡Q 60. evwl©K 10% gybvdvq 800 UvKvi 2 eQ‡ii Pµe„w× gyjab KZ?
M) 5% evov‡bv n‡q‡Q N) 6.25% evov‡bv n‡q‡Q DËi: M
K) 940 UvKv L) 960 UvKv M) 968 UvKv N) 980 UvKv DËi: M
45. ‡Kvb GKwU wRwbm wbg©vZv 20% jv‡f Ges LyPiv we‡µZv 20% jv‡f weµq
K‡i| hw` H wRwb‡mi wbg©vY LiP 100 UvKv nq Z‡e LyPiv g~j¨ KZ?  jvf I ÿwZ 
 Type-1 
 Type-5 (e„nËg ev ÿz`ªZg msL¨v wbY©q)   
46. hw` †Z‡ji g~j¨ 25% e„w× cvq Z‡e †Z‡ji eënvi kZKiv KZ Kgv‡j, (mivmwi µqg~j¨ I weµqg~j¨ †`qv _vK‡j kZKiv jvf/ÿwZ wbY©q)
†Zj eve` LiP e„w× cv‡e bv? 61. µqg~j¨ : weµqg~j¨ = 5:6, G‡Z kZKiv jvf nq KZ?
K) 20% L) 16% M) 11% N) 9% DËi: K K) 15% L) 20% M) 25% N) 30% DËi: L
 Type-6 (cvm - †d‡ji kZKiv)  62. µqg~ j ¨ weµqg~ ‡jï 4/5 Ask n‡e, kZKiv KZ jvf n‡e?
47. ‡Kvb cixÿvq 85% cixÿv_©x c`v_©we`¨vq, 81% cixÿv_©x imvqbkv‡¯¿ K) 10% L) 20% M) 25% N) 30% DËi: M
Ges 76% cixÿv_©x Dfq wel‡q cvk K‡i‡Q| kZKiv KZRb cixÿv_©x    Type-2  
Dfq wel‡q †dj K‡i‡Q?
(wbw`©ó cwigvY UvKvq µqmsL¨v - wewµqmsL¨v mv‡c‡ÿ kZKiv jvf-ÿwZ wbY©q)
K) 8 Rb L) 10 Rb M) 11 Rb N) 12 Rb DËi: L
63. 50wU Kjg 200 UvKvq wK‡b 25 wU Kjg 50 UvKvq wewµq Ki‡j
 Type-7(e„nËg ev ÿz`ªZg msL¨v wbY©q)    kZKiv KZ jvf ev ÿwZ n‡e?
48. iwn‡gi Avq Kwi‡gi Avq A‡cÿv 25% †ewk| Kwi‡gi Avq iwn‡gi Avq K) ‡Kv‡bv jvf ev ÿwZ n‡e bv L) ÿwZ 50%
A‡cÿv kZKiv KZ Kg? M) ÿwZ 10% N) †Kv‡bvwUB bq DËi: L
K) 20% L) 25% M) 30% N) 35% DËi: K    Type-3 
 mij I †hŠwMK gybvdv  (weµqg~j¨ I kZKiv jvf/ÿwZ †`qv _vK‡j µqg~j¨ wbY©q-1)
 Type-1(gybvdv wbY©q)  64. 50 UvKvq 8wU wWg wewµ Kivq 25% ÿwZ n‡jv| cÖwZ WRb wW‡gi
49. kZKiv evwl©K 5 UvKv nvi my‡` 720 UvKvi 2 eQi 4 gv‡mi my` KZ n‡e? µqg~j¨ KZ wQj?
K) 83 UvKv L) 84 UvKv M) 82 UvKv N) 90 UvKv DËi: L K) 100 UvKv L) 90 UvKv M) 75 UvKv N) 120 UvKv DËi: K
 Type-4  79. GKwU †mvbvi Mnbvi IRb 16 MÖ v g| G‡Z †mvbv I Zvgvi Aby c vZ 3:1|
(weµqg~j¨ I kZKiv jvf/ÿwZ †`qv _vK‡j µqg~j¨ wbY©q-2) G‡Z Kx cwigvY †mvbv †gkv‡j Aby c vZ 4:1 n‡e?
65. GKwU Miæ 10% ÿwZ‡Z weµq Kiv n‡jv| weµqg~j¨ 450 UvKv n‡j 5% K) 12 MÖvg L) 6 MÖvg M) 3 MÖvg N) 4 MÖvg DËi: N
jvf n‡Zv| MiæwUi µqg~j¨ KZ?  Type-7 
K) 3500 UvKv L) 3200 UvKv M) 2500 UvKv N) 3000 UvKv DËi: N (‡Kvb Abycv‡Zi m‡½ †Kvb msL¨v †hvM-we‡qv‡M Abycv‡Zi cwieZ©b msµvšÍ mgm¨v)
66. GK †`vKvb`vi 12.5% ÿwZ‡Z GKwU `ªe¨ wewµ K‡ib| †h g~j¨ w`‡q 80. `yBwU msL¨vi AbycvZ 5:8| Df‡qi m‡_ 2 †hvM Kij AbycvZwU 2:3
wZwb `ªe¨wU wewµ Ki‡jb Zvi PvB‡Z 30 UvKv †ewk g~‡j¨ wewµ Ki‡j nq| msL¨v `ywU Kx Kx?
µqg~‡jï Dci 25% jvf n‡Zv| `ªe¨wUi µqg~j¨ KZ?
K) 7 I 11 L) 12 I 18 M) 10 I 24 N) 10 I 16 DËi: N
K) 85 L) 80 M) 75 N) 90 DËi: L
 Type-5   Type-8 (wcZv-cy‡Îi eqm msµvšÍ AbycvZ) 
(kZKiv jvf/ÿwZ †`qv _vK‡j µqg~j¨ I weµqg~‡jï AbycvZ wbY©q) 81. wcZv I cy‡Îi eq‡mi AbycvZ 11:4| wcZvi eqm 44 eQi n‡j, wcZv I
67. GKwU `ªe¨ µq K‡i 24% ÿwZ‡Z weµq Kiv n‡jv| weµqg~j¨ Ges cy‡Îi eq‡mi mgwó KZ?
µqg~‡jï AbycvZ KZ? K) 50 eQi L) 55 eQi M) 60 eQi N) 65 eQi DËi: M
K) 19:25 L) 24:25 M) 20:25 N) 18:25 DËi: K 82. wcZv I cy‡Îi eq‡mi mgwó 54 eQi Ges AbycvZ 7:2| 10 eQi c‡i
68. GKwU `ªe¨ 25% jv‡f weµq Ki‡j Dnvi µqg~j¨ I weµqg~‡jï AbycvZ Zv‡ì eq‡mi AbycvZ KZ n‡e?
KZ? K) 31:16 L) 26:11 M) 17:12 N) 2:1 DËi: L
K) 4:5 L) 4:6 M) 5:6 N) 5:4 DËi: K    exRMvwYwZK ivwk 
 Type-6   Type-1(a2+b2 Gi gvb wbY©q) 
( †jvKmvb †_‡K jvf n‡Z n‡j bZzb weµqg~j¨ wbY©q) 83. x + y = 2, x + y2 = 4 n‡j, x3+ y3 = KZ?
2
69. GKRb we‡µZv GKwU Kjg 200 UvKvq wewµ Ki‡j 20% †jvKmvb nq| hw` †m K) 8 L) 9 M) 16 N) 72 DËi: K
10% jvf Ki‡Z Pvq, Z‡e KjgwU KZ UvKvq weµq Ki‡Z n‡e? 84. hw` (x–y)2= 14 Ges xy = 2 nq, Z‡e x3+y3= KZ?
K) 250 L) 275 M) 30 N) 331 DËi: L K) 12 L) 14 M) 16 N) 18 DËi: N
70. GKwU mvB‡Kj 7200 UvKvq weµq Kivq 10% ÿwZ nq| KZ UvKv
weµq Ki‡j 12% jvf n‡e?  Type-2 
K) 7000 L) 8960 M) 6500 N) 8000 DËi: L (wØNvZ mgxKiY †_‡K GKNvZ ivwki gvb wbY© q )
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
 AbycvZ I mgvbycvZ    85. hw` 𝒂 + 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟓𝟏 nq Z‡e 𝒂 − 𝒂 Gi gvb KZ?
 Type-1(wewfbœ ai‡Yi AbycvZ wbY©q)  K) ± 9 L) ± 7 M) ± 5 N) ± 3 DËi: L
𝟏
71. 5:18, 7:2 Ges 3:6 Gi wgkÖ AbycvZ KZ?  𝟐
Type-3(𝒂 − 𝒂𝟐 Gi gvb wbY©q) 
K) 72:105 L) 72:35 M) 35:72 N) 105:72 DËi: M 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
72. 25:81 wØfvwRZ AbycvZ †KvbwU? 86. 𝒂 − = 𝟑 n‡j, 𝒂 − 𝟐 Gi gvb KZ?
𝒂 𝒂
K) 81:25 L) 5:9 M) 25/2:81/2 N) 9:5 DËi: L K) 6 L) 21 M) 1 N) 3 DËi: L
 Type-2 (mgvbycvwZK wbY©q)   eûc`xi Drcv`‡K we‡kølY 
73. wUcyi †ev‡bi eqm wUcyi eq‡mi I Zvi evevi eq‡mi ga¨- mgvbycvZx|
wUcyi eqm 12 ermi, evevi eqm 48 ermi n‡j †ev‡bi eqm KZ?  Type-2(ga¨c`x we‡kølY- 01) 
𝟐
K) 16 ermi L) 24 ermi M) 18 ermi N) 20 ermi DËi: L 87. 𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎 Gi Drcv`K we‡kølb †KvbwU?
K) (x–5) (x-4) L) (x-5)(x-4)
 Type-3  M) (x-5)(x+4) N) (x+5)(x+4) DËi: M
(`yBwU AbycvZ †_‡K Avjv`v Ask wbY©q) 𝟐
74. GK e¨w³i gvwmK Avq e¨‡qi AbycvZ 5:3 Ges Zvi gvwmK mÂq 88. 𝒙 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎 Gi Drcv`Kmg~ n †KvbwU?
10,000 UvKv n‡j wZwb gvwmK KZ UvKv e¨q K‡ib? K) (x+5)(x+4) L) (x–5)(x–4)
K) 20000 L) 25000 M) 15000 N) 10000 DËi: M M) (x+5)(x–4) N) (x–5)(x+4) DËi: L
75. Rwbi Avq I e¨‡qi AbycvZ 20:15 n‡j Zvi gvwmK mÂq Av‡qi    Type-2 (ga¨c`x we‡kølY-02) 
kZKiv KZ fvM? 89. 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟓 Gi Drcv`K wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
K) 25% L) 20% M) 15% N) 30% DËi: K K) (2x+1)(3x–5) L) (2x–1)(3x+5)
   Type-4 (µqg~j¨ I weµqg~‡jï AbycvZ wbY©q)    M) (2x+5)(3x–1) N) (2x–5)(3x+1) DËi: K
𝟐
76. GKwU `ªe¨ µq K‡i 24% ÿwZ‡Z weµq Kiv n‡jv| weµqg~j¨ I µq 90. 𝟕𝒑 − 𝒑 − 𝟖 Gi GKwU Drcv`K n‡e-
g~‡jï AbycvZ KZ? K) p–4 L) 7p M) 8–7p N) 7p–8 DËi: N
K) 11:10 L) 9:10 M) 10:11 N) 10:9 DËi: K    Type-3 
 Type-5    91. 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙(fvM‡kl
𝟐
Dccv‡`ï mvnv‡h¨ Drcv`‡K we‡kølY)
𝒚 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚𝟑 Gi Drcv`‡K we‡kølY †KvbwU?
(wfbœ wfbœ AbycvZ †_‡K Avjv`v Ask wbY©q)
K) (x+y)(x+3y)(x+5y) L) (x+y)(x+2y)(x+3y)
77. cwbi I Zc‡bi Av‡qi AbycvZ 4:3| Zcb I iwe‡bi Av‡qi AbycvZ M) (x+y)(x+4y)(x+3y) N) (x–y)(x+y)(x+2y) DËi: L
5:4| cwb‡ii Avq 120 UvKv n‡j, iwe‡bi Avq KZ?
 mij mgxKiY 
 Type-1(eqm m¤úwK©Z) 
 Type-6 (e„nËg ev ÿz`ªZg msL¨v wbY©q)    92. wcZvi eZ©gvb eqm cy‡Îi eq‡mi Pvi ¸Y| 6 eQi c~‡e© wcZvi eqm cy‡Îi
78. 60 wjUvi †K‡ivwmb I †c‡Uªv‡ji wgkÖ‡Yi AbycvZ 7:3| H wgkÖ‡Y Avi eq‡mi `k ¸Y wQj| wcZv I cy‡Îi eZ©gvb eqm KZ?
KZ wjUvi †c‡Uªvj wgkv‡j AbycvZ 3:7 n‡e? K) 56 Ges 14 eQi L) 32 Ges 8 eQi
K) 70 L) 80 M) 90 N) 98 DËi: L M) 36 Ges 9 eQi N) 40 Ges 10 eQi DËi: M
93. wcZvi eZ©gvb eqm cy‡Îi eq‡mi 8 ¸Y| 5 eQi ci Zv‡ì eq‡mi mgwó    Type-3(mgvšÍi avivi mgwó wbY©q) 
60 eQi n‡j wcZvi eZ©gvb eqm KZ eQi? 110. 8+16+24+.... avivwUi cÖ_g 9wU c‡ì mgwó KZ?
K) 30 L) 35 M) 40 N) †KvbwUB bq DËi: M K) 360 L) 102 M) 362 N) 420 DËi: K
 Type-2 (msL¨v m¤úwK©Z)    111. 3+6+9+12+..... avivwUi 12wU c‡ì †hvMdj -----|
94. ‡Kvb msL¨vi 1/2 As‡ki mv‡_ 6 †hvM Ki‡j msL¨vwUi 2/3 Ask n‡e, K) 230 L) 231 M) 232 N) 234 DËi: N
msL¨vwU KZ? 112. 5 †_‡K 45 ch©šÍ msL¨v¸‡jvi †hvdj KZ?
K) 53 L) 63 M) 36 N) 365 DËi: M K) 150 L) 861 M) 1025 N) 420 DËi: M
95. GKwU msL¨vi A‡a©K Zvi GK Z…Zxqvs‡ki †P‡q 17 †ewk| msL¨vwU KZ? 113. 29+25+21+.... - 23 = KZ?
K) 102 L) 104 M) 106 N) 108 DËi: K K) 82 L) 72 M) 52 N) 42 DËi: N
 m~PK   ¸‡YvËi aviv 
 Type-1(m~P‡Ki e¨vwmK mgm¨v)   Type-1(¸‡YvËi avivi n Zg c` wbY©q)   
𝟑 𝟏
114. 128+64+32+...... avivwUi †Kvb c` 1/2?
96. 𝟏𝟔 ÷ 𝟏𝟔 = KZ?
𝟒 𝟐
K) 9 Zg c` L) 10 Zg c`
K) 1 L) 1/2 M) 1/4 N) 2 DËi: N M) 11 Zg c` N) 12 Zg c` DËi: K
𝒎 𝒏
97. 𝒂 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? 115. GKwU ¸‡YvËi Abyµ‡g Z…Zxq c`wU 20 Ges lô (6-Zg) c`wU 160
𝑛 𝑚 𝑛
K) 𝑎𝑚𝑛 L) 𝑎𝑚 M) 𝑎 𝑛 N) 𝑎−𝑚 DËi: L n‡j cÖ_g c`wU -
K) 5 L) 10 M) 12 N) 8 DËi: K
 Type-3(m~P‡Ki mijxKiY) 
𝟓𝒏+𝟐 +𝟑𝟓×𝟓𝒏−𝟏  †iLv, †KvY I wÎfzR 
98. Gi gvb KZ? 116. GKwU mij‡iLvi mv‡_ Avi GKwU †iLvsk wgwjZ n‡q †h `ywU mwbœwnZ
𝟒×𝟓𝒏
K) 4 L) 8 M) 5 N) 7 DËi: L †KvY Drcbœ nq Zv‡ì mgwó KZ n‡e?
99. 𝟐𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟐𝒏= KZ? K) 160 L) 180 M) 90 N) 120 DËi: L
K) 2 L) 2𝑚 M) 4 N) 22+1 DËi: L 117. `ywU †Kv‡Yi GKB kxl©we›`y _vK‡j Ges H †KvY `ywU hw` mvaviY evûi
wecixZ w`‡K Ae¯’vb K‡i, Z‡e H †KvY `ywU‡K ejv n‡e-
 Type-3  K) m~²‡KvY L) mwbœwnZ †KvY
(Drcv`Kxq m~Î eënvi K‡i gvb wbY©q) M) c~iK †KvY N) wecÖZxc †KvY DËi: L
𝟏 𝟐
100. 𝒙 + 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑 n‡j, 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔 Gi gvb KZ? 118. `ywU mwbœwnZ †Kv‡Yj mgwó `yB mg‡KvY n‡j GKwU‡K AciwUi Kx e‡j?
K) 4x L) 6x M) 4 N) 8 DËi: L K) mwbœwnZ †KvY L) mij‡KvY
𝟏
−
𝟏 M) c~iK‡KvY N) m¤ú~iK †KvY DËi: N
101. hw` 𝒂 = 𝟐 + 𝟐 nq, Z‡e 𝟐𝒂𝟑 − 𝟔𝒂 Gi gvb KZ?
𝟑 𝟑
119. `ywU ci¯úi c~iK †Kv‡Yj g‡a¨ GKwU gvb 35 n‡j AciwUi gvb KZ?
K) 3 L) 8 M) 5 N) 0 DËi: M K) 55 L) 120 M) 180 N) 155 DËi: K
 jMvwi`g  120. ‡h‡Kv‡bv wÎfzR ABC- Gi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK n‡e?
K) AB+AC<BC L) AB+AC>BC
 Type-1(jMvwi`‡gi †ewmK)  M) AB+AC=BC N) ‡Kv‡bvwUB bq DËi: L
102. ‡Kvb k‡Z© 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝟏 = 𝟎? 121. GKwU wÎfz‡Ri `ywU †Kv‡Yj AbycvZ 3:4:5 n‡j †KvY wZbwUi gvb KZ?
K) 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 L) 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑎 > 0 K) 45, 60, 75 L) 30, 60, 90
M) 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 = 1 N) 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑎 < 0 DËi: K M) 60, 90, 30 N) 90, 45, 45 DËi: K
103. ‡Kvb k‡Z© 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒂 = 𝟏 122. ‡Kv‡bv wÎfz‡Ri evû¸‡jvi AbycvZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU n‡j GKwU mg‡KvYx
K) a>0 L) 𝑎 ≠ 1 wÎfzR AvuKv hv‡e?
M) 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑎 > 1 N) 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 DËi: N K) 6:5:4 L) 6:4:3 M) 12:8:4 N) 17:15:8 DËi: N
 Type-2(gvb wbY©q-1)   wc_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ 
104. 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟑 𝟖𝟏 KZ? 123. mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri mg‡KvY msjMœ evûØq h_vµ‡g 3 I 4 †mw›UwgUvi n‡j
1 Dnvi AwZfzR f‚wg A‡cÿv 2 †m.wg. eo| AwZfz‡Ri •`N©¨ KZ?
K) 4 L) 27 3 M) 8 N) 8 DËi: M K) 4 †mwg L) 5 †mwg M) 7 †mwg N) 8 †mwg DËi: L
105. 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 𝟏𝟔 KZ? 124. GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri f‚wgi •`N©¨ j¤^ A‡cÿv 1 wgUvi Kg Ges j¤^
K) 9 L) 8 M) 6 N) 4 DËi: J A‡cÿv AwZzfzR 1 wgUvi †ewk n‡j, wÎfzRwUi AwZfz‡Ri •`N©¨ KZ
wgUvi?
 mgvšÍi aviv  K) 4 L) 5 M) 6 N) 3 DËi: L
 Type-1(mgvšÍi avivi Mo wbY©q)   PZzfz©R msµvšÍ Dccv`¨ 
106. 1 †_‡K 49 ch©šÍ ¯^vfvweK (c~Y©) msL¨v¸‡jvi Mo KZ? 125. PZzfz©‡Ri Pvi †Kv‡Yi AbycvZ 1:2:2:3 nj e„nËg †Kv‡bj cwigvY n‡e-
K) 23 L) 25 M) 24.5 N) 25.5 DËi: L K) 100 L) 115 M) 135 N) 225 DËi: M
107. 1, 5, 9, .............., 81 avivwUi msL¨v¸‡jvi Mo KZ? 126. mvZwU mij‡iLvi •`N©¨ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 I 7 †m.wg.| KqwU †ÿ‡Î
K) 41 L) 39 M) 42 N) 40 DËi: K G‡ì PviwU evû w`‡q PZzfz©R AsKb m¤¢e bq?
 Type-2(mgvšÍi avivi n Zg c` wbY©q)  K) 2 L) 3 M) 4 N) 5 DËi: L
108. 1+5+9+13+.... avivwUi 15Zg c` n‡e-  cwiwgwZ: mij‡ÿÎ I Nbe¯‘ 
K) 61 L) 53 M) 57 N) 65 DËi: M 127. ‡Kv‡bv wÎfz‡Ri `yB evûi •`N©¨ h_vµ‡g 8 †m.wg. I 10 †m.wg Ges G‡ì
109. GKwU mgvšÍi avivi mvaviY AšÍi 9 Ges 7g c` 60 n‡j 12 Zg c`wU AšÍfz©³ †KvY 30| wÎfzRwUi †ÿÎdj wbY©q Ki|
KZ? K) 20 eM© †m.wg. L) 30 eM© †m.wg.
K) 89 L) 100 M) 108 N) 105 DËi: N M) 40 eM© †m.wg. N) 60 eM© †m.wg. DËi: K
128. GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri AwZfzR ev‡` Aci `yB evûi •`N©¨ h_vµ‡g 8 m¤¢ve¨ cÖkœ I mgvavb
wgUvi I 6 wgUvi| wÎfzRwUi †ÿÎdj KZ?
K) 15 eM© wgUvi L) 20 eM©wgUvi 1. 1, 3, 5, 7 AbyµgwUi 12Zg c` †KvbwU?
M) 24 eM©wgUvi N) 30 eM©wgUvi DËi: M K) 15 L) 23 M) 25 N) 30 DËi: L
129. GKwU mgevû wÎfz‡Ri GKwU evûi •`N©¨ a GKK n‡j, wÎfzRwUi 2. jyß msL¨vwU KZ? 80, 93, -----, 128
‡ÿÎdj KZ eM© GKK? K) 88 L) 120 M) 64 N) 112 DËi: N
3 2 2 3 3. Find the missing number of the following series 212,
K) 𝑎2 L) 𝑎2 M) 𝑎2 N) 𝑎2 DËi: N 179, 146, 113, ?
2 3 3 4
130. GKwU mgevû wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj 50 eM© †m.wg.| wÎfzRwUi cÖwZ evûi K) 32 L) 33 M) 63 N) 80 DËi: N
•`N©¨ KZ? 4. wb‡Pi avivi †kl msL¨v KZ? 3, 9, 27, 81, -----?
K) 15.2 †m.wg. L) 10.5 †m.wg. K) 241 L) 243 M) 245 N) 247 DËi: L
M) 10.7 †m.wg. N) 17.1 †m.wg. DËi: M 5. 0.03, 0.12, 0.48 ----- k~b¨¯’v‡b msL¨vwU KZ n‡e?
131. GKwU AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi K‡Y©i •`N©¨ 15 wg. Ges cÖ¯’ 10 wg. n‡j K) 0.96 L) 1.48 M) 1.92 N) 1.50 DËi: M
AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi †ÿÎdj KZ eM©wgUvi? 6. One number is wrong is the series. What should that
K) 35 5 L) 40 5 M) 45 5 N) 50 5 DËi: N number be? 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256
132. GKwU eM©‡ÿ‡Îi cwimxgv Gi K‡Y©i •`‡N©ï KZ ¸Y? K) 4 L) 32 M) 256 N) 258 DËi: N
2
K) L) 2 M) 2 2 N) 2 DËi: M wgkÖ Abyµg
2
 ‡h ivwk¸‡jv‡Z G‡Ki AwaK wbqg AbymiY K‡i msL¨v¸‡jv‡K µgvš^‡q
 †mU  mvRv‡bv _v‡K A_©vr, `ywU wfbœ wbq‡gi Abyµg‡K GKwU wbq‡gi AvIZvfz³
2
133. c = {x:x FYvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨vi Ges x <18}; c †m‡Ui Dcv`vb¸‡jv K‡i GKwU Abyµg mvRv‡bv nq Zv‡K wgkÖ Abyµg e‡j|
n‡e- ‡hgb: 1, 3, 5, 7, ------
K) 1, 2, 3, 4 L) 1, 3, 5, 7
[GKwU we‡Rvo ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi e‡M©i Abyµg]
M) 2, 4, 6, 8 N) –1, –2, –3, –4 DËi: N
Avevi, 4, 16, 36, 64, -----
134. ‡mU 𝑨 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑵: 𝒙𝟐 > 8, 𝒙𝟑 < 30} n‡j x Gi mwVK gvb †KvbwU? [ ‡Rvo ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi e‡M©i Abyµg
K) 2 L) 3 M) 4 N) 5 DËi: L GLb, 1g Abyµ‡gi msL¨v¸‡jv‡K we‡Rvo Ae¯’v‡b Ges 2q Abyµ‡gi
135. P = {x:x, 12 Gi ¸YbxqKmg~n} Ges Q = {x:x, 3 Gi ¸wYZK Ges msL¨v¸‡jv‡K †Rvo Ae¯’v‡b †i‡L bZzb †h Abyµg evbv‡bv nq Zv n‡jv: 1,
𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟐} n‡j P - Q wbY©q Ki| 4, 3, 16, 36, 7, 64, ---- Gfv‡e `ywUi †ewk Abyµg‡KI GKwÎZ K‡i wgkÖ
K) {1, 2, 4} L) {1, 3, 4} Abyµg •Zwi Kiv hvq|
M) {1, 3,6} N) {1, 2, 6} DËi: K
m¤¢ve¨ cÖkœ I mgvavb
1. 5, 7, 10, 14, ------ 25 avivi k~b¨¯’v‡bi msL¨vwU KZ?
MvwbwZK hyw³ I eyw×gËv K) 17 L) 18 M) 19 N) 21 DËi: M
msL¨vMZ ÿgZv 2. 36, 28, 21, 15, 10, ------ aviv cieZ©x msL¨vwU KZ?
K) 5 L) 6 M) 7 N) 11 DËi: L
 KZ¸‡jv ivwk GKwU we‡kl wbq‡g µgvš^‡q Ggbfv‡e mvRv‡bv nq †h,
3. wb‡Pi msL¨v wmwi‡Ri cÖkœ‡evaK wP‡ýi ¯’v‡b †Kvb msL¨vwU em‡e? 3, 8, 6,
cÖ‡Z¨Kivwk Zvi c~‡e©i c` Ges cieZ©x c‡ì mv‡_ wKfv‡e m¤úK©hy³ †mUv
14, ?, 20, 12
Rvbv hvq| Gfv‡e mvRv‡bv ivwk¸‡jv‡K aviv ejv nq| †hgb:
K) 11 L) 10 M) 8 N) 9 DËi: N
K. †Rvo msL¨vi Abyµg = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ......
4. 3, 7, 4, 14, 5, 21, 6 Abyµ‡gi Aóg msL¨vwU KZ n‡e?
L. we‡Rvo msL¨vi Abyµ‡g = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, .........
K) 6 L) 7 M) 28 N) 29 DËi: M
Ab¨fv‡e †Rvo ¯^vfvweK msL¨v¸‡jv‡K hw` GKwU †m‡Ui AvIZvfz³ Kiv nq,
5. wb‡¤œi avivwU (Series) c~Y© Ki‡Z k~b¨¯’v‡b †Kvb msL¨vwU em‡e? 2, 6,
Zvn‡j aiv hvK, †mB Abyµ‡gi †mUwU A|
12, 36, 72, ------
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, ......} K) 214 L) 216 M) 144 N) 146 DËi: L
GB ‡mUi cÖwZwU ivwk Zvi c~e© c` A‡cÿv `yB †ewk Ges c‡ii c` A‡cÿv 6. wb‡Pi wmwi‡Ri beg msL¨vwU KZ n‡e? 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, 35, ----, -----
`yB Kg A_©vr GLv‡b ivwk¸‡jv GKwU wbw`©ó wbqgvbymv‡i µgvš^‡q mvRv‡bv , -----?
n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Rvwb, ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †mU, N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...} K) 48 L) 63 M) 80 N) 99 DËi: M
GLv‡b D‡jøL AbyµgwUi †mU A = {2, 4, 6, 8, .....} 7. wb‡¤œi mvwi‡Z GKwU msL¨vi fzjfv‡e †`qv Av‡Q| †mB msL¨vwU KZ? 1 4 2
Zvn‡j Avgiv Abyµ‡gi ivwk¸‡jvi m¤ú‡K©, n 2n; GLv‡b, n  N (n= 5 3 6 4 7 5 9 6 ---------
c‡ì Ae¯’vb msL¨v) K) 5 L) 6 M) 9 N) 7 DËi: M
Avevi D‡jøwLZ Abyµ‡gi m¤úK©wU‡K dvskb AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki‡j, f(n) - 8. 8, 11, 17, 29, 53 -----| cieZ©x msL¨vwU KZ?
2n [A_©vr, GLv‡b Abyµ‡gi mvaviY c`, 2n Ges n  N] K) 101 L) 102 M) 75 N) 59 DËi: K
mgvšÍi Abyµg wm×všÍ MÖnY I wePvi `ÿZv
 †Kv‡bv Abyµ‡g †h †Kv‡bv c` I Zvi c~e©eZ©x c‡ì cv_©K¨ (we‡qvMdj) GB As‡k †hme cÖkœ _v‡K Zv wbR¯^ wePvi eyw× I cvwicvwk^©Kfv‡e AwR©Z
mgvb n‡j Zv‡K mgvšÍi Abyµg e‡j| mgvšÍi Abyµg mmxg ev Amxm Áv‡bi wfwË‡Z cixÿv_©x‡ì cÖ‡kœi mgvavb Ki‡Z nq| GwU n‡jv ¯^í mg‡q
†h‡Kv‡bvwU n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: gvbwmK ÿgZv‡K m~²fv‡e hvPvB‡qi GKwU c×wZ| GB c×wZ‡Z Afxÿv
1. 1, 3, 5, 7, ------ 99 g~jZ e¨w³i AvPi‡Yi mvgwMÖK cÖK…wZ hvPvB Kiv nq|
G ai‡bi cÖ¤œ mgvav‡b wb‡Pi D`vniYmg~‡n eëüZ hyw³‡K †K․kj wn‡m‡e
2. 2, 4, 6, --------- eënvi Kiv hvq|
GLv‡b `ywU Abyµ‡gB cvkvcvwk `ywU c‡ì cv_©K¨ 2 Ges 1g Abyµ‡gi †kl  Avcbvi Nwbô eÜzi †`qv DcnviwU Avcbvi †gv‡UB cQ›` nqwb| GgZve¯’vq
c` 99| A_©vr, GUv mmxg mgvšÍi Abyµg| Avcwb wK Ki‡eb?
Ab¨w`‡K, 2qwU Amxg mgvšÍi Abyµg| K. AcQ‡›ì welqwU AvgZv AvgZv K‡i Gwo‡q hv‡eb|
‡Kv‡bv mgvšÍi Abyµ‡gi cÖ_g c` a, mvaviY AšÍi d, c` msL¨v n n‡j, L. Avcbvi AcQ‡›ì K_v ¯úó fvlvq eÜz‡K Rvwb‡q w`‡eb|
M. we‡kl †Kv‡bv fve †cvlY bv K‡i ïay abëv` Rvbv‡eb|
avivwUi n Zg c` = a + (n–1) d
N. cQ›` n‡q‡Q e‡j AvMÖ‡n MÖnY Ki‡eb| DËi: M
hyw³: eÜzi †`qv DcnviwU memgqB †h cQ›`B n‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv wbðqZv 1. hw` ABC = ZYX nq, Z‡e GIVV=?
†bB| KviY eÜz n‡iI cQ‡›ì †ÿ‡Î e¨w³ gvÎB ¯^Zš¿ _vK‡e| ZvB nqZ K) TERE L) TEER M) TREE N) FREE DËi: M
Avcbvi Rb¨ eÜzi cQ›` Kiv DcnviwU Avcbvi cQ›` n‡jv bv| wKš‘ eÜz‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb
†mUv cÖKvk bv KivB †kÖq| G‡Z Avcbvi eÜzi gbI cÖmv` I Z…wß jvf  MwVZ k‡ãi eY©¸‡jv cvi¯úwiK Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i Gb‡KvW Kiv _vK‡Z
Ki‡e| Avi DcnviwU A‡_©i g~j¨ ev †`L‡Z fv‡jv jvMv ev g›` jvMv Øviv cv‡i|
g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq bv| D`vniY w`‡q welqwU eySv‡bv nj:
1. What would be the most useful thing to do, first of all, if T A L E L A T E
you see your nieghbour's house on fire? 1 2 3 4 =3 2 1 4
K) Run away for personal safety
L) Shout ''Help, help'' G‡ÿ‡Î Position 1 I 3 Gi eY©Øq Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q|
M) Telephone for the fire brigade and meanwhile help the
inmates out R A P E P A R E
N) Don't involove yourself unnecessarily, for the fire is not 1 2 3 4 = 3 2 1 4
likely to spread to your house DËi: M
2. What would be the most useful thing to do first of all if 2. hw` TALE = LATE nq, Z‡e CAFE = ?
you see your younger brother trying to cut his finger K) CAFE L) FACE M) EAFC N) AEFC DËi: L
with a blade? wP‡ýi weKí
K) Run to tell mother about it  GB RvZxq mgm¨vq, ¯^vfvweK MvwYwZK wPý Gi cwie‡Z© cÖ‡kœ wb‡`©wkZ wPý
L) Telephone for the doctor eënvi K‡i mwVK DËi †ei Ki‡Z nq| †hgb: 8 P 2 Q 16 †K A_©c~Y©
M) Stop him from doing so MvwYwZK mgxKiY evbv‡Z n‡j P A_©  Ges Q A_© = n‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j,
N) Run to geth the first aid box DËi: M 82 = 16; hv A_©c~Y© MvwYwZK mgxKiY|
3. 'Road accidents have increased significantly.'' The 3. hw` A A_© , B A_© +, C A_© – Ges D A_©  nq Zvn‡j - 11 B 15
statement will be strengthened by the following except: C 8A4 D 5=?
K) Drivers are running cars recklessly K) 36 L) - 16 M) 26 N) 16 DËi: N
L) Only well-trained drivers are allowed to run the cars k‡ãi cÖ_g eY©
M) Road trafficking is almost absent  wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v, †`‡ki bvg, KweZvi jvBb, we‡kl evYx Gi cÖwZ
N) Street trafficking is notworking at night DËi: L k‡ãi cÖ_g eY© wb‡q cÖkœ _v‡K| mswÿß bvg †ei Ki‡Z nq ev mswÿß bv‡gi
4. 'Price of vegetables is very hight in city area in GKwU eY© fz‡R †ei Ki‡Z nq| wKQz AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi bvg I Zv‡ì mswÿß
comparison to that in rural area.'' This claim is iƒc wb‡P †`qv nj|
weakened by the following facts except: eY©µwgK web¨vm
K) There is least demand for vegetable in city area  evsjv I Bs‡iwR e‡Y©i eY©µg eënvi K‡i G ai‡bi mgm¨vewji mgvavb Kiv
L) Vegetables are subject todownward price control in nq| mvaviYZ eY©gvjvi ïiæ †_‡K †kl A_©vr A †_‡K Z ch©šÍ µwgK b¤î
cityarea by the government wn‡m‡e K‡i A_ev †kl †_‡K kiæ ch©šÍ A_©vr Z †_‡K A ch©šÍ eY©mg~‡ni
M) City dwellers purchase vegetable produced only in the city area µwgK b¤î ¯’vcb K‡i ms‡KZ ev †KvW cybiæ×vi Kiv nq|
N) Vegetables are mostly common item of every meal of a city area  evsjv eY©gvjvi †ÿ‡Î ¯îeY© I e¨Äbe‡Y©i Rb¨ c„_Kfv‡e µg wba©viY Kiv
DËi: N nq| G‡ÿ‡ÎI `yfv‡e µwgK bs wnmve Kiv hvq| h_v: ïiæ †_‡K †kl (K - u)
5. If Ram lives on the first floor, then Sham lives on the Ges †kl †_‡K ïiæ ( u - Ke) wn‡m‡e µg wba©viY | G‡ÿ‡Î ¯îeY© I
second. Sham does live on the second floor. Therefore- e¨Äbe‡Y©i c„_K µg ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
K) Ram does not live on the first floor 4. hw` P  G = 42 nq Z‡e J  U = ?
L) Ram may or may not live on the first floor. K) 120 L) 92 M) 115 N) 110 DËi: N
M) Ram may or may not live on the first floor. e‡Y©i mgZzj¨ msL¨v wbY©q
N) Ram lives on the second floor. DËi: M  cÖ‡kœi e‡Y©i µg Abyhvqx ev e‡Y©i µg e¨fnvi K‡i k‡ãi mgZzj¨ msL¨v †`qv
6. A doctor asked his patient, ''Do you have high blood _vK‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î mgvavb wbY©q Ki‡Z DwjøwLZ kã Gi eY©¸‡jvi eY©µg
sugar?'' The patient replied, ''I never went to a cvkvcvwk ewm‡q k‡ãi mgZzj¨ msL¨v wbY©q Kiv nq|
hospital'. Conclusion from this conversation is: 5. hw` FACE = 6135 nq, Zvn‡j BHAI = ?
K) The patient does not have high blood sugar K) 2719 L) 2819 M) 2917 N) 2818 DËi: L
L) The patient has hight blood sugar cÖ‡kœi †`qv eY©µg eënvi K‡i k‡ãi mgZzj¨ msL¨v wbY©q
M) Having high blood sugar is normal  GB RvZxq mgm¨vq cÖ‡kœi k‡ãi mgZzj¨ msL¨v †`qv _vK‡e †hwU eY©µg
N) The patient did not answer the question directly DËi: M Abyhvqx bv| ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡kœi †`qv k‡ãi eY©¸‡jvi mgZzj¨ msL¨v wbY©q
K‡i †mB Abyhvqx mgvav‡bi k‡ãi mgZzj¨ msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb:
fvlvMZ †h․w³K wePvi TRAIN = 98726 n‡j TARIN = ?
e‡Y©i cwie‡Z© eY© GLv‡b, T = 9; R= 8; A=7; I = 2 = 2; N = 6
 GKwU e‡Y©i ¯’v‡b Ab¨ eY© eënvi K‡i Gb‡KvW Kiv nq| jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, GLv‡b k‡ãi mgZzj¨ msL¨vq eY©µg eënvi Kiv
i. eY©gvjvi µ‡g e‡Y©i Av‡Mi/c‡ii (2/3/4...) N‡ii eY© eëüZ n‡Z nqwb| GB Abyhvqx TARIN = 97826
cv‡i| 6. hw` ROSE †K †iLv nq 6821, CHAIR †K †jLv nq 73456 Ges
ii. eY©¸‡jv Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| PREACH †K †jLv nq 961473, Zvn‡j SEARCH -Gi †KvW KZ?
iii. Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx, †Kvb N‡i Av‡Mi, Avevi †Kvb N‡i c‡ii eY© eëüZ K) 246173 L) 214673 M) 214763 N) 216473 DËi: L
n‡Z cv‡i| 7. hw` TRAIN = 98726 nq, Z‡e TARIN = KZ n‡e?
cÖ`Ë m~Î †_‡K cv‡Vv×vi K‡i Ack‡bi mv‡_ wgwj‡q DËi Ki‡Z n‡e| K) 97862 L) 97826 M) 97682 N) 69782 DËi: L
Coding & Decoding ‡hgb- TULIP : FLOWER::?
1. hw` TRAIN = 98726 nq, Z‡e TARIN = KZ? K. Rose : Red L. Honey: Bee
K) 97862 L) 97826 M) 97682 N) 69782 DËi: L M. Oak : Tree N. Boart : Sea
2. If LOYAL is coded as JOWAL, then PRONE is coded as- GLv‡b cÖ ‡ kœ Dwjø w LZ kãhy M j wb‡q MwVZ evK¨ n‡Z cv‡i, Tulip is a type
of flower.
K) QRPNF L) NRMND
M) ORNMG N) NRMNC DËi: N
1. Oxygen : Burn : Carbohydrate : -
3. If GAMES is spelt is as HBNFT, what will be the
K) Isolate L) Fame
spelling of SPORTS?
M) Extinguish N) Explode DËi: N
K) PONQSR L) TQPSUT
2. Liability : Immunity, then-
M) RONOSR N) TOQSUT DËi: L
K) Dibit : Credit L) Real estate : Property
4. hw` TALE = LATE nq, Z‡e CAFE = ?
M) Pardon : Amnesty N) Fidelity : Honesty DËi: K
K) FACE L) CAEF M) EAFC N) AEFC DËi: K
3. Influenza : Virus :: Typhoid:?
5. hw` P  G = 42 nq, Z‡e j  U = ? K) Bacillus L) Parasite M) Protozoa N) BacteriaDËi: N
K) 120 L) 92 M) 115 N) 110 DËi: N
4. Time : Watch :: Pressure :?
6. IF APPLE converts to ELPPA then 256478 would be?
K) Meter L) Hard M) Barometer N) Force DËi: M
K) 648725 L) 845267 M) 467825 N) 874652 DËi: N
5. Water is Oxygen as salt is to ––
Odd one Out K) iron L) sodium M) calcium N) protein DËi: L
1. Which word is different from other? 6. ‡Kv‡bv we‡qi Abyôv‡b nVvr K‡i Avcbvi †cvkvKwU wekÖxfv‡e wQu‡o bó n‡q
K) Media L) Newspaper †Mj| G Ae¯’vq Avcwb Kx Ki‡eb?
M) Private TV channel N) Radio DËi: K K) ‡Qu‡o AskUzKz a‡i ivLvi †Póv Ki‡eb
L) we‡q evwo †Q‡o P‡j hv‡eb
2. ‡KvbwU wfbœag©x?
M) ‡cvkv‡Ki †Qu‡o AskUzKz †hfv‡e Av‡Q †mfv‡e ivL‡eb
K) Aluminum L) Iron N) Avcbvi KvQvKvwQ hviv Av‡Qb Zv‡ì civgk© wb‡eb DËi: N
M) Copper N) Mercury DËi: N 7. B`vbxs Avcbvi g‡b n‡”Q msmv‡i Avcbvi ¸iæZ¡ n«vm cv‡”Q| G Ae¯’vq
3. wb‡Pi †Kvb msL¨vwU Ab¨ iKg? Avcwb Ki‡eb?
K) 43 L) 23 M) 19 N) 16 DËi: N K) LyeB nZvkv‡eva Ki‡eb
4. wb‡Pi †Kvb ¯’vb Ab¨ ¯’vb n‡Z Avjv`v? L) eÜz‡ì mv‡_ welqwU Avjvc Ki‡eb
K) ‡im‡Kvm© gq`vb L) gywRebMi M) msmv‡ii cÖwZ Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM †`‡eb
M) ‡K›`ªxq knx` wgbvi N) w_‡qUvi †ivW, †KvjKvZv DËi: M N) ‡ÿvf I `ytL cÖKvk K‡i gb Lvivc Ki‡eb DËi: M
5. wb‡Pi †Kvb kãwU wfbœ ai‡bi? 8. g‡b Kiæb Avcwb jUvwi‡Z 10 jÿ UvKv wRZ‡jb| Avcwb Kx Ki‡eb?
K) c„w_ex L) Pvu` M) g½j N) cøy‡Uv DËi: L K) fvM¨ cixÿvi Rb¨ †im †Ljv ïiæ Ki‡eb
6. wb‡¤œi ‡KvbwU e¨wZµg? L) GKwU Mvox wKb‡eb
K) ‡gvMvw`my L) ‡cvU© Ae wcÖÝ M) bvB‡ivwe N) WvKvi DËi: L M) Avcbvi gwbe‡K fwel¨Z cwiKíbvi K_v e‡j Kv‡R B¯Ídv w`‡eb
N) mÂqc‡Î UvKv jvMv‡eb DËi: N
i‡³i m¤úK© wbY©q
1. K, L-Gi cyÎ| L Ges M ci¯úi †evb| N n‡”Q M-Gi gv| P, N-Gi cyÎ| P- Impossibilities
Gi ms‡M Gi m¤úK© wK? 1. It is impossible to write drama without ––
K) K, P Gi fvB L) P, K Gi fv‡Mœ K) pen L) pencil M) director N) plot DËi: N
M) K, P Gi evev N) K Gi gvgv P DËi: N 2. It is impossible to reach perfection without –––
2. A, B Gi Qwe †`wL‡q ejj, Ô‡m Avgvi wcZvg‡ni GKgvÎ cy‡Îi ¯¿xi †g‡qÕ| K) Training L) Practice
B, Gi gv m¤ú‡K© A Gi wK nq? M) Guidance N) Education DËi: L
K) Lvjv L) dzcy M) gv N) PvPx DËi: M 3. It is impossible for the earth to
3. K n‡”Q L-Gi fvB, M n‡”Q K-Gi †evb, N n‡”Q O-Gi fvB Ges O n‡”Q K- K) Move round the sun
Gi Kb¨v| N-Gi PvPv †K? L) be the nerarest planet to the sun
K) K L) L M) M N) N DËi: L M) have lights out it N) have land and sea DËi: L
4. K, L Gi †evb| M, L Gi gv| N, M Gi evev| O, N Gi gv| K, N Gi-? 4. It is impossible for an advocate to
K) `v`v L) `vw` M) bvZbx N) bvwZ DËi: M K) conduct a case without fees
5. A is B's sister; C is B's mother; D is C's father; E is D's L) be a leader
mother. Then, how is A related to D? M) be impartial in conducting
K) Grandmother L) Grand daughter N) be a poor man DËi: M
M) Grand father N) Daughter DËi: L 5. It is impossible for a flower?
mv`„k¨ K) Not to have colour L) Not to have shape
 GB RvZxq m`m¨vq cÖ‡kœ DwjøwLZ kãhy‡Mi g‡a¨ we`¨vgvb m¤úK© Abyhvqx M) Not to have shape N) Not to have sweetnes DËi: K
Ackb †_‡K kãhyMj Ly‡R †ei Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡ì g‡aÏ GKB m¤úK© 6. It is impossble for a leader
we`¨gvb| GB RvZxq cÖkœ mgvav‡bi wKQz †K․kj wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv: K) Not to have education L) Not to have wealt
 cÖ‡kœ DwjøwLZ kãhyMj w`‡q GKwU bridge sentence evbv‡Z n‡e, †hB M) Not to have staiment
ev‡K¨ ïiæ kã `yÕwUi GKwU m¤úK© cwi®‥vi fv‡e eySvq hvq Ges evK¨wU N) Not to have popularity DËi: N
mnR| Gici Ack‡b DwjøwLZ kã hyMj¸‡jv wb‡qI GKB KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| 7. It is impossible for a football team
†hB Ack‡bi kã hyM‡ji Bridge sentence Gi mv‡_ cÖ‡kœi Bridge K) Not to have jersy L) Not to have a football
sentence wg‡j hv‡e ev GKB iKg fvev_©/ KvR ev mv`„k¨ cvIqv hv‡e, M) Not to have a team worker
†mwUB mwVK DËi| N) Not to have a team manger DËi: N
8. It is impossible for a voter to? 4. Which number replaces the question mark?
K) compete for a seat L) apply for immigration 6 1 5
M) be illiterate N) be under eighteen years DËi: N 3 9 10
9. It is impossible to imagine a bicycle without any- 4 3 ?
K) bel L) rider M) break N) chain DËi: L K) 5 L) 6 M) 7 N) 8 DËi: K
10. It is impossible for a sceptic to be a- 5. Insert the missing number.
K) philosopher L) saint 14 9 4
M) nithilist N) idealist DËi: L
12 7 2
Completing Series 10 5 0
1. ‡Kvb msL¨vwU wb‡¤œv³ avivi AšÍfz©³ bq? 1-2-5-10-13-26-29-48 16 11 ?
K) 1 L) 10 M) 29 N) 48 DËi: N K) 9 L) 6 M) 3 N) 7 DËi: L
2. wb‡Pi msL¨v wmwi‡Ri cÖkœ‡eva wP‡ýi ¯’v‡b †Kvb msL¨vwU em‡e? 3, 5, 9, 6. Which on will replace the question mark?
11, 15, 17, 21, ? 3 6 8
K) 23 L) 25 M) 27 N) 29 DËi: K
5 8 4
3. Look at the series: 31, 29, 24, 22, 17, ----.. What number
4 7 ?
should come next?
K) 6 L) 7 M) 8 N) 9 DËi: K
K) 12 L) 13 M) 14 N) 15 DËi: N
4. If a series looks like 1, 1.5, 2.5, 4, ------ then which of the R¨vwgwZK wP‡Îi msL¨v msµvšÍ
following comes next in the sequence'? 1. wP‡Î †gvU KZwU wÎfzR Av‡Q?
K) 5.1 L) 6 M) 6.5 N) 7 DËi: L
5. Which of the following numbers replaces the question
mark in the series? 5, 7, 11, ?, 35, 67
K) 19 L) 22 M) 28 N) 30 DËi: K K) 8wU L) 10wU M) 13wU N) 16wU DËi: N
2. wP‡Îi KqwU wÎfzR Av‡Q?
6. 7, 11, 12, 14, 17, 17, 22, ? cÖkœ‡evaK ¯’v‡b wb‡Pi †Kvb msL¨vwU em‡e?
K) 20 L) 22 M) 24 N) 27 DËi: K
7. wb‡Pi wmwi‡Ri GKwU b¤î fzj Av‡Q| †mB b¤î †KvbwU? 0 1 2 5 9 14 20
27 29
K) 1 L) 2 M) 14 N) 29 DËi: N
K) 4wU L) 7wU M) 8wU N) 10wU DËi: M
8. One number is wrong in the folloiwng series. What
3. wP‡Îi KZwU wÎfzR Av‡Q?
should that number be? 1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 7, 5, 9, 6
K) 10 L) 8 M) 11 N) 9 DËi: N
9. One number is wrong in the following series. What
should that number be? 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 233,
K) 243 L) 250 M) 175 N) 227 DËi: K K) 1wU L) 2wU M) 3wU N) 4wU DËi: M
10. wmwi‡R fzj msL¨vwU †ei Kiæb- 3, 7, 15, 3, 63, 127, 255 cwÄKv
K) 7 L) 15 M) 30 N) 63 DËi: M 4. 2007 mv‡ji 28 †k b‡f¤î hw` eyaevi nq, Zvn‡j 2018 mv‡ji 28 †k
11. wb‡Pi mvwi‡Z GKwU msL¨v fzj fv‡e †`qv Av‡Q| †mB msL¨vwU KZ? 1 4 2 b‡f¤î Kx evi n‡e?
53647596 K) eyaevi L) kweevi M) iweevi N) g½jevi DËi: K
K) 5 L) 6 M) 9 N) 8 DËi: M 5. 2009 mv‡ji 1jv Rvbyqvix e„n¯úwZevi wQj| †m eQi 31 wW‡m¤î wK evi
Logical Number in figure wQj?
1. cÖkœ‡evaK ¯’v‡b †Kvb msL¨vwU em‡e? K) g½jevi L) eyaevi M) e„n¯úwZevi N) ïµevi DËi: M
5 8 11 6. 2012 mv‡ji 1jv Rvbyqvwi iweevi, G eQ‡ii 31 wW‡m¤î Kx evi n‡e?
K) iweevi L) ‡mvgevi M) kwbevi N) g½jevi DËi: L
25 64 ?
7. 1994 mv‡ji 1jv wW‡m¤î e„n¯úwZevi wQj| 1995 mv‡ji H GKB w`b wK
15 48 99 evi wQj?
K) 121 L) 135 M) 136 N) 187 DËi: K K) e„n¯úwZevi L) ïµevi M) eyaevi N) kwbevi DËi: L
2. wb‡Pi ev‡·i dvuKv As‡k †Kvb msL¨vwU em‡e? 8. 2006 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi iweevi n‡j 2010 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi Kx evi wQj?
5 10 3 K) ïµevi L) kwbevi M) iweevi N) eyaevi DËi: K
4 6 4
9 2 ? Mathematical Problem
K) 7 L) 6 M) 5 N) 8 DËi: M 9. ‡KvbwU †g․wjK msL¨v?
K) 91 L) 47 M) 87 N) 55 DËi: L
3. Which number can be placed at the sing of interrogation
10. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †g․wjK msL¨v?
6 6 8
K) 91 L) 87 M) 63 N) 59 DËi: N
5 7 5
11. wZbwU avivevwnK we‡Rvo msL¨vi †hvMdj 177| ga¨g msL¨vwU KZ?
4 3 ? K) 47 L) 59 M) 65 N) 69 DËi: L
120 126 320 12. ‡Kvb A¼wU ÿz`ªZg?
K) 12 L) 16 M) 8 N) 4 DËi: M K) 2/9 L) 5/8 M) 1/5 N) 7/12 DËi: M
13. 3/4, 2/5, 1/6, 5/8 Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU e„nËg? hyw³ : Avgiv Rvwb, mKvj †ejv m~h© c~e© w`‡K Dw`Z nq| myZivs †jvKwU
K) 3/4 L) 2/5 M) 1/6 N) 5/8 DËi: K cwðg w`‡K gyL K‡i hvÎv ïiæ Kij| Gici †m cÖ_‡g `wÿY w`‡K Gici
14. ‡Kvb fMœvskwU ÿz`ªZg? c~e©w`‡K Ges me‡k‡l `wÿY w`‡K hvÎv ïiæ Kij|
K) 5/6 L) 12/15 M) 11/14 N) 17/21 DËi: M 13| iƒcv cÖ_‡g 12 wK. wg hvq DË‡i| c‡i 12 wK. wg. hvq cwð‡g| †mLvb †_‡K
15. Av‡jqvi Av‡qi 3/4 Ask 7500 UvKv n‡j, †gvU Avq KZ UvKv? 6 wK. wg. hvq `wÿ‡Y| hvÎv¯’vb n‡Z H ¯’v‡bi †mvRvmywR `~iZ¡ KZ?
K) 100000 L) 15000 M) 20500 N) 22500 DËi: K K) 9 wK. wg. L) 10 wK. wg
Measure Spatial Relationship and Direction M) 11 wK. wg N) 12 wK. wg DËi: L
01| GKwU evj‡Ki mvwi‡Z evg w`K n‡Z wgï 27Zg Ges Wvb w`K n‡Z 5g nq hyw³ : BC = AD = (12-6) = 6wK. wg. [BF = AD]
Z‡e mvwi‡Z †gvU evj‡Ki msL¨v KZ? 14| kvcjv evwo †_‡K (c~e© w`K n‡Z) ¯‥z‡j hvIqvi Rb¨ iIbv nj| wKQy ÿY ci
K) 32 Rb L) 30 Rb M) 22 Rb N) 31 Rb DËi: N GKwU †P․iv¯Ívi †gv‡o Avm‡jv| GLb Zvi Wvb nv‡Zi w`‡K iv¯Ívi †kl cÖv‡šÍ
hyw³: †h‡nZz 27Zg Ges 5g ¯’v‡b GKB evjK Av‡Q myZivs †gvU evjK Av‡Q GKwU gmwR`| mvg‡bi w`‡K nj nvmcvZvj Zvn‡j Zvi ¯‥zjwU †Kvb
msL¨v n‡e (27+4) = 31 Rb| w`‡K|
02| GKwU evwjKvi mvwi‡Z iƒcv cÖ_g n‡Z 7g ¯’v‡b Ges wcQb n‡Z 13 Zg K) DËi L) `wÿY M) c~e© N) cwðg DËi: L
¯’v‡b _vK‡j mvwi‡Z †gvU evwjKvi msL¨v KZ? 15| wkíx 8 wK‡jvwgUvi c~ ‡ e© wM‡q †m Wvbw`‡K Ny i ‡jv Ges 3 wK‡jvwgUvi †Mj|
K) 20 Rb L) 19 Rb M) 27 Rb N) 6 Rb DËi: L Avevi †m Wvb w`‡K 12 wK‡jvwgUvi †Mj| hvÎv¯’vb †_‡K Zvi †mvRvmywR
hyw³: evwjKvi msL¨v (7+12) = 19 Rb `~iZ¡ KZ?
03| wniY wkgy‡ji †P‡q j¤^v, wkg~j D¾¡‡ji †_‡K †e‡U, mv‡bvqvi mygb †_‡K K) 10 wK. wg L) 6 wK. wg M) 5 wK. wg N) 7 wK. wg DËi: M
†e‡U wKš‘ D¾¡j †_‡K j¤^v| Z‡e ‡K me‡P‡q j¤^v| 16| 3 wK‡jvwgUvi nuvUvi ci wkgyj Zvi Wvbw`‡K Ny‡i 2 wK‡jvwgUvi nvuU‡jv|
K) wniY L) mv‡bvqvi M) D¾j N) wkg~j DËi: K Zvi ci evgw`‡K Ny‡i AviI 2 wK‡jvwgUvi nvuU‡jv| Zvi ci evgw`‡K Ny‡i
hyw&³: wniY > mv‡bvqvi > D¾j > wkg~j| AviI 12 wK‡jvwgUvi nvuU‡jv| me †k‡l †m `wÿY w`‡K nvuU‡jv| Zvi hvÎv
04| GKB mvwi‡Z M, N, O, P Ges Q GB cuvPwU †`vKvb Av‡Q M, N- Gi ïiæ n‡qwQj †Kvb †Kvb w`K †_‡K|
Wvb w`‡K wKš‘ O Gi evg w`‡K| Q, M- Gi Wvb w`‡K N, P- Gi K) `wÿY L) DËi M) c~e© N) cwðg DËi: M
Wvbw`‡K| Zvn‡j †Kvb †`vKvbwU gvSLv‡b Aew¯’Z| hy w
y ³ : hvÎv ïiæ nq DËi w`K n‡Z|
K) N L) M M) O N) P DËi: L 17| gvgyb, Rv‡e`, gyiv` I wkg~j Zvm †Lj‡Q| gvgyb I Rv‡e` GKB `‡j
hyw³ : †`vKv‡bi Ae¯’vb- PNMQO †Lj‡Q| wkg~j `wÿY w`‡K gyL K‡i Av‡Q| hw` gvgyb cwðg w`‡K gyL K‡i
05| wicv `yB w`K n‡ZB 7g ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Z‡e mvwi‡Z KZRb Av‡Q? _vK‡Zv Zvn‡j DËi w`‡K gyL K‡i †K e‡m Av‡Q?
K) 11 Rb L) 12 Rb M) 13Rb N) 14 Rb DËi: M K) wkg~j L) gvgyb M) Rv‡e` N) gyiv` DËi: N
hyw³ : 6 + 1 + 6 = 13 Rb 18| bRiæj mv‡ne cwðg w`‡K nvU‡Z ïiæ K‡i wKQy`~i hvIqvi ci †m Wvbw`‡K
06| 5 Rb evjK GKwU †`․o cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Ask †bq| wkg~j myg‡bi Av‡M ‡`․‡o m¤úbœ †gvo wbj| AviI wKQyUv nvUvi ci †m Wvbw`‡K †gvo wbj| AviI wKQy`~i
K‡i wKš‘ gyiv‡ì wcQ‡b _v‡K| gviæd, wic‡bi Av‡M †`․o m¤úbœ K‡i wKš‘ myg‡bi hvIqvi ci †m evgw`‡K †gvo wbj| ej‡Z n‡e ‡m †Kvbw`‡K nvUwQj?
wcP‡b _v‡K| Zvn‡j cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq cÖ_g n‡jv †K?
K) c~e© L) DËi M) `wÿY N) cwðg DËi: K
K) mygb L) wkg~j M) gyiv` N) gviæd DËi: M
hyw³ : Zv‡ì †`․ov‡bvi MwZ‡eM = gyiv` > wkg~j > mygb > gviæd > wicb 19| A, B, C, D 4wU †Rjv| B ‡RjvwU AC Gi `wÿY cwð‡g C Gi c~‡e©, A
07| 5 Rb evjK GKwU †`․o cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Ask †bq| wkgyj myg‡bi Av‡M †`․o m¤úbœ G`wÿY c~ ‡ e| D ‡RjvwU C Gi DË‡i BA eivei Aew¯’ Z Zvn‡j A
K‡i wKš‘ gyiv‡ì wcQ‡b _v‡K| gviæd, wic‡bi Av‡M ‡`․o m¤úbœ K‡i wKš‘ ‡RjvwUi Ae¯’ v b †Kvb w`‡K?
K) DËi L) `wÿY M) c~e© N) cwðg DËi: K
myg‡bi wcQ‡b _v‡K| Zvn‡j cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wØZxq n‡jv †K?
20| GKwU ‡`qvj Nwo‡Z mgq †`Lv hv‡”Q 5-30 wgwbU hw` wgwb‡Ui KvUvwU c~e©
K) gyiv` L) mygb M) wkg~j N) gviæd DËi: M w`‡K _v‡K Z‡e N›Uvq KvUvwU †Kvb w`‡K?
hyw³ : Zv‡ì †`․ov‡bvi MwZ‡eM = gyiv` > wkg~j > mygb > gviæd > wicb| K) DËi-cwðg L) DËi-`wÿY
08| Avcbviv 5 fvB| Avcbv‡ì wcZvgvZv GLbI RxweZ Av‡Qb| Ges M) DËi-c~e© N) `wÿY-c~e© DËi: M
Avcbv‡ì mK‡ji 1wU K‡i †evb Av‡Q| Zvn‡j Avcvbv‡ì cwiev‡ii m`m¨ hyw³ : 5-30 wgwbU mgq N›Uvq KvUv wgwb‡Ui KvUv `ywU cvkvcvwk _v‡K|
KZRb? hw` wgwb‡Ui KvUv c~e©w`‡K _v‡K Z‡e N›Uvq KvUv DË‡ii w`‡K ‡n‡j _v‡K
K) 9 Rb L) 12 Rb M) 10 Rb N) 8 Rb DËi: N A_©vr N›Uvq KvUvwU DËi c~e© ‡KvYvKzwb _v‡K|
21| ivmv hLb University- ‡Z †cu․Qvj ZLb Zviv evmwU DËi w`‡K gyL K‡i
hyw³ : 2 Rb (evev + gv) + 5 Rb (fvB) + 1 Rb (†evb) = 8 Rb|
wQ‡jv| gnvLvwj †_‡K hvÎv ïiæi ci evmwU 2 evi w`K cwieZ©b K‡i Avevi
09| wicb, wkc‡bi mvg‡b| myg‡bi wcQ‡b wkcb| wkc‡bi wcQ‡b Zzwnb| evmwU evgw`‡K Ny‡i University- ‡cu․Qv‡j| gnvLvjx †_‡K hLb evmwU
Zzwn‡bi Av‡M gvwnb| Zvn‡j gvSLv‡b †K? hvÎv ïiæ K‡i ZLb evmwUi gyL †Kvb w`‡K wQj|
K) gvwnb L) wkcb M) wicb N) mygb DËi: L K) cwðg L) `wÿY M) DËi N) c~e© DËi: K
hyw³ : Zzwnb > gvwnb > wkcb > mygb > wicb| 22| GKwU †`qvj Nwo‡Z hLb 9Uv ev‡R ZLb N›Uvi KvUv hw` cwðg w`‡K _v‡K
10| wkc‡bi Wv‡b wicb| wic‡bi wcQ‡b Zzwnb| Zzwn‡bi ev‡g gvwnb| myg‡bi Z‡e wgwb‡Ui KvUv †Kvb w`‡K _vK‡e|
Wv‡b gvwnb Zvn‡j me© ev‡g †K? K) cwðg L) c~e© M) `wÿY N) DËi DËi: N
K) mygb L) gvwnb M) Zzwnb N) wicb DËi: K hyw³ : hw` N›Uvi KvuUv cwðg w`‡K _v‡K Z‡e wgwb‡Ui KvUv DËi w`‡K _vK‡e|
11| GKwU mvwi‡Z 6 Rb e‡m Av‡Q| A e‡m‡Q B Gi Wvbw`‡K wKš‘ C Gi 23| GKwU Nwo‡Z hLb 2-15 ev‡R ZLb hw` wgwb‡Ui KvUv `wÿY w`‡K _v‡K
evgw`‡K D e‡m‡Q E Gi evgw`‡K wKš‘ B Gi Wvbw`‡K| B e‡m‡Q F Gi Z‡e N›Uvi KvUv _vK‡e †Kvb w`‡K?
Wvbw`‡K| gvSLv‡b Kviv e‡m‡Q? K) DËi-c~e© L) `wÿY - c~e©
K) CA L) DE M) BF N) CF DËi: L M) c~e©-cwðg N) DËi-`wÿY DËi: L
hyw³ : Zviv avivevwnK fv‡e e‡m, FÍB--- D --- E---AÍC. hyw³ : wgwb‡Ui KvUv `wÿY w`‡K _vK‡j N›Uvi KvUv `wÿY-c~e© †KvbvKzwb _vK‡e|
12| GKwU †jvK mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K D‡V hLb hvÎv ïiæ Kij m~h© ZLb Zvi 24| wkg~j DËi w`‡K 40 wgUvi †Mj| c‡i evg w`‡K Ny‡i AviI 15 wgwbU †Mj|
wcQ‡b| 10 wgwbU ci †m evgw`‡K Nyij Ges 20 wgwbU ci †m Avevi evg Avevi evg w`‡K Ny‡i 30 wgUvi †Mj Ges Wvb w`‡K 45 †Kv‡Y Ny‡i 0
w`‡K Nyi‡jv| Avevi 20 wgwbU ci †m Wvb w`‡K Nyi‡jv| GLb Zvi gyL
†Kvb w`‡K- †`․ov‡jv me‡k‡l †m †Kvb w`‡K hvw”Qj|
K) `wÿY w`‡K L) DËi w`‡K K) DËi-cwðg L) DËi-c~e©
M) c~e© w`‡K N) cwðg w`‡K DËi: K M) cwðg N) `wÿY-cwðg DËi: K
25| L›`Kvi gviæd KviLx mv‡ne GKRb e¨vsKvi| wZwb Zvi e¨vsK Awdm n‡Z e¨vL¨v t GKRb cÖKvk‡Ki KvR n‡jv eB cy¯K Í Published Kiv| Avi
3 wK‡jvwgUvi `wÿ‡Y †M‡jb| Zvici wZwb evgw`‡K Nyi‡jb| evgw`‡K Ny‡i GKRb m¤úv`‡Ki KvR n‡jv eB/cy¯K Í Editing Kiv|
4 wK‡jvwgUvi hvevi ci wZwb QywUcyi bvgK ¯’v‡b †cu․Qv‡jb| Zvn‡i e¨vsK 08. A little boy is related to toy ball as a little girl is to-
†_‡K QywUcy‡ii `~iZ¡ KZ †ei Kiæb| a. toy doll b. toy top
K) 6 wK. wg L) 3 wK. wg. M) 5 wK. wg. N) 7 wK. wg. DËi: M c. toy bat d. toy pistol DËi: a
26| wkg~j, gviæd, iwb, mygb, gyiv`, nvwee GB 6 Rb e„ËKvi e‡m Av‡Q gviæd e‡m‡Q e¨vL¨v t †QvU evj‡Kiv mvaviYZ Toy ball ‡Lj‡Z fvjev‡m ‡Zgwb †QvU
nvwee I iwbi gvSLv‡b Ges wkg~j e‡m‡Q gyiv` I myg‡bi gvSLv‡b | nvwee e‡m †g‡qiv fvjev‡m Toy doll ‡Lj‡Z|
Av‡Q myg‡bi ev‡g| Zvn‡j wkg~j I nvwe‡ei gvSLv‡b †K e‡m Av‡Q| 09| wicb †K ejv n‡jv 100 UvKv †K Ggb `yBfv‡M fvM Kiæb †hb GKfvM
K) gviæd L) mygb M) iwb N) gyiv` DËi: L A‡cÿv Ab¨fvM Ab¨fv‡M 4 UvKv Kg ev †ewk nq| Zvn‡j fvM `ywUi UvKvi
27| wgkb ¯‥z‡ji c~‡e© w`‡K n‡jv evRvi Ges `wÿY w`‡K n‡jv wgkb‡ì evwo| cwigvY KZ?
evRv‡ii DËi w`‡K n‡jv gv`ªvmv| gv`ªvmv †_‡K evRv‡ii `~iZ¡ hw` wgkb‡ì K) 52, 48 L) 50,52 M) 49, 53 N) 47, 51 DËi: K
evwo †_‡K ¯^y‡ji †Kvb w`‡K Aew¯’Z|
e¨vL¨v t (100 + 4)  2 = 52 UvKv|
K) `wÿY L) `wÿY-c~e© M) DËi-c~e© N) c~e©-cwðg DËi: M
Ab¨ fvM = (100 - 52) = 48 UvKv|
hyw³ : ¯‥z‡ji mv‡c‡ÿ gv`ªvmvwU DËi-c~‡e© Aew¯’Z|
10| GKwU cyKz‡ii 1g w`‡b hZ Ask KzPzwicvbv Øviv c~Y© nq 2 w`‡b wØ¸Y
28| GKwU Nwo‡Z GLb ev‡R mKvj 6-15 wgwbU| NwowUi N›Uvi KvUv Av‡Q
cwigvY c~Y© nq| Gfv‡e 30 w`‡b m¤ú~Y© cyKziwU KzPzwicvbvq f‡i †Mj Zvn‡j
m~‡h©i wecixZ w`‡K| Zvn‡j wgwb‡Ui KvUvwU †Kvb w`‡K Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q|
cyKziwUi A‡a©K fi‡Z KZw`b jvM‡e|
K) DËi L) c~e© M) `wÿY N) `wÿY-c~e© DËi: M
K) 15 w`b L) 14 w`b M) 29 w`b N) 27 w`b DËi: M
hyw³ : †h‡nZz mKvj †ejv †m‡nZz N›Uvi KvUvwU Av‡Q cwðg w`‡K Zvn‡j
e¨vL¨v t †h‡nZz 30 w`‡b cyKziwU f‡i hvq Ges wØ¸Y nv‡i e„w× cvq cyKzi wU
wgwb‡Ui KvUvwU _vK‡e `wÿY w`‡K|
Awa©K fi‡Z mgq jvM‡e 29 w`b|
29| c~e© w`‡K 7 wK‡jvwgUvi nvUvi ci g‡bvqvi mv‡ne evg w`‡K Ny‡i 2
11| 5 UvKv, 2 UvKv I 1 UvKvi †gvU 15 wU K‡q‡bi †hvMdj 60 UvKv n‡j 2
wK‡jvwgUvi nuvU‡jb| Zvici AviI ev‡g Ny‡i 5 wK‡jvwgUvi nvuU‡jb|
UvKvi K‡qb msL¨v KZwU n‡e?
me‡k‡l wZwb †Kvb w`‡K gyL K‡i wQ‡jb?
K) 7wU L) 3wU M) 1wU N) 5wU DËi: M
K) `wÿY L) DËi M) cwðg N) c~e© DËi: M
30| Imgvbx D`¨v‡bi mvg‡b bMi feb| bMi fe‡bi DË‡i Imgvbx D`¨vb| e¨vL¨v t (5  11) + (2  1) + (1  3) = 60
bMi fe‡bi cwð‡g cywjk †nW‡KvqvUvi| Imgvbx D`¨v‡bi c~‡e© wRwcI| 2 UvKvi K‡qb jvM‡e = 1wU
Avcwb hw` Imgvbx D`¨vb n‡Z †n‡U bMi fe‡bi w`‡K hvb Z‡e Avcbvi 12| †cÖBwi hw` Dfq Av‡gwiKvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z nq Z‡e WvDb Kvi mv‡_ m¤ú©K hy³?
†Kvb w`‡K cywjk †nW †KvqvUvi n‡e| K) ivwkqv L) fviZ M) A‡÷ªwjqv N) BD‡ivc| DËi: M
K) ev‡g L) mvg‡b M) Wv‡b N) wcQ‡b DËi: M e¨vL¨v t †cÖ B wi n‡”Q DËi Av‡gwiKvi Z…Yf~wg| Avi A‡÷ªwjqvi Z…Yf~wg
31| GKwU ¯’vb n‡Z †g․wgZv iIbv w`‡q 20 wgUvi †Mj DËi w`‡K| Zvici evg n‡jv WvDb|
w`‡K Ny‡i †Mj 30 wgUvi Avevi evg w`‡K Ny‡i †Mj 20 wgUvi Ges me©‡kl 13| gvgyb GKwU mvwii `yB w`K n‡ZB 7g ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Zvn‡j H mvwi‡Z
Avevi Wvb w`‡K †Mj 50 wgUvi| hvÎv¯’vb n‡Z Z‡e ‡mvRvmywR `~iZ¡ KZ? †gvU KZRb Av‡Q|
K) 80 wgUvi L) 130 wgUvi M) 120 wgUvi N) 90 wgUvi DËi: K K) 15 Rb L) 13 Rb M) 14 Rb N) 12 Rb DËi: L
e¨vL¨v t gvgyb 7g ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb Kivq †gvU e¨w³ msL¨v n‡e ( 6 + 1 + 6)
RELATION = 13 Rb|
01. The moon is related to the earth as the earth is to- 14| †cÖÿcU t P I Q `ywU ¯’vb n‡Z h_vµ‡g Lykx I kvcjv iIbv Kij| Lykx
a. Mars b. Clouds c. Stars d. Sun DËi: d DËi w`‡K 3 wK. wg. hvIqvi ci c~e©w`‡K †Mj Ges 4 wK. wg. nvuUvi ci
e¨vL¨v t Moon n‡”Q Earth Gi GKgvÎ DcMÖn| Earth n‡jv m~‡h©i MÖn| Avevi DËi w`‡K 5 wK. wg. hvq Ges me‡k‡l c~e©w`‡K 6 wK. wg. wM‡q R
02. Tree gives us sheed as clouds gives- ¯’v‡b †cu․Qvq| GKBfv‡e kvcjv 3 wK.wg DË‡i wM‡q cwðg w`‡K †gvo †bq
a. Rain b. Heats c. Cold d. Wind DËi: a Ges 4 wK. wg. hvIqvi ci me‡k‡l DËi w`‡K †e‡K 5 wK. wg. †nu‡U R
e¨vL¨vt Tree ‡hgb Avgv‡ì Qvqv †`q †Zgwb Rain n‡Z e„wó nq| we›`y‡Z Lykxi mv‡_ †`Lv K‡i|
03. Education is related to School as shopping is to- cÖkœ t Lykx I kvcjvi g‡a¨ iIbv nIqvi c~‡e© `~iZ¡ KZ wQj?
a. Seller b. Market c. Counrty d. Village DËi: b K) 15 wK. wg. L) 14 wK. wg. M) 18 wK. wg. N) 22 wK. wg.DËi: L
e¨vL¨vt Shcool mv‡_ Education- Gi †hgb m¤úK© †Zgwb Shopping 15| †gvwgb, †mv‡nj I gviæd wZbR‡bB dzUej, nwK I wµ‡KU †L‡j| †gvwgb,
Ki‡Z n‡j Market ìKvi| wkg~j Ges gviæd nwK, wµ‡KU I i¨v‡KU †L‡j| †gvwgb, †mv‡nj, gvgyb I
04. LBW is related to Cricket Red Card is to- gviæd wµ‡KU I dzUej †L‡j| G Z_¨ n‡Z wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|
a. Tenis b. Bilards c. Football d. Rugbi DËi: c 16| †K dzUej †L‡j bv?
e¨vL¨v t LBW (Leg before the wicket) n‡jv Cricket ‡Ljvq out K) gviæd L) †gvwgb M) gvgyb N) wkg~j DËi: N
nIqvi GKwU wbqg| †Zgwb dzUej †Ljvq †KD Red Card ‡c‡j out n‡q
17| gvgyb †Kvb †Ljv †L‡j?
hvq|
05. Farmer is related to Field as Fishermen is to- K) wµ‡KU L) wµ‡KU I i¨v‡KU
a. River b. Ilands c. Pond d. Lake DËi: a M) dz U ej N) nwK I i¨v‡KU DËi: N
e¨vL¨v t Farmer ‡hgb gv‡V KvR K‡i †Zgwb Fishermen Gi KvR n‡jv 18| †Kvb †LjvwU mevB †L‡j?
b`x‡Z gvQ aiv| K) wµ‡KU L) nwK M) i¨v‡KU N) dzUej DËi: K
06. A banker is related to Bank as a teacher is to- 19| Kviv me †LjvB †L‡j?
a.Field b. University K) †mv‡nj I gvgyb L) wkg~j I gviæd
c. Post Office d. Press club DËi: b M) †gvwgb I gviæd N) wkg~j I gviæd DËi: M
e¨vL¨v t GKRb e¨vsKv‡ii Kv‡Ri ¯’vb n‡”Q Bank ‡Zgwb wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Ri
†ÿÎ n‡jv University | †m‡KÛ UvBg GWf¨vÝ e¨v‡P fwZ© I K¬vm Pj‡Q|
07. Publisher is related to Publication as editor is to-
a. Reading b. Writing
wj‡RÛ †Kqvi
c. Editing d. Publishing DËi: c †hvMv‡hvM: 01719-686047, 01713-432846

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JU BOOSTER SUGGESTION || B - Unit (mgvR weÁvb Abyl` I AvBb I wePvi wefvM) 1

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