Complete Guide to NDA Matks FULLY SOLVED | PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS INCLUDES SHORT TRICKS | PRACTICE QUESTIONS ee OA eeCONTENTS PAGE NO. 1 SETS 1-7 2 | RELATIONS & BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM 8-19 3 | FUNCTIONS4 a 4 | LOGARITHMS 35-38 5 | TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 37-66 6 | PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLE AND HEIGHT & DISTANCE 67-82 7 | COMPLEX NUMBER & QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 63-1147 8 | LINEAR INEQUALITIES 718 - 130 9 | PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS 131-144 10 | MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION & BINOMIAL THEOREM 142 - 156 11_| SEQUENCES & SERIES 157-173 12 | CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES SYSTEM & STRAIGHT LINE 474 - 195 13 | CONIC-SECTIONS 196 - 218 74 [Limits 219 - 223 15 | FUNCTIONS-T 224-240 76 | INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 2a1 - 254 47_| MATRICES 252 - 266 78 | DETERMINANTS 267 - 284 79 | CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 285-302 20 | DERIVATIVES 303-314 Z| APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 315-335 22 | INTEGRALS 336 - 367 23 | APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS 36a- 372 24 | DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 373 - 387 25 | VECTOR ALGEBRA 388 - 409 26 | THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 410-428 27 _| STATISTICS 429 - 453, 28 | PROBABILITY 454-478SHORT -TRICKS PAGE No, 7] QUADRATIC EQUATIONS a 2 | PROGRESSION 485-97 3 | COMPLEX NUMBER 498-505 7 | BINOMIAL THEOREM 306 -51a 5 | PERMUTATION & COMBINATION 319-507 © __| DETERMINANT 528 - 545 7 ___| TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO 546-559 8 PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLE 560 - 564 9 | INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 365-572 10___| POINT & STRAIGHT LINE 573-586 cry CIRCLE 585 - 588 12__| CONIC SECTIONS 589-597 13 VECTOR 598 - 602 14 | FUNCTION 603 — 604 15 UuiMIT 605-608 16 | DIFFERENTIATION 609-610 17 | APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE 611-621SETS 4. SET A set is a woll defined collection of objects or.things. Each element in a set is unique, Some examples: (i) The set of natural number, N=({1,2,3,4,5,.. (il) The set of integers Z= bow 73,-2,-1,0,1,2,3, (Ili) The set of rational numbers , a={xx Sipq €Zandq# 0} (iv) Set of irrational numbers T={(xx€ Rbutx€Q)=R-Q Representation of sets: There are two methods of representing sets: (a) Tabular form or roster form: The elements of a set are actually written down, separated by commas and enclosed within middle brackets(i.e curly Bracket). Thus Vik \V = the set of vowels in the English Alphabet = fa,e,i,0.u) (li) N= the set of natural numbers = {1 , 2,3... {b) Set builder form: In this method, a set is represented by a characteristic property q(x) of its ‘elements x. If A contains all values of x for which the condition q(x) is true, then we write x 1 q(x)} where: or 1is read as such that e.g.~ The set A= {1,2,3,4,,5,,6,7,8,) can be written in set-builder form as A= (KEN: xs 8) 2. TYPES OF SETS: Empty set Or Null set or Void set Asset may contain no element and such a setis called ‘emply set or null set or void set and it is donated by ® Finite set: ‘A set in which the process of counting of elements surely comes to an end, is called a finite set Infinite set: ‘Aset in which the process of counting of elements never comes to an end is called an infinite set Equal s Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element of A is in B and every element of Bis in Ai.e, A=B kash CHAPTER-1 -Two finite sots A and B are said to be equivalent, if n(A) = n(B) whore n(A) and n(B) is the number of elements in set A and in set B respectively. Note that equal sets are always equivalent but equivalent sets may or may not be equal. Disjoint Sets: Two sels are said to be disjoint if they have no common element. 3, SOME SPECIAL TYPES OF SETS Equivatent Sot such away is a subset of B. Subsot: If A and B are two sets giver that every element of A is in B, then i.e. ACB. If at least one element of A does not belong to B than [Ais not a subset of B. eA ¢ B (i) Every set is a subset of itself Le, ACA , Bc B etc (i) The empty set is a subset of every set ie, ® CA .b c Bete (ii) A=B, then Ac BandBoA (iv) IfAc Band Bc Athen A=B {v) If set A contains n element then A has 2” subsets super set: in ié'subset of B i.e., B is a superset of A, then itis expressed as B > A Proper subset: If Ais a subset of B but A # B, then Ais called a Proper subset of Bie, AS B Power set: ‘The collection of all subsets of a set is called a proper set of A. Itis denoted by P(A) Universal set: If there are some sets under consideration, then there happens to be a set which is a superset of each one of {the given sets, itis called universal set and it is denoted by U 4, INTERVAL AS SUBSET OF SET OF REAL NUMBER . (i) Open Interval: The set of real number {x:a Ac C. Which of the above statements are correct? (NDA/NA 2019-1) (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2.and 3 only (c) 1nd 3 only (d) 1,2and3 16. ITA ={2,(2,u)). then the power set of A is (a) {, (0), 12}, (2, u)) (b) (%, A (Aw). uy) (e) {, (2), Au), {4 (2.0) (8) (2.4.0)... Au)) (NDAINA 2019-1)PAST YEAR MCQ’S }: Consider the following DIRECTONS (Q12-1: umber of subsets does S have? (NDIA ap 14, +20). What is the may wm § Mit) for the next 02(two) items that follow: Ina school, all the students play at least one of three () 10 (b) 20 (e) 512 (4) to 2 indoor games- chess , carom and table tennis, 50 play _ 25. Consider the proper subsets of (1,2: table tennis, 48 play carom, 12 play chess and carom, 15 |these proper subsets are superset ofthe 1 Ho" Man, play carom and table tennis, 20 play table iennis and et (ay chess @) 5 (bh) 6 () 7 WwW » 17. What can be the minimum number of students in the school? (NDAINA 2019-1) (NOAA 20204) DIRECTIONS (Qs.26-28): Read the following (a) 123 (b) 111 (c) 95 (a) 63 Information and answer the three items that follow, (NDAINA 20257, 48, What can be the maximum number of students in the school? (NDA/NA 2019-1) (a) 111 (b) 123 49. IA, B and C are subsets of a given set, then which one of the following relations is not correct? An(AUB)=A 135 (c) 125 (d) (a) AU(AnB)=AUB (b) (c) (AnB)UC=(Auc) n(BuC) (6) (AUB)NC= (ANC) U(BNC) (NDAINA 2019-11) 20. If a set A contains 3 elements and another MAish G contains 6 elements, then what is the minimum number of elements that (AUB) can have? (NDA/NA 2019-11) (a) 3 ) 6 ©) 8 (@ 9 21. In a school, 50% students play cricket and 40% play football. If 10% of students play both the games, then what percent of students play neither cricket not football? 26. (a) 27. ulia 4:5, Consider the following Venn diagram, where x. ¥ ay, are three sets. Let the number of elements in Zbe denoted by n(Z) which is equal to 90. - 1 If the number of elements in Y and Z are in the rec then what is the value of b? (NDA/NA 2020-) 18 © (b) 19° (ce) 21 (d) 23 What is the value of n(X) + n(Y) + n(Z) — (XA ¥) = n(Y¥AzZ) — n(XZ)+ (NDA/NA 2019-11) (a) 10% (b) 15% (c) 20% (d) 25% |n(xnynz) (NDAINA 2019-1) 22. IfA=[x;0 ) 1) (e) 23. Let Au B = {x|(x — a)(x — b) > 0,Where a a and B = (x/x > b) © 28. If the number of elements belonging to neither x Y, nor Z is equal to p, then what is the number of ‘elements in the complement of X? (NDA/NA 20194) (b) A= {xIx 6] (c) A={xlx aand B= {x|x ) 27] (a) [ers [opz [ere ejzo ae [ze] cay] WHITRR ATRHINTS & SOLUTIONS: 4, (b) Let A, B & C be the sets of numbers divisible b 10, 15 & 25 respectively - No. divisible by 10 = 100 = n(A) No. divisible by 15 = 6 = n(8) No. divisible by 25 = 40 = n(C) No. divisible by (10 & 15)= 33 =n(An B) No. divisible by (15 & 25)= 13 =n(Bn C) No. divisible by (25 & 10)= 20 =n(An c) No. divisible by (10,15 & 25)= 6 =n(AUB UC) No. divisible by 10,15 & 25 = n(AU BU C)= 100+66+40-33-13-20+6=146. Thus number which are neither divisible by 10 nor 15 nor 25 = 1000 - 146 = 854 2. (d) Here, maximum number of students failed in all the four subjects = 15% But, minimum number of students failed in all the four subjects varies from 0 to 15%, So correct option is (4) 3. (d) Vikash U = (HHHYHHT)HTH)(HTT)(THH)(THT)(TTH)(TTT) A={(TTT)} B = (HTT) (THT) (TTH) (C= (HHH) (HHT) (HTH)( (THH)} By checking the options (a) An(e’uc’)= B' nC’ is correct. 4, (b) Venn Diagram A From Venn diagram we can observe that A— Bis the shaded part. (A-B)UA (a-8)0 AGB 2AUB=B 5.(d)S= x21 = 0.9 x@=-19 x= V=1 complex number No real numbers. So, S is empty set PAST YEAR MCQ’S 6. (c) A= x: x is. a multiple of 2} B = (x: xis.a multiple of 5) C= (x: xis a multiple of 10) We know multiples of 2 include multiples of 10. 2CCA Also, multiples of 5 include multiples of 10 2CcB Also, C aC andBNC= 2AN(BNC)=ANCH=C 7. (c) C= (ANB) UA NB) Let us draw Venn diagram and compare it with options A B NB ANB’ is se represents (AuB)- (ANB) alta 8. (c)_ Let us represent the given data in Venn diagram as shown. Maths: Number of students who are god in either Hindi or maths but not in English = 54+8+63=125 Hindi 19, (d) From the same Venn diagram, Number of students who are good in Hindi and Maths but not English = 8 40. (b) Number of students who like music, n(m) = 680 Number of students who like dance, n(d) = 215 ‘Total number of students , n(m Ud) = 850 n(m ud) = n(m) + n(d)—n(mn a) - = 850 = 680 + 215 - n(mnd) |= n(mn d) = 895 - 850 = 45HINTS & SOLUTIONS: 414. (c) Checking through option ‘c’ is incorrect 42, (a)_m(C) = 125 ; n(F) = 145 ; n(T) = 90 Also n(Cn F) +n (FAT) +n(C AT) =32+3n(Cn FAT) Also n(Cu F UT) = 300 sm(CU F UT) = n(C) + n(F) + n(T) — (CF) - (FT) n(CnT) + (CaF AT) = 300 = 125 + 145+90-432¢3n(CN FNT))* A(CN FAT) = 300 = 328-2 n(Cn FAT) =n(cn Fat) =2= 14 43. (c) Required number of students = n(C) + N(F) + A(T) — 2[n(Cn F)+n(FT) + (CAT) + 3in(Cn FT) = 125 + 145 + 90 — 2132 + 3(14)] + 3(14) = 360 -2(74) + 42 = 254 44. (a) 1. (An B) U(AnB) UAB) = AUB Vikash Gulia Let us draw Venn diagram A B ANB 2. 1 fs correct. ang 28 2 AU(ANB)A B A_ANB + 2 is not correct 15, (d) Statements (2) and (3) are correct 16. (b) A={A,(+,u)} Power set = {@, {A} , ((A.u}}. (2. (2.u)}) PAST YEAR McQ’s 17. (b) Number of students who play chess, n(ajeao Number of students who table tennis, n(8)=50 Number of students who play carrom, n(C)=48 Given, n (An B) = 20 (Bn c) = 15, (An C) = 12 (Au BUC) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) — (An B) — n(B NC) —n(ANC) +n(ANBAC) = 114 + n(An BOC) So, minimum number of students = 111 48. (b) n(AUB UC) = 111 + n(AnBnc) Maximum number of students = 111 + 12 = 123 A B 19. (a) + [MAN BY}max = 3 = by eq.(1) [X(AU By Inn = 6 +3-3=6 21. (c) Given : n(Cricket) = 50 (Football) = 40 ‘(Football n Cricket) = 10 Cricket Football + Total players = 80 +: Non Players = 100 — 80 = 20 6HINTS & SOLUTIONS: 22. (0) A=(e:0sx<2) B={y: yisa prime} sANB=(2) 23. (b) AUB = (x:(x —a).(x-b) > 0;a @ has two signs in range (a. =) +x > ais not possible (b) x b has only one sign in range (o.*) + x> balso satisfies & A= (ux b) 24. (d) S= (2.4.6) a(S) = 10 20) + Total subsets = 2'° = 1024. 25, (c)_ Number of proper subset of any set of n ‘elements = 2" — 1 Here given set = {1,2,3,4) Number of proper subset = 2-1 = 16-1=15 Proper si {(1).2).8). ay naatne) Sy (2,3)(2.4),3 2.4),(1,3.4).(2.3,4),(2.3.4) .(1,2,3).(4, daeeee een eteupnpersata ots not proper set of A. ie, B< A butA cB. ThenA> B. So, superset of {3} are {BN (2,3).8.4).(1,2.3).(1,3.4),2.3.4)) Hence, number of superset of {3} = 7 Vikash Guli PAST YEAR MCQ’S 26. (c) n(z)= 90 124 18+174+C=9020=43 1641841740 _ ° B=72-51=21 27. (d)_n(X) + ACY) + n(Z)— (KAY) — n(Y NZ) — n(X NZ) + (XN ¥ NZ) = n(xuy uz) =a+b+90+16 za+b+106 28. (a) n(XuYUzZ)'=P And n(Z) =90 (given) n(X)'=P+90-12-18+b=p+b+60. iaRELATIONS & BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM 4, ORDERED PAIR A pair of objects (elements) taken (listed) in a definite (specific) order is known as an ordered pair. In the ‘ordered pair (a, , b,), a; is known as first element and by is known as second element. 2. EQUALITY OF ORDERED PAIRS Two ordered pairs (a, , b) and (a2 , bz) are equal iff =a, and by = b 3. CARTESIAN PRODUCT Let A and B be two non-empty sets, then the set of al distinct ordered pair of the form (a, , b) is called Cartesian product of A and B and is denoted by A x B. Le, Ax B= ((q; ,)) : a € A and b € BY Note that if A=«, B=o then AxB= Example: If A = (1,2,3) and B = (a, b) then AxB (1,2,3) X (A.B) = {(1,a)),(1,b),(2,a),(2,b),(3,a),(3,b)} 4, RELATIONS: Let A and B denote the sets of all male and female members in the Royal family of Dasrath’s kingdom. Clearly A =(Dasrath,Ram,Laxman,Shatrughan,Bharat) and B=(Kaushaliya,Kaikai, Sumitra,Sita,Urmila,Shrutkriti man dvi) If we wrote R for the relation “was husband of” then the fact that Dasrath was husband of Kaushaly i Sumi, Ram vos hisband of ia and cockeh ane represented as: Dasrath R Kaushalya , Dasrath R Kaikai, Dasrath R Sumitra, Ram R Sita... 7 Now, if we omit the letter 'R’ between the pairs of names and wrote them as ordered pairs, then the above fact can also be written as a set R of ordered pairs where R= {(Dasrath , Kaushaliya) , (Dasrath , Kaikai) , (Dasrath , Sumitra) , (RAM , Sita)jevevoveereevee Clearly. RS Ax Bie. (a,b) ER iffa Rb, Keeping this ‘example in mind we may define a Relation as follows: Relations: Let A and B be two non-empty sets than every subset of AxB defines a relation from A to B and every relation from A to B is a subset of AXB LetR Ax Band (a,b) € R, then we say that ais related to b by the relation R and written as aRb. (a,b)¢ RasaRb. / Domain (D) and Range (R) of a Relation IFR be a relation from A to B then the set of first entries of all ordered pairs in R is called Do Set of all second entries in R is called Range of R. Finally we say Ds Aand Rc B. Example: If A = (1,3,5,7).B (24,,6,8,10) and Let R = {(1,8),(3,6),(5,2),(1,4)} be a relation from A to B then, Dom ® = (1,3,5) and Range (R) = (8,6,2,4) CHAPTER-2 Relation of a Sot itself Let A be a non-void set, then a rela * tion ital 0 a subset of AXA is called arora S2tAla 2 Felation on gat Co-Domain: The set B is known as th relation R from set A to B. ihe co-omain 5. INVERSE OF A RELATION Let A and B be two sets and let R be a relat A to set B then the inverse of R, denoted by relation from set B to set A and is defined as R ion from set Risa = {(b,a) : (@.b) € R). Clearly (a,b) € R « (bayer! ‘Also Dom(R) = Range (R'") and Range (R) = Dom(R) Example: Let R= {(1.a),(1.¢),(2.4),(2,c)} be a relation from A to B then R= {(a,1) ,(6,1),(4,2),,2)} is a relation from B to A. 6. COMPOSITION RELATION: LetRCAxB,SCBx Cbe two relations. Then composition of the relations R and S is denoted by Sor Ax Cand is defined (a,c) € (SoR) iff beB such that fab)ER,(d.0)eS 7. NUMBER OF RELATION Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets having m and n elements respectively then no. of ordered pair in AxB are mxn So, no. of subset of AxB = 2™™ Le, number of Relation from A to B = 2° 8. TYPES OF RELATION (i) Identity Relation: R is an identity relation (a.b)ER if a=b. Le, very element of A is related to only itself and identity relation is reflexive , symmetric and transitive always. (ii) Universal Relation: A Relation R ina set Ais called Universal relation if R= Ax A. ie, if A = (1,2) then universal relation in A = 4(4,1).(4,.2),(2,1).(2,2)} (ii) Void Relation or Empty Relation: A relation set A is called empty relation, if no element of As related to any element of A. i.e R= c AxA me Note that empty relation and universal relation are $0 times called trivial relations. zzRELATIONS & BINARY NUMBE 9. SPECIAL TYPES OF RELATION ()) Reflexive Relation: A Relation R in a set Ais called a reflexive relation if each element of set A is related to itself we denote itasaRavacA ie, A = (2,78) then a relation R= {(2.2).(2,7).(2,8).(7,7),(8,8)} is Reflexive on set A. But Rs = {(2,2).(7,8),(7,2).(6,2)} is not reflexive on set A because 7 € A but (7,7) €Ry (i) Symmetric Relation: A Relation Ris said to bo symmetric ifaRb=bRa The necessary and sufficient condition that a relation R ina set A be symmetric is that R= R. As for example: Let L be the set of all ines in a plane and let R be a relation defined on L by the rule (a,b)e R sais 1 r tob then Ris symmetric relation on L because Ly Lr Ly by Lr by Le, (Ly, La) ER (Le y)ER (iil) Transitive Retation: R is called a transitive relation if (a,b) € R and (b,c) € R (a,c)e R (lv) Anti-Symmetric Relation: R is called an anti- symmetric relation if (a,b) € & and (b,a)€ R = a=b Thus if a + b then ‘a’ may be related to ’b’ or "b' may be related to ‘a’ but never both. (v) Equivalence Relation: Any relation on a $4¥dush Ch which is Reflexive , Symmetric and Transitive is called an equivalence relation. 10. NUMBER SYSTEM AND ITS REPRESENTATION Computers not only process numbers, letters and special symbols but also complex types of data such as sound and pictures. However, these complex type of data take a lot of memory and processor time when coded in binary form This limitation necessitates the need to develop better ways of handling long streams of binary digits. Higher number systems are used in computing to reduce these streams of binary digits into manageable form. This helps to improve the processing speed and optimize memory usage. In general, in any number system there is an ordered set of symbols known as digits with rules defined for performing arithmetic operations like addition , subtraction, multiplication and division. A collection of these digits makes a number which in general has two- Parts integer and fractional. ‘The digits in a number are placed side by side and each Position in the number is assigned a weight or index. Table 1 below gives the details of commonly used ‘number systems, R SYSTEM CHAPTER-2 Table-1 yatom | radte(n) | (arord) 41. BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM: ‘The number system with base (or radix) two Is known as the binary number system. Only two symbols are used to represent numbers in this system and these are 0 &1,these are known as bits. It is a positional system, that is every position is assigned a specific weight left- most bit is known as Most Significant Bit (LSB) and the right most bit is known as Least Significant Bit (LSB). Any number of zeroes can be added to the left of the number without changing the value of the number. A group of four digits is known as a nibble and a group of eight bits is known as byte. Table 2 shows binary iymbers and their equivalent decimal numbers. Table 2: 4-Bit decimal numbers. ry numbers and their corresponding Decimal Binary number number DB | Ob |B | & | B | Be 0 o | of o o | o 0 1 o | 0 0 4 0 2 [0 | 0 4 0 0 3 {0 {-o 4 4 0 4 [of 4 0 0 0 5 | 0 | 4 0 1 0 6 | oj] 4 4 0 oO 7 [0 | 4 1 4 0 es {4 0 0 0 0 o [4 0 0 4 4 oT 4 0 4 0 1 4 1 0 1 1 1 2 [4 4 0 0 1 3 [4 1 0 1 1 a 4 1 0 4 5 |4 1 1 1RELATIONS & BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM NUMBER CONVERSIONS () Binary-Decimal Conversion: Any binary number ca be converted into its equivalent decimal number using weights assigned to each bit position, Since only two digits are used, the weights are powers of 2. These weights are 2° (Units) , 2" (twos) , 2? (fours) , 2 (eights) and 24 (sixteen). If longer binary number involved, the weights continued in ascending powers of 2. ‘The decimal equivalent of a binary number equals the sum of all binary number equal the sum of all binary digits multiplied by their weights. Example 1: Find the decimal equivalent of binary number 11111. Solution. The equivalent decimal number is, SAK AH1 KD HTK 241 x2! 412 F186 +B4+44+241=(31)0 (Wl) Decimal to Binary Conversion: Any decimatikash number can be converted into its equivalent binary number, For integers, the conversion is obtained by continuous division by 2 and keeping track of the remainders, while for fractional parts, the conversion is ‘effected by continuous multiplications by 2 and keeping track of the integers generated. Integer Part: Thus, (25)i0 = (11001); 25 12— CHAPTER-2 Read down to up Fraction part 0.5 x2 = 0.12 Therefore, 25.510 = 1101.12 GuliaPRACTICE QUESTIONS 4, Let A & B be two disjoint subsets of a universal set U, Then (AU B) 1B’ = fa) A (b) B (ec) (d) 2. LetA={k:x€ R, x= 2&B=(K:xE R,x< 4), Then An Bis ® None of these (a) {Ki xXER ,2 Rn Sis transitive {c) R&Sare symmetrics RU Sis symmetric (4) None of these 45. Let R be a relation from the set of real numbers R defined by r= {(a,b): a,b € R}& a—b + V3is an irrational number Then relation ris {727 equivalence relation (b) reflexive ()_ symmetric {d)_None of these 46. IER = {(3,3),(6,6),(9,9),(12,12),(3,9)(3,12)3.6)} be a relation on the set A = {3,6,9,12}. The relation is {a) equivalence (b) reflexive & symmetric only (c) reflexive & transitive only (d) None of these 47. Let A&B contain 2 elements & 4 elements respectively. The number of subsets of A x B having 3 or more elements is (a) 256 (b) 220 (c) 219 (d) 211 ANSWER KEY: PRACTICE QUESTIONS-SETS & RELATION Aer 8 [ey ts |) | 22 Te) | 28 | Ge) | 36 | sc) 43 | (@) ae 8 te | 16 | (a) | 23 |) | 30 | ta) | 37 | tb) | 48] ser to fey [97 [ey | 24 |) | 31 |) | 38 |e) 45 (m) 4 tay) 44 | (by | 48 |) | 25 [te | 32 |e) | 39 | te) | 48 | (e) Bee) | 12] | 19 |) | 26 |e) | 33 | ce) | 40 | to) [47] Ce) ©) te) 43 | ta) | 20 | (by | 27 | (@) | 34 | te) | at |) 71) | 14 |) | 27 | | 28) | 35 |e) | 42]PRACTICE QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS 1. (a) Given, Let A & B be two disjoint subsets of universal set U. (AUB) B'= (An B')U(BN B')=AUd=A Since A & B are disjoint. 2. (b) Given, LetA = {x: xR, x2 2}8B=(x:xeR x< 4}, Mark the sets A & B on the number lit 3. (b) Given, Let A = {x : xe R, IxI<1}, B= (x: xe R, Ix-1] 21}andAUB=R-D A= (xi KER, -114} = (x: XE R, 0 x > 2). Now mark the sets A&B on the number line 4. (a) Given, IfX & Y are two sets, then Xn (X UY) equals WXcy, thenXuy=Y¥axXnY=x Vikas WY cx, thenXuY =X &XnX=X 5. (c) Given, A= { , ((@))}, a4 6. (b) The power set contains 2" elements 7. (b) Given, Let A = {1,2,3), B= {3,4}, C = (4.5.6), (BC) ={4}, then Au(Bnc)= 1,2,3,4} 8. (c) Bijection means both one-one onto. (106) (105) (104)......3.2.1 = (106)! 9. (c) Given, If X and Y are two sets, XAKAY)=KAX)AY Sony =o 10. (c) Given, If sets A & B are defined as. A= {(xy) iy = e%x ER}, BE {(xy) x ER) Y = e* represents the exponential curve & y = x Tepresents a line a line passing through origin & making an angle of 45° with x-axis. Daw the figure yourself. Both these curves do not intersect at any — (SETS & RELATION) % 11. (b) Given, Let A = (x,y) : yrer, |X ER)Be {ixy) Fy =e", x € R), y=e*,y=e-* meet where y = erst =y=e or += 0 and hence y= sothatAnBso 1. These curves meet at (0,1) 12.(e) Given, IFA = (2,3,5) ,B = (2.5.6), A-B=(3),AnB=(25) (A~B)x (ANB) = ((3,2), (3,5)} 13, (d) Given, If A = (2,4) & B = (3.4.5), (AN B)= {4}, (AUB) = (2,3,4,5) (AO B) x (AUB) = {(4,2),(4,3)(4.4),(4,5)) 14. (b) Given, If A = (1,2,3} & B = (3,8), (AuB) 1,2,3,8} (An B) = (3) 1 RU Baca m8) = 01.9)02.8008.2,16.39 15. (b) Given, Let A= {1,2,3,4,5}, B= (2,3,6,7}. ‘Common elements will be {22,.8,3)(2.9),3.2) 16. (d) Given, If A = {a,b,c}, B= (c.d,e} , C= {a,d,f, Ax(BUC)= {a,b,c} x {ac.de,f} The above set will consist of 15 ordered pairs & not 3. 17. (c) Mind (a x b) is different from (bxajifA= {a,b,c}, B = {a,b,d,e,f} 18. (b) n(A U B) = n(A) + n(8) —n(An B).. Now A has 3 elements & B has 6 elements. If they are disjoint, then n(An B) = 0 (1) #M(AUB)=6+3=9 WAcBthenAUB=B = MAU B)=n(8)=6 B cannot a subset of A & hence the other possibility of AUB = Arruled out. Point i.e they are disjoint. Hence An B = @ im= RACTICE QUESTIONS Py We lok bathe rcarge a 8 adjacent rows (oF CORINNA) change the valve of a doterminant only in aign and not in Magnitude Hence corresponding to every element a of 8 there is an oloment Ain G obtainedt by interchanging Wwe adjacent rows (oF columns) iy O. IC follows that 1B) (C) That is, the number of elements in 8 is less than oF equal to the number of elements in C, Similarly n(C) he 20. (b) We are given, 2" n(B). Hence n() = n(C) that is, B any elements as C. "= 86 By trial, m= 6 & n= A.Hnece (b) Is correct, 24. (b) Given, IHX» (4" In 1 sn e Npand Y= 49(0= 1): NEN) Putting n= 1.2.3... X ® (0,9,54,243,.....) Y = (0,9,18,27,36 48,54, Cloarly X c ¥, 90 XUY=Y } 22, (c) Givan, Lot n(u) = 700, n(A)=200, 1(B) * 300, n(An B)=100 nA NB) en(AUBY = n(u)-n(A va) = nu) = {n(A) + n(B) - n(An B) = 700 {200 + 300 - 100) = 300 23.(b) Givon, Lot A, B , C be subsets of the Univoraal sot U. If n(U) = 692, n(B) = 230, n(C) = 970 , n(BNC) ® 20, NAN BAC’) = 10, NAN BAC) @ (BIACINAT = n((B'NC) = n(BINC) NAY = n(B U Cy =n(An anc’) = n(U) (BUC) ~ nian a nc) = N(U) = n(B) ~ n(C) + n(BN C) = NAN BAC = 692 ~ 230 ~ 370+ 90-10" 172 (SETS & RELATION) BA (a) WA) = SS KPA) = a elements, 28. (0) Given, Gaon A= denise cect ct et the tetotd (Be QeN ie a toot ot at aye tent SAGE eet thea BE (a) Gaon, Let S = LSS} Clearly each element cant be put lin S ways either subsets oF we don't pur id any subset © Total number of ordered pairs eEEEEM eat BT (a) A= B) = NA) NOB) = SAO = TS 28. (b) Every element has $ potions. Esther set Yor set Z or none, Therefore number of ordered sess SF 29, (a) AX 8 will have mn ordered pairs Each subset of Ax B will be rekation. The number of subsets of a set consisting of mn elements will Be Vikish Gulia Notes If m= 9, then comespending number will be 30,(a) The set consists of elements & for relation t be reflexive it must have at least m ordered pairs. It has m ordered pairs therefore m Dre 31, (b) Given, Twe points A. B itt a plane are related if OA = OB, where O is @ fixed point QA = OA, OA = OB = O8 = OA Now OA = 08 | OBR OCS OA = OC. Hence RST ie equixalence relation, 32. (b) Given, If A= faded} B= 2a Ry & Ry are relations as both ane subsets of AXES but Ry Is not @ relation trom A to B as the ordered pair (8c) € BxAand €AXB 33. () Given, Let R be @ relation < from AN ISay to Be(1.3.8} Le. (@.0) € Ritfacd then Re RS {8.9 BS) GIGS 34. (¢) Given, Let R be a relation fram a set Ate a set B then REAPRACTICE QUESTIONS (SETS & RELATION) 35.(¢) Given, Lot A = (1,2,3,4) and lot R & In Cartosian product wo have 16 ordered pairs in ,(4,4),(1,2)} be a relation on A Which 4 aro compulsory. For reflexive rolation. Out of (AaVOsMeas(ta) 12 ordorod pairs we can take # Ras every oloment is not related to itsolt 24 !2q 212 # Sas (1,2)€ R but (2,1)e R 0 2 T(1.2) ERZ2)ER 42, (b) RG AXA, (A #0) is a equivalence relation 1 Ris Rofloxive, symmetric & transitive = (1,2) 0 (2.2) =(1,2)€R ; 43d 2 36. (a,0) Given, ITA = {a.b,0.4) ,B = (p,q). (a) Behe Ris a rolation from A to B, thon Rc (A x B) which consists ofall ordered pairs of tho typo (x.y) such thatxe A, ye & Clearly R, & R; are such sets of A x B. The elements xP tyes, (q.b) of R, € (B x A) & not A x B and the elements (q.a) & (5,b) of Ry also do not belong toAxB & a3 | Clearly A mB contains four points. such R; & Ry are not relations from A to B 44,(a) Lot A= (1,2,3), R=((1,1),)1,2)),8 = 37. (b) Le R# ST ((2,2),(2,3)} be transitive relation on A. Then RU Let the relation R to bo defined on the set / of {.144.2).2.2).(2.3)) integers as mRn if m is a multiple of n. The rolation | rau s jg not transitive since (1,2) € RUS & (2,3) RU R is reflexive since m= 1. mvm €/ S but (1,3) € RUS Ris not symmetric. We have rR2 since 6=3 x Mikash (uli aay). ay that 6 is a multiple of 2. But 2(~6) 6 sinco 2 cannot Bite = (omy a6 R) &a—b VS an irrational number be a muttiple of 6. Then ris reflexive as aRa = a ~a + V3 = V3, which is again irrational. Similarly we may show that ris not symmetric & transitive. Ris transitive. To prove this, let mRn & nRp. Then by definition of R, m= kn and n = kzp where yok € 1. Then m= kik2p. Thus mis a multiple of p and so mRp. 46.(c) Here {(3,3),(6,6),(9,9),(12,12) = Reflexive 38. (c) Given, Three sets A,B,C are such that A = B, weoccca (3,6).(6,12),(3,12) = Transitive Hence = A&B are equivalent sots. reflexive & transitive only 47. 2 = 39. (b) An element of a given set bolongs to that (6) Its glvan that o(a) = 2, a() =, set. But the set of the element of given sot does not_ | n(A x B) = 8 belong to the set. + The numbor of subsets of A x B having 3 or more 40. (b) x x R is not symmetric 8 Bo 8 wily G + Also x R is not reflexive, = 256-1-8-28 41. (b) Total number of elements in sot = 4 = 219 + Total number of relations = 2**4 = 216