Limits LTopic: Limit of Functions “Nobody is perfect” as what we always say. We have our own strengths, but also do have our own ‘weakness and limitations, We commit mistakes at times. But as God's creations, we continuously strive for perfection. The concept of limit is the fundamental foundation of Calculus. This concept actually links the gap between Algebra and Calculus. Limit of a functions is the intended height ofa function. It describes the behaviour of the function at a ‘pectic value of x, which is the independent variable. ‘Take a look atthe graph below. The graph is actually a graph of a Linear function, Notice on the graph that, at a value of x = a, the graph reaches a certain point. Also, at x= b, the graph reaches a certain height, which is actually higher than atx =a. Main Limit Theorems In the definition of each theorem, let ¢ be any constant, n as any sitive inte and f and g as the given functions, which have limits at k, on a The Limit of a Constant Theorem Definition. Linr Mlustrative Examples: 1. Lim -3=-3 202 7a ee Remomber: 3. Lin nan Tho limit ofa constant as x approaches = to any constant is always equal to the given 4 Lim5.25=525 constant, Ail To > 70 49 uIlustrative Examples: 1 Lim x=1 2 Lim x= 3. Lin, x=3. 4 Lim xen Remember: The limit of the function x as x ‘approaches to any constant is always ‘equal to the constant. Limit of a Constant and a Function f(x) Definition. Lin Lim f(x)= © Lit Lim x) Ilustrative Examples: 1 Hy 9 =3.Lin x =3¢ =-6 2 Lim -6¢=-6 Li 6 2) 49 2In evaluating the Limit of a Constant and a Function, the following steps ‘can be followed: |. Express the limit as a product of a constant and the limit of a function x. Fin the limit ofthe function x based on the given value for x. ‘Simplify the resulting numbers. ba ie rs Limit of Sum and Difference of Functions | Definition. Lim tx) + abe) 1= Lig fox) Ling atx) Illustrative Examples: fees l-eeat nats = 2 Lim 4x2 = 4 Lim x— Lim2 =4(5)-2 =20-2 =-2 i sini By Hint x- Lin =3(j)-4 -4 49 3BRemember: In evaluating the Limit of Sum / Difference of Functions, the following steps can be followed: 1. Express the limit as sum or difference of functions depending on the number of terms. 2. Apply the previously discussed limit theorems in finding the limit of each term. Limit of Product of Functions Definition. Linn tf) . g(x) ]= Lim, to) . Lint 968) lMstraive Examples: 1. Lim (x) (6) =3 Lim x . Lim's =3(1).5 =3(5) -15 2 Him (oe) 5) = 12 Linyx) + Hi a] Ln + Li) =[2(2)+ 1) 62+5) 64418) €3)@) 3 Fame 5)= (Lig +L) (Li) = (341) (5) (-2) (-5) 10 49 4Remember: In evaluating the Limit of Products of Functions, the following steps can be followed: xpress the limit in expanded form by applying the Limit of Products Theorem, Evaluate the limit of each function by applying the previously discussed limit theorems. Limit of Quotient of Functions Lim a) Definition. Lin Le. = fe . « provided that g(x) # 0, a tay Tin gay atx) # Lim 245. __Hine+ Lins a2 Ox-2 3 Lim x - Lim 2 245 3) oe o2 z 7 49 15Inevaluating the Limit of Quotient of Functions, the following steps can be followed: Express the limit in expanded form by applying the Limit of ‘Quotients Theorem. % . Evaluate the limit of each function by applying the previously discussed limit theorems. ‘Simplify. Limit of Power of Functions: Definition. Lin (fa) = [Line 00] ® 49 16Mlustrative Examples: 1 2. B. igst=L Linx =16 Himes 20+ 1= [Ling P +2 Lim + Lint = (97 +2(9)+1 =s1-18+1 =64 Him at + ont = 3 [Bing +9 (Ling xP =3 (38 +937 =3(81) +99) =243 +81 =324 Limit of Root of Functions Definition. Liyy fix) = Lin fx), provided that Lim f(x) > 0 when is even Illustrative Examples: 1 Ha ie = Mling =e =/F@) =2/2° Linyax (ir) = 3 Lin, x VLing =307).17 =81(3) = 2463 49 v73 & big GE=BO = (Sigg ~BLin Lg = OF-2+8 -F8 2-448 Substation Theorem Detnion. con i poeta rata tele en Lin proved at cs aa lnctors,t abe tte Vourensor ation cnalt are Illustrative Examples: Evaluate the Lim 3x*—2x?-+ 10x —1. Substituting all values of x by 2, then 32-227 +10)-1 1 Ling x¢—22 + 10x By simplifying, applying the PEMDAS rule the answer will be 59. ind the Lim 3-2 +5, ‘Substituting all values of x by, then im 50-2x+5=3(L 7-24) + Hin 241535 P-BOG) AS Find the Lin 4x? = 5x—10. Substituting all values of xby 1 then Li 92 5x10 = 4 (92-5 (1) 10 45-10 a =a 49 18In evaluating limit of functions by Substitution Theorem, apply the following steps: 1. Substitute all xs by the given value. 2. Simplify by applying the PEMDAS Rule. (Other Techniques in Evaluating Limits of Functions ‘Thereare some instances that applying the Substitution Theorem is not applicable, ‘hat is, when the limit becomes undefined upon substituting the given value for x. In this case, other techniques such as factoring method or conjugate method can be used. By Factoring, Illustrative Examples: 1 Svante the fig 2 28=10__ Using the Substitution Theorem, Lim, 2243e=10 AN xs (5) +3¢5)-10 +5 25-25-10 0 Notice that upon simplifying, the limit of the given function is undefined. It ‘means that there is no existing limit. If we are going to observe the numerator, notice that itis factorable. By factoring the numerator, Bay SSG wittecome Jin, 5562 ‘Canceling the common factor x +5, the given limit will now become, Lim x—2 Applying the Substation Theorem and simpliying the limit ofthe given function is -7. ane : 2. Enalutethe fi 22227 Using the Substitution Theorem, 49 19Observe that upon simplifying, the limit of the given function is undefined. It means that there is no existing limi If we are going to examine the numerator, notice that it is factorable. By factoring the numerator which isa sum of two cubes, then (x+3)0e~3x+9) oie A N3 Lim, ~*%- wit become Lim, ‘Canceling the common factor x +3, the given limit will now become, Lime—3x+9 Applying the Substitution Theorem and simplifying, the limit of the given function is 27. x-3 3, Evaluate the Lim —=3 5. Using the Substitution Theorem, x-3 3-3 BAST” FFAG) 8 ole Note that upon simplifying, the limit of the given function, the limit is again undefined. In this case, the denominator ofthe given function is the one factorable. By factoring the denominator, which is a quadratic trinomial, Hi apa a Will become Lim ay +7 Canceling the common factor x3, the given limit will now become, BixaT Applying the Substitution Theorem and simplifying, the limit of the given 1 function is 49 20Factoring Method is used when: 1. The limit of the given rational function is undefined. 2. Either the numerator or denominator ofthe rational function is factorable. ‘© Inevaluating limits of functions using Factoring Method, the following steps can be applied: . Factor either the numerator or denominator of the given rational function. . Cancel the common factor. . Apply the Substitution Theorem. Simply, By Conjugation Conjugation is a process of simplifying rational expressions which contains radicals on the denominator. For instance, we are given the expression below and we are asked to simplify, 4 First, we get the conjugate of the denominator and multiply it to both the ‘numerator and the denominator of the fraction. To get the conjugate, just copy the first and second terms on the denominator and change the sign in between. That is, 5 - /3. So, we have The question is, when are we going to apply conjugation in evaluating limits of functions? ‘Try to examine the following examples: 25 1. Find Ling = Ek By substitution, we have Notice thatthe limit is undefined as we used substitution. Because of this, we need to look for another method wherein the limit will be defined. This time, we are Boing to use the process of conjugation. 49 aBefore taking the limit, multiply the conjugate of the terms with radical on both. the numerator and denominator of the fraction and simplify. That is, x25 eS _ UR+5)~25) _ FEE ES SS? es ‘Take the limit of / + 5 as x approaches to 25 by using substitution. So, we have Sees (B45 45 =10 ‘Therefore, the limit of the function as x approaches to 25 is 10. 2: Again, if we are going to take a look at the example, its limit is undefined by using substitution. So, we need to conjugate first, before taking the limit. n-& uee ex Ti-x W+/x " Wi-y+Git ke) 1 : “Then, we take the limit of 1 -— as x approaches to 121 by substitution. So, wehave, Wee 1 “Wee -1 m+n | 2 Remember: ‘© Conjugation method is being used when: 41. The limit ofthe glven rational function is undefined; and 2. Either the numerator or denominator ofthe rational function is composed of radicals 49 2\ ae ~W * In evaluating limits of functions using Conjugation Method, he following steps can be applied: 1. Got the conjugate of the radical. 2, Multiply the conjugate to the numerator and denominator of the given rational function, 3. Cancel the common factors existing in the numerator and denominator. 4, Apply the Substitution Theorem in order to get the limit of the result in step 3. . 5. simpli s 49 BSupplementary Exercises No: Directior valuate the following limit of functions by using substitution method. Try to find out the message of the biblical verse above it. Your answer in every number in the matching type corresponds to the letters on the biblical verse. TTT CT TTT BWC TET TIPWRTTS TF TVET BPEMDTWTeT iW we Terns. © PSALM 46:1 Column A Column B 1, Lim Qxt— 11x? + 9x2 + 13x -21) 0. -8 2. Lim Gx -10< + 25x-19) G 48 3. Lim IBP— 743 S. 408 —4 U. 160 —s5 D. } 6 Lim, N. 4 — 7. Lim (8 - 1x2 + 13x -24) To oat 2 8. Lim (22x 11x +12) Lz 9 24x #10 Lim (STRSTR ST Lit, 6x - 58 + 432 3x 42) Lin JET RSE Lim (3x! + 2x—x +5) Lim (4? - 11x +3) Lim (10x? ~ 25x? + 2x -11) Lim, x ~5) he 2+ Hs Sr Books: Comandante, Felipe L., Analytic Geometry with Solid Mensuration, 2009: National Book Store. Quad Alpha Centrum Bldg. 125 Pioneer Street, Mandaluyong City, Philippines. 2008. Peterson, Thurman S., Calculus with Analytic Geometry, A Harper International Edition: KEN Incorporated, Quezon City, Philippines INTERNET: + https://mathinsightorg/eartesian coordinates + https:/iwww.mathplanet com/education/pre-algebra/graphing-and-functionsitne-slope-of a- linear- unction#~text=The%420slope%20is%20defined%420as same%20two%20points%20% 20the %w20run, 9 5