MENELIK II MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCE

COLLAGE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

INDIVIDUAL AASIGNEMENT

SUBMITTED BY: SEIFESLASSIE WENDWOSEN AWULACHEW

SUBMITTED TO: DR. NEBIYOU (PHD)

FEBRUARY 14, 2024 G.C

ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

1
1. Researchers in Papua New Guinea compared the history of meat consumption in people who
had enteritis necroticans, with people who did not have the disease. Proportionately more
people who had the disease (50 of 61 cases) reported prior meat consumption than those who
were not affected (16 of 57).
1.1. Show 2x2 table
1.2. What is the OR and RR?
1.3. Interpretation

Solution:

Diseased Non Diseased

Exposed 50 16

Not Exposed 11 41

61 57

Odds of exposure among the diseased a×c

OR= Odds of exposure among the non diseased = b ×d

50× 41
= 11×16 =11.6

Interpretation: Those people with Enteritis Necroticans are 11.6 times more likely to have
consumed meat than those who are not diseased.

2. Example A: In an outbreak of tuberculosis among prison inmates in South Carolina in 1999,

28 of 157 inmates residing on the East wing of the dormitory developed tuberculosis, compared
with 4 of 137 inmates residing on the West wing. (11).

2.1 Show 2x2 table

2.2 Calculate the RR and OR ?

2.3 Interpretation

2
Solution:

Diseased Non Diseased

East Side 28 129 157

West Side 4 133 137

32 262

Solution:

28
Incidence amongexposed 157
RR=
Incidence among non Exposed
= 4 =6.1
137

Interpretation=those who reside in the East side are 6.1 more likely to be infected by Tuberclosis
than those who reside in the Westside

3. In an outbreak of varicella (chickenpox) in Oregon in 2002, varicella was diagnosed in 18 of

152 vaccinated children compared with 3 of 7 unvaccinated children. Calculate the risk ratio.

3.1 Show 2x2 table

3.2 Calculate the RR and OR?

3.3 Interpretation

Solution

3
 Diseased Non Diseased

Vaccinated 18 134 152

Not Vaccinated 3 4 7

21 138

18
Incidence amongexposed 152
RR= RR=
Incidence among non Exposed
= 3 = 0.276
7

Interpretation= Those who are vaccinated are 0.276 less likely to be diagnosed with Varicella
than those who are not vaccinated.

4. A case control study has found that the Odds of developing lung cancer are 10 and 1 among
smokers and non-smokers, respectively.

1.1. What is OR and its interpretation

Solution:

Odds of exposure among the diseased a×c 10

OR= Odds of exposure among the non diseased = b ×d = 1 =10

Interpretation=those individuals who have lung cancer are 10 times more likely to be smokers
than those who don’t smoke.

4
5. A Case Control study found that the Odds of having acute cardiac events in those engaging in
regular physical activity is 1. The corresponding odds for those not regularly engaging in
physical activity is 3.

1.1. What is the Odds Ratio? Interpret the value.

Solution:

Odds of exposure among the diseased a×c 1

OR= Odds of exposure among the non diseased = b ×d = 3 =0.33

Interpretation=Those who are engaged in a regular exercise are 33.3% chance of being less likely
of having Acute Cardiac Events than those who don’t. It’s a protective factor.

6. The odds of developing cardiovascular disease among those who smoke is 5. The odds of
developing cardiovascular disease among those who use smokeless tobacco is 5.

1.1. What is the Odds Ratio? Interpret the value.

Solution:

Odds of exposure among the diseased a×c 5

OR= Odds of exposure among the non diseased = b ×d = 5 =1

NO ASSOCIATION

Exposure to Smoking cigarette doesn’t seem to cause or protect individuals from Cardiovascular
disease.

5
7. Based on the following table, calculate the requested measures. Also provide the definition for
each measure in one sentence. a) The risk ratio comparing the exposed and the unexposed study
participants b) The risk difference between the exposed and the unexposed study participants c)
The prevalence of the disease among the entire study sample, assuming the disease is a long-
term, chronic disease with no cure and assuming no study participants have died.

Solution

651
Incidence amongexposed 1101
a) RR= Incidence among non Exposed = 367 =0.82
512

Interpretation=

651 367
b) RD=Ie-Io= 1101 - 512 =-0.13

Interpretation=

6
 Total No . of people who are diseased 1018
c) Prevalence= Total population under the study = 1613 =0.63

63 per 100 people are diseased.