Faculty of Electronics & Computer Technology and Engineering BERR 1133 FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEMns 1: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC SYSTEMS «This chapter explains: 11 Basic Electric System 12 Electrical Circuits 13. Electrical Charge = aa 1.4 Electromotive Force (emf) and Potential Difference 15 Voltage and Currents 1.6 Systems of Units: SI units in Electrical 17 Electrical Measurement & Instruments 1.8 Symbols of Electrical Sources & Components a 1.9 Circuit Elements: Passive & Active @utemcal 7 Chapter Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: - Describe basic electrical systems and the concept of electrical charge - Differentiate between EMF and Potential Differential - Understand the systems of units - Describe electrical measurement & instruments and the symbol s of electrical sources & components + Identify the circuit elements1.1 BASIC ELECTRIC SYSTEM @ Electric system - deals with communication and transfer energy from one point to another. @ Electric circuit - an interconnection of electrical elements. @ Basic electrical system consists of 4 elements: Source, Control, Load and Transmission System (as shown in Fig. 1) ESTelt] fe) Leroy xo} Transmission ‘System System Fig. 1 Electrical systemELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd. 1) Source - Provide electrical energy to electrical system (i.e DC or AC source). Can be obtain from battery, generator or socket outlet. 2) Control - Control the flow of electrical energy (i.e switch). Permits the energy to flow or else interrupts the flow. 3) Load - Absorb the electrical energy and perform a given task/purpose/work. Most domestic electrical equipment constitutes loads (i.e motor) 4) Transmission system - Conduct and transfer electrical energy from source to load (i.e insulated wire)cal 10 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd. Example Switch Swatch i = ae 4 Convert to ciremt — Source R Coad) Battery Mentol Fig. 2 Torch Light systemcal " ELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd. Example Conductors/Wires Resistance Physical configuration Circuit diagram Fig.3 Headlight systemcal oP 1.2 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS Electrical Circuit — consists of various types of circuit elements connected in closed paths by conductor (refer Figure 1.4). Resistances { _ \ Inductance “Cj i ‘ Voltage 7 Circuit elements — resistances, source inductances, capacitances and Capacitance voltage/current sources. Conductors Fig. 4 Electrical circuit Voltage sources create forces that cause charge to flow through the conductors and other circuit elements, so energy transferred between the circuit elements.cal 1.3 ELECTRICAL CHARGE Electrical Charge - also known electricity. The elementary physics that all matter is made of atoms and each atoms consists of electrons, protons and neutrons. O—rcton @ NeutronELECTRIC CHARGE contd. od Protons - carry a positive charge Qe Neutrons - carry no charge Gs Sian ener arr oar » Electrons - carry a negative charge and circle the nucleus > The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged. > Some atoms hold their electrons loosely (when force is applied) especially electrons thatare located at valence shell (outermost shell).LD ELECTRIC CHARGE contd. > The loose electrons (free electron) can be transferred into another atoms. > When an electron escapes from the atom — becomes positive ion. > When atom acquire an electron - becomes negative ion.ELECTRIC CHARGE contd. » A substance/materials that excess of electrons (negative ion) is said to have negative charge. » Materials with deficiency of electrons (positive ion) is said to have positive charge. » Electrical charge - an electrical property of matter that exists because of an excess or defiance of electrons. » Charges can be measured in coulomb 1 Coulomb (C) = 6.24 x 1018 electrons 1 electron =1.602x10- PC » Materials with charges of opposite polarity attracted. » Materials with charges of same polarity are repelled.om) ora 1.4 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf) VS. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE Er Gece Emf is the electrical potential difference provided by an energy source like battery. Varying magnetic fields also can generate an emf according to the Faraday's law. Although EMF is also a voltage and measured in Volts (V), it is all about the generation of a potential difference. Potential is a function of the location, and potential difference between point A and point B is calculated by subtracting the potential of A from potential of B. In an electric field, it is the amount work to be done to move a unit charge (+1 Coulomb) from B to A. Electric potential difference is measured in V (Volts). In an electrical circuit, current flows. from the higher potential to lower potential.cal So the important differences between emf and potential difference are: 1. The term ‘potential difference’ is used in all energy fields (electric, magnetic, gravitational), and ‘emf is only used in electric circuits. . Emf is the electrical potential difference generated by a source like battery or generator. . We can measure potential difference between any two points, but emf exists only between the two ends of a source. . Sum of ‘potential drops’ around a circuit is equal to total emf according to Kirchhoff's second law.1.5 VOLTAGE AND CURRENTVoltage The force (pressure) that causes current to flow - measured in VOLTS (V) Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch) Pipe (Wiring) When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any pressure (voltage)? YES — Pressure (voltage) is pushing against the pipe, tank, and the faucet. When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any pressure (voltage)? YES — Pressure (voltage) pushes flow (current) through the system.1 Voltage in a Circuit The battery provides voltage that will push current through the bulb when the switch is on.a VOLTAGE cont. + To move an electron in a conductor in a particular direction requires some work or energy transfer. + This work can be performed by an external force or called as electromotive force (emf). + This emf also known as potential difference or voltage. + Voltage (V) is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V). + Voltage is a measurement of potential difference between two points.VOLTAGE cont. » Vy — voltage between point a and b «It is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from a to b. + plus (+) and minus (-) signs — voltage polarity or reference direction.he VOLTAGE cont. + Voltage (V) is defined as energy/charge per unit charge V=WIQ where V is voltage in volts(V), W is energy in joules (J) and Q is charge in coulombs (C). - A voltage source is an energy source that provides electrical energy or voltage. » Two types of voltage sources: + de voltage — a constant voltage with time. i.e. battery. *ac voltage — a voltage that varies with time. i.e. electric generator, socket outlet.Current The flow of electric charge - measured in AMPERES (A) Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch) Pipe (Wiring) When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any flow (current)? NO When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any flow (current)? YES>), Current in a Circuit When the switch is off, there is no current. When the switch is on, there is current.cal Pad CURRENT contd. - Voltage provides energy to electron, allowing them to move through a circuit. » This movement of electrons is the current, which result in work being done in an electrical circuit. /'— + Consider the following: » negative charges move from the negative terminal of battery towards the positive terminal.CURRENT contd. » Flow of current in metallic conductors is due to movement of electrons. » However, it is universally accepted that current is the net flow of positive charges. » There are two accepted conventions for the direction of electrical current: 1. Electron flow direction — current is out of the negative terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and into the positive terminal of the source. 2. Conventional current direction — current is out of the positive terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and into the negative terminal of the source. Conventional Current ‘ Electron 4 FlowEngineering vs. Science - The direction that the current flows does not affect what the current is doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which convention is used as long as you are consistent. - Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In general, the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas the engineering disciplines use Conventional Current. - Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional Current . + *1_ Conventional li Current MiCURRENT contd. + Electric current — the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A). T=Q/t where I is current in amperes(A), Q is charge in coulombs (C) and t is time in seconds. + Generally, have two types of current: + direct current (dc) — a current that remains constant with time. + alternating current (ac) — a current that varies with time. u de current } ac currentcal 1.6 SYSTEMS OF UNITS » Basic S| (International System of Units) units: Quantity Unit Symbol Charge (q) coulomb Cc Energy (E) joule J Power (P) watt WwW Voltage (V) volt Vv Current (I) ampere A Resistance (R) ohm Q Induction (L) Henry H Capacitance (C) farad Fa | Volt ™) + Voltis the electrical unit of voltage. ‘One voltis the energy of 1 joulethatis 1V= 1/1 ‘consumed when electric charge of 1 ‘coulomb flows in the circuit. Ampere (A) + Ampere is the electrical unit of electrical ‘current. It measures the amount of 1A=1C/ 1s ‘electrical charge that flows in an electrical circuit per 1 second. Ohm: (a) + Ohm is the electrical unit of resistance. ELectrical units 10=1V/1A Watt rr) + Watts the electrical unit of electric power. It measures the rate of 1w ‘consumed energy. 1W Farad F) + Farad is the unit of capacitance. It represents the amount of electric 1F=1C/1V ‘charae in coulombs that is stored per 1 volt. Henry ) + Henry is the unit of inductance. 1H=1Wb/1Aaml SYSTEMS OF UNITS contd. - The SI prefixes: Power of 10 Prefix Symbol +18 Exa E +15 Peta P +12 Tera T 49 Giga G 46 mega M 33 kilo k 42 hecto h +1 deka Dd -1 deci d 2 cent ¢ 3 mili m -6 micro i “9 nano n -12 pico P 1s femto f -18 atto a1.7 ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS » Multimeter Digital Multimeters (DMM) An @log Multimeter» Meter symbols (@) Digital (c) AnalogMeasuring Current- Most analog ammeters have a number of possible settings for the maximum possible current that can be measured; for example: 2 A, 200 mA, 20 mA, 2 mA. You should always start by turning the setting to the highest possible rating (for example, 2 A). If the ammeter reading is too small from the selected scale, then you can reduce the scale to get the reading. It is important not to overshoot the maximum value that can be read. - For example, if the current is about 75 mA, then the ammeter would be set to the 200 mA scale for the most accurate reading. Setting to the 20 mA scale would overload the ammeter and most likely open its internal fuse.Measuring VoltageMeasuring Resistance>), Measured Numbers Error : The difference between the true value and the measured value Accuracy : The degree to which a measured value represents the true or accepted value of a quantity. Ameasurement is said to be accurate if the error is small. Precision : The repeatability or consistency of a measurement- Resolution » The smallest increment of quantity that the meter can measure. The smaller the increment, the better the resolution. 0.001V aSse | Component Name ww L —oo— SPST Toggle Switch eating current when open oc Used for zero potential reference 5 oO + Earth Ground and electrical shock protection. Og ; Connected to the chassis of the oO 2 oe Chassis Ground eee ® E€ we Resistor (IEEE) Resistor reduces the current flow. — oo x Variable Resistor /Rheostat Adjustable resistor - has 2 no oO (IEEE) terminals Oo Om Capacitor is used to store electric ac aang Capacitor charge. It acts as short circuit € oO with AC and open circuit with DC. Sy oO Ie Battery Generates constant voltage Y 2 -o- AC Voltage Source AC voltage source foo) 3 Diode Diode allows current flow in <— ” calaing ~~, one direction only (left to right).as 1.9 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS - Element — basic building block of a circuit or electrical components of an electrical circuit. - Electric circuit — an interconnection of electrical elements. - Circuit analysis — process of determining voltages across (or the currents through) the elements of the circuit. - Two types of elements in electrical circuits: —Active elements — Passive elements 43Passive Components - Passive components: Components that do not supply voltage or current. - Examples OResistors OCapacitors Olnductor OTransformer1 Active Components » The components that have their own power source. + Passive components are used in conjunction with active components to form an electronic system. + Examples Voltage and current sources 1 Battery, Generator, Fuel cell Transistor 41 Integrated Circuit (IC)CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd. * Active elements — elements capable of generating electrical energy i.e. voltage source & current source. * Passive elements — elements not capable of generating electrical energy i.e. resistor, capacitor and inductors. » Voltage & current source deliver power to the electrical circuit. « Two kinds of sources: ~ Independent sources. ~ Dependent sources. 46CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd. + Ideal independent source — an active elements that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit elements. ’ v [ ee Ly L ; i ® @ (b) ols for independent voltage sources: " ed for constant or time-varying volt- age, (b) used for constant voltage (de), Figure 1.12 Figure 1.11 Syn Symbol for independent current source.CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd. «Ideal independent voltage source delivers to the circuit whatever current is necessary to maintain its terminal voltage. + sv > c =a _ CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd. + Ideal independent current source delivers to the circuit whatever voltage is necessary to maintain the designated current. 1 |! + + a@® [|v [syCIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd. + Ideal dependent (or controlled) source — an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current. ——# @ ) Figure 1.13 Symbols for: (a) dependent voltage source, (b) dependent current source. - Four types of dependent source: + Avoltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS) + Acurrent-controlled voltage source (CCVS) + Avoltage-controlled current source (VCCS) + Acurrent-controlled current source (CCCS)CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd. « Consider the following: oo + ase c cae 10% Figure 1.14 ‘The source on the right-hand side is a current-controlled voltage source. — The CCVS is depends on i. ~ Value = 10: V 81