CHAPTER 3 & 4 Tools in Homicide Investigations & How to Respond to a Crime Scene yl BendongTopics for discussion Core Concepts Medical Jurisprudence What Is Scientific Crime Investigation The Firearm Examination What is Toxicology Areas of Toxicology Tool to use How to Respond to a Crime Scene Chapter 3What is Medical Jurisprudence - also called “ forensic: ” , the application of science to law. - It is used in cases such as furgeries, fraud, or negligence. It can assist law-enforcement officials resolve whether any laws or regulations have been violated in the marketing of foods and drinks, the manufacture of medicines, or the use of pesticides on cropsScientific Crime Investigation - is a process to find crimes through techniques and procedures learned through criminalistic science as a scientific investigation and/or criminal investigator using various disciplines known as forensic science Chapter 3 - 3Firearms Examinations Firearm are identified through microscopic {imperfections that are produced unintentionally in ‘gus barrels during manufacture. Subsequent use ‘and wear contribute farther toa weapon's Individuality. bullet fired from aril, pistol or revolver, therefore, has impressed on its surface ‘the individual characteristics ofthe barrel through ‘which i was fired. Other Parts of the Firearm The firing pin, breech face, extractor, and ejector come in ase; Heng contact with the eartrid artridge cases may be scarred with unique markings that can be identified with a particular gun, The material products of gunpowder combustion are expelled from the muzzle ofa gun in the form ofa cone, 1 dtens been he on ndah eject hough vic the ‘alt pats within sped oma of te ree omit ite fo richSerological Investigations Serology in its extensive sense is the study of body fluids in relation to sickness and its treatment, in crime detection, serological procedures are applied to the signification of a bloodstain, that is to ascertaining its humans or animal origin and its blood group classification. ore)Toxicological examinations icology may be define as the nce of poison Special techniques of analytical chemistry have been developed for use in toxicological examinations. The difficulty of separatin poisons from other materials and of identifying them recurs constantly in a crime laboratoryThe Three Major Areas : * Post Mortem Forensic Toxicology * Human Performance Toxicology * Forensic Drug Toxicology Post-mortem Forensic Toxicology is the legal investigation of specimens for the presence and quantity of drugs to help indicate and determine their contribution in a person's cause of death, specifically if a death is sudden, suspicious, or unexplained Human Performance Toxicology The forensic toxicologist investigates the effects of drugs and alcohol on human performance and behavior, and the legal consequences of drug use. Forensic Drug Toxicology is the analysis of biological samples for the presence of toxins, including drugs._. Trace Evi Foret Hairs and Fibers A piece of hair or a few strands of Aber when compared with known specimens, may prove helpful in solving a case.Mineralogical Examinations ‘The science of mineralogy is also utilized in crime detection, The mineralogist examines soil, plaster, cement, brick, concrete, and glass for any evidence. Mineral examination have shown that differences may be detected in sell composition. Soil and dust found in a suspect's clothing and determined to be similar to that at the crime help to prove the person s presence in that locality, Cora)Metallurgical Investigations ed Metallurgical examinations make it possible to identify the source of an item whether made of metal, plastic, ceramic, or other material- found at a crime scene, and further, to resolve if two similar items were fractured from each other, the nature of the force causing the fracture, the direction from which the force came, and the time when the fragments became separated. It can also determine how a metal item was manufactured, and whether items found in different places were made at the same time and by the same manufacturer. Such identification aids to trace the evidence to its owner. “The metallurgist can also restore altered or obliterated numbers on objects of any materialDocument Definition Consists mainly of comparing questioned handwriting with known handeriing to determine the writer's identity; Ie aso includes the examination of hand printing, forgeries typewriting. inks, paper, indented and eradicated writing rubber stamp impressions, charred paper, nd related items. No two people write precisely alike + the writing process is so intricate that personal peculiarities always persist inthe handwriting of any individual. Detaled scrutiny reveals these hidden characterises, which can then form the basis for an experts opinions. An innovative method of detection, called DNA fingsrprinting vas inte in the L98Ds Becane all living cells contin the genetic material DNA, ‘sing chemical analysis investigntors can conclude if bod oF other body fluids found at crime scene ‘atch a genetic profile. Since DNA tests have been {nse for & relavely short time thelr valldy In roving conclusively a suspects gut have been ‘questioned in many courts. Similar To oteine blood type, however, DNA analysis can be used 10 exclude the posibiliy of person's fnolverent in a crime 5 Basi Equipment in Homicide investigationCasting Equipment : Plaster of Paris 2(Kilos) Dental Powder Silicon casting material Dupli-cast Mikrosl rubber Mixing bowl (2 sizes) Rubber spatula Reinforcement mesh Plastic bags 34 Metal retaining ving Plastic weigh boats Wooden tongue depressors Modeling clay Identitication tags with string Snow wax (for impressions in ice )Photographic Equipment (Cameras: 35mm wit adjustable controls, 2 ajustable controls cor large format and extra batteries for cameras Lens Normal, Wide angle of 8m, aro capable 1: ratio. and eephoto lens Frm: Color, Black and white with adequate supply 1 oth formats Flash; Compatible stobes for cameras, haters and PC curd 6 wo 10%eet Tripod: Adjustable heads and ee Measuring devices: Disposable ruler Fite; 806 fier, range filter and polarizing Misellancous: Lens brash and lens tissue, phot flood light ‘camera carving cass and shutter release cable Evidence Packaging Supplies Papers of assorted sizes and pharmacy folds Metal cans for debris Glass vials Evidence tape Marking pen Stapler Pill boxes (folding)Blood Collection Supplies Deceased Print Kit : Hand Tools Sterilized cloth squares 2" roller fk Sterilized thread 4° roller fs Glass microscope plates Black ink i Distilled water Porelon pad Scalpel Finger strips oo Disposable scalpel blades Plain paper Tweezers Ink remover Small scissors Tissue builder Sn Supplies, Kits and Tools to use in Crime sceneBiohazard Kit : Disposable latex gloves Disposable footwear protector Disposable face mask/shield Disposable gown/apron Biohazard waste bag6 Miscellaneous Equipment : Flashlight and spare butteries Writing paper and report forms Graph paper Clipboard Writing and marking pens Metal scribe Chalk and crayons Cellophane tape and dispenser Clear book binding tape Extra evidence tape Extra staples and stapler Scissors Scalpels and replacement blades Large and small forceps Compass Large magnet 100 ft. electrical cord Metal detector Ultra-violet light: low and high wavelength Protective eyewear Static lifter Portable laser or Alternate light© The officer assigned to the ci scene's main entry must log in all visitors, including name, rank, stated purpose, arrival and departure times. © Absolutely no visitors should be allowed in the me undocumented crime scene area Every officer at the scene must complete a standard report describing their involvement and their specific actions while at the scene. * All visitors must make available any requested exemplar such as hair, blood, shoeprints, the like fingerprints and tended for elimination purposes. © The highest ranking officer entering a crime scene must assume responsibility for all subsequent visitors to the scene. © ‘This fina aspect means that any supervisory officer who visits the scene to "have a look around” must stay at the site until elther the crime scene technicians finish thei work or a higher ranking ofierarives. An officer attempting to secure a crime seene who finds the post regularly overrun by curious commanders mist have the means to protect the scene, enforee guidelines snd rules and deal with superior offices, policy helps to counteract and level the playing field + While awaiting reinforcement and the SOCO Team. a ‘A clealy-writen, well enforced fist responder if possible after verification of death and notifying command, shouldbe able to protect the crime seene by condoning off the area Crime Scene Policy should contain the following elements :Three Barriers ¢ The first barrier - is reserved for the crime scene technicians © The second barrier - is intended for police officers and the investigator on case ; while ¢ The outermost - cordon should be established to ward-off media and onlookers from the crime scene.Reconstructing the Crime Scene: Crime scene reconstruction refers to the use of physical evidence, scientific method, deductive reasoning or logic and their interrelationship to acquire definite and clear knowledge of the series of events and circumstances that surrounds the commission of a crime. * Crime scene reconstruction looks at the physical evidence and attempts to determine "What happened?" and "How did it happen?"Five (5) categories of reconstruction : 1. Specific Incident Reconstruction - to cover traffic accidents, Homicide and bombing incidents. 2. Specific Physical Evidence Reconstruction - which treats and deals with firearms, blood, semen, glass fragments and the like. 3. Specific Event Reconstruction - which deals with the sequence, direction, condition, relation and identity. 4 Degree of involvement reconstruction : Total case reconstruction 2. Partial case reconstruction 3. Limited event reconstruction 4. Specific pattern reconstruction5. Special areas or determinations in reconstruction: 1. Criminal profiling - including MO, motive, and psychological determinations, or organized or disorganized crime scene determination. 2. Scene profiling - Primary scene or secondary scene determination, etc.elle een a cee Types fol Moveien by the victim/offender in the IXeYeLO ASIN AULCLNLO)APIEE visis srenovecondtenesewner) Document Reassemble torn/shredded papers Recovery of obliterated writing, ree) Functional Evidence Does the weapon or vehicle function properly? Semi-automatic with slide locked back may indicate last round was fired, Firearms Trajectory Shooting distance Position and location of the victim Direction of shots Possibility that the woun have been self- inflicted Identification of weapon used may link serial cases. (5) couldGla: Direction of break (from which side of the glass) Sequence of shots (it should be noted that current research indicates that sequencing of shots through laminated automotive glass is not reliable.)Impression Evidence such as fingerprints, shoeprints and tire tracks : Identity of victim/offender Place victim/offender at the scene and at specific sites in the crime scene Fingerprints may indicate where the victim/offender was in the scene or how an object was held. Shoeprints may show location in and movement through the scene. Tire tracks may show vehicle position and direction of travel and may indicate the type of vehicle drivenLIGATURE ‘Type of ligature used (if missing) Use of similar/same ligature can be used to link serial cases. Type of ligature used may indicate suspect's st such as rope tied with occupation or inte knots commonly used by climbers or dock workers Pathology : Manner of death whether Suicide, Homicide, Natural or Accidental Approximate time of death, cause weapon used, Approximate time _before incapacitation from wounds, Whether injuries were sustained pre-or post mortem (before or after death) of death, Physical Match and Reassembly of broken objects : Bombs Vehicle lamps, mirrors and windows Aircraft which have crashed and/or exploded. Identity : Approximate age of the victim. Was the victim sexually assaulted and in what manner? Possibility that the wound could have been self- inflicted TOE | Relational/Pos POAT Citas Pee eon ee Ore Nea eC the blood was shed, eee aon eS Pec cr eT me ERR TT Reem eter race Evidence ee eet Trt eee eee eeInformation Needed for Reconstruction: The reconstructionalist should examine all scene photograph, autopsy protocol and photographs, measurements, drawing, _ notes, reports and items of evidence. Complete and accurate documentation of the scene is essential.7 Steps in Reconstruction Recognition of evidence Documentation of evidence Collection of evidence Evaluation of evidence Hypothesis Testing Actual reconstructionRecognition of evidence Documentation of evidence Is the most significant unless Recognition, documentation the potential evidence can and collection of evidence be acknowledged no further are the core of any reconstruction can be successful crime scene carried out. reconstruction and form the basis of reconstruction. Steps in Reconstruction Evaluation of evidence : The of evidence, the possibly following laboratory analysis scrutinizes and looks at what information the evidence provides and how reliable it is.Thank you!!!