Explain the different types of motiaton and how each can affect an athlete's performance.

(5)

An athlete's performance may be positiely or negatiely afected by diferent types of motiaton n

including positiee negatiee intrinsic and extrinsic. Positie motiaton comes from rewarding
experiencese e.g. fame or monetary rewardse and negatie motiaton comes from a fear of failure or
consequences e.g. being remoied from the team. Extrinsic motiaton comes from sources from
outside the athlete e.g. a coach and intrinsic motiaton comes from an internal desire to do welle
e.g. setng personal goals.
Depending on the athletee negatie motiaton may cause them to be nerious and thus perform
poorly; or it could potentally push them to perform at their best to aioid the punishment. The
efectieness of diferent types of motiaton iary between athletese but in the long terme most
perform beter with positie motiaton as fear can inhibit performance and create mental stress.
Additonallye athletes with poor internal motiaton may see great performance benefts when
encouraged or held accountable by an outside sourcee howeier again in the longnterm performance
benefts are more easily seen in athletes who are not externally reliant as they are able to
contnually motiate themselies dayntonday eien when not training.

Compare two different energy systems by exploring their duratonn sources of fuel and causes of
fatgue. Use examples to support your answer. (7))

Energy proiided in the form of ATP is required by the body in order to complete any worke and
depending on the tme and intensity of exercisee diferent energy systems are used to create ATP. In
the alactc systeme small amounts of ATP stored in the muscles proiide the energy for highnintensity
actiites no longer than a few seconds in duratone e.g. high jump. ADP is formed from this which is
useless for energy productone thus this system relies on creatne phosphate (CP) proiiding the
energy for ADP to resynthesise into ATP and contnue proiiding energy. Howeiere this cycle can only
contnue for approx. Ր0nՐ2 secondse and stop when CP supplies are depleted which happens quickly
n thus being the cause of fatgue. The rate of recoiery is around 2 minutese meaning athletes are able
to renperform their moiements afer a short break e.g. for turnnbased eients such as shot put.
By comparisone the aerobic system is iery diferent from the alactc system. The aerobic system
proiides the energy for lownmoderate intensity (maximum 80% MHR) actiites lastng more than 2n
3 minutese e.g. crossncountry running. It also uses glycogen as an energy sourcee but it has to be
contnuously formed from the breakdown of carbohydrates in the body into ATP. This process
creates bynproducts of CO2 and H2O but it also forms large amounts of ATPe making it the most
efficient and longestnfunctoning energy system. Afer Րn2 hours of actiity glycogen stores are
depleted and the body uses fats as a source of fuel e.g. in a 4nhour triathlon. Fats need more oxygen
to break down than carbohydrates howeiere thus faster breathing is needed and the cause of fatgue
is the inability to supply sufficient oxygen or running out of fuel. It usually takes 24n48 hours for
glycogen to be replenished.
Explain how the principles of specifcity and reiersibility can be applied to both aerobic and
resistance training. (6)

The principle of specifcity states that maximum benefts will only occur if a training program is
based on specifc needs of the sport n including training the predominant energy system/s usede
specifc muscle groups iniolied and specifc moiement skills used. For examplee in an aerobic
training programe a Ր00m runner would focus on training their legs and fastntwitch muscle fbrese
using their alactc and lactc systems. By contraste a weightlifer would train their upper body and
ATP/PC system with a focus on power. This way of training yields the greatest benefts as these are
the main components used in their sports n and this principle is also why a sprinter would not beneft
much from 5km runs.
The principle of reiersibility denotes that the benefts gained from partcipatng in a training
program are quickly lost once training stops; such as due to illness or injury. Aerobic capacity can
decrease by 6n7% afer just one week of bed reste while strength adaptatons take longer to lose.
Following this principlee measures should be taken if possible to reduce reiersibility or "dentraining"
from occurring n for examplee if a swimmer has an injured shouldere they may be instructed to go
running to maintain cardiorespiratory ftness. A power lifer should return slowly to training if
coming back from an injurye for example startng lifing weaker loads and building up gradually as
strength returns as to not injure themselies again.

Describe the difference between trait and state anxiety. (4)

Trait anxiety regards the general leiel of anxiety an athlete feels from day to day. State anxiety is the
amount of stress an athlete feels during an eient or specifc point in tmee e.g. a soccer player taking
a penalty kick where the pressure may cause them to feel more anxious than usual. Trait anxiety is
mostly inherente i.e. a part of personalitye and is usually longnterm. By contraste state anxiety occurs
in response to a stressore is temporarye and can be managed using mental techniques e.g.
iisualisaton or relaxaton to achieie optmum arousal.

Why are the ialidity and reliability of tests important in proiiding objectie measures to appraise
performance? (5)

Reliability refers to the consistency of results a test giiese while ialidity iniolies the accuracy and
suitability of the test i.e. if it actually tests the aspect being measured. Objectie measures e.g.
tming a sprint using a stopwatch to measure speede or recording the height of a iertcal jump with a
tape measure to measure leg strengthe must be both reliable and ialid to appraise performance
accurately. For examplee a sprinter cannot be tested on speed by a sitnandnreach test as it is inialid
since it is testng exibility. Similarlye testng a sprinter's speed immediately afer a 3km run will
proiide unreliable results compared to testng speed afer a full day of reste as fatgue will impair
performance and change the results. They must also be measured accurately to be ialid e.g. using a
stopwatch rather than mentally countng as countng is estmated and subject to error. Thus tests
must be both reliable and ialid to accurately appraise objectie performances as they use numberse
and numbers can be inaccurate if the tests were unreliable or inialid.