awe A ‘1eydsoy 389 Bueyg neqecex3 14 @Anoeyo we eo awa varans: wot iwHows zzore (Sais Course Gutline in Obligations & Contracts wt, i By: Alfredo F, Benzon a vel Bach arts & Letters, University of Safito Tomas)“. “0 Tt Bachelor of Civil Law, University uf Santo Tomas Seq ails Part , i . , na ‘The concept of law (Ius/Jus/Lex/Jurisprudence) | 02, eternal Laws « . 03. Natural Moral laws ov 04. Physical !: (Qus Naturales) 05. Equity (Arts. 9,19, on 21, 22) Clannad puta rn, whe a. 06. Justice - the constant and perpetual wish to er justice to everyone; to live honestly, to hurt no one and to give everyone his due - Cocquia: Principles of Roman Law; Arts, § 19,20 91-22)" ~ 07. Positive laws (man-made laws (substantive and procedural). 08, Characteristics of eternai laws (universal, permanent, immutable) 09, Characteristics of positive laws (articular, temporary, mutable) 1) Charactorictire of a good positive adallev\ "Ley injucta non est lex.” (An unjust law is not a law) (For discussion: What is legel, is not necessarily moral) i fiecessity of iaws (as a means of social co-isui) . Relevance of Roman Law, Latin 13. “Ignorantia lege neminem excusat” (Ignorance of the faw excusés no dhe) ¢~" < (art. 3) ok BES 14, Kinds'of morance: (a) Invi (b) Vincible Ignorance, exs AMS. ioe OS 2, (@) affected ‘pretended or feigned) ignorance 15, ‘Nox popull, vox Der" (The vaite ofthe people isthe Voice of God) 16. “ura iex, Sea iex. (ine jaw may be harsh, but it is the law) 17. "Salus populi est suprema lex" (The welfare of the people is the supreme ) 18. “Nemo est supra legis” (No man is above the law) 7 19, "Fiat justicla ruat coelum” (Let Justice be done, though the heavens fall); . 36. Drake tawe (Iie Br + ae Public laws (Jus Publicum) - Ngee leat +h temo . Mandatory laws ~ s ant ore yoni Ah te eg . Prohibitory laws “al way [1 Creer uted against mandatory or prohibitory laws are void. + (Art. 5).Exceptions: (a) when the law authorizes the validity of the act ‘ (ex. voidable marriage where consent obtained by the use of force; (b) act void, in law, but lew ives validity to its effects (ex. children bor marriages are entitled to support/inheritance; (c) law punishes the oer, idates the act (ex. widow contracts marriage before the lapse of 300 Gays after husband's death; (é) iegalized gambling . Effectivity of postive lays (Aye, 2, a amended by EO EO 200, June 384 1987) (TAs, po Grplte cow ny pon 27. Effectvity of regulations or cteUlars a. evcoptions . General rule: Laws are prospective/not retroa pti : wides that it is retroactive; (6) penal Taws: p42 Pc given retroactive effect if favorable to the accused who is not. delinquent; (c) remedial and procedural laws; (d) law creating a substantive proviced 1c (che rignt) does not prejudice other rights of the same Pring Orttaheo 1LT hwne Rejunag anyon Leda Wont, k ae Q ahbs rua le * ae 4. [pry Crgenage taintsLtReoine/peteotay. pecrpes tarerstip ofa fhe tad os mane ~ fimuve dias [Ulehbtn jbvtoead weer lees peg origin; (@) laws enacted pursuant to the State's police power to address wee ee feet Part IE sel tes eget : 01. Definition of an obligation (Art. 1156)- f4idicad ts an wt tod 02, Civil obligation based on pena as i a court (Art, 1423) THe ASAE 03. Natural obligations ort 1423 to a based on equity and natura! law, not enforceable in court, but after voluntary fulfiliment by fhe dstitor, authorizes the creditor to retain witat has been performed or delwered (Art 1423). These are - bes (at. 144 a. 1424 ~ payment fi cbt tt ha preszos d (Art. 1344; on . re-oiption Arts 106-1155) Cant atewid (Lat M hae debited (oe of toric. b. 1425 = payment by a 3" pecian ote tele of apes that has prescribed ~*Uicrs. camnrt termes ¢. 1426 — contract entered into by a minor between 18 and 20 (repealed because legal age is now 18 years) 1427 ~ coniract catered into by a minor between 16 and 20 (164 oe | because the legal age Is now 38 y . 1428 - payment of a Hh action fo collect it payment by an heir of the debt of the decedent S ol the value of the prazerty which he inherited “eanart he arectnacd + delivery by an heir of a legacy (cif of personal property in 2 will) after a last vit! testament has been declared void vecause it was nor , plaintiff which was violated by fa deta on land ac (Arts, 2224, 2222) qt Bay (d) Toniperate or moderate darnanes ~ more than nominal but less kw ia ipensatory but court finds that some pecuniary loss has been ~ suffered but its amount cannot be Proved with certainty (Art. 2224). ¥ Ttis based on the principle that every injury causes some specie £ of damage. Ex. a scar; compelling a plane passenger holding a first wv class ticket to transfer to the economy section of the plane (f) Exemplary or corective damages ~ imposed by way of example or . Correction for the pubic Good, in addition to moral, temperate , d liquidated or compensatory/actual damages (Art, 2229). Ex. Exemplary damages may be awarded for sexually assaulting a pregnant woman {) liquidated darnages - those agreed upon by the parties to a contract to. be paid in case of breach (Art. 2226) 15, Personat positive abligation (obligation to doy Pale, [eate, deposit = 16. Real obligation (obligation to give a thing) R eS . Personal negative obligation (obligation not to do) Ye 18. Other kinds of obligations: Nominate (it has a nafhe) and Innominate (it t fas no name: hit 1307 (a) doce ve that you may give; (b) do ut = faclas/l give that you may do; (€) Fado fo that you may give (d) Gas facic ut facias/I give that: you nlay Gh; bilateral (involving reciprocal duties; sale) and unilateral (only one party promises to perform an undertaking; commodatum); commutative (involving exchange of ‘values; _ ui . a {), Sale, lease); principar{can stand olone) and accessory (It depends on the Avie existence of a principal obligation); consensual, (comes into existence by a(t) Mere Consent, Art. 1315; Art. 1319 ~ how consent is manifested) and real ~~ (comes into existence by, the delivery of the thing due (Art. 1316); Xe w bo reciprocal and nd aaiprccal; onerous (wit i) and XS ae HkOwS (for free/Art. 13 Alexia {cegendent upon the happening ~S ich are qu of ext uncertain event; insurance/ 3 8hd those whi |. ,,higontrary to law, marals, geod austoms, public oréer and public ((™“boticy (or which are unlawful, illicit or imm 7 jh cescissible (Arts. 1380 to 1389); 3 Udit unenforceable (Arts. 1403 to 1¢ s 1306)7 jable (Arts. 2, (2) unenforaeable beck Pronk ain fe i . 1; (bY unenforceable because it does not comply, (33",,- + with the Statute of Frauds (Art. 1403, No, 2); and (c) unenforceable vet because parties are incapable of giving consent (Art. 1403, No. 3);voi T inexistent (arts, 1409 to 1422); Natural (arts. 1423 to 1430); 1156, 1157); format ispensable to be velid; Ex, donation of immovable Gunation of personal pproperty whese value gxceeds PS,000,00 Form jac Gm lou - . Pim abenseattet BE alan Ay “Ein Aa einen ee Lo [BP ‘must be in_ OO Weng re ing fat tot 41 [ng Petes cateat fo | be oy ae ard bat tog — relay, Daag tty a Bee saad go sunt oe tas em pee Yoon Brae Tein Frei x tin, : a wn + abartens re canalefreece st rishh * Crmmunaltes Spat any “oma wok rpcted te ; Br ti, | Og: (310 ~covasat Wings -REL(O) I Lae as Cog fF Corrinetionn oof "aif 24 Prwirheal AC —mplhe \ Ru eet boty Conpud 7 q 6, bcipscet me | lew ater real - dmattcon “Shite LI peta hut 1306 ~ ae sho a apt ge er Cahaca py cunt bce: oben © nt mein fosssible bectinid “1h Bewiitaeet tat 9G] Peeisnle vest ea Shell unten dad a an A evil Wt cml) pide warren "Sete Pints pipet frwriting; Art, 1874 ~ authority of agent to sell an immovable must be in writing; Art. 1771 ~ contract of partnership where emovable propery is . ted must be in a public instrument; Art. 1956 ~ stipulation to pay 8 interest{must be in yea eal me eeu for convenience ~Art, Tie ‘sett a ail ‘ 19, Kinds of Hig: Yenerte (istominae; br, 1263) “ne Specie er eta dea (determinate. Art. 1460); things capable of being made determinate without the need of a new agreement (Art. 1460); delimis z delimited generic; corporeal tangible and inco l/intangible; fungible and non- fungible; principal ( {) and accessory (secondary; Arts. 467, 468), real (iramovable) and le or chattels); present/oxisting aid future/ potential existence/ future (Arts. 1461- . 1462); hope/vain hope (Art. 1461); licit and illicit (Art. 1409 ed those which are outside the commerce of man (Art. 1409, No, 1); things “aw Lhe without an owner (res nullus, Art. 713; res alicujos/with an owner); ! gecesslons (rural or A, At. 400), at maton im mctut —~ 4 Pa valandy bes bent Malaj ence patnt “ ames ged ee O1. Sources of obigations (Art. 1457) (a,eorbnuals gra’ -crtaadts deliste mp dlie 02. Obligations arising from law (Art. 14158). Obligations arising from law are Tol presumed. There must be a law expressly creating them, Examples: 03, Gitons eaho ton sau E A ER Eeo a, 306) treet je ae foes au force of law pees te i 2: and should be complied with n good faith of ma (bone fides) moka & pe 04. Obigatians arising from quasi-contracts/quast ex contracty (Art. D 2142) Hntlakiral (Hurd /[ 3 me ane LL _ 05. Principle of unjust envichrhent (Lond Yeshuliog” 187240, 4 vaiyhees Oct, 15, 2014) baba gntro 06. Quasi-contract of negotiorum gestio (¢ manager) (Art. 2144) : 07 Quasi-contract of solutio indebiti (wrohig BARON GE 2154)-nclum whet vo mitdas ye 08. Other quasi contracts: a. Art. 2164 ~ support given by a stranger b, Art..2165 ~ funerat expenses bome by a 3 person * c. Art, 2166 — support given by a stranger to an orphan, insane ‘oF tfer indigent person, oF to a chic under 18 unjustly Genied support by the father or mother, 4. Art. 4167 ~ services of a physician to an inured person ‘ecAiE. 2106. property saved from destructih by a stranger ‘during a flood, fire, storm ot other calamity {. Art. 2169 ~ wien the government undertakes necessary work “Gn private property where owner fils to comply with health oF safety regulations 8. Ji, 2170 ~ co-mingling of movables separately owned by accident ‘or forsuitoiss event govemed by the law on co-ownership 1h, Art. 2174 — majority of inhabitants of a small community who icc To ond undertake measures of protection against fire, ‘lood storns_ or other calamity, person refusing to help but is benefited must share in the expenses h. Art. 2175 - payment by a person of taxes of another 09, Obfigatione arising from acts or omissions punished by law (delict/ex maleficiofcrimetelony) + 10. Mezning o; amen rea (criminal intent). pri fect Ee CE ce dtc areal, ‘ Crdoeet ‘ ai fo ord GY denture (Reenter feet, aepannint to pag awd “pape BOOS yore (Ragan irmormnnas.” gn olla COMM SENSE alge senlin fov eokon map” tiles chi Udit Yat east Fm oe - Des , yen rowel 2 Ey G imppeet oslo Niner’ beet vento ela ue Sy bade . ae wos pus : Free Fle vs (ie tatorntews v1 Geared arp RA ra Dammim, aberpes Lapse ad ~ delet foal eaten iY a i ke ace pases ad 14182 coma : in a att w ™ Pe oot wee bath curly ened, PH! , nah Gunah Ova opt ste Fran damage bh enelion | Wigton : pn. . 4 (bate bere Cabra © haha udleti1. 12. 13. 14, 17. 18. o1. 02 03, 04. 05. . ' Gt. y pemantecva bani lid? ye sani wiosonl pene wet DUS 7 wn Meaning of wrongful omission ~ Aad hot Oo tohal yrmahedd oly Meaning and scope of crit . Meaning and liability (every person criminally liable is also civilly able (Art. 100, RPC)."Restitution Reparation. Indemnification of consequential damages. . Civil action impliedly instituted with criminal action, unless civil action. is yaled, or reserves the right to institute the civil action separately, or civil ction is instibuteA Before the criminal action (See. 1, Rule 111, Rules of Court) . Death of the offender during trial will not extinguish civil liability, Recovery of civil lability shall against te administrator of the estate of the offender. But heir is Tot liable beyond the value of the property which he inherits (Arts, 774, 1311; Belameta vs. Polinar, G.R. No. L-24098, November 18, 1967), lect of acquittal of the accused. Acquittal of the accused in the penal or ‘Sin aoin GOs ROR UA i cs acquittal is due to a declaration in the final judgment that the fact from ‘which the civil action might arise did not exist (Sec. 2¢b}, Rule 111) Obligations arising from quasi-delicts (quasi ex malefido/tort or culpa apie) oF negtigence/lack of skill/lack of care or lack of foresight (Art. . Requisites of quasi-detict: (a) plaintiff suffers damages; (b) fault or negligence oF the defends ant; and (c) negligence i the proximate cause (principle of causatty of cause and effect) of the damage. (Huang vs. Phil, Hotetiers, Ine., G.R. No, 180440, Dec. 5, 2012; Josefa vs, Mercado, G.R.No. 38, 2014), rai, distinguished: a In quastdelic, there 15 no pre-existing contract, the negligence is the direct source of the obligation; Wi ach of contract thru ‘egigence, regligence Is only incidental f6 the performance of the obligation; evel fetes 'Ltecewiley . in uasi-delict, “bonus pater familias” or diigence in the selection and 5 Is adefense; whereas, aright of action; and the injured party must prove the negligence ofthe dafendant; negligence of the defendant Is nat presumed; whereas, in beach of coniract, negligence is presumed, proof of the fact of breach is enough. (Huang vs, Phil, Hotaliers, Inc., GR. No. 180440, Dec. 5, 2012). Part IV (Obligation to give) Determinate or Specific Thing ‘ ¢ Duties of a person obliged to give a determinate or specific thing (Arts. 263 (degree of care), 1166 (fruits), 1166 (accessions/produced by a thing/incorporated artificially or naturally (Art. 440) and accessories; and payment of dameges (Art. 1170) Kinds of diligence Ordinary diligence or the diligence of a good father of a family (diligence of a bonus pater familias; Art. 1173) Extracrdinary diligence or diligence required by law in special cases Diligence required by agreement between the parties melt Kuen an (Cortretual narcarm arin By Oe tori] tality my oMedhing be na 7o Semanal Wally Calpe Palle — ger human achedOnt aed Senge tf owl Conbaheby eS: s ofa : an “aside, bh puatifietione ~ redeaws wep sls acr ed ian oO Le Rapes = Maia md, aay mad i : 5 Tabimteiialinn pr eoipenhal iy Oe aaa tas Trlemebiads emery te roy femprrhy inpilaont Coma mae Q { Crswinak labsbidy of canes & of fect 1 tbc Comennd by BBs dof Wemaragye 3. dedlaarnn/ exiki (rwishment’) 4. depientionef pony porte t oY G. depivatine op Lede aoe / 4 - @ a a Lape bel oa Shewct dvi rm Fricke 4+ Creninan hy Serarto Calpe evedarot mad Ge wed by he y ing 5 akan, (Sr a 2-53