Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THE GENEREAL NATURE OF LAW fulfillment of the obligation; he who has right.
(3)Object or Prestation (subject matter of the obligation) – the conduct required to
Law-any rule or action or any system of uniformity be observed by the debtor.
(1)Strict legal sense-promulgated and enforced by the state (4)A Juridical or Legal Tie (efficient cause) – binds or connects the parties to the
(2)Non-legal sense-not promulgated and enforced by the state obligation.
Divine law-law of religion and faith which concerns itself with the concept of sin EXAMPLE:
and salvation. Under a building contract, X bound himself to
build a house for Y for P1M.
Natural law-divine inspiration in man of the sense of justice, fairness, and Here, X is the passive subject, Y is the active
righteousness, not by divine revelation or formal promulgation, but by internal subject, the building of the house is the object of Prestation, and
the agreement or contract, which is the source of the obligation,
dictates of reason alone.
is the juridical tie.
Moral law-totality of the norms of good and right conduct growing out of the Kinds of obligation according to the subject matter
collective sense of right and wrong of every community. (1)Real Obligation (obligation to give) – is that in which the
subject matter is a thing which the obligor must deliver to the
Physical law-uniformities of actions and orders of sequence which are the obligee.
physical phenomena that we sense and feel. Ex. X (seller) bind himself to deliver a piano to Y (buyer)
(2)Personal Obligation (obligation to do or not to do) is that in
State law- promulgated and enforced by the state. which the subject matter is an act to be done or not to be done.
(a)Positive Personal Obligation – obligation to do or to render
Characteristics of law service
● It is a rule of conduct Ex. X binds himself to repair the piano of Y
● It is obligatory (b)Negative Personal Obligation – obligation not to do
● It is promulgated by legitimate authority Ex. X obliges himself not to build a fence on a certain portion
● It is of common observance and beneit of his lot in favor of Y who is entitled to a right of way over said lot.
Sources of law
(1)Constitution – the written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the ART. 1157. Obligation arises from:
government are established, limited, and defined, and by which the powers are (1) Law;
distributed among the several departments for their safe and useful exercise for the (2) Contracts;
benefit of the people. (3) Quasi-contracts;
(2)Legislation – it consists in the declaration of legal rules by a competent (4) Acts or omission punished by law; and
authority. (5) Quasi-delicts
(3)Administrative or executive orders, regulations, and rulings – those issued by
administrative officials under legislative authority. Sources of obligations
(4)Judicial decisions or jurisprudence – the decisions of the courts, particularly the (1)Law – when they are imposed by law itself.
Supreme Court, applying or interpreting the laws or the Constitution form part of Ex. Obligation to pay taxes; obligation to support one’s family.
the legal system of the Philippines. (art. 291)
(5)Custom – consists of those habits and practices which through long and (2)Contracts – when they arise from the stipulation of the parties.
uninterrupted usage have become acknowledged and approved by society as (Art. 1306).
binding rules of conduct. Ex. The obligation to repay a loan or indebtedness by virtue of
(6)Other sources an agreement.
(3)Quasi-contracts – when they arise from lawful, voluntary and
Organization of courts unilateral acts which are enforceable to the end that no one shall
(1)Regular courts be unjustly enriched or benefited at the expense of another. (Art.
(2)Special courts 2142.)
(3)Quasi-judicial agencies Ex. The obligation to return money paid by mistake or which is
not due. (Art.2154.)
(4)Crimes or acts or omission punished by law – when they arise
Law on Obligations & Contracts – body of rules which deals with the nature and from civil liability which is the consequence of a criminal
sources of obligations and the rights and duties arising from agreements and the offense. (Art.1161.)
Ex. The obligation of a thief to return the car stolen by him; the
particular contracts. (Ibid.; see Art. 1307) duty of a killer to indemnify the heirs of his victim.
(5)Quasi-delicts or torts – when they arise from damage caused to
Conclusive presumption of knowledge of law another through an act or omission, there being fault or
Ignorance of law excuses no one from compliance therewith (Art. 3, Civil Code.) negligence, but no contractual relation exists between the
parties. (Art. 2176.)
Ex. The obligation of the head of a family that lives in a
OBLIGATIONS building or a part thereof to answer for damages caused by things thrown
or falling from the same. (Art. 2193.); the obligation of the possessor of
an animal to pay for the damage which it may have caused. (Art. 2183.)
Chapter 1: General Provisions