Methods of analysis

(Solution of differential equations)

Analytical Numerical
Methods Methods

Exact Approximate Numerical Solution Finite or discrete

methods methods of Differential element method
Equations

(e.g. separation
of variables and (e.g.Rayleigh-
Laplace Ritz and Numerical InFinite
transformation Galerkin Integration differences
methods) methods)

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 2

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 3
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 4
 HOW FEA WORKS….

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 5

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Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 11
 From previous lecture, “The total potential energy Π” for

any structure is and expressed as a function of the

displacement.

Many methods tried to minimize this energy (Π) in the

respect to the displacement because a displacement

function that gives an absolute minimum to the energy

function satisfies the equation of equilibrium and then

consider the true displacement function.

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 12
 These methods are:

1. Collection Method.

2. Least square method.

3. Method of moments.

4. Glarkin's method.

5. Rayleigh Ritz method.

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 13

 Rayleigh Ritz method is one of a number of methods of

determining the successive approximation function

which gives a minimum to the energy function.

Note:

FEM variational approach attributed to

Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919) & Walter

Ritz (1878-1909)
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 14
 This method is simpler to use and to program.

 The behavior is usually described in other method by

simultaneous partial differential equations which are

usually very difficult to solve

This method is better used by deserting the structure

to a finite number of elements.

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 15

 Thus if we consider (u), being the required

displacement function, the solution will have the form

n
U   j  x j

Where: j 1

αj :are yet unknown constants,

xj :The selected functions

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 16

 The constants are then determined by minimizing

the potential energy Π with respect to each of the αj

values 
0 j  1,2,3,...., n
 j

Usually, but not necessarily the displacement

functions are polynomial.

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 17

 
0
a1

0 Algebraic System of n
a2 Equations and n unknowns



0
an

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 18

 Functional requirements

Admissible Continuity
functions functions Admissible functions
does not
satisfy the
vanish after
geometric b.c.’s
differentiation Continuity
functions

Complete
Complete
at the same points, the same
properties of different element
in this point

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 19

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 20
  E 
du
 1
dx        dV   Fi  ui
dV  A  dx 2
1 du du
  E    A  dx   Fi  ui
2 dx dx
2
EA  du 
     dx   Fi  ui
2  dx 
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 21
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 22
 u ( x)   0  11 ( x)   2 2 ( x)  ...

Where 1(x), 2(x),… are “admissible” functions and αo,

α1,…. etc are constants to be determined from the

solution.
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 23
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 24
 u ( x)   0  11 ( x)   2 2 ( x)  ...
2
EA L  du 
 (u)     dx   Fi u i
2 0  dx 

 d1 d 2
2

  u  
EA
 ...  dx   Fi ui
L

2 0
 1  2
 dx dx 

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 25

  (u)
 0, i  0,1,2,...
 i

The approximate solution is

u ( x)   0  11 ( x)   2 2 ( x)  ...

Where the coefficients have been obtained from step 3

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 26
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 27
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 28
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 29
 2
EA  du 
     dx  Fi  ui
2  dx 

u   0  1  x   2  x   3  x  .........
2 3

u   0  1  x
B.C at X=0 u=0
0=α0 +0

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 30

 2
EA  du 
     dx  Fi  ui
2  dx  u   0  1  x
at X=L u=u1 u1=α1 L
L

EA
  1 2
 dx  F  u1
2 0

 1   L  F  1  L
EA

2

2

 0  EAL1  F  L
1
F
1 
EA
FX
u 
EA
FL
u1 
EA
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 31
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 32
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 33
 2
EA  du 
L
     dx   q  u
2  dx  0

u   0  1  x   2  x   3  x  .........
2 3

u   0  1  x
B.C at X=0 u=0
0=α0 +0

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 34

 L L

EA
 1   dx   q  1  x  dx
2

2 0 0

  2
 1   L  q  1
EA x

2 L
0
2 2
1  L 2
 1   L  q 
EA

2

2 2
 L 2
 0  EAL1  q 
1 2
q L
1  u   0  1  x
2 EA
q L
u x
2 EA
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 35
 qL2/2EA

qL/2EA

qLE/2EA

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 36

 2
EA  du 
L L
     dx   q  u  dx
2 0  dx  0

u   0  1  x   2  x 2   3  x 3  .........
u   0  1  x   2  x 2

B.C at X=0 u=0

0=α0 +0+0

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 37

 2
EA  du 
L L
     dx   q  u  dx
2 0  dx  0

L L

EA
  1  2 2 x 2
 dx   q  ( 1  x   2  x 2
)  dx
2 0 0

 
L L
EA
                )  dx
2 2 2 2
1 4 1 2 x 4 2 x dx q ( 1 x 2 x
2 0 0


EA  2 41 2 x 4 2 x 
2 2 3
L
  1  x  2  x  
2 3
L

  1 x      q    
2  2 3  0   2 3 0
   
EA  2 3   2
  3
 1   L  21 2 L   2 L   q  ( 1
4 L L
  2
2 2
)
2  3  2 3
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 38
 EA     2
  3
 
 1 2
 L  2 
1 2 L2

4
 2 3
2 L   q  ( 1 L
 2 L
)
2  3  2 3


0
1

 
2
EA L
0 21 L  2 2 L2  q 
2 2
 
EA 21 L  2 2 L2  q  L2
EAL21  2 2 L   q  L 2

q L
21  2 2 L  
EA
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 39
 EA  2 3   2
  3
 
 1 2
 L  2 
1 2 L2

4
 2 L   q  ( 1 L
 2 L
)
2  3  2 3

0
 2
EA  2  4 3 L3
0  0  21 L  2L   q 
2

2  3  3
 2 4 
3
L
EA 1 L   2 L3   q 
 3  3
2 
3
4 L
EAL  1   2 L   q 
 3  3
q L
31  4 2 L  
EA
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 40
 q L
21  2 2 L   q
EA 2 
2 EA
q L
31  4 2 L   1 
qL
EA EA
qL q 2
u x x
EA 2 EA
du qL q
   x
dx EA EA
qL q
  E    x
A A
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 41
 qL q 2
u x x
EA 2 EA qL2/2EA

du
 qL/EA
dx
qL q
  x
EA EA
  E  qL/A

qL q
  x
A A
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 42
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 43
 y

L L
C
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 44
u   0  1  x   2  x 2 y

P x

L C L
B.C at X=0 u=0
0=α0 +0

at X=2L u=0
0=α1 (2L)+α2 (4L2)

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 45

 y

u   0  1  x   2  x 2 P
x

L L

u  0  2 2  L  x   2  x
C
2

du
 2 2  L  2 2  x
dx
 2 2  x  L 
du
dx
 2 2

uc at x  L    2 L  2 L   2 L 2

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 46

 2
EA  du 
L

  2 2 x  2 L   2 2 x  L 
du
     dx  P  uc
2 0  dx  dx
 
2L
EA
 
2 0
  2

2
    2

uc at x  L    2 L2
4 2 x L P 2 L

   
2L
  2 EA   22 x 2  2 xL  L2  P    2 L2
0

  x3 2L

2
  2 EA 2   x L  xL    P 2 L2
2 2

  3  0 

 2  8 L3 3

  2 EA 2   4 L  2 L   P 2 L2
3

  3 
 2  2 L3 
  2 EA 2    P 2 L2
  3 
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 47
  2  2 L3 
  2 EA 2    P 2 L2
  3 
   2 L3 
 0  2 EA2 2    PL2
 2   3 
 2 L3 
2 EA  2 2     PL2
 3  u   0  1  x   2  x 2

 3PL2  3P 3Px 3Px 2

2  3
 u  
8 EAL 8 EAL 4 EA 8 EAL
 3P 3P
1  2 
8 EAL
L 
4 EA u 
3P
2 Lx  x
8 EAL

2

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 48
 u   0  1  x   2  x 2

u
3P
8 EAL

2 Lx  x 2 
du

3P
2 L  2 x 
dx 8 EAL

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 49

 u   0  1  x y
1 P 2 x
u1   0  1  x
u2   2   3  x L L
C
B.C at X=0 u=0
0=α0 +0
at X=2L u 2 =0
0=α2+α3 (2L)
u2  2 L 3   3  x
u2   3  x  2 L 
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 50
 uc at x  L   u1  u2
u2   3 x  2 L 
1 L    3 L  2 L    3 L
1   3
du1
u1   3  x    3 y
dx P
x

u2   3  x  2 L  
du2
 3 L C L

dx
uc  (at x  L)   3  L
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 51
 EA   du1   du2  
L 2 2L 2

     dx       P  uc
2  0  dx  L
dx  

EA  2 
L 2L
    3 dx    3  dx  P    3 L 
2

2 0 L  du1
  3

2

 3 L    3 L   P 3 L
EA 2 2
 dx
du2
 3
 
  EA  3 L  P 3 L
2 dx
uc   3  L

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 52

  
  EA  L  P 3 L
2
3


 2 EA 3 L  PL  0
 3
 PL P
3  
2 EAL 2 EA
P
1 
2 EA
u2   3 x  2 L 
PL
2 
EA
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 53
 P
3 
 PL 2 EA
uc   3  L 
u2   3 x  2 L  2 EA
1 
P
2 EA
PL
2 
EA
P P
u1  x  1 
2 EA 2 EA

P P
u2   3  x  2 L   x  2 L    2 
2 EA 2 EA
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 54
 P
1 
2 EA

 PL
uc   3  L 
2 EA P
2 
2 EA

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 55

Conclusions
• Advantages

– Simplicity

– better used by deserting the structure to a finite number

of elements.

– Disadvantages

– Basis functions are hard to find for complicated

geometries (especially in 2-D and 3-D cases)

– αi have no physical significance

– Convergence is hard to quantify

Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 56
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 57
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 58
 q t/m

L
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 59
Prof. Dr. Hanaa El-Sayed 60