CHAPTER-1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS GanwanieGoven rngttas, 0 St EertsEt REET ENTSiern Naas. =v PA chemical reaction © A chemical reaction is a process in which the original substance( loses its nature and identity and forms new ‘substance(s) with different properties © Breaking of the chemical bonds and formation at new chemical honds is responsible for the occurrence of a chemical reaction. ©The substances which take partin a chemical reaction are called Reactants. ‘The substances which are formed in a chemucal reaction are called Products. amples t chemical weaction: (Digestion of food (ii) Respiration 6 (Ge) Burning of magnesium sibbon (0). Formation of curd © _A chemical reaction can be identified by either ofthe following observations: Rrseting ot iran Sin Characins tbsals 1. | Change instate “The conibustion reaction of vandle wax is characterized by a dhange ia state from solid to liquid and gas 2 | Changein colour ‘The chemical reaction between citric acid and purple coloured potassivm permanganate solution is characterized by a change in colour from purple towolouriess 3, | Bvolution of gao “The chemical eaction between incand dilutoculphurieacidis characterised by hydrogen gas. Zn(s) + H;SO(aq) > ZnSO (aq) + Hale) 4 [Changein temperature |The seaction between quichlime and water to form slaked lime is charactevized by an increase in temperate 5 | Fnrmatian af | When an aquenis snhition af sodinm silphate is mixed with the aqueans precipitate solution of barium chloride, barium sulphate comes in the form of white previpitate Na,SO, (ag) +BaCl,{aq) > BaSO,(1)+2NaCllaq) Chemical equations © A chemical equation {s the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and formulae. © Itisa way to represent the chemical reaction in a concise and informative way. © Forexample, Magnesinm 4+ Oxygen -» Magnesinm oxide (Resctans) (Pvt) hig equation i called word equation ©The ward equation can be written into chemical equation by writing symbols and formulae ofthe substance in place of their name. Mg + 0, 2MgO Writing a chemical equation (‘The symbols of elements and the tormulae ot reacting substances (reactants) are written on the lelt hand side Cf the equation, with a plus (+) sign between them.(i) The symbols and formulae of the substances formed (products) are written on the right hand side of the eqiatinn, with a pie sign (4) hetween them, (at) An arrow sign (4) 1s put between the reactants and the products, (iv) The physiral states of the reactants and prnticts are alan menfinned in a chemical ean B Skeletal chemical equation: A chemical equation which simply represents the symbols and formulas of reactants and products taking part in te reaction is known as skeletal centical equation fora reaction, For example: For the burning of Magnesium inthe air, Mg + O, > MgO is the skeletal equation. D Balanced Equation: The equation in which atoms of various elements on both sides of a chemical equation ave equal in accordance with the law of ‘The example of balanced chemical equation : (i) COW) + 20, g) #2", cron i) Oxy + ALO ER CIAO) + OL) D The process of equalizing the atoms of various elements both on either sides of an equation is called the balancing of chemical equation. This is known ae hit and tal method. Let us understand this with the help of an example given below aw af conservation of mass: It stats that, "The mattr con nether be ewated nor destroyed in a chemical | | reaction. OR" ! | the tot mass of reactants = total mas of products’. ! iabeeuaayaile 1 | Balancing a chemical equation : Step 1. Write dhe doemical equation and draw boxes aroun each fori Fe 1 HO» Pes0y | Hy Step 2. Count the number of atoms of cach element on both the sidcs ofthe arrow | Noatatosat | Nowfatonsat Riomrant | renee pended i fe 1 3 2 i 2 2 3 ° 1 a Step 3. Equalize the number ofthe atoms of element which has the maximum number oF atoms (oxygen). Fe + 4H,0 > FeO, + Hs Step 4. Try to equalize all the atoms of elements on reaclant and product side by adding coefficient infront of i. Be + AO FeyOy + Ally Now, all the atoms of elements are equal on both sides. Step 5. White the physical states of roactants and products. 3Fe ©) 1 AHO (B) > FeO, 0) | 4H (6) Solid state ~ (), Liquid state ~ (0), Gaseous state ~ (g), Aqueous state ~ (aq) Step 6, White necessary conditions of temperature, pressure or catalyst at above or below the arrow. Camere Gave iiion racattion, o Dacarns7a ponibite di Asilettars andl saituosiior Hawastion, © 1 Kersntis qd! andlotticarntte seater. |) Rewisiiom Nokes Do Types of Chemical Reactions 1. Combination Reaction: The reaction in which two or move veaclants combine to fora a single product egy (i) Baring of coal ls) 1 xls) > COx(s) (i) Formation of water2Hyg) + O,fg) + 28,00) C206) + H,0ff) + Ca(OF), (aq) + Heat (Quick lime) (Glaked lime) Exothermie Reactions: Reaction in which heat is released along with formation of products. egy(i) Baring of natural gas. CE(g) + 20,(g) > COs) + 24,018) + Heat (Gi) Respiration is also an exothermic reaction. CQHgO (aq) | 60x68) > 6COxlaq) 1 GEO) | energy (Glucose) IL. Decomposition Reaction: ‘The reaction in which a compound eplits into two or more simpler substances is called decomposition eaction. ASB +C {@) ‘Thermal decomposition: When decomposition is carried out by heating. ey (i) 2FEEO6) M5 Fe,O,(0) + $Og) + S09) {Cerenslphte) (rence) Green cole Reckdrowm colour ‘ (i) CaCOs(9) —tlst, Cad[s) 1 COxKe) {ime soe) (Cri ti {b) Electrolytic Decomposition: When decomposition is carried out by passing electeity. 4, 2H0() EEE 2H(y) + Ont) (©) Phorotyeic Decomposition: When decomposition is carsied out in presence of sunlight. eg. (i) 2AgCI6) 8 > 2Ag(s) + Chie) i) 2Agbu(o) 28> 2Agfo) + Dre) -Endothermic Keaction: The reachons which tere energy n the form ntheat, hghtorelectnety tnbreake reactants are called endothermic reactions IM, Displacement Reaction: The chemical reactions in which more reactive element displaces less reactive element front its all sui egy (i) Fels) CuSOiaq) > FSOag) 1 Culs) (eon) (Coppersulphate) (Ferrous sulphate) (Copper) ‘The ion nail becomes brownich in colour by deposition of Cu and blue colous of CuSO, changes into dity green colour due to formation of FeSO, (i) Zine displaces copper forming, zinc sulphate. Zn is more reactive than copper. Za\6) + CuSO,(aq)-» Zn$O,(aq) + Cals) (Zinc Sulphate) IV. Double Displacement Reaction: A reaction in which new compounds are formed by mutual exchange of ions between two compounds. NaSO,aq) + BaCl(aq) > -—BaSO,@) + 2NaCl(ae) {Sodium sulphate) (avium chloride) (Harm sulphate) (Soum clone) White precipitate of BaSU. 1s formed, soit also called precipitation reaction. V._ Oxidation and Reduction: Oxidation: Loss of electrons Gain of elections Concept: Types of decoupusition reaction Mnemonics: PLT. Interpretations: Photolytic reaction, Electrolytic reaction, Thermal reaction Concept: Oxidation and reduction reaction ‘Mnemonics: OIL RIG Interpretations: Oxidation Is Loss of electrons, Reduction Is Gain of electrons, Concept: Types of chemical reactions Mnemonics: ROC.D* Interpretations: Reduction, Oxidation, Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Double DisplacementOxidation: It is a process of gaining oxygen during a reaction by an atom, molecule or ion. 2Cu + 0, H+ 2cu0 Reduction: Is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state of an atom by another atom. an ion or a CuO + Hy Cu + HO In this reaction, CuO is reduced to Cu and Hy is oxidised to HO. In other words, one reactant gets oxidised while Ue other gets reduced. Such reactions are called uxidation-reduction reactions ur redox reaction ‘Vi. Important equation Reda (Oxidation and Reduction) Reaction + ‘Oxidation (LICtiseniized) Mni,s) +4FC(cone. }——>MinC Lag) HC (g) + 24,0 Reduction(MnO> is reduced) ‘VII Some usually asked equations in exams for balancing : Effects of oxidation reactions in everyday life: 1. Corrosion: Corrosion isa process in which metals are deteriorated by action of air, moisture, chemicals, etc Itis a redox reaction where metal gets oxidised to metal oxide and oxygen gets reduced to oxide ion, Examples: («) Corrosion of iron is called rusting, Iron objects when left in moist open air for sometime get coated with a reddish brown powder. The process is known as rusting. (b) Green coating on Copper articles and black coating on silver ornaments are another example of corrosion. Effects of corrosion : (a) Rusting causes damage to ships, car bodies, bridges, railings. (b) Corrosion is a wasteful process because it leads to wastage of tonnes of various metals every year and lot of money is spent to repair or replace it Prevention of Rusting: (a) The iron articles should be painted. (b) The machine parts should be oiled and greased. (6) Galvanised iron pipes should be uscd for water supply. + 200) + Ors) > 2COyg) (Carbon monoxide) (Oxygen) (Carbon dioxide) = ZnO; "> 2n0 1 COp + 2FeS0,() + — Fe,O,(s) + 50,6) + $0,(@) + PND), + «KI >) 2KNOQ, + Pol, (Lead niteote) (Potassium iodide) (Potassium nitrate) (Lead Todide) + C06) + HO) COH), + Heat (Quick ime) (Slaked lime) + NaCl = + AgNO, = > AgCL + NaNO, (Godium chloide) (Gilvernitrate) _(Gilverchloride) Goda nitrate) + Ca+2HINO;—> Ca(NO;), + Hat + Mg +2HNO;—> Mg(NO3), + Hat # 2AL+ aHSO, > ALGO), + aH #NojCO + 2HCI» 2NaCI-4 HO + CO, * Ca(OH); + CO,—+ CaCO, + H,0 * Zn+HSO,—> ZnSO, + Hat © Zn + 2HCL—> ZnCl, + Ht + 4Zn +10 HNO,—> 4Zn(NO;); + 5H,O + NO. + Zn +2Na0H —""> Nayznd, + Ht ©) Mmemomies Concept Preventive ways of rusting Interpretation: : Mnemonics: POGG Painting Oiling Greasing Galvanising ! 2. Rancidity : Ranciclty is the process of slow oxidation of eil and fat, present in the food materials resulting in the production af foul odour and taste in them. When cooked fond items are placed for a lang time, they become rancid und unsuitable forthe consumption.