CHAPTER-2 ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS Acids BAcidsare the substances that furnish H* ionsin aqueous solution. Acidsare sour in taste. They turn blue litmus red B The example includes Sulphuric acid (1H,S0,), Acetic acid (CH,COOH), Nitic acid (HNO,) ete. P Ifinan aqueous solution, concentration of acid is low, its called dilute solution and if concentration of acd is high, ‘tia called concentrated solution. D Those acids which dissociates into ions completely are called strong acids e.g, TS0y TCL D Those acids which do not dissociate into ions completely are calle! weak acs, citi aid, acetic ac Note: Although we talk of ‘taste’ of acids and bases, itis not advisable to taste any acid or base. Most of them are harmful. Similarly touching the solutions of strong acids and bases should be avoided. They may harm the skin ‘Some Naturally occurring acids: Neti oe Asi ‘Natya snes ‘ei Vinegar ‘Acetic acid Sour milk (Curd) Lactic acid ‘Orange Citric acid Lemon Citric acie Tamarind Tartaricacid Ant sting: Methanoie add Tomato Ovalic acid Nettle sting ‘Methanoie acid Bases Bases are those chemical compounds which are bitter in taste. soapy mn touch, turn red litmus blue and give OH fans in aquenuissalion ‘The examples include Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potaseium hydroxide (KOH), ete. The substances / bases which ionise completely to furnish OH ions are called strong bases, e.g, KOH, NaOH, etc ‘The bases which ionise only partially are called weak bases, €, Mg(OH),, Ca(OH), et. Hoth ards and hases ranciict tree electric current in their aqgtentis soluhian die to the presence ot free vans Strength of an acid or bace depende on the number of H* ions or OH iono produced by them respectively. More the H” ions produced by an aci, stronger isthe acid. More the OH" ions produced by a base, stronger isthe base. ‘Chemical compounds can cause harm to our body, some are very lethal, and therefore, we cannot rely on physical ‘ests such as taste and appearance. In laboratory, to test whether a compound has acidic character orbasic character, indicators are used. P Indicators: These are the substances which change their colour / smell in different types of substances. vIVvyy vD> Types of Indicators: WCooee iNCatowe oe indice to alton toi a 1. [Litmus Red Blue Natural | [2 [Red cabbage leaf extract Red (Green| Indicator | |/3._|Flowers ofhvdrangea plant [Blue Pink 4, [Turmeric No change Red Synthetic| | 1. |Phenolphthalein Colouriess Pink 1. [Onion ‘Characteristic smell No smell Olfactory | 2 | Vanilla essence Retains smell [No smell Indicator | 3. [Clove oil Retains smell Loses smell D> Chomical Properties of Acids and Bases: 4. Reaction of Metals with: Ais Biases ‘Acid + Metal —> Salt + Hydrogen gas ‘Base + Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas eg, JHC + Zn ZnCl, + H,7 eg, NaOH + Zn Na,ZnO, + HT (Zine chloride) Godium zincate) ‘Test for H gas: Hydrogen gas released can be tested by bringing a burning candle near gas bubbles, Iebursts with pap sannd 2, Reaction of Metal Carbonates / Metal Ilydrogen Carbonates with: ‘Aaa eases ‘Acid + Metal Carbonate/ Metal hydrogen Carbonate | Base + Metal Carbonate / Metal Hiydrogen Carbonate u 4 Salt + CO; + H,0 No Reaction 0g, 2HCL + NagCOs—$ 2NACI + CO, + HO HCI + NaHCO; NaCl + CO, +H, ‘Test for CO;: CO; can be tested by passing it through lime water. Lime water turns milky. Ca(OH), + CO, CaCO, + H,0 ‘When excess CO» is passed, milkiness disappears. CaCO, + CO, + H,0 > CaCO), 3. Reaction uf Acids and Bases With Each Other ‘When an acid reacts with base, the hydrogen ion of acid combines with hydroxide ion of base and forms water. As these ions combine together, they form water instead of remaining free, thus both neutralize each othe: ‘Acld + Base —> Salt + Water HX + MOH SMX + HOH H(eq) | OFT (aq) > 1,00) Since, in the reaction between an acid and a base both neutralize each other, it s also known as neutralization reaction, Example 1 Sodium hydroxide (a otrong base) reacts with hydrochloric acid to form vodium chloride and water. NeOI Hay) + T1CKauy) —» NaCau) + 11.0) Dilution of Acid and Base When a concentrated acid or base is diluted, a vigorous reaction takes place. The process is called dilution. Itis an ‘exothermic process as alot of heat is produced. ‘The process of forming tons in aqueous solution fs called fonisation. All tonic compounds like NaCl, NaNO;, Na,$0, form ions in aquenns soliton.Oswaal CREE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Tapiowice, SCTENCR, Clase-x [ Ke We add acid to water. If we add water to acid, the high concentration of acid may produce a violent exothermic reaction, ‘Concentrated! acids and bases are corrosive; no person should touch it with bare hand orskin. In case a few drops spill on the body, a person should wash it with plenty uf water ‘Common property between all acids and all bases ‘© Acids give hydrogen gas when they react with metal. This shows that all acids contain hydrogen. ‘© When acids are dissolved in water they dissociate as H ions. The dissociation as hydrogen ions in aqueous solution isthe common property ofall acids. Asa result, an acid shows acidic behavior HCI (aq) + H*(@q) | Cr (a) HNO,(aq) > H*(aq) + NO," (aq) CH,COOI (aq) > 11 (aq) + CICOO™ (ay) © AsIT” jon cannot exis alone soit combines with water molecules andl forms H,O* (hydsonium) ions, Example : HCL! H;0 >H,0* | cr H! +H,0 91,0 ‘Thus, acids can also be defined as Substances which when dissolved in water ionize to produce hydrogen, ions, H* (aq). ‘= Similarly, substances which when dissolved in water ionize to produce hydroxide ions, OH (ag). Fxamplos When sodium hydravide is dissolved in water, it dissariates into hyrlrovide and sorium ion, NaOH(s) 22. Nat faq) + OF (aq) 4. Reaction of acido with metal oxides : ‘Metal oxides react with acids to give salt and water. ‘Metal ovide + Acid -> Salt + Water Example : Copper oxide reacts with dil. hydrochlone acid to torm copper chlonide (salt) and water. CuO + 2HCI> CuCl, + H.0 Copper oxide Copper chiovie Copper oxide is black in colour. When dilute hydrochloric acid is added in it, the colour of the solution becomes hive green die a formation of capper chloride How strong are acid or base solutions? '* Strength of an acid or base depends on the number of H* ions or OH' ions produced by them respectively. '* Based on its ability to dissociate into ions in solution, acids and bases are classified as strong acid or base and weak acid or base {@) Strong acids: Acid which completely dissociates in water to produce large amount of hydrogen ions are called strong acids. For example hydrochloric acid (HCD, sulphuric acid (H,SO 9, nitric acid (HINO) are strong acids, as they get completely ionized in water to form ions. TICI (ag) —» 11*(aq) + Cr (ag) ‘Weak acids: Acids which are partially ionized in water to produces small amount of hydrogen ions are known, as weak acids. For example, acetic acid partially dissociates in water to produce small amount of hydrogen ions. CH,COOH (aq) > H* (aq) + CH,COO (aq) (Gil) Strong bases : Bases which completely ionize in water to produce large amount of hydroxide fons are called strong hases. Examples include NaCH, KOH, ett: ‘av) Weak bases : Bases which partially dissociate in water to furnish lesser amount of hydroxide tons are called ‘weak bases. Examples include ammonium hydroxide (NH,OH) and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH). pH A scale for measuring H” ion concentration in a solution, The concentrations uf H* are generally sutall, rerefure conventions OCH are expressed int tenis Of PHL pH is defined as negative logarithm of [T* concentration or TIO" concentration, pH ~ log (H*] or pH ~—log [0] © pH_=7—neutzal solution ¢ pH <7 acidic solution ¢ pH > 7+ basie solution 18 Cin dilisting an avid pH ineroases T # On ditting «base. plT decreases +Kkesy IMieagrrern, Acid naareinreases .Basicnature increases _ Pes nae ineenses_,Bavicnature incense, o————___________y ‘NEUTRAL Increase in H ion _ Decrease in Hon Importance of pH in everyday lit © Plants and animals ave ptt sensitive, ‘© Ourbody worke within the pH range of 7 7.8, ‘* When pH of rain water io leo than 5.6, itis called acid rains 4 Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy growth © plTofstumauliv 5-80 due oseuretion ofTICL nase uf indigestion, avidity increases, which ean be neutilised by antacid ike silk of muayuesia 42 Tooth decay starts when pH of the mouth is lower than 55 ‘li pratect tooth cocay, toothpastes which are hasic in nature are used to neutralize the excess acid ‘© Many plants and animals produce cortain acids to dofond themselves. For example, Bee stings leave an acid into the skin, which causes pain and irritation. Ifa mild base like baking soda is applied on the stung area, it gives relief, Om Keyword as ‘Reid rai ‘Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that i unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen fons (low pH). ith different indicator D Important Reaction of different solutions sim | somestnosnom | Sihmsmarairy | Cnisseeron miles Gad Uses atudin aad Mision ff Typies wo sii ace sul, D> Salts: A salt isan ionic compound that results from the neutralisation reaction of an acid and a base. Salts are composed of related numbers of cations and anions, so that, the product electrically neutral, P Typos of Salts: (i) Neutral alts Salto produced by reaction of strong acid and otrong bave are neutralin nature with pH value? For example, sodium chloride formed by reaction between sodium hydroxide (strong base) and hydrochloric acid (rong ac) a NaOH (aq) 1 HCI (aq) > NaCl (aq) 1 HO (0) (ii) Acidic salts: Salts formed by reaction between a strong acid and weak base are acidic in nature with pH value Jess than 7. For example, ammonium hydroxide. Itis a salt of hydrochloric acid (strong acid) and ammonium hydroxide (weak base) NEHOH (aq) + HCl(aq) + NHsCl (aq) + H20 ()] Oswaal CREA Revision Notes Chapterwise & Tapiowice, SCTENCR, Class-X Nentralicatian reaetian: The reartinn in which hase ar hacie vide reacts with arid a acidic avide is ealled neutralisation reaction. ts formed by reaction of strong base and weak acid are basi in nature with pH value more than 7. For example, sodium carbonates, Iti saltof carbonic acid (weak acid) and sodium hydroxide (strong bce). HCO, (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) + NajCO, + 24,0 () P Common Salt (NaCl): Preparation: NaOH + HC1— NaCl + HO Properties: 2NaC! (aq) + 2,0 () > 2NAOH (aq) +Cly(@) + Hy(@) Users of common salt: (a) Used as daily food. (U) Used as preservative (©) Used in manufacture of metal (Na) and gas (Cl) in molten state by electrolysis Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Preparation : 2NaC (aq) + 24,0 (I) > 2NaOH (aq) + Cla (g) + Hy (g) the pencess is called chlor alkali process heranse a the proctics former lar tar chlorine and alkali tr satin hydenwide Uses: (a) Sodium hydroxide is used in making of paper, soap and detergents, for de-greasing metas, etc. (©) Chlorine gasis used in water treatment, manufacturing of PVC, pesticides, ele. (6) liquid hydrogen is used as rocket fuel, int hydrogenation process of oil to produce vegetable ghee (margarine) and in making of ammonia for fertilizers. Bleaching Fowder (CaUUL): Preparation: Itis produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime, Ch + Ca(OH > CaOCh, + H,0 Properties: {@) Ithas a strong smelt of chlorine (©) Soluble in water (6) It loses Chlorine by the action of carbon di oxide. Uses: {@) Bleaching cotton and linen in textile industry. (©) Bleaching wood pulp in paper factories. (6) Osidizing agent in chemieal industries (4) Disinfecting drinking water. D Baking Soda Sodium hydrogen carbonate) (NaHCO}): Preparation: NaCl+ HO + CO, + NH NH,CI + NaHCO, Baking soda Properties: (a) Itis mild non-corrosive base. (b) When itis heated during cooking, Ue following reaction takes place BNaHCO; * > NajCOs 1 Hj 1 COy ewe {a) For making baking powder (mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid). When baking powder is heated or mixed with water, CO, is produced which causes bread and cake to rise making them soft and spongy. NaHCO, +H? > CO, +H,O + Sodium salt of an acid {(b) An ingredient in antacid. {6) Used in soda acids, fre extinguishers. D Washing Soda (Na,CO,.10H,0): Preparation: Rescrystallization of sodhiim carbonate gives washing soda. Tki8a haste salt. Na,CO, + 10H, = Na,CO, 10H,0410) _| Oxwaal CREE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topiowise, SCTRNCR, Class-X [ | Properties: (a) Transparent crystalline soli. (b) It has 10 molecules of water of crystallisation, (©) Ieaissolves in water and the aqueous solution 4s alkaline, {d) It uberates Carbon dioxide when treated with Hydrochloric acid and Sulphuric acid, Uses: {a) In glass, soap and paper industry. (b) Manufacture of borax. (©) Itcan be used as cleaning agent, (€) Ihean he used for removing permanent hardiness nf wator P Plaster of Paris (Calcium sulphate hemihydrates) (CaSO,-H,0): Preparation: On heating gypsum CaSO,2H,O at 373K, it loses water molecules and becomes Plaster of Paris (OP), ttis white powder and on moxang with water it changes to gypsum. 280,240 »€380,4,001!110 Prope: C90, 1H,0+15H,0-¥0380,2840 vee (Doc ue POP fr supposing tre bones (b) For making toys and material for decoration. important salts Connon se Chesed nen | Gthawaiel dovamilta | __ Usa Washing soda | Sodium carbonate dceahydate | NogCO;.10H,0 | Manafactare of borax, caustic soda, softening of hard water. Baling ooda Todiuan hydrogen carbonate | NaHCO, ‘Used as antacid, ingredient of baking powder Bleaching powder _ | Calcium oxychloride AOC, bleaching dlathes, used as oxidising agent, disntecting water, manufacture of chloroform. Plaster of Paris | Calcium sulphate hemihydrate | CaSO,/211,0 | Plastering fractured bones, making tuys, decorative mtaeria statues Water of crystallization D Water molecules present in the crystal structure of salt are called water of crystallization and such salts are called hydated salts. Water of crystallization is the fixed number of water molecule present in one formula unit ofa salt Examples: + Copper sulphate pentaliydsate (CuS0,5H,O) : It has five water molecules in one formula unit of copper sulphate (blue vitro}, + Sodium carbonate (Na,CO,10H,0) : Tt has ten molecules of water as water of crystallization. + Gypsum (CaS0, 24,0) + Trhas two molecules of water as water of crystallization 7 Dies Cie + Bea Weert rnatston ess