Components of Computer / Parts of Computer

Central Processing Unit (CPU): CPU executes instructions from program and process data.

Memory (RAM): RAM temporary stores data and instructions that the CPU needs while performing
tasks.

Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer, that connects all the
components of computer.

Storage: It includes HDD & SDD. HDD (hard drive) or SDD (solid-state drive), It stores data even when the
computer is power off.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): The GPU is responsible for rendering images and videos. It is essential
for gaming, video editing, and graphical design.

Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU converts electrical power from an outlet to useable for computer
components.

Input Devices: It includes keyboards, mouse, touchpads etc.

Output Devices: It includes monitors, printers, and speakers etc.

Processing of Computer
Input: The process begins with input from the user or external sources

Processing Unit (CPU): CPU is responsible for all processing. It fetches instructions from memory,
decodes them, and then executes them. The CPU contains control units, arithmetic logic units (ALUs),
and registers.

Storage: During processing, CPU access data and instructions stored in memory.

Output: Once processing is complete, the results are sent to output devices such as monitors, printers or
speakers etc.

States For Processing

From start to finish, the process goes through a number of stages. A minimum of five states is required.

New: When a process is first created, it is in the "new" state. In this state it starts execution.

Ready: When a process is ready for the execution, prepared to run and reside in the main memory are
called ready state.

Running: When the operating system schedules a process from the ready queue and assigns it to a
processor for execution, the process enters the "running" state.

Blocked (or waiting): Sometimes, because of high priority signal a process needs to wait. When this
happens, the process enters the "blocked" or "waiting" state.

Terminate: When a process finishes its execution, it comes in the termination state.
 Algorithms
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or set of rules for solving a problem or accomplishing a task.
They can work with both primitive (basic data types like integers and characters) and non-primitive
(complex data structures like arrays and objects) data types.

Primitive (Time sharing) / non-Primitive (non-time sharing)

Computer works in nano second algorithm.

Active and passive state

An "active state" refers to a condition when computer in performing tasks. For example, a running
program or application is in an active state.

A "passive state" typically refers to a condition when processing system is not actively engaged in any
activity or task. For example, when a program is paused or waiting for user input.

Types of Data
The Common types of data are;

Integer: Integers represent whole numbers.

Floating-point: Floating-point numbers represent decimal numbers.

Character: Characters represent individual symbols, letters, or digits. Examples include 'A', 'z', '7'.

Boolean: Booleans represent logical values, typically true or false.

String: Strings represent sequences of characters. They can include letters, numbers, symbols, and
spaces.

Components of Operating System

O.S is like the manager of computer system, it acts as intermediary between the hardware and the
applications that run on it, it consists of:

Process Management: It handles Creation, scheduling, and termination of processes.

Memory Management: manages Allocation and deallocation of memory.

File System Management: allows File creation or deletion.

Device Management: it manages communication of hardware devices to input.

User Interface: it provides interfaces for user interaction.

Security: provide security features and Permission management for system resources.

Networking: manages network configuration and management.

Recovery: manages detection and reporting of errors and faults.

Language type
there are several types of programming languages:

Low-Level Languages: It includes Machine Language, Assembly Language.

High-Level Languages: It include Python, Java, C++, Ruby.

Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs): The examples include HTML, CSS, and Markdown.

Translator
A translator is a program or tool that converts source code written in one programming language into
another programming language or machine language.

There are 3 different types of translators as follows:

Compiler: A compiler is a translator used to convert high-level programming language to low-level

programming language.

Interpreter: Just like a compiler, is a translator used to convert high-level programming language to low-
level programming language.

Assembler: An assembler is a translator used to translate assembly language to machine language.

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Single-Tasking:
Single-tasking refers to the ability of a computer system to execute only one task or program at a time.

Multi-Tasking:
Multi-tasking refers to the ability of a computer system to execute multiple tasks or programs
concurrently.

Multi-Programming:
Multi-programming refers to the technique of running multiple programs on a computer system, the CPU
keeps multiple programs in memory and switches between them as needed, maximizing CPU utilization.

Multi-Processing:
Multi-processing refers to the use of multiple CPU or cores within a single computer system to execute
tasks and improving overall system performance.

Storage Devices
Hard Disk Drive (HDD): HDDs offer large storage capacities and are commonly used in desktop
computers, laptops, and servers.
Solid-State Drive (SSD): SSDs use flash memory chips to store data, offering faster read and write speeds
compared to HDDs.

USB Flash Drive: USB flash drives, also known as thumb drives or memory sticks, are portable storage
devices that connect to computers via USB ports.

Memory Card: Memory cards are small, removable storage devices commonly used in digital cameras,
smartphones, tablets, and other portable devices.

Cloud Storage: Cloud storage services allow users to store and access data over the internet, using
remote servers such as (Dropbox, Google Drive, and Microsoft OneDrive)

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Application: An application, also known as an "app," is a software program are set of instructions that
performs specific task or function. Examples of applications include word processors, web browsers,
games, and productivity tools.

Software: A collection of programs, data, and instructions that enable a computer system to perform
various tasks.

Program: A program is a sequence of instructions written in a programming language that directs a

computer to perform specific tasks or operations

System: A system refers to a combination of hardware, software, and processes working together to
perform a specific function or provide a specific service. For example, an operating system manages
hardware resources and provides services to applications.

Interrupt: An interrupt is a signal sent by hardware or software to the processor, indicating that an
event requiring immediate attention has occurred.

User Interrupt Mode: User interrupt mode, also known as user mode, is a processor mode that
restricts the execution of certain instructions. It ensures stability and security by preventing direct access
to critical system.

Types of Computers
Here are some common types of computers:

Personal Computers (PCs): Personal computers are also known as microcomputer general-purpose
computers designed for individual use. It includes desktops, laptops, and tablets.

Workstations: Workstations are high-performance computers optimized for demanding tasks such as
computer-aided design (CAD), 3D modeling, scientific computing, and multimedia editing. They typically
feature powerful processors, large amounts of memory, and advanced graphics capabilities.

Servers: Servers are computers designed to provide services and resources to other computers or
devices on a network. They serve as (web hosting, file storage, database management, email hosting,
and application hosting),
Mainframe Computers: Mainframes are large, powerful computers used by enterprises and
organizations to process large volumes of data. Mainframes are known for their reliability,

Supercomputers: Supercomputers are high-performance computers designed to solve complex

computational and simulations. They are used in researches, weather forecasting, and data analysis.

Mobile Devices: Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, are portable computers designed for
communication. They typically feature touchscreen interfaces, wireless connectivity, and a wide range of
apps.

Wearable Computers: Wearable computers are small, lightweight devices worn on the body, such as
smartwatches, fitness trackers, and augmented reality glasses.