Expressions + -inginoun + Use be used to + -inginoun to talk about situations ‘which are familiar to or normal for someone and ‘which they therefore do not find strange or difficult + Use get used fo + -inginoun to talk about situations becoming familiar or normal after at first being strange or difficult Use belget accustomed to + -inginoun with the ‘same meanings as be/get used to but used in a more formal context + ing + Use have a habit of + -ing to talk about things that people often do, especially when these things are considered bad » Use be always + -ing as an emphatic exclamation to ‘describe habits causina annoyance or surprise + infinitive (with to) + Use tend + infinitive (with fo) o talk about things that people usually do or that usually happen or are true + Use have a tendency + infinitive (with to) with the same meaning as tenct, often used when the speaker disapproves of or dislikes something + infinitive (without fo) + Use would + infinitive (without fo) fo talk about things that happened repeatedly in the past » note: used 0 also expresses this idea. Collocations cause confusion create @ situation of not understanding All these different rules simply cause contusion, cause (6.0) trouble create an unpleasant situation He's always causing trouble at schoo!. do work use your body oF mind on a task it's time you dit some work. have althe feeling sense sili / have # feeling that he isn't telling the truth have a relationship (with s.0) associate wit so He has @ good relationship with his employees. have sympathy withfor fee! pity for / fee! sorry for so. have a great deal of sympathy with you make an assumption believe sth is rue without any proof You're making assumptions without checking the facts. make a comment give an opinion:say sth ‘She made a rude comment about his clothes. make contribution to sth do something that helps towards a result Everyone makes a contribution to the company’s success. make a decision decide, reach a conclusion You'N have to make @ decision soon. make an excuse give a laise reeson 1 akdn't want to go out with him sa { macte an excuse. make a mess creale an untidy state You've made a mess: in this room ~ tidy it up. do something very badly /made a mess of the dinner — everything was overcooked, make a mistake do sth wrong / think you're making a torrible mistake. make a profitia loss make or lose money The company made @ small profiiloss last year. make a statement give an account of facts / officially inform The minister will make an officiel statement tomorrow make a suggestion put forward an idea Coula | make a suggestion? Example I'm used to getting up earty so | don't find it difficult. Keith wasrit used to living in a hot country so he had ‘a few problems at first. In Japan Maddy got used to different kinds of food. Bort worne souk oot used fe resting lang Eventualy they got accustomed fo working far 8 large organization. I'm afraid | have a habit of forgetting people's names. You're always complaining! Please stop. Davo was alwoys talking about very strange things! The weather tends to be quite mild at this time of year We tend to have dinner at about 7. ‘Tom has a tendency to blame other peopte for his own mistakes. When | was young, my father would tell me stories before / went to sleep. .. mv father used 10 tell me stories ... Verbs ‘away go to another town, country 1'll be away for the week on @ business trip. jon be shown - film, programme, etc: What time is the ‘news on tonight? ‘out of sth not have any more of something im out of biscuits s0 | can't offer you any. Jever be finished This programme will be aver in ten minutes. }up be & problem What's yp? You /ook worried. / ‘He looked worried. | think something's up. 1up to 8.0. be someone's choice or decision don't mind where we go tonight, it's up to you. do away with cause something to stop existing or being used They should do away with these silly rules. ‘do up repair and decorate a house, apariment, etc They're currently doing up their new apartment. ‘do with need (used with could, want or need) I could do with something to eat. do without manage, despite not having something There's no coffee left, so we'! have to do without it until the shops open. Word formation Noun Verb Adjective memory ~ memorable person — personal use use useful history historic = important in history historical = that really lived or happened addition add additional culture cultural - miss missing marvel marvel marvetious peace — peaceful energy — energetic2.2 First & last The first time Use Example be (presentfuture) + the first time (+ ever) ‘+ present perfect . % * to tak about the first time something hap If they tose, it will be the first time they've lost a metch the present or future oa this season. >» note: aver = in the whole of someone's ife:in the | This isthe first time I've (ever) been to this place. whose of history be (past) + the first time (= ever) + past perfect += 10 talk about the first time something happened in It was the first time she'd ever travelled on a plane. the past > note: The second time, the third time, etc. can be used in the ebove pattems This Is the third time I've told you ths. » nate: Any noun can be used instead of time in the same patterns This (s the first job Ive (ever) had. ' » nole: Any supertative adjective and any noun can be used in the same patterns This is the best meal I've ever eaten. The last time Z Use Example be (present) + the fast time (+ ever) + present simple /will/ going to + {0 talk about the fast time something happens inthe | This is the last time | (ever) come here! will ever) present ‘come here itm (ever) going to come here. be (future) + the fast time + present simple + t0 talk about the last time something happens in the | twill be the last time | (ever) travol to work in that future place. be (past) + the last time + past simple + io talks about the las! time something happened in That was the last time | (over) saw her the past Itis/has been * period + since + subject (+ last) + past simple + fo talk about the period of time between when ‘something happened and now += last can be used when talking about something that, used to happen regularly + often used to talk about the penod of time between ‘an important event and now It's more than three years since | last saw her It's boen moths since | last read 2 good book. its five years since she left university. » note: Any noun can be used instead of time in the same patterns: It wil be the last exam | ever take. Prepositional phrases infact really, anc/but the truth is 1 thought it would take ‘two hours but in fact it only took one, fnreturn a5 a reaction to sth done {helped him and he ‘bought me a present in return. Ina state in the condition described He was in an awful slate when we found him. Inwriting in the form of a latter Put your apprcation in waiting. In particular more than anything else; special /s there ‘anyone in particular you'd ke me to invite? onsale avallable 1o be bought This record is not on sale yet. ‘tna trip traveling; on @ journey We went on a two-week tip to Alnca. ‘onthe whole in general There were some problems, but ‘on the whole it was a successful project. onan occasion at 3 particular time when sth happens We've met on several previous occasions. ‘enfire burning Part of the forest was on fire. Collocations do damage to. do sth bad to, cause sth to be in ales good condition You have cone a fot of damage fo your reputation. have a problem -ing | hac a problem/problems ‘understanding the instructions. have a reason for -ing | hive a very good reason for ssking this question, make alno reference to mentioninot mention He made no ‘relerence to our previous conversation. make sense to be possible lo understand This article ‘makes no senseidoess't make sense to me. take care of 1! toke care of all the arrangements. take notice of She took no notice/dic't take any notice of my aavice, lose your temper show that you are anaty ! got very ‘angry and lost my temper with him.Word Formation Adjective Verb entertaining entertain ‘existing exist opular - - behave various vary competitive compete - react strange - | public publicise staring star entertainment popularity variety stranger pubiicity= in the media Public=people stardom = fame ‘star = famous person Word focus (p26-7) Phrasal Verbs bring about cause to happen What brought about this situation? /The new law brought about a fot of bring in introduce a new law or rule New parking restrictions have been brought in. bring out to make available to be bought - a new They are going to bring out their new CD later bring 5.0. up care for a child, especially as a parent, passive The way you are brought up has a big ir on you in later tile. ‘take after be similar in a way to an older member of the family, especially parents He takes after his father — always in a bad mood. ‘take off remove clothes it was quite warm so | fook off jacket. ‘take over take control of Another firm has taken over company where | work. 7 take to like immediately; fee! comfortable with A lot of children take to the water when they're very young. take up start a hobby or activity for pleasure James taken up photography and he's doing a course on I. take up occupy or use time or space He daesn't have ‘much of a social lle - his job takes up all his time.3.2 Time conjunctions Use Example Other conjunctions used with this tense with a change in meaning when! as soon | to talk about two things The moment t see lan until asfoncef happening at the same time | tonight, I'l tell him io ca” | Until | go there, | won't in the future you. know what it’s like. > note: Do not use these before conjunctions with a future | NOT The moment wil! Before she begins the race. form to talk about the future. | see- she'll do some warm-up exoroises. to talk about one thing Once you've seen hin, unwittitt happening before will you call me? Unitt ney've moved house, another in the future they won't have any free time. before / atter Alter we've been on holiday. we i feel much better to talk about two things When | saw fan fast untill happening at the same time in the past night, | safe hello. Uni! saw jt for myself, ) dicn't believe it. Phrasal verbs ‘come about be caused to happen How afd the situation come about? come across find by accident; find when not actualy locking for I came across this article in a magazine. come out become avalasle (8 new product) Their new CD comes out next week, come up happen unexpectecty fm going to be ate somatring’s come up, ‘come up with produce an idea I thought about the ‘problem ut | couldn't come up wath a soliton, ‘ge away go to another town, country. ete for more than one ‘day ‘Did you have @ holiday ths voor?’ Yes, | went away for two wooks in July" ‘pe off sth stop liking sth / was keen fast week but ve gone off the idea now. ‘vo.on happen The whale situation is confusing — I don't ‘know what's going on, {90 out leave homaloffice ete for a short ime ‘Die you go ‘ut ast night? "Yes, | met some fiends at a club,” {ge through experience a bad period, suller Consktering the tembie things she's been through, she's very cheer Collocations ‘do mylyour, ete best try 0s hard as possible Hee cid his ‘best but he didn't win the game. do welladly | ink! ci weil inthe interview before Boforo she oft the office, she closed af the windows. {o talk about one thing As soon as i'd spoken to | untill happening before him, | understood the Until you'd worked there for another in situatton better a While, it was hard to make the past frends. before / after After they'd been to the 200, they went home to bed. ‘make progress improve: advance !owards a better or finshed state She's been making progress since she Started taking the course. ‘make up your mind docks When I've made yp my mind, Tllet you know what my decision is. tell a story A frond told me this story last wook, put into words explain She couldnt put nar feelings to words. give an answer | asked several questions but she dh’? alve me any answers tive pleasure to make 3.0. happy Sport gives pleasure 10 rmilions. ‘come to an end finish When the party came fo an end, ‘everyone want home. ‘come as a surprise be unexpecied The result came 0s 0 ‘surprise to everyone. keep a promise io sth that you said you would do He opt his promise to buy her a new car keep 2 secret not iol anyone wise /'ve got something fo {tl you, if you can keep a secret. Word formation Noun ‘Verb Adjective Adverb» ong orignate original originaly joint jan joint jointly msc = musical musically fortune = fortunate fortunately truth = te truly care care careful carefully remark remark remarkable remarkably surprise surprise surprising surprisingly - sult suitable suitably hope hope hopeful hopetly+-ing used te talk about the past, present or fulure and to say that one thing happens and _ then another thing happens + can only be used if the subject of both verbs is the same Altes arriving at ihe hotel, guests wil! be invited! to a special welcome party. e: If the verbs nave different subjects, the second subject and the appropriate verb must be used. After guests have arrived at the hotel, a special welcome party will be held. lafierwards | after that ‘cannot be used alone as a linking word to jain one thing that happens with another that happens after It. Instead, use (and) then, (and) aflerwards, or (end) after thal: We went fo a party and then / efterwards / afier thal we went to a cub. ole: NOT We-went-lo-a restaurant and went lo-e-nightolub, ore + -ing a talk about the past, present or future sn only be used if the subjects of both verbs are the same ‘finished all my work before leaving, If the verbs have different subjects, the second subject and the appropriate verb must be used, jad all my work before she got back. Pecan structures used to express the future to ding to do sth in a very short time ‘Could you phone back tater? I'm about to eat? Don't tell me again, I'm just about to do it. | was on the point of explaining when she suddenly left the room. when | get to the {n their leter they said that I'm to phone them airport. The conference is to take place on 25th March. We arranged that was to meet them at the ‘concert but | couldn't find them. ‘Nobody imagined that years later he was to become a star. bin ereegererts ha ae aenicied 'm due to get a pay rise next month. ‘a specific timeUnit 4 Intention & purpose (p59-60) Intend (v) + infinitive with to have in your mind as a (ulure action Wha are you intending to do next? Did you intend 10 spend so much? be intended for + s.oJsth be produced. done, created ele for a particular iyo of person or thing 7m sure this programme is intencted for adults cnly intention (n) + infinitive with to Her intention is to become rch. have no intention of + -ing have no intention of agreeing. with the intention of + -ing 1 slood up with the intention of leaving. intentionaVunintentional i! was an tention unintentional criticism. intentionally/unintentionally /¥e hurt her intentonailylunintentionall, ‘aim {v) + infinitive with to have as sth you want lo acniews He's aiming to become famous. aimed at + s.oJsth intended to be useful or attractive tos0, That advert is aimed at femives, aim {n) + infinitive with to My ain s fo get promoted 3090 aimless having nothing that you waht to achieve in ite He's lazy and aimiess. plan (v) + infinitive with to. make a decision to c0 sth Jim ‘not planning to go out tonight plan on +-ing plan anc expect to do sth Do you plan on getting married? plan + object + for + nounitime pian to do sih ats particular ime or for a particular person. What are you planning for today? Were planning @ party for him. plan (n) + infinitive with to My plan is fo Ouy @ car soon plan for + nounitime / have no plans for ine weekenc. ‘mean + infinitive with te do sin ntoniionally / can't meae 10 spend so much, bbe meant for + s.o/sth be aimed at so/sth [his letfol ‘meant for tours deliberate iniertional a deiberate foul in 2 football match deliberately intentionally injure s.0. deliberately ‘on purpose intentionally He charged me too much on purpose. accidental no! injentionsl There's been an accidental colision. accidentally it sih occictentally by accident not intentionally Sorry, / txoke this by aecinent ambition + infinitive with to sth that you ally want to achieve My ambiion #6 to be 2 great player ambitious an ambitious poliician determined + infinitive with to having a sirong stenton te do sth He's determined to succeed. determination + infinitive with to. They always play vin ‘great determination to win. ‘goal (n) + infinitive with to. embition itis my goal 19 bea ilionaire reach a goal After years of naret work, he reached his goat target a level, amount etc that you want to achieve Her “larget is to learn 20 new words @ week, Word focus (p61-2) Phrasal verbs bbreak down siop working ~ machines My car broke down ‘on the motorway. break Invinte. onior a busing by force Yo steal Burgio: broke in while we were away / TRioves broke imo thes office. break out start happening - volonce or disease Fighting: “broke out af tho domonstration break up end a relationship, (also Spit up) They've broken up and they're going te got dverced, {all apart break ino places The chair fel apart wiren | sat ont {all for tsoterve sth untrue and theretore be ticked. fl for is story ang gave firm some money. {all out (with) sion being Inends with 5.0. because of ‘lsaproement We fol out (with each ether) and / never ‘er hie now. {all over fal! onto the ground She fell over and hurt har leg. {all through i io heen My plore Kar the weekend felt ‘rough s0 I fact nothing 10 09. Prepositional phrases familiar with Jenn 12.0. Vm met fom wn ins part of the ci proud of fostng ploaiad and satisfied about She's proud (of her work ware of knowing that sth exists f wasn't aware of the Th sugar {red of ot wishing to do eny more: having became bored Tah fim tired of ieingy har rink P'# ra \well-known for famous for He's well-known for hie fulb of containing as much or as mary 8s possi The ‘aerurobe Was fl oF cexres. find to sc. pleasant, thenaly and polte Pape here have ‘bean vary kind f0 re. ‘pus to boing te same amount as sth else My income ls "caf Collocation ‘put pressure on ty 10 force 2.0 te do wih) Mor bows ie ‘pusting pressure on her t work pute stop to force sth undesirable to:stop Tha autnantios ‘would ihe to puta stop to the use of cars in tha ore. ‘ive help His fami gave hin @ ot of help in fis career tome firetisecond, ete. nis) frst/second, ote. place ‘Ste won't comm fal ithe race but ahe might come ‘Second OF thi. ‘toma to pawer become in poitical control This ‘government carme {9 poner thee years ago. deep $0. company be 0° o0 vil) 0.30 thal they ore not ‘lone / went with har to keep her company-on the journey. |eap an eye on walch £0.sth co that they are sale Could [you heep an eye-on rny bags while go ta tho shoo? ‘$0, walling foro 50 ta Wait in sorry (0 beep you ‘aalting - 1 be able to see you in about ter minutes. ‘cold become if wih acold Temperatures were freezing ard | caught a Dacd CoN. fire start lo burn Nobody knows how the busing ‘caught tre Word formation Base word Verb emphasis emphasize broad broaden able erate clear clanty understand misuncierstanct sure ensure simple sirnplity rise arise (appear) advantage Gisadvantage:Unit 5 ‘Speech (p74-5) ‘accusation a statement saying that 3 person has done sth ‘bad This accusation has uoset me & lo. {Inimade an agreement not to discussthat we woutd’t ‘discuss again apologetic ering or saying savry or doing sth wang He ‘wars vory apologetic and promised not o.oo it again. offer make an apology (for + noun / -ing) Yel s.0. you rages of are srry for kiN My bank aflered ther apologies for he mistake ‘owe 8.0. an apology need lo say sorry lo's.0, You have ‘been dishonest and you owe ner an apobgy. have an argument (with s.0.) (about # nounling) J noc ‘an argument with har about pals. blame socuse $0; o! being responsible for sth cc ‘lame you for doing &. be to blame (for sth) be responsibil for sth bad They say¢ ‘she was to blame forthe accicent ‘get the blame (for + ‘be accused of daing sin 'bad | dian break tho window but | got the Olan complaint a sisloment saying you are annoyed oF not ‘atisiled She has io deal with comptaints from customers rhe job. make a complaint (to #0.) (about + noun) They mace several compzints fo the manager abou! the service: hhave a conversation (with 8.0.) (about + noun) | radi» ‘hort conversation with her about the ews. ‘convineing, causing oF Hkely 10 Cause S06. lo be conwnced Ha was a convincing le Ceitical (of + noun) jneicating the faults in sth) She wos very enlical of his bahewiout ‘criticism a remark that indicates the fauits -bacarma tired of the constant enticiams, ‘make a criticism fof + noun) She mae 2 cricism of my ‘behanur at the party ‘demand (for + noun) 4 very determined request The company tries respond to customers’ demands lor beter service denial ff + noun) @ sistorent that sth s not rue [could belewe nis denial of the accusation. break ininto enter a buvcing by force wo Stes! Sungiors Broke in whip so wore auc! Thlowos broke inks the otf. break out start happening - valence or disease Fignting broke out at the domansiation break up end 2 rations, (also spt vp). They've broken up and they're gong to get divorced {all apart break ino pieces The char fel apart when | sat ont {all for boteve sth untrue: and therefore be ticked I fl for ins story arid gee hin seme mane. {all ut (with) sfo0 being Trends wit 50. because oF 8 ‘deogrocment We fll out (with each other) and] never 00 nim now {all over tal onto the areune She fel over and hurt Par tog {all rough foi to happen My plans forthe wwokerd fll meoupn so Ist MOEN 10-20. Prepositional phrases amir with known 19 8. Ym nat familiar wih nie part of he city proud af fosing placed andl satisfied about She's proud ‘of her work aware of knowing that sth esis wasnt aware of the "orsotom {gh in. of food - containing @ lol of These inks are high fn sugar thred of not wishing to do ony more: having become: bored "th tea ef ing Pere ar EM ‘wellknown for Tamous or /e% welkknown for hie ‘gereroaty. ‘committed to + ing naving promised to do sre storm to oo Ho was sommited io helping the pot {ail of cortaiinig as much oF as mary 9s posse Te ‘wardrobe was fal of cinthes. ind te ae. plocan, thendly and pote People hare hove Doers vary inc to me. “squal to. being the same amount es sh else. My income it "POW equal fo is. ollocations ‘put pressure an try io force 5.0 to do sth Hor boss is putting pressure On ner at wark pat atop te. fore sth undesirable to stop Tho auinonties would like to put 2 sing fo the use of cars in Ihe area. “give help. His famnaly gave him a fol oF help mn his career. ‘tome firstisecond, ate. (nish in firste@con), ote. place ‘She won'l come fiat wn the race but sho might come second or third. tome to power become in political contro! This Government carne la power three years ago. “keep 5.0, company be ar go will) 50, 30 that they are pet ‘Bone I went win her to Keep her company on the lovey, fan eye on waich a.0/sih sa thet they are sale Could you keep an eye on my bags while | go (0 the shop? 8.0. waiting force 5.0. 10 wail im sorty to Keep you waiting - 1" De able fa. see you in about ten minutes, cold become it with a.cold Temperatures were Ieezing and | caught a ba cow. fateh fire start o burn Nobody knows how the butting: ‘eaugh! fire have trouble +-ing (hae! troeible undlerstancting the ‘structions. make contact with | ied to make contact wih him but he was ay make surefeertain Muse surotcertnin (that) you sign the orm at the bottorn make use of Guests can make use of ait the hotel's fociities: take advantage of People take advantage a! him because he’s 50 generous. pay attention to. / wish you'd poy attention to what Im saying. Word Formation Noun verb Person eating ean ecitor read re reader patios poincize §——potitcian law > lawyer journal = Journaust creation crwat ‘ommator ruse = musician sssistnnce assist aseetant instruction instruct instwetor participation particinale —parvaipant | Word Sets the cause of why sthhappens Wat's the cause of this cisaase? the reason why wha causes sth Coie you fell me the feaion why you're late? ‘on the grounds that for tho rason that She was chosan on the grounds that she wes the Best candidate the influence of the power hat sti/s.o. has to caust sth The influence of his inendts is clear in the way he behaves. bbe requited to do sth be expected jo do sth: be forced je do sin because of rules. le my job, |.am required to cress smarty call for need) requite This problem cals for imme ‘sebon. demand sth need, In oftier Io be done successfully The: work demanded aithis cancentration, Insist on say forcefuly {hat sth must happen ar be-dore She insisted an a fell apology. maintalo keep the ame amount or lovel | foundt i hare © ‘maintain ry interast can’t stand + -ing isthe very much doing Tony can't ‘stand warking for tPat company. support agnse with; be in favaur of Nok rrany peophe Supparied my proposal. cope (With) be able 10 dea! wth succosstuly. She has 80 ‘much work ta de that she can't cape (with it).