Mastermin for Advanced & Kenia ae (oR Paul Hains Anna Johnson 1B Burlington Books FREE MINI-COMPANION INCLUDEDCONTENTS 1 GRAMMAR Present and Future Tenses Present Simple and Continuous; Present Perfect Simple and Continuous; future tenses; be going to; be to + infinitive: expressions with future meaning 2 VOCABULARY Business and Employment REVIEW 1 TERETE ESSERE Ys 3 GRAMMAR Past Tenses, used to / would Past Simple and Continuous; Past Perfect Simple and Continuous; used to, would, future in the past 4 VOCABULARY Entertainment REVIEW 2 DRESSERS SLE LE 5 GRAMMAR Modals, Semi-modals, Modal Perfects can, could, be able to, may, might, must, have to, need, should, ought to, will, would, shall, used to, had better, be supposed to 6 VOCABULARY Bay and Mind RNS ES 7 GRAMMAR Gerunds and Infinitives Uses of gerunds and infinitives; full or bare infinitive; verbs of perception / sensory verbs 8 VOCABULARY Travel and Tourism 9 GRAMMAR Passive, Causative Forms Passive forms; the causative and related forms; special structures with have / get 10 VOCABULARY The Natural World Se 11 GRAMMAR Reported Speech, Subjunctive Reported statements, imperatives and questions; reporting verbs; subjunctive 12 VOCABULARY Language and Literature WEEN 13 GRAMMAR Conditionals Zero, first, second, third, mixed conditionals; temporal clauses; inversion in conditionals; conditional sentences without if 14 saOCABULAR Homes and Lifestyle 15 cea wish, Unreal Past wish; would rather / sooner, would prefer; it’s tine: 16 VOCABULARY re sien and Technology iE EERE 4 20 23 30 37 40 47 53 56 63 69 72 78 84 87 95 102 105 11 116 119 126 13217 GRAMMAR — Word Order, Inversion and Emphasis Word order in sentences and questions; question tags; inversion; other ways of adding emphasis: cleft sentences, fronting, auxiliary verbs, reflexives 18 VOCABULARY Geography and Weather REN 19 GRAMMAR Relative Clauses and Participle Clauses Relative pronouns and clauses; quantifying / adding to relative clauses; reduced clauses; participle clauses 20 VOCABULARY Arts and Crafts Remew 10" BE 21 GRAMMAR Connectors and Conjunctions ‘Adding information; showing cause / reason; expressing purpose; concession and contrast; sequencing ideas; making exceptions; giving examples; restating and explaining; introducing a new subject 22 VOCABULARY Nutrition ATTN TET = GRAMMAR Adjectives, Adverbs, Comparison Common ways of forming adjectives; order of adjectives; adverbs; adjectives and adverbs with similar forms; gradable and ungradable adjectives; comparison 24 VOCABULARY Education and Assessment ee eRe 25 GRAMMAR — Countable and Uncountable Nouns, Articles, Quantifiers Problems with plurals; uncountable nouns; articles: a, an, the, zero article; quantifiers: some, any, each, every, (a) little, (a) few, etc. 26 VOCABULARY Shopping and Money Appendices Grammar Spelling Punctuation Phrasal Verbs Prepositional Phrases Dependent Prepositions British and American English 135 142 148 151 158 165 168 174 181 184 191 197 200 207 213 216 219 220 222 224 225 227‘A. Circle the correct answer. A barbecue this Sunday? That sounds / 1s sounding great! 2. The flat is currently decorated / is currently being decorated. 3. As soon as you've received / you will receive the fax, phone me. 4. New shopping malls have opened up / are opening up all the time. 5. The drug won't have taken / won't be taken effect yet - you only took it a minute ago. 6. He's so far ahead - he will be winning / is going to win easil 7. Now that I've lost weight, my Jeans fit / are fitting me better, 8. Kate is measuring / measures the window for new curtains. 9. “I'm visiting my sister on Sunday.” “Will you be staying / have stayed for lunch?” J]. know Alex quite well but | don't consider / am not considering him a friend. 11. In our history class we are discussing / have been discussing the causes of World War Il all week. 12, Unfortunately, | don’t have / am not having a birthday party this year. B. Choose the sentence which is closest in meaning to the first one, 1. The show will start any minute now. ‘a, The show is currently starting. b. The show is about to start. 2. Our taxi has arrived. a. The taxi is coming b. The taxi is here. My brothers still play chess. ‘@. My brothers haven't finished their chess game. b. My brothers play chess sometimes. 4, John hasn't been to London for ages. ‘a. Itis a long time since John went to London. John arrived in London a short time ago. 5. Uncle Ron is here for a week. ‘a. Uncle Ron has already spent a week here. . Uncle Ron is spending a week here. ‘Trudy is being very stubborn, a. Trudy is a very stubborn person. b. Trudy is behaving stubbornly at the moment. Jim is constantly sending me text messages. a. I get messages from Jim all the tim b. I sometimes get text messages from Jim. 8. The match is to be played at the stadium. a. They will play the match at the stadium. b. They are playing the match at the stadium now.RULES PRESENT SIMPLE + fact, general truth, permanent situation Love changes everything, + habit, regular occurrence Buses to York depart on the hour * state (see Note 1) This land belongs to my family. * declaration We apologise for any inconvenience. + newspaper headline Fire breaks out in city centre! * live sports commentary He shoots. He scores! © instructions You fry the onion in ol, then add the chicken, © plot of a film, story or joke In the end Flose is rescued, but Jack dies. definite event in the future (timetable, schedule, date) ‘The law comes into effect on May 1st next year. ‘Time expressions: usually, always, every day, in the morning, once / twice a year, nowadays PRESENT CONTINUOUS action happening at or around the time of speaking {'m warning you ~ | won't accept any excuses. ‘+ temporary situation ‘Sue is staying with her cousin in Rome. ‘+ changing / developing situation More families are buying a second car. + future arrangement ‘The board Is meeting in London next month. + annoying or amusing actions that happen very often Tim ts always losing his keys. (with always, constantly, forever) ‘Time expressions: for the time being, currently, at present, now, this week / year, at the moment Notes 1. Stative verbs Some verbs are not usually used in the continuous form because they describe states, not actions. (See Grammar Appendix, page 216.) 2. The Present Simple form of be + adjective is used to describe character. Greg is setfish. He would never put himself out to help anyone. (he is always selfish) The Present Continuous of be suggests that somebody is behaving a certain way at one time or about one thing. ‘Shelly, you are being selfish. Let the others have a tum on the computer tool (behaviour at a particular time) PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE have / has + past participle * recent or past event which is relevant to the present ‘The college has introduced a media studies course, without a definite time reference ‘+ state, habit or action which started in the past and ‘Tom has dreamed of stardom since childhood. continues up to the present (with for and since) * to show completion, achievement, or number of times _I've cracked the code! something has occurred up to the present They have been to this exhibition three times so far. ‘* with frst time / best / ever / never This Is the best book | have ever read, Time expressions: since, for, just, already, recently, lately, always, yet, $0 far, ever, never, up until now, ever since, for ages, for a while, for long PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS have // has been + verb -ing ‘+ repeated or continuing activity, relevant to the present The cast has been rehearsing hard for the production, about to change * action which started in the past but has not yet been —_—The council has been debating proposals for a new road completed, or to emphasise the duration of an action, _for years, ot the results ‘Time expressions: since, for, all day / afternoon, how long, ever since, for a while, for long Note have been / have gone ‘Todd's been to that resort - why don't you ask him what it was like? (has visited and returned) “Where's Jen?” “Oh, she's gone to the library to study." (went there but hasn't returned yet)FUTURE SIMPLE will + bare infinitive ‘prediction for the future ‘The new metro line will ease traffic problems. ‘+ event considered certain ‘This year's festival will last three weeks, * decision, offer, etc. made at the time of speaking VW tend you the money if you like! * with expressions such as: / think / hope / promise, ‘They will probably show up late, as usual. 'm sure, definitely, probably Time expressions: next week / year, tomorrow, shortly, presently, soon, in a while, in 2050, in two weeks! time FUTURE CONTINUGUS will be + verb -ing * action that will be in progress at a specific time inthe This time next week, we'll be sipping cocktails by the pool! future * action that Is planned (similar to using Present Continuous We'll be interviewing candidates tomorrow, to talk about the future) what is expected to happen at the moment of speaking Our guests will be arriving any minute now! (or soon after * polite question about somebody's plans Will you be attending the wedi Time expressions: this time next yeer, all day tomorrow, from now on, a week today ? FUTURE PERFECT will have + past participle * prediction that something will be completed before I'll have finished this book by the end of the week. ‘a specific time in the future '* period of time that will be completed at a specific time We'll have known each other for 10 years next month! in the future + what we expect or know to have happened already ‘The film will have started by now. ‘Time expressions: next month / year, by now / then, by the time FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS will have been + verb -ing action in progress that will be completed In the future By the time we arrive, we will have been travelling for {to emphasise the duration rather than the action) 20 hours. ‘Time expressions: by the time, by 11 o'clock be going to ‘+ Intention, talking about plans We're going to organise a school reunion next year. ‘+ prediction for the future based on evidence in the present Judging by the reviews, her new record Is going to be a hit! Time expressions: see Future Simple. be to + bare infinitive + formal schedule, arrangement ‘The president is to meet the prime minister tomorrow. ‘+ future obligation, plan, instruction New students are to report to the office on arrival. formal) ‘+ newspaper headline ~ future event possible (without be) BECKHAM TO ASK FOR NEW PAY DEAL! EXPRESSIONS WITH FUTURE MEANING ‘be about + full infinitive (= going to happen very soon) Hurry up! The train is about to leave. be due + full infinitive (= expected) Our flght is due to take off at 7.00 but there might be a delay. be on the verge / point / brink of (= kely to happen soon) Scientists are on the verge of finding a cure for AIDS, Notes 1. There is often little or no difference in meaning between will and be going to. Intonation affects meaning, though. Willis more common in formal, written English. | will pass my exams this time, (emphasis on “wil! implies strong intention) 2. In clauses beginning with a time word with future reference (when, as soon as, once, before, after, til, unti, by the time), ‘we use Present Simple or Present Perfect, not future tenses. We'll phone you as soon as we get to the hotel. (not: as soon as we wil get fo the hotel x) ‘Once you've read the book, you'l know what I mean. (o emphasise completion = when you have read the whole book)AORAGHICES i. A 10 Complete the dialogues with the correct form of the verbs given, Ao ATARI cll phon Iphone) Mary to 660 if she wants to come to the cinema with us.” “That's not such a good idea. She sw (Fest).” 2. "What are you going to do once your new novel publish)?" (@0) on an extended publicity tour and then I think I'll take it easy for a while.” as (Consider) your job to be a difficult one?” “Not really, That's why I sess {think) of finding something more challenging.” ca (work) late every day this week.” “I suppose that means that |... snounune {HOt $68) YOU until Saturday. 5, “Julie! You : (be) very silly today.” ~ “Sorry, Miss. | promise t.. (ay) attention from now on.” 6 4 (read) the same newspaper for years.” “I suppose (deliver) to your house every day. 7. “Bret It. (Get) cold in here.” "You're right. | (turn) the heating on.” a . (till plan) to do a media studies course next year?” “Actually, ve changed my mind. {study) environmental science instead.” Complete the sentences with the time expressions below. There are more words than you need. all night © from now on ® shortly ® nowadays © forlong * lately ever since * forever © all day tomorrow © currently © by now I'm sorry to say we do net... Wve been studying .... ‘The law has been changed: PROPIE a7 wn ennesne 1 have any vacancies. Possibly there will be some in the near future. 2. 8. 4. 5, Have you heard anything from Gavi 6. 7. 8. and I can't keep my eyes open. there are going to be tougher penalties for speeding. getting me confused with my sister. 2 It’s not worth calling Janet at the office. She will have left Dan and | met in 2001 and we've been sharing a flat -...10. : . be starting our descent into the airport. Fasten your seat belts as we will. Rewrite the sentences below starting with the words given. 1. Itwill take them three weeks to finish renovating the shop. In three weeks, they 2, Mr Thomas started teaching 15 years ago. Mr Thomas has .. 3. The committee is announcing the name of the new chaitperson tomorrow. ‘The name of the new chalrperson wil... 4, It seems like Simon and Liz might split up soon. ‘Simon and Liz are on the 5. John will spend nine months working on his thesis before he completes By the time he completes it, John. ee 6, When is your next doctor's appointment? When are you due 7. You can't know how difficult itis to get a novel published until you try. ‘Once you've tried to get a novel published, nme 8, Sally never seams to remember her friends’ birthdays. Sally isD. Write full sentences using the words given. 1 Managers / due to / meet with / union leaders / tomorrow, Managers.are.due,to.meet with union Jeadere.kamorraN... 1/07 the point of / resign / because of stress. What time / next train / due to / arrive? .. ‘The country / not yet / on the point of / declare war. | think / the lecture / about to / start. ‘You / not to touch / any of the photographic equipment. ‘The committee / to announce / its decision / on Monday. E, Complete each paragraph using the correct form of one of the following verbs. There may be more than one Possible answer. 1. 2. not submit * welcome ® finalise © distribute » hold €6The programme of events for this year’s student induction week (1 The principal @ the new stadents at 12 o'clock on Monday Sth September in the main hall. Individual departments (3) . .. meetings that afternoon, so booklists can be handed out. By the end of the day, tUt0FS (4) sssoninsnnnncnnnnuns the lists t0 all new students. Second-year students who (5) their course request forms must do so by Wednesday 7th September atthe latest. 99 welt © recognise » get take * arrenge © drive €61've got to go to the doctor’s the afternoon you arrive. I hope you don’t mind, but E(1) wm. ‘someone to come and pick you up. When you (2) erm to the airport, go straight to the information desk, where Tina (3) with a sign with your name on it, so you @.. 2 . her right away. She (5) . ‘you to my house. 1 (6) a few days off work so we can do some sightseeing together. Can't wait to see you! 99 appeal © measure ® notneed ® realise © consider s buy * grow keep 6650, you (1) getting a pet. Hamsters and canaries are so old-fashioned. The local pet shop has snakes and lizards, and the idea of an iguana in your bedroom really (2) .. to you. But before you (3) cone on impulse, there are a few things you should know. A baby iguana (4) .ersnifiinessunnmnnne @1Ot Of space at first, but it (5) ... very quickly. An adult male (6) . ip to six feet long. Where (7) .. snoine @ creature of that size? And (8) i . that it will probably live for up to 20 years? 39 ‘ante enhanc ttiapretinin em in ts enehinteminne nominee 11F. Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space. WHERE LIFE IS LONG ‘The italian island of Sardinia holds the world record for the highest percentage ‘of people who (1) ..... to be over 100 years old, Most of the locals 2) that the reason lies in the place itself - the air or the food, for example. But scientists (3) ..... another hypothesis. For centuries, the islanders (4) .. rarely intermarried with outsiders, so it is very likely that Sardinians are ‘genetically similar to each other. Therefore, it's logical to assume that they (6) ..... 4 gene for longevity. A team of doctors and biologists (6)... the proteins which (7)... contained in the Y chromosome. They are (8). to find the key gene, but the research coordinator confidently (@) team to come up with an answer some time in the near future, (10)... they do, the discovery will certainly generate a great deal of interest. 1. A have lived Bare living © are going to live D willive 2. A are believing B_ will believe © have believed D believe 3. A are now investigating B donow investigate C ate due to investigate © now investigate 4 A are B willbe © have D arebeing 5. A are sharing B have been sharing have shared D share 6. A have been analysing B have been analysed © are analysed D analyse 7 A is B has been c are D willbe 8 A until B yet C already © still 9% A. is expecting B isgoingtoexpect © _ will expect D_ expects 10. A By the time B As soonas © Sofer D Before G. Complete the passage with the correct auxiliary. been © will » being © are s has 9 have © is + do » be Unusual Spa Treatments ‘Spas all over the world offer a wide variety of treatments ~ some traditional, some more unusual - and new treatments, (. being developed all the time. The Yunessun Spa in the hot spring town of Hakone, Japan has long (2) . .. known for its novelty | treatments. For years now, the establishment (8). been attracting clients with treatments such as its ‘green tea spa and its wine bath. Now yet another new treatment is (4)... _ enjoyed by clients: the noodle bath. According to officals at the spa, a noodle bath is highly beneficial to the health. By taking one, they claim, not only (6) .. you be speeding up your metabolism but cleansing your skin too. Because of health regulations, patrons (6)... not bathe in water with edible noodles floating in t but in water containing the pork broth that this, Japanese staple (7) .... tradtionaly cooked In. Whether or not ip In pork broth is really good for us Is yet to 1 @. proved. What is realy | __ attracting the public is probably the novelty | value of the noodle bath rather than its heelth- | giving properties. Before long, the spa will no | doubt @).. ..come up with | | i | | Sree ecr rm mrererenerry another novel idea to attract attention and draw in the crowds. | wonder what this will be.‘A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. The lecture halls full of students, but Professor Wilkins 5. “Are you over your illness now?” has not .... arrived. "Almost, but |... tired easly.” a. stil still get b. yet b. have sill got c. already c._willstil have got just . stil am getting 2. When the ferry... the island, get ready to disembark 6. ‘I'm going away next weekend.” a. is approached “Wil you... a camera?” b. will approach a. taking ©. approaches b. be taking 4d. will have approached ©. have taken 3, All applicants ..... out this form on arrival OT a arefiled 7. The demonstration is due .... in an hour. b. tof a. will start filing b. ofstarting dare to fil e tostart 4. The staff has known .... that they might lose their jobs. dbo starting a. recently 8 I'mtaking the dog to the vet as It... b. for tong anything for days. eae te, won't be eating Pa ey b. hasn't to eat . c. Isn't eating d. hasn't eaten B. OPEN CLOZE Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. SPACE TRAVEL: GOING WHERE NO MAN HAS GONE BEFORE ‘Scientists and businesspeople alike are waking up to the idea that the next development in tourism is probably a) .. 19 be mass participation in space travel. Up (2) ... ow, space exploration and research have been the domain of governmental organisations, but private enterprises are (3) involved because they recognise that (4) .. = 1S a huge demand for this new experience. Analysts Predict that spacecraft will (6). von making a8 many as five milion trips (6) .... year by 2030. In fact, the technology (7) exists to transport and accommodate people but it has not yet (@) ... developed for commercial purposes, despite the large numbers of people who are willing to pay whatever it (9)... for the experience of seeing earth from orbit. It is simply a matter of (10) 1. before the first few passengers get their chance, and once it becomes more common, PHICES (11) cn . fall and an increased range of activities will be made available, In space, gravity has no effect; as (12) are in orbit, travellers will feel weightless. (13) the idea of a few days floating around a supermodem hotel, with a View of the stars and the earth outside the window, appeal to you? H(14) cs sm + YOU May be interested to learn that the first fully commercial spacecraft is going to biast off in the very near future. Bookings are already (16) . vos taken, 80 what ‘are you waiting for? as they Serene gar nega ne enero mE 13eo ants Re on this unit, @ Business and Employment VERE READ AND ANSWER, ‘A. Read about four people below. Then answer the questions (a-i). More than one answer may be possible. 1. Bob has been on the dole since he was made redundant last year. He scans the Situations Vacant columns hopefully every week, He was a foreman at a factory until the board decided to make cutbacks because of falling profits. Bob is just one of thousands of employees who have been laid off in the manufacturing sector recently. 2. denny is a freetance journalist so she doesn't have a permanent contract with a single employer, She values her freedom and is not interested in climbing the career ladder. 3, Tim recently finished his apprenticeship and has just been taken on as aj salon, He took the post because it offers good long-term prospects. 4, Alison is a senior executive at an advertising agency. She delegates routine tasks such as paperwork to her PA but she still works overtime on a regular basis in order to cope with her workload, She receives a generous salary stylist at a central hairdressing and her perks include a company car and private health insurance. Who ... a. puts in long hours? Allee has an assistant? 9. receives unemployment benefit? . h seems ambitious? is inexperienced? eae |. Read the following letters. 1. JOB REFERENCE ‘T whom it may concern, Diana Cole has been working for Trusty Catering Services PLC since January 2001, She was initlally employed as a clerical assistant, but was promoted to office manager in June 2008. Her duties tnalude all aspects of office administration and her organisational abilities have resulted in a, dramatic increase in office efficiency. Her people ‘skills are highly developed end she is popular with her colleagues. She has shown herself to be hardworking and trustworthy, and has risen to the challenge of a managerial position admirably. ‘Ms Cole will be missed at Trusty Catering, but we realise that she will be better able to further her career in a larger organisation. Paul McBain Human Resourees Manager 1. tasks which are part of your job 2. organisation / management 3. other members of staff 4. get ahead 5. manager in charge of personnel is looking for a job? Used to supervise others? receives extra benefits in addition to pay? .. works for different companies? ind words or phrases for the definitions below. 2 LETTER TOA FRIEND Dear Sharon. ‘Are you still job hunting? Well, the firm | work for is going to need someone to help out in the marketing department for a few months to cover for a women wholll be on maternity leave. It will only be a short-term contract, but they might keep you on if they like you. The salary isn't bad - you'd earn a bit more than you get now. If you're interested. send your CV to the personnel manager ther name's Janice Wilcox) | can have @ word with her too - I'll tell her what an asset you'd be to the company! Let me know if you decide to apply. Ellen 1. company 2. time taken off work while having a baby 8. temporary 4. pay 5. document giving details of your educational and professional background 6. useful and valuable person‘A. COLLOCATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS Choose two verbs from the list that combine with the nouns below. Use each word only once. set © circulate © hold @ select * negotiate « demand setup « deat ¢ run © recruit © meet © chair 1 oneuet® ) Bp amemo 4 eee BB sat 2. fe zg BB a pay rise 5. > a meeting 5. WORDS EASILY CONFUSED Complete the sentences using the correct word, Make any necessary changes. 1. a. Shop assistants are trained to .. b. Anew department was set up to . . Regular exercise helps me... le... difficult customers. the building project. with stress. 2. a, You must state your name, age and .... onthe form, <7” a b. Ruth loves nursing ~ she says she has found her tru coe 2ecupation B vocation c. What of work are you in these days? 3. a. Chloe is a loving and vinnie child, Sree b. The new secretary is very .. at organising our schedules. ‘afectionale ©. The government believes that the new measures are the most = way to tackle unemployment. 4. a. The managing director is responsible forall smn Of the business. Soc Professor Jarvis is considered an expert in his . — aspect . I can’t answer technical questions about the product - that's the of the engineers. 5, a. You have to ask your supervisor for .. n 9. Foreign nationals need to have a Work «en. Pornioelsni ©. Each employee is entitled to 20 days? ... .« to leave work early. . to be legally employed. per year, 6 a The... . for the economy in this country is quite good. a DB. From a financial nnn the decision to lay off the workers was a good one. Deane ©. A position with a large corporation can offer 900d wm.n smn if You're willing 10 work hard. | 7. This firm must make customer service ts ns seaneieanes b, The trade agreement is of great - for this country’s future. eemered ©. Sarah has considerable nun ininternational sales. 15©. WORD FORMATION 4. Complete the chart with adjectives formed from the words below. Make any necessary changes. addition construct excess administer co-operate experiment. benefit department ‘commerce ‘education ‘compete effect confidence ‘emotion adminiets innovate 2ccupaton residence instruct offce select intention organisation support invent person vocation logic preference manager profession val 2, Complete the sentences below with adjectives you formed in Exercise 1. There may be more than one possible answer. 1. They have developed a(n) wnnninnannnnmnnene S108 strategy. 2. enjoy working with her because she's very «.. 3. She sold the company for 4. Our boss has excellent 5. The human resources department keeps .. 3. Choose the word that best completes the sentence. 1. He gets .... treatment because he's tho manager's son. a, competitive . influential ©. preferential 4. emotional 2. Young people need ..... guidance before making decisions about what to study. vocational b. selective intentional d. commercial 3. The information that Sonia gave me was... 80 | can't reveal anything, residential b. co-operative ©. confidential 4. occupational 16 records about each staff member. | think going to the gym every day is... twice a week is enough. a. excessive b. supportive ©. instructive d. additional Do you need ..... permission to open a detective agency? a. vocational b. official c. beneficial 4. influential Doctors are hopeful that the new drugs will be effective, but the treatment is still at an...... stage. a. educational b. inclusive ©. inventive d. experimentalD. RELATED WORDS increase decrease 1. Mark the following verbs + (an increase in size or strength) or ~ (a decrease in size or strength). 10. There are plans to .. 11, The main road needs to be .... 12, Houses in the area boost broaden .... contract diminish enlarge .. deteriorate ...... downsize expand .. Complete the sentences using the correct form of a verb from Exercise 1. 1. Don't wash that T-shirt at high temperatures ~ it wil ......... #htink 2. When | twisted my knee, it wasn’t too painful but it started t0 .... 3. At 105, it's hardly surprising that Mary's health is .. 4, The managers gave the team a bonus to 5. Ifyou heat metal, it ; when it cools, it. 6. 7. 8. immediately. their confidence. We were enjoying our holiday so much that we That's a beautiful photo! You should it and have it framed |. Working abroad for a year was a great opportunity to .- my horizons. 9. After such heavy losses, the company's directors have no choice but to .. we the business by opening two new shops. to cope with increased traffic. in value by 20% last year, our stay by three nights. &, METAPHOR AND MEANING 1 Words and expressions connect success with up or high. Failure and negativity are sometimes connected with down or low. ‘a top job (= a very good job) low status ‘Mark the following words {for up) or {for down) . Under an fall ons dive... bottom Hy ae FSO a Match the words and phrases in colour to their meanings. 1. When the economy does badly, it is the smal sudden success: businesses that go under, 2, The actress was flying high after she won the Oscar. 3. The company is looking to recruit high-fiying salespeople. 4. Our holiday plans fell through because Josh 4. very poor people couldn't get leave. 5. You often see down-and-outs sleeping under bridges in central London, 6. The young novelist was unprepared for his wf Successful and determined meteoric rise to fame, to achieve more did not work out as planned happy as a result of success e. go out of business Explain the meaning of the words and expressions in colour, 1. Maria will do whatever it takes to reach the top in her profession, succeed 2, This suburb is popular with young up-and-coming businesspeople. 3, The stock market took a dive yesterday. 4. 'm sure business will pick up before Christmas. 5. His career really took off after he appeared on TV. 6. He started out as a lowly shop assistant. 7. Gregson is the new rising star of the computer Industry, 47F, MULTIPLE MEANINGS apply deal resign Words can have more than one meaning or take on new meanings when they combine with different words. Match the words in colour to their meanings. Give the part of speech for apply, deal and resign in each sentence. 1 apply but | don’t think I'l get accepted. verb concentrate one's efforts In the laboratory, you have to apply the theory you have studied. leave a job Robert needs to apply himself more to his studies. unfair treatment ‘The special offer only applies to people travelling together. give out cards learnt a great deal on the course. put into practice | won that hand! Whose turn is it to deal now? agreement How should | deal with angry customers? A British firm has just made a billion dollar deal with a French company. We felt we'd been given a raw deal Under pressure from the club chairman, the manager resigned. John resigned himself to a few years of low pay until he qualified. accept an unpleasant situatior formally ask for a position handle large amount be valid FS eenonsonn G. PREPOSITIONS Complete the following newspaper article with the correct prepositions. GRADUATE JOBLESSNESS Large numbers of young people who completed university finish your studies? Career advisors recommend working and went out in search (1) ...2f....a job last summer are (7) nothing during the school holidays to get: still (2) f Work. A rise (3) nue the number of experience (8) the kind (9) work you want graduates this year, together with cuts (4) ...ine graduate to do eventually. This tactic may even result (10)... training schemes, have resulted in record levels (5) permanent position once the firm sees what you are graduate unemployment this year, Whatcan you dotomake capable (11) ci... doing. sure that you're Not (6) ...ninw this position when you H. INOTHER WORDS Match the words or phrases in colour to their meanings. 1. It was none of their business, son @. increased profits 2. It won't work in practice, b. told me what they thought of my work 3. They boosted company earnings. c. isnot feasible 4, They got down to business. 4. found the task difficult 5. They are our superiors. fe. didn't concer them 6. They had thelr work cut out for them... f, offered to work unpaid 7. They gave me detailed feedback. . g. started working 8, They did voluntary work. ww fe have higher status than us AMER TORO : REE ES A. KEYWORD TRANSFORMATIONS Complete the second sentence so that thas a similar meaning tothe fet sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given, You must use between three and six words, Including the word given. Key Word Transformations often test the grammar which follows words or expressions, (e.9., prepositions, ‘gerunds or infintives). 1, Helena is incredibly ambitious. DETERMINED Helena le. determined to reach . the top. 2. Do you think Julie could manage the department? CAPABLE Is Julie the department? 3. George knows that he'll never become a professional footballer. RESIGNED George has... eee comer 2 o°>"essional footballer. 4, They were about to make a deal, but they couldn't agree on the price. FELL The deal adsey about the price. 185. He decided to change jobs because he didn't like working long hours. COPE He decided to change jobs because aa ©. The factory laid off 20 workers last month. REDUNDANT Twenty workers ; 7. The best solution to the problem is to downsize the company, EFFECTIVE Downsizing the company 8. You'll find it very diffcutt to finish the project on time. CUT You'll have your work .. the long working hours. last month. swine SOWVE the problem, sumer finishing the project on time. WORD FORMATION Use the word given in capitals at the end of some lines to form ‘a word that fits in the gap in the same line. Cook Your Way to the Top When a vacancy for a senior (1) . Post comes up, there may MANAGE be more than a thousand (2) nis so many corporations hire APPLY @. consultants to handle the selection process. PROFESSION (One team in Germany uses an unusual method for putting potential a 7 fo the test: they get them to cook a meal together! EMPLOY This way the process of (5) sew: becomes a highly RECRUIT ©. nsinenenee ORE because it demonstrates how a candidate EFFECT Performs under pressure when faced with a (7)... task, PRACTICE Human resource managers attend the sessions and assess the candidates’ ..and communication skills. Cooking, they say, is an ORGANISE allows for (8) .. sme Contact with those they PERSON are thinking of taking on, without creating a (10) . ‘COMPETE environment, as participants must work together to create the menu, MULTIPLE CHOICE CLOZE Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space. WHERE MANNERS ARE THE KEY TO SUCCESS Whatever (1)... of work you're in, there's a lot to learn when you start a new job. At big Japanese companies, new employees have to undergo several weeks of formal instruction in the basics of how to behave at work. After mastering the company song, new (2)... are taught everything from how to shake hands to how to hand over a cup of tea correctly. In Japan, manners play an important role in all (3)... of adult life. Business has its own rules of behaviour, Which must be adhered to. Business cards, for example, must be presented and received with the body held at a specific angle. Cards must be (4)... respectfully as they are considered an (6)... of the holder's identity. An (6)... ‘businessman, for instance, who put a card he had just (7)... into his trouser pocket would cause great offence. This would seriously (8)... his chances of closing a deal. Therefore, the correct gestures have to be learnt and practised. Even after completing the training course, new employees may still find that corporate life is not easy, Workers at large Japanese firms are expected to sacrifice a great (9)... for the company. They often live in company-owned ‘accommodation with their colleagues and put in (10)... hours at work. In offices, workers are not (11) .... to leave Until their (12)... have done so. 1. A fine B way © route D ladder 2. A employers B contracts © recruits D_ resources 3. A perspectives B aspects © worlds D sides 4. A delegated B demanded © handled D dealt 5. A. extension B_ expansion © asset D_ occupation 6. A_ innovative B impersonal © unemployed D_ inexperienced 7. A taken on B received © circulated D setup 8 A fall B shrink © downsize D diminish 9 A. status B deal © increase D field 10. A broad B high © ong D great 14. A dear B free © official D feasible 12, A employees B staff © prospects D_ superiors 19“REVIEW1 ‘A. OPEN CLOZE Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. ‘TAKE CONTROL OF YOUR TIME Busy people, whether they are mothers or executives, have to menage thei time, Most people have their work . ‘out for them getting everything done in 24 hours, but there (2)... some useful principles of time management that can be applied (8) most any ne of Planning your time not only helps you get more done, but also relieves stress (6) Jn control Planning also helps you cope (6) large tasks, which will seem less daunting ” they are broken down into the steps that @) . - fequired. For instance, when writing assignments, plan (8) many hours you will need for research, writing your frst draft, checking and 30 on, itis best to overestimate the amount of time a task wil take, as (10) as practice there will probably (11) . interuptions or delays. Others (12). . be satisfied when you meet your deadline and even more impressed if you manage to deliver the assignment early. The best plans cover all areas cof your Ife, not just work. Typically, we (13). time with family and friends only when we (14). vounan failed our other obligations. However, including personal time in your schedule will result in a better balance (18) work and leisure. ‘making you feet B. WORD FORMATION Use the word given In capitals at the end of some lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. i: Superwoman In the 1970s, as more and more women began to pursue careers, a new icon wos. created: Superwoman, Women were told that they could (1) ‘combine ‘SUCCEED motherhood, homemaking and career. Nowadays, when two salaries are considered a (2). msn Reeessty, working mothers are the norm rother thon the exceplion. FINANCE Most (3) 1 Fe open fo women today, from surgery to stockbroking, and occury «position in government and business. INFLUENCE In Britain, women now held cbout 25% of (5) potiions, Despite their MANAGER (6) nsnsnnsinsennn 8468888, many women are Finding the struggle 1o meet the demands PROFESSION of home and work incredibly (7). «A recent survey reveoled that mos! STRESS ‘women believe thot children suffer (8) nner rn if both porents work. It seems EMOTION that athough women have proved that they can equal male (9)... in the ACHIEVE wwerld of work, not all women are convinced that being Superwoman is worth the sacrifice, However, in today's (10) .. job market, it is not easy to toke time off to ‘COMPETE sloy home with C, GAPPED SENTENCES Think of one word only: whieh can be used appropriately i ‘in all three sentences. 1. A victory in this race would really the athlete's confidence. ‘Working through the exercises in this book will sone YOur Vocabulary. ‘The advertising campaign helped to... profits. 2 We've nu. ON @ NeW Warehouse assistant on a temporary contract. Sales of new cars have ... wu @ dive this Season. His career as an actor has really off. 3. Ifyou successfully pass the training course, you wit be offered a permanent - fm thinking of applying for the .. .» Of teaching assistant, Many of my friends’ exam results were not good enough for university, but luckily | was not in the erengrongnaggnnngnrgy 4. There has been a in the number of internet users this year. lt must be difficut to cope with a sudden to fame. Employees were given a 10% pay at the beginning of the financial year. 20D. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. GRAMMAR 1. The storm......to be over now. a. has appeared bis appearing ©. appears 4. Is appeared 2. “You look tired.” “I know, I haven't been sleeping well. a. ‘presently b. currently shortly lately 3. “Why did they stop the tennis game?” “They could see that it was... rain. a dueto b. going about to ithe point of 4. "Can we use the pool yet?” NO one” “a. is stil being cleaned b. Isn't cleaned yet ©. is yet to clean 4. is stick ‘5. *Should | phone Annie now?" “I wouldn't She ... the baby to bed about now.” a. Is putting ‘b._will be putting ©. going to put 4. will have put 6. Farmers ..... a protest against falling grain prices. a. are to stage b. staging ©. are staged d. will be staged 7. The managing director... to lay off workers. a. threatens forever 'b. does forever threaten is forever threatening 4. is threatening forever 8 “When can Chris move into her new flat?" “As soon as ..... her new furniture.” a. they will deliver “b. they have delivered . they are being delivered d. do they deliver 9. Josh was hired last month, and been a real asset. a> sofar Be until c. for ages 4. ever since 10. The board ......a new chairman before next month's meeting. ‘a. will have been selecting b. has selected c d " 12. 13, 14, 15, 16. W7. 18. 19, VOCABULARY Would it be .... to offer bonuses to staff who reach their targets? a. inclusive b. feasible c. financial . freelance The post office has difficulty at Christmas time. a. coping b, running ¢ dealing handling The office needs 2. instructive b. selective extensive 4. inventive .-» the volume of mail AAs a result of their financial problems, the company got a consultant to help them a. deteriorate b. shrink. diminish d. downsize Dan wouldn't sign the contract because he fel i was. a. tis line of work b. none of his business ©. out of work d., araw deal Why doesn’t Mike .... some of his work to his assistant? ‘a. demand) b. resign cc. widen (d.. delegate | think we need to look at the problem from a c.administration d. workload Rose gets a great deal of satisfaction from doing voluntary affectionate ‘occupational Legal matters are not my a lawyer. ‘a, domain b. aspect ‘e.prospect d. excess The senator disapproved of his daughter's marrying a... gardener. short-term trigh-flying lowly ‘meteoric = you'll have to consult poop 21E, CLOZE Read the passage, then select the word or phrase that best fills the blank in both meaning 22 and grammar. In today's business world, companies often ‘pay other (1) to perform certain tasks or evan ‘hole projects in order to save money or time. This practice Is (2) as outsourcing and Is ‘common in several (9), particularly information ‘technology, customer services and market research. Outsourcing is not a new phenomenon. It has been (4) in the manufacturing (6) for decades, but the 1990s saw a huge (6) In outsourcing In the service sector. Advances in the Internet ‘and communications technology (2 it possible ‘0 assign routine tasks to workers in countries such as India, which has the largest educated English-speaking population in the world. (@). benefit is the 12-hour time difference (9) India and the United States, which means that a Job that is submitted at the end of America’s working (10). arrives in India early in the ‘morning, and can be completed (11). the ‘American company (12) for business again the next day. In many {13}. work is outsourced overseas, which results (14) financial gains as (15). are often considerably lower, not to mention the ‘savings made by not maintaining office space. Itis also more (16) than employing staff (17). when there may be no need for them and there is no need to (18) on extra workers at busy times. Given the advantages, itis not surprising that business experts are predicting a huge (19) In the number of companies which regularly ‘outsource work in the (20). 10. 1. 12, 13, 14, 16, 16 7 18, 19, 20. a b. ge\ oe ge ge) oe gp oe gp ‘op ge boards firms: called describing fields duties happened there work tem day during due ‘opens starting experionces effects in with salaries well ‘cooperative ‘officient additionally abroad lay take deal deterioration past future ae as rae ge ap ep cae ae .p9 ap ap ap so ap af;ap ao pe assets posts said known aspects levels occurring swelling also. delegating ‘expansion made First for about deadtine meeting before I handles began cases to about situations deadlines ambitious administrative here permanently demand call tise further time businessJ Past Tenses, used to / would I A. Circle the correct answer. ‘The journey took a long time because the bus stopped / was stopping at every vilage on the way to the coast. When the athlete retired, she was competing / had been competing professionally for nearly two decades. Can you name all the actors who had played / have played James Bond up until now? Why weren't you paying / didn’t you use to pay attention when | explained how to use the camera? When | had seen / saw the final bill | was horrified. Quite simply, it was the best holiday we had ever had / had ever been having. Susan has been a member of this gym since she has moved / moved to the neighbourhood. Fran would make / was making her own gifts every Christmas. We spent / were spending far too much money yesterday, Stella had been reporting / had reported her noisy neighbour to the police a number of times. 1'm glad you popped in ~ | would just make / was just making coffee. My sister was always inviting / had always been inviting her friends over. B. Choose the correct answer, 1 It ...« for days 80 they were careful on the roads. a. has snowed b. was going to snow chad been snowing |... Carrie that evening so I couldn't go to the cinema with Jane, would meet b. was meeting ‘c. had been meeting ‘When the bank robbery happened, Jeff... at the bank. a. had worked was working has worked The room looked fantastic once it. « a, has been painted was painting c. had been painted First the taxi broke down and then we heard that the concert... . What a night! a. cancelled had been cancelled c. was canceling | sae» Spinach when | was young but not any more. would like bb. was liking cused tolke From the atmosphere in the room it was obvious they ...... a. argued b. had been arguing fe. have argued The central square ..... immensely since | lived there. a. was changing b. changed © has changedRULES PAST SIMPLE ‘states or actions (single or repeated) that finished in the past (often given with a specific time in the past) ‘The committee debated the proposals for months. narration of single past actions in the order they occurred The dog ran into the garden and chased the cat, who climbed up a tree. Time expressions: ago, last week / year, the day before yesterday, the other day, when, then, not until, whenever, later, after / afterwards, before / beforehand Past Simple or Present Perfect? * We use Present Perfect Simple to refer to past events (see Unit 1), but we don't normally use it when mentioning a specific past time. Compare: "ve submitted my application. | submitted my application last week. + With time expressions lke today and this week / year, we can use Past Simple if this time period is finished, We only won three matches this season. (The season is now over) We have only won three matches this season. (The season is not over — we may win more matches.) ‘+ With since, it is common to use Past Simple in the clause beginning with since and Present Perfect in the main clause. Margaret has developed new interests since she left college. (not: since she has left college X) * In American English itis possible to use the Past Simple with the adverbs such as just, aeady, yet, ever, never, before. ‘AmE Did you already see the movie? PAST CONTINUOUS action in progress at a particular moment in the past or at the time something else happens ‘action or situation described as background to a more important event ‘temporary action in the past or action that was changing cor developing annoying or amusing past habit (with always, constantly, forever) plans that did not happen or expectations that were ‘ot fuffiled to describe past arrangements that may or may not (British English: Have you already seen that film?) | was downloading some files when the computer crashed. | was talking to John yesterday and he told me about his new job, In the summer of 1987, I was working for a law firm. When we were at school, Andrew was always forgetting his tunch was expecting to hear from you by Sunday. Iwas meeting Sally in town so | didn't go to the lecture. have taken place ‘Time expressions: while, 25, all day, at the time, back then, in those days, during Notes 1. Remember that stative verbs are not usually used in the continuous form. (See Grammar Appendix, page 216.) | didn’t understand what she was telling me. (not: ! wasn't understanding x) 2. We use the phrase / was wondering if to be polite when asking someone to do something or when we ask for information. |1was wondering if you could suggest a topic for my essay? 3, The phrase was thinking of can be used to refer to something currently being considered for the future, but which is not yet definite. | was thinking of signing up for a computer course. 2424ST PERFECT SIMPLE ‘* past action or situation completed before a time or another action in the past ‘+ to make the sequence of events clear ‘with first time / best / ever / never when referring to a situation in the past (similar to Present Perfect) ‘+ unfutfled wishes / plans, often with hope, plan, wish, expect, Want, think about, mean to By the time the reporters arrived on the scene, the police had solved the case. When Jane had checked her composition, she printed It out again. (First she checked it, then she printed it) My trip to France wes the first time | had ever been abroad. ‘We'd meant to go and see my aunt but we didn't have time. ‘Time expressions: when, before, after, already, just, for, since, til, until, by the time, never, as soon as, no sooner ... than ast Simple or Past Perfect? ‘+ tis not necessary to use Past Perfect when a sequence of events is related in the order the events occur or if the shronological order is clear. In this case, we use Past Simple. We also prefer Past Simple for two actions when the second a result of the first. ‘The curtain rose and the show began. (not: The curtain had risen and the show began. x) ‘+ Ne do not use Past Perfect simply to say that something happened a long time ago. FAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ‘continuing / repeated past action or situation which continued up to a point in the past * past action that was stil relevant at a point in the past, or caused a visible result ‘Time expressions: since, for, all day / afternoon Past Perfect Simple or Continuous? We had been walking for hours before we saw any wildlife. ‘The house smelt fantastic because Mum had been baking. + We use Past Perfect Simple for completed actions, but Past Perfect Continuous to emphasise the duration ot result of the activity. Greg had prepared his speech. (The speech was ready.) Greg had been preparing his speech for days. (We do not know if the speech was ready - the emphasis is on ‘how much work Greg had done.) ‘+ We use Past Perfect Simple when we mention the number of times the action has been done. George had tried to reach her on her mobile three times. 2THER FORMS USED TO TALK ABOUT THE PAST ‘* used to + bare infinitive repeated actions / states / habits in the past that ‘contrast with the present ‘+ would + bare infinitive tepeated actions in the past (not states) + future in the past When talking about the past, we use past forms of structures when we want to refer to the future. wilt > would is going to -» was going to és playing ~ was playing ‘are about to -+ were about to This palace used to betong to the royal family. When | was a kid, my gran would bake delicious biscuits. | realised | would need more money. Karen was going to fax me the details. Jim was playing football later that evening. They were about to leave when they got the message, 25mplete the sentences with the verbs given. There may be more than one answer. Cor A. ANGIE nnn AA nnn @ WOrd | Said; she Was thinking about the party. not hear 2. Iwas free last Saturday night because my other plans .. fall through 3. 4 Wiliam . a magazine when he came across an interesting article about his home town. read It was the first time he ‘a motorbike and he was surprised at how exhilarating the experience was. ride 5. I couldn't get together with my friends that evening as | 6. Thomas thought he .. 7. 8. ; my fiancé. see . the job and was disappointed to be tured down, get her tennis serve all morning. practise v-sun. in the pool there every morning. swim the building at al. not / weaken by the end of the first week? sell | expected Catherine to be tired as sh ‘When | was working at the hotel, 9. Fortunately, the earthquake .. 10. How many tickets B. Complete the sentences using the correct word or expression below. There are more words than you need. by the time © eprtiét @ afterwards * until s while * during » ever Since » Just * the moment # whenever 1. The painting was completed in 1784, but it had been commissioned a decade wn..8AQUEE nue 2. We had lunch and we strolled round the old town. 3, I hadn't realised how much | would miss my hometown...» moved away, 4. Allthe tickets had been sold . wwe arrived at the theatre. 5. smmnnnes ON Sales assistant was serving a customer, the other was handling a complaint. 6. Greg had been climbing .... the was a child 7 .. she walked into the room, they knew she was the right person for the job. 8. Iwas going to phone Jackie when she turned up. C. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. “Did Andrew use to visit you often?” 4, The performance was good because they’... “Yes, and he...... me a present whenever he came.” for months. a. was bringing a._had been rehearsing b. brought b. have rehearsed 2, There's a shopping mall there now, but... the 5. Jack worked late every night that week because whole area was open farmland, he... on holiday on Friday. a. beforehand @. was going b. Inthose days. b. went 3, "Weren't you going to send me some photos?” “I've sent off my application for law school!” “1d! them? thought you .. that reporter's job." a. Hadn't you got were accepted b. Didn't you get b. were going to accept D. Complete the sentences using a suitable word or phrase. Use no more than five words. We all agreed that the Taj Mahal was the most amazing place we.had. ever. geen, aa . Weren't you ready by six o'clock? What : sete all day? Abbie assumed the bus hadn't come yet because dozens of people rau sn at the stop. . enough money. ‘a motorbike but then I found a cheap second-hand car. but he gave it up last year on his doctor's advice. her application when she noticed sections she had’ ‘completed. when we heard the other side of the story. 1 2. 3. 4. We couldn't put down a deposit on the car because we .. 5. 6 7. Jane was just 8. It became apparent that he 26E. Circle the correct answer, NOSTALGIA FOR MY CHILDHOOD HOME When we (1) were moving / had moved / moved to our new house near the ‘sea, | was eight years old, Even before that I (2) was spending / had spent / was to spend every summer messing about on boats. My dad (8) was taught / hhad taught / had been teaching me to sail before | learnt to ride a bike so | knew how | wanted to spend my time at the new house ~ I (4) was going to / ‘am going to / had gone to get my own boat and sail it every day. The house was only a few metres from the water's edge, and in rough weather the ‘waves (8) were coming / would come / come crashing into our front garden. | (6) was sitting / had sat / used to sit with my nose pressed to the glass, ‘fascinated by the power of the ocean. | (7) grew / have grown / have been growing up watching the skies to see if it (6) was going to rain /Is raining / rained; Would | be going sailing that afternoon or not? ‘Of course | sometimes wished we could live in the town like my friends. | (9) was to get / have been getting / used to get very iritated with my parents, ‘who (10) had taken / had been taken / have taken eatly retirement because they (11) had seemed / seemed / would seem incapable of getting anywhere on time, Dad drove me the eight miles to school every day, but | was often late because he (12) have been walking / had been walking / was going to walk on the cliffs earlier in the morning and (13) was losing / had lost / lose track of time. When | (14) was taken / was taking / had been taking my university entrance exams, | (18) used to stay / had stayed / had been staying over at a friend's in town, just in case. Allin al, I was lucky to grow up by the sea and I still love to sall Sea A. SPELLING: one consonant or two? (See ‘Spelling Appendix, page 219.) Correct the spelling In the sentences below. There may be more than one mistake in each sentence, 1. Lam writing wth PSTERES to the vacancy. x 2. Their performance was marvelous. X 2. Thetis aly being refed. 4, The answer is not neccessarily logical. x 5. Some workers are legaly employed, but the majorite work unnoficialy. x ‘The persone officer comented on my aptcation, x During her trainning, she was earnning less than the others on staff. x 8. The survivor was so gratefull that he kept huging the rescue dog. x PUNCTUATION: the apostrophe (See Punctuation Appendix, page 221.) Add or remove apostrophes as necessary. Mr Harris failed to turn up for the meeting. x City budgets for the New Years Eve celebrations are running into thousands of pounds. x The perks of the job dont include taking days’ off whenever you're feeling tired. x Paul Browns’ book became a best-seller in it's second year. x t's none of Mikes business’ whether youre older than he is or not! x 27C, COHESION AND COHERENCE Cohesion means that sentences are well structured and there are clear links between them. Coherence means that ideas are presented in an understandable, logical way. There are a number of exercises in C1- and C2-level exams which may test your understanding of cohesion and coherence in English, for example cloze exercises and gapped texts. In addition, a good understanding of cohesion ‘and coherence wil help your reading and improve your wing. Pronouns / Possessive Adjectives / Possessive Pronouns '* Pronouns are used instead of a noun that has already been mentioned so as to avoid repetition. Tins lado sien dure wos mary youre 20D? hoy were awarded a Grammy. * Itcan refer to an earlier or later phrase. Ws unseat is mad educa, BH maybe an pporunty fr caer change 1am be berating 1g BS made redundant, '* _ Possessive pronouns can refer to both an object and the person it belongs to. lan said the other car was badly damaged in the accident, but his was fine. (his car) * Nowadays, they and their may be used to refer to one person of either sex. ‘Someone has left thelr luggage under the seat. 1. Read the first paragraph of an article and say what the words in colour refer to. "ANIMAL WELFARE Se gn ee antes é : Not long age, London Zoo moved a grcusrit is SeoRants to a wife park in the countryside, This ‘gave animal | fights campaigners cause to celebrate. However, not everyone's reaction was as positive as theirs, | Jos, a young male rhino, had shared an enclosure with the elephants for many years unti thelr departure, and was ‘now missing them. His owners had seen him pacing up and down inside his now empty cage, unable to rest. |} ZooCheck, an animal rights group which watches each animal in order to monitor its welfare, said they were j Soncemed about Jos’ behaviour, as it clearly signified stress. While Jos’ elephant companions enjoyed new lives in j the country, his was apparently far from enjoyable. ; i Leg ERE re rege AF NE 2. Now read the rest of the article and fill in the missing pronouns and possessive adjectives. | Some time later, arrangements were made for Jos to be transferred to a zoo In Germany where new company | awaited (1). - This time, Jos’ friend was not only a rhino like (2)... » but was also of |. the opposite sex. The move seemed to be just what (3) was not to be. An outbreak of animal disease in Britain meant (6). these animals across borders. So Jos never got to mest © - female companion. Later, Jos’ carers came up with an alternative plan to house (7) together with a female black rhino from another 200, but (8). fell through because (@) failed to hit it off. However, itis expected that the search for a female mate for Jos will soon be successful . needed. Sadly, though, (4). 1. became illegal to transport i Comme apecen: 28BXAMERAGTICE PRS 4. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATIONS Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six word: Including the word given. 1. They last employed new staff back in January. TAKEN No new staff. = eee January, 2, The children were out looking for the lost kitten, SEARCH The children were one . the lost kitten, 3. He predicted a rise in the crime rate. GOING He said that — Increase. 4. Tom was once a very rich man, DEAL Tom used at 5. It was Anna's first promotion, BEEN Anna se 6. I had just picked up the phone to call Simon when he arrived. ABOUT ' .- @ phone call to Simon when he arrived. 7. Jack's carelessness would often result in accidents. FOREVER, Jack was 50 .. 8. Would you mind checking this report for me? WONDERING ' 1» accidents, swssnnes HGCK this report for me. 8. OPEN CLOZE Read the text below and t in each gap. ik of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word {mn April 2002, Erich Ritter, a shark expert, was carrying out research in the Bahamas (1) .. leg was bitten off by an adult shark that (2) sno Pursuing a large fish. (3) unusual about the incident, (4) for the fact that Ritter (8) nn. how to prevent sharks from attacking him. He believed that sharks (6)... sense fear, and that this triggers the attack response. Dr Ritter, a yoga expert, had learnt how to lower his heart rate, belleving that this ) snes fool the sharks and they would not see (8) «a8 prey. When he was attacked, he was actually standing bare-logged in water, surrounded by pieces of fish which had (9) . thrown into the water to attract sharks. Other shark experts (10) snus Unsurprised by the incident. They felt part of his, that something lKE (11) jssnnnun . was bound to happen. He had been risking his life (12) years because of his theories, although they had (13)... been proved. At the time of the attack, Dr iter Wa8 (14) ..n...smnmneneas flmed by a TV crew, so the whole horrific incident was recorded. A documentary called Anatomy of a Shark Bite was made a year (15) «This showed footage of the attack as well as Dr Ritter diving with sharks again for the first time since he had been bitten. ©. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. The studio... to release the film in August but 3. *How will you afford diving lessons?” they postponed it because of the political situation. “Well, I... you and Dad could lend me the money.” a. was about to plan a. would hope b. used to plan b, have hoped ©. had planned ©. was hoping d. would plan 4. had been hoping 2. Before there were rallways, ordinary people .. 4. The police arrived just as the thieves .. for pleasure. a. going to leave a. were rarely travelling b. would leave b. were used to travel rarely ©. had been leaving ©. were going to travel rarely 4d. were about to leave would rarely travel 29ae w companioy ra SSL Hf - on this unit, ‘A. All the words below are connected with the world of entertainment. Put the words under the correct heading. agents cast director presenter studio ‘ausiteritim _ @elebrity documentary producer ‘stuntman / woman Backstage co-star horror movie screenwriter thriller box office. costymedfama ‘on location set trailer broadcaster créw movie butt stage venue JD ‘Types of films / TV programmes People Places costume drama agent auditorium B. Read the film review and choose the best explanation below for each of the words In colour, ‘Spider-Man (2002), a big-budget action blockbuster, was warmly received by critics. Based on Stan Lee's classic comic book character, the first movie is the tale of a high schoo! outsider who develops special powers after being bitten by a spider, only to Team that superpowers are no solution to his problems. He also Jearns that with great power comes great responsibility. The sequel, Spider-Man 2 (2004), was halled as a masterpiece for successfully combining romance with ‘hriling adventure and comic touches. Bath of these movies filed multiplexes worldwide and grossed millions at the box office. But the third instalment, Spider-Man 3, is a huge disappointment, as the strain of coming up with new variations without ‘tampering too much with the format begins to show. Some early action sequences injact a litle excitement, but overall, the plot is unimaginative and the script dull. Highlights include a larger than usual array of vilains - the Sandman, the Green Goblin and Venom ~ and state-of-the-art special effects. Die-hard Spider-Man fans will no doubt be satisfied with this alone, but if you Took for more in a movie, you'll be disappointed. 1 7. grossed is highly successful a. pleased b. book or film that is incredibly long b. earned 2, based on 8. sequence a. copied from @. part of a film about one event b. developed from something else b. stunt 3. tale 9. plot a. story ‘a. music accompanying a film b. fantasy b. storyline 4, sequel 10. script a. film that continues the story of a previous one a. screenplay 'b, remake of an old film b. visual style 5. masterpiece 11, villains ‘a. excellent book, film, painting a. evil characters 'b. original version of a book, film, painting b. exotic settings 6 multiplex 12, state-of-the-art special effects a large number of moviegoers a. artificial images created using the latest b. a cinema complex with several film technology theatres, b. appearances in a film by well-known actors 30=. Complete the text using the words given. Make any necessary changes. audition ® censorship © debut * forthcoming © premiere © review « EVENTS ‘March 12th Lecture. TV VIOLENCE: It (2)... Admission free PUN March 19th (3) id... for out summer production of My Fair Lady. ery Ty Come along and try out if you fancy a part Tat ‘April 20th Theatre Trip We have reserved 20 tickers for the Bristol o ‘of Guys and Dall, Singer Judd Red will make her theatrical (5) Running for 13 weeks in the West End, i has received rave (6) ‘Sig up ao ~ places on a im-come,fe-erve basi, Cost £20; o SE EE REE ‘A. PHRASAL VERBS come go 1. Complete the phrasal verbs. You will need to use one preposition twice, down © on © across #_out~® into © back ¢ infor a “The words one writes will never ©. (What the audience seldom appreciates is how Menthe way you envisage | (7) much rehearsal time hes gone. se q that's the nature of live performance, | suppose. GaP performance before I stand up wit ‘baton, be In this scene, you've been waiting years for this meeting. That apprehension has to come om the big screen, My next gues is the actress who first made her debut in the horror flick Bad Dreams and has 6: (Domes patomnctar one somal bem pone ec ian ‘Sharp picks up the ball on the left, a quick reason I went ..., it was the exposure, ‘The prize money was a motive but the real | Tye had my 15 minutes of fame, haven't I? And that was the Beatles, with a hit going... to 1965, If you remember those early days of pop and would like to dedicate a golden oldie, just call now. 2 WHO SAIDIT? Match the people to the remarks they made in Exercise 1. fh. 4. commentator 3. chat-show host. ws 5. director canes 2. contestant 4. conductor critic 6. discjockey —..... 8. playwright 31B. c 32 PHRASES WITH PREPOSITIONS 1. Circle the correct preposition in the following phrases. 4. in/-at comparison with 5. in/for good 6 in/on no time 1. in /at many respects 2. on/ in conjunction with 3, for/on a larget) scale 2, Use the phrases in Exercise 1 to complete the text. ee eeee ‘The first pop videos were made in the 1970s (1) In.cemparigenwith today’s clips, early versions seem primitive - a few shots of the performer, possibly an -mneeomne simple animation. In 1981, TVchannel devotedentiely tothe new genre was launched, changing the music industry B) sre = The channel was MTV.) + new videos, like Michael Jackson's Thriller, were big news — Video had really ‘Killed the radio star video WORD FORMATION VIDEO KILLED THE RADIO STAR 7. at/on the part of 8, at /for the forefront of In the 1990s, MTV was (8) new developments in music and is now hugely influential. (6) .. + music television has benefited the music industry by increasing sales and promoting artists o than ever before, However, it is increasingly difficult for new talent to break into the market without television exposure, which requires a huge investment ® a record company. Come meme eer rere e rarer se ser cece vrerecenne 1. Complete the chart with nouns formed from the words below. Add negative prefixes in brackets where possible _soeent complex destroy Cadapt— ‘concentrate devote ‘annoy creative distract attend credible dramatise available curious exist ‘lear (2 nouns) dedicate generous mature pretend objective sensitive offend similar original simple2 Choose the word that best completes the sentence. 1. I'd never been to the ballet before. | just went out of a. curiosity b. complexity . distraction d. interference 2. Child actors often show great... credibility b. offence ©. maturity imitation Journalists are supposed to maintain their but theatre critics often praise their friends. a clearance b. ignorance ©. dissimilarity d. objectivity . for their age. 4 5. The free ticket offer is subject to. a. availabilty b. destruction c. existence 4d. pretence 6. The charity thanked all the people who gave money f0F thet wun» & generosity b. unoriginality ©. unpopularity similarity 3 Complete the sentences using nouns you formed in Exercise 1. There may be more than one possible answer. 1. Critics praised his poetry for its Rob couldn't hide his ‘The play is a/ an... This year’s cinema The doctor's. pore = RELATED WORDS: ways of speaking | couldn't become a professional dancer. It takes grea at being made to wait inline for tickets. of a novel by Jane Austen. was lower than expected and profits went down. on doing his own stunts surprised everyone. Match each sentence with the most appropriate ending. Then match four sentences with the pictures below. *. fa mother nags, she 2. Ifa friend blurts out something, she If an actor mumbles, she aman reminisces, he If your friend is grumbling, he It a speaker is waffing, he tf a co-worker butts in, she lf your brother snaps at you, he tt your friend Is chattering, she {fa driver swears, she Leroy “0. ‘uses words that are offensive. interrupts someone else's conversation, speaks suddenly and angrily. talks a lot without saying anything clear or important. is talking quickly about trivial things. criticises frequently in an annoying way. is talking about the past. 's speaking quietly and unclearly, Is complaining in a low voice and bad-tempered way. ‘says something suddenly and without thinking. 33E, WORDS EASILY CONFUSED Complete the sentences using the correct word. Make any necessary changes. adopt 1. a. Politicians have to be . mene at dealing with reporters’ questions. adapt b. Many stars chose to . .@ child rather than have their own. adept ©. Meg's book has been .... for a TV programme, ind 2. a Watching TV helps me. at the end of the day. rewind b. The makeup artist had to . Special tape around my legs. unwind ©. Please . the video when you finish watching it. hightght «9 & Going backstage after the show was th of our theatre trip, spotiight . Young actors who attain sudden fame can find Ife in the. limelight c. Funding for schools is once again under the wnsnnmannne downright 4 & The director told him seousman that he Was t00 ugly for the role, upright b. Ithink its disgusting what some actors will do to get a part! outright c. The artist had pictures propped sn against the walls of his studio. "echite 5. a. The documentary swu On the training professional dancers receive. characterise b. The fim. several young up-and-coming actors. focus &. Hilchoock's films are .. by suspense and humour. ay 6 a. Iwasso in the film that | stayed up til 2.00 watching it, ‘appeal b. Horror movies have never realy... to me. addict clam sw t0 late-night television! socated 7 & The “tive” performance consisted of a group miming to a CD. director. murderer just before the trial. renowned ‘The Journalist secured an exclusive interview with the a alleged 1 was flattered to get the chance to work with the . cS a. ratings 8 a. Foreign language movies are either dubbed or have credits b, The new comedy series may be cut because of low subtitles . Thenames ofall the technical crew who worked on a movie are Iisted in the METAPHOR AND MEANING The metaphor of light is often used to suggest intelligence or knowledge, while darkness can suggest confusion or ignorance. see the light = understand the truth a shot in the dark = a guess with no facts to support it 1. Mark the following words L (ight) or D (darkness). flash. britiant dim. dazzle faint right 2. Ghose the best meaning for the words and expressions in colour in the sentences below. 1. never know the answers - the teacher must think I'm so dull... @._not given information 2. Why are we being kept in the dark about the plans? b. uninteligent 3, He dazzled us with his wit. ¢. impress with one’s knowledge / talent 4, The reporter asked the police chief if he could d. suggest an explanation shed any light on the reasons for the investigation 3. Explain the meaning of the words and expressions in cotour. ‘The truth suddenly dawned on me. | suddenly realised haven't got the faintest idea what you're talking about, How could Mark have been so dim as to run out of petrol on the motorway! Don't et your desire for fame cloud your judgement, Stephen Hawking is probably the most briliant British scientist who ever lived. Jan is a very bright child ~ she leamt to read when she was three years old! Par ern 34MULTIPLE MEANINGS cast set act ‘These words are connected to film or theatre, but they have other meanings, too. Match the words in colour to their meanings. Give the part of speech for cast, set and actin each sentence. =. Can you cast an eye over the script and give me your opinion? a. follow ‘When Dan broke his arm, he had to wear @ cast for two months, ». decide on Julia Roberts is often cast as the lead in romantic comedies. ©. part of a play Why do you have to cast doubt on all my plans? Congratulations on your engagement ~ have you set a date yet? ‘She's unlikely to take your advice ~ she's too set in her ways. Pve seen a beautiful marble chess set 1 know she'd love. Fran beat Beth 6-3 in the final set. ‘She decided to act on her teacher's advice. ‘The most exciting moment comes in the dust try to act as if nothing's wrong, “2, They couldn't deny it as they were caught in the act. ‘chosen to play a character have a quick look at rigid, with fixed ideas and habits hard protective plaster found doing something wrong ppart of a tennis match behave ‘group of matching items make others feel less certain ‘about something 4. act. IN OTHER WORDS: phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs are often used in informal language. ‘The words and phrases in colour are formal. Replace each one with the correct form of one of the following phrasal verbs. get into * playup © hype up « run through © lazearotfid © come up with + bring in branch out ¢ puton ® crack up lazing areund. and watching TV at the weekends. relaxing again - can you have a look at it? malfunctioning . a play every year. stages .. my lines a few times before opening night. review = a catchy ttle for the film. create sunsinunenuenn Into Computer game production, diversify .... poetry, although | found it boring at school. become quite keen on ‘income in the form of royalties. generates sommes « €USRS Me to laugh uncontrollably that movie so much, it's bound to be a letdown. praised it a lot ike nothing better than .. Ineed to ... SEE ‘The producers spent hours trying to Our film company plans to .. MEPRETICR SERIE oo fae nih ost setys” e > 4 GAPPED SENTENCES Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences, + It can't be easy t0 ssn novel for the screen, but the scriptwriter has done a fantastic job. ‘When Julie first started her job, she found it difficult to s-nmuee tO her new hectic lifestyle. ‘The course was designed for managers, but we can ... for a nonprofessional audience. BT sennemennsenssnsen Sunshine made it hard for me to see the screen, so we drew the curtains. Trudy seemed to be a very. student, but she never did very well in written tests. My sister wants to paint OUF TOOM ..-.cnanesseme PINK, but | think It would be too distracting. SIMON WOR thE sree and became the tennis champion, One of the nicest wedding gifts we received was a beautiful ‘The stage looks stunning - the .. of matching serving dishes. .. designer must be very talented. 354, Throughout the party, Paula .a8 if she had never seen me before in her life! ‘on my advice, you wouldn't have had any problems with the contract. in several productions with the student theatre group, When | was at university, |. but I never had a leading role, 3. Nobody in the office could shed any ‘Ahand-held torch only produces a faint It was months before Katy saw the . ‘on the mystery of the missing files. and decided to look for a new flatmate. B. MULTIPLE CHOICE CLOZE Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space. ‘THE ULTIMATE IN REALITY TV In their attempts to ensure higher (1 TV producers have developed a whole new breed of programmes (2) real people. In Europe the most famous of these (8)... reality TV shows was probably Big Brother, where 12 ordinary People volunteered to live under the watchful eye of TV cameras 24 hours a day. In America, the top show was Survivor, (4)... 01a similar concept, in which 16 (6) .... are abandoned on a desert island. But the ultimate example of the (6)... must surely be The Osbournes, first (7)... on MTV in 2002, in which the homelife of rock star Ozzy Osbourne and his family was laid bare to public scrutiny. Osbourne himself was already a (8) .... name as the former lead singer of the highly successful heavy-metal group, Black Sabbath. The show was described as a real-life siteom because it ().. light on Ozzy's softer, more humorous side. It revealed his (10) .... to his teenage kids, even though he was often heard yelling and (11) at them. The programme (12) ...... millions for the Osbourne family and certainly blurred the boundaries between reality and television. 1. A scores B levels © sequences D ratings 2. A. featuring B focusing © acting D_ hosting 3. A so-called B alleged © renowned D adept 4. A adapted B_ hyped © based D founded 5. A commentators B contestants © censors D conductors 6 A genre B role © style D. creation 7. A played B dubbed © cast D broadcast 8. A common B_ known © household D domestic 9. A opened B wound © shed D set 10. A conjunction B_ devotion © concentration D attendance 11. A_ blurting B butting banning D_ swearing 12. A brought in B came out went down D branched out ©. WORD FORMATION Use the word given in capitals at the end of some lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line, USER'S MANUAL Congratulations on becoming the owner of an Epioview digital camcorder! The (1) . advice is designed to help you get maximum FOLLOW @. sme OUt Of using your camera and viewing the results. You now have ENJOY the chance to demonstrate YOUF (8) nnn -- 0 your friends and family. CREATE Since most video (4) nwo. af@ Of everyday occasions, It's only your talent PRODUCE which can make them look (6) ORDINARY + Pay attention to the (6)... --« Of your shots. Include only what you want COMPOSE your audience to see. * Make sure that the background Is (7)... Watch out for brightly ATTRACT coloured objects or clothing that could be (8)... DISTRACT * Check that the camera is properly focused - it wil be done (@). AUTOMATE because of the self-focus feature, but you will get greater (10) CLEAR Hf you use the manual controls. 36KEY WORD TRANSFORMATIONS Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first ‘sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. *. There has never been such a large rock festival in this country. SCALE This year’s rock festival is .. than any other held in this country. ‘They have to do a lot of preparation betore they start shooting each scene. GOES Alotof .. ‘The fllm was an adaptation of a novel by Tom Sharpe. BASED They sisi ‘Could you take a quick (ook at my essay before I hand it in? EYE ‘Would you mind | can’t imagine what Rod is planning to buy me for Christmas. FAINTEST . shooting begins. » @ novel by Tom Sharpe. . my essay before I hand it in? don't i what Rod is planning to buy me for Christmas. 2. How much | earn is a personal matter! BUSINESS Ws . how much | ear! Journalists are expected to work unt Journalists are expected oa Se Have Liz and John decided when they are getting married? SET Have Liz and John ... {ate at night. PUT hours, wedding? OPEN CLOZE Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word ineach gap. ‘A FASCINATING LIFE read describes the life of De OF the (1) vnnennmnsstanennens Memorable biographies | have (2). ora Jordan, an 18th-century actress. She first appeared (9). .- stage at the age of 16, and in An sven time had become a household name. Newspaper gossip about her personal life contributed ‘= her meteoric rise to fame, especially when, in 1781, she began a romance with Prince Willar, who became king Bi cnnihi _ later. Their relationship was (6) last more than 20 years, (7) ‘snich time Dora bore him 10 children. She continued her career in the theatre, and remained (@) . a “e limelight, like a modern celebrity. Yet, despite her years of devotion to William and their children, not to mention ‘Fe financial support she (8)... - given him, he eventually abandoned her under pressure from his royal advisers in (10) . to marry a suitably royal bride. Forbidden to sea her children, Dora was forced to ‘eave the country, and died alone in France in 1816. It was fascinating to read about an unmarried working mother in ”) 2 days, about her glamorous life and her tragic end, but the aspect | really enjoyed 12) re the portrayal of Dora herself. She comes (13) . a8 a real person - talented and famous, but also a loyal and honest woman (14) loved her children. i's a briliant book, and ‘d recommend it t0 (16) sm who likes reading about the rich and famous, 37©. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. GRAMMAR 1. The jury... its verdict tomorrow. (@ isto announce 'b. will have been announced ©. has announced d._ is being announced 2, Tomy ...., | found | had to do more paperwork before the permit could be granted, @. annoy b. annoyed ©. annoying *d, annoyance 3. Management ..... ways to save money tor months before the layorts. ‘a. were to discuss b._has been discussing c. were discussed d. had been discussing 4, “Look at Courtney in this photo!” vee 60 thin?” Would she always be b. Was she always be “c, Did she always use to be d. Had she always be 5. Julle was so engrossed... that she didn’t hear her sister come in, ‘inher book b. to the book ¢._ into the book d._ with the book 6. When the delay was announced, we realized that We sw... eNOUgh time to catch our next flight. won't have B! wouldn't have ©. hadn't had weren't having 7. The firm has doubled iis profits since it range of products. a. broadened b. had broadened ©. was broadening d. was broadened 8.“ What do you think of these books?” “ues the two novels are similar.” a. To their respects b. At many respecting “oc. In many respects d. The many respects .». @ month's hard training. @. were resigned to themselves, b. resigned to resigning themselves designed themselves to 10. What exactly .... for lower-income families? a. is this tax change to mean b. does this tax change mean ©, will this tax change be meaning i. this tax change is meaning 38 11. 12, 13, 14, 15. 16. 7 18. 19, VOCABULARY ‘The producer refused ‘demands for more pay. a. down and out b. outlook c.outright é. downright Iron should not be taken in conjunction b. connection consistency d. concentration 10 discuss any of the actor's with certain vitamins, to her career. She has shown complete 2. administration ‘b. occupation ©. adaptation ‘4. dedication Of course, | thought your song was the . spotlight b. forefront cc. limelight ¢ highlight His negative attitude ...... across in the interview. a. went b. came c. played 4. branched Ms Fisher has a very preferential b. residential cc. influential d._ beneficial | wonder if my lecturer can .. for me? a dawn b, shed “e snap d. dub Ed lost... when he forgot his employees’ names. 1 & credibility b. originality c. simplicity 4d. inevitability He's so ambitious that he'll do anything to... his career, even at the expense of others. a. enlarge b. widen c. further d. expand ‘The novel is basically a Position on the committee. any light on this essay of a brilliant artist iving thriller plot aege & e