AUXILIARES

EN INGLÉS EXISTEN DIFERENTES AUXILIARES PARA USAR CON CADA TIEMPO

VERBAL, NO TIENEN UN SIGNIFICADO EN ESPECÍFICO, SIN EMBARGO, SE
USAN PARA TENER UNA ORACIÓN MÁS COMPLETA. MÁS ADELANTE, SE VERÁ
MÁS DETALLADO EL USO DE CADA UNO EN ORACIONES, POR AHORA, DEBEMOS
SABER CON CUAL SUJETO SE DEBEN USAR.

AUXILIAR BE
SUJETO BE (PRESENT)

SHE / HE / IT IS / IS NOT

THEY / WE / YOU ARE / ARE NOT

I AM / AM NOT

SUJETO BE (PAST)

SHE / HE / IT + I WAS / WAS NOT

THEY / WE / YOU WERE / WERE NOT

AUXILIAR HAVE
SUJETO HAVE (PRESENT)

SHE / HE / IT HAS / HAS NOT

THEY / WE / YOU + I HAVE / HAVE NOT

SUJETO
HAVE (PAST)
SHE / HE / IT +
HAD / HAD NOT
THEY / WE / YOU + I
 AUXILIAR DO
SUJETO DO (PRESENT)

SHE / HE / IT DOES / DOES NOT

THEY / WE / YOU + I DO / DO NOT

SUJETO
DO (PAST)
SHE / HE / IT +
DID / DID NOT
THEY / WE / YOU + I

NOTA: CADA AUXILIAR TIENE SU RESPECTIVA ABREVIACIÓN, LAS

DETALLAREMOS MÁS ADELANTE.

WH QUESTION
ESTAS FUNCIONAN PARA AYUDAR A DEFINIR Y A ESPECIFICAR MÁS UNA
PREGUNTA EN INGLÉS. SE RESPONDEN DE FORMA COMPLETA.

WH QUESTION SIGNIFICADO
WHAT? ¿QUÉ?

HOW? ¿CÓMO?

WHERE? ¿DÓNDE?

WHEN? ¿CÚANDO?

WHICH? ¿CUÁL?

WHY? ¿POR QUÉ?

WHO? ¿QUIÉN?

WHOM? ¿A QUIÉN?

WHOSE? ¿DE QUIÉN?

PRESENT
 SIMPLE PRESENT
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES QUE SUCEDEN EN EL PRESENTE, QUE
SUCEDEN HABITUALMENTE. ESTRUCTURA:

✓: SUBJ + VERB PRESENT + COMPL.

X: SUBJ + DO / DOES + NOT + VERB PRESENT + COMPL.

¿?: DO / DOES + SUBJ + VERB PRESENT + COMPL + ?

ANSW: YES, SUBJ + DO / DOES - NO, SUBJ + DO / DOES + NOT

WH ¿?: WH + DO / DOES + SUBJ + VERB PRESENT + COMP + ?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
SHE STUDIES SPANISH. SHE DOESN’T STUDY SPANISH.

HE DRIVES 4km EVERYDAY. HE DOESN’T DRIVE 4km EVERYDAY.

IT RAINS A LOT. IT DOESN’T RAIN A LOT.

I RUN ONCE A WEEK. I DON’T RUN ONCE A WEEK.

THEY DO THEIR HOMEWORK. THEY DON’T DO THEIR HOMEWORK.

WE EAT FRESH FRUITS. WE DON’T EAT FRESH FRUITS.

YOU TAKE NICE PICTURES. YOU DON’T TAKE NICE PICTURES.

NOTA: CUANDO EN LA ORACIÓN LLEVA COMO SUJETO “HE, SHE O IT”, SE DEBE AGREGAR
UNA -S, -ES O -IES AL FINAL DEL VERBO. ÚNICAMENTE EN ORACIONES POSITIVAS, EN
NEGATIVAS Y PREGUNTAS SE OMITE ESTA REGLA.
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES QUE ESTÁN PASANDO EN EL
PRESENTE, EN ESE MISMO MOMENTO. SU ESTRUCTURA:

✓: SUBJ + IS / ARE / AM + VERB -ING + COMPL.

X: SUBJ + IS / ARE / AM + NOT + VERB -ING + COMPL.

¿?: IS / ARE / AM + SUBJ + VERB -ING + COMPL + ?

ANSW: YES, SUBJ + IS / ARE / AM - NO, + SUBJ + IS / ARE / AM + NOT

WH ¿?: WH + IS / ARE / AM + SUBJ + VERB -ING + COMP + ?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
SHE’S EATING. SHE ISN’T EATING

HE’S RUNNING. HE ISN’T RUNNING

IT’S RAINING. IT ISN’T RAINING

I’M STUDYING. I’M NOT STUDYING

THEY’RE LOSING THEY AREN’T LOSING

WE’RE FLYING WE AREN’T FLYING

YOU’RE CRYING YOU AREN’T CRYING

RECORDAR: CUANDO SE HACE UNA “WH QUESTION”, ESTA SE RESPONDE

DE MANERA COMPLETA.
EJ: WHAT ARE YOU WATCHING?
I’M WATCHING MY FAVORITE MOVIE.
 PRESENT PERFECT
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES PASADAS QUE TIENE
CONSECUENCIAS EN EL PRESENTE. SU ESTRUCTURA:

✓: SUBJ + HAVE / HAS + VERB IN PARTICIPLE + COMPL.

X: SUBJ + HAVE / HAS + NOT + VERB IN PARTICIPLE + COMPL.

¿?: HAVE / HAS + SUBJ + VERB IN PARTICIPLE + COMPL + ?

ANSW: YES, SUBJ + HAVE / HAS - NO, + SUBJ + HAVE / HAS + NOT.

WH ¿?: WH + HAVE / HAS + SUBJ + VERB IN PARTICIPLE + COMP + ?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
SHE HAS STUDIED SPANISH. SHE HASN’T STUDIED SPANISH.

HE HAS DRIVEN 4km. HE HASN’T DRIVEN 4km.

IT HAS RAINED A LOT. IT HASN’T RAINED A LOT.

I HAVE RUN. I HAVEN’T RUN.

THEY HAVE DONE THEIR HOMEWORK. THEY HAVEN’T DONE THEIR HOMEWORK.

WE HAVE EAT FRESH FRUITS. WE HAVEN’T EAT FRESH FRUITS.

YOU HAVE TAKE NICE PICTURES. YOU HAVEN’T TAKE NICE PICTURES.

NOTA: ESTE TIEMPO VERBAL SE TRADUCE A CUANDO DECIMOS “HE COMIDO” “HEMOS
VISTO” “HA CORRIDO” ETC.

NOTA: EL HAVE SE PUEDE ABREVIAR COMO: “-VE”, EJEMPLO:

“THEY HAVE” A “THEY’VE”

 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES ENTRE EL PASADO Y EL PRESENTE. SE

REFIERE A ALGO QUE EMPEZÓ Y QUE PUEDE NO HABER CONCLUIDO EN ESE PERIODO
DE TIEMPO. SU ESTRUCTURA

✓: SUBJ + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + VERB -ING + COMPL.

X: SUBJ + HAVE / HAS + NOT + BEEN + VERB -ING + COMPL.

¿?: HAVE / HAS + SUBJ + BEEN + VERB -ING + COMPL + ?

ANSW: YES, SUBJ + HAVE / HAS + BEEN - NO, + SUBJ + HAVE / HAS + NOT + BEEN.

WH ¿?: WH + HAVE / HAS + SUBJ + BEEN + VERB ING + COMP + ?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
SHE HAS BEEN STUDYING SPANISH. SHE HASN’T BEEN STUDYING SPANISH.

HE HAS BEEN DRIVING FOR 4h. HE HASN’T BEEN DRIVING FOR 4h.

IT HAS BEEN RAINING A LOT. IT HASN’T BEEN RAINING A LOT.

I HAVE BEEN RUNNING. I HAVEN’T BEEN RUNNING.

THEY HAVE BEEN WORKING. THEY HAVEN’T BEEN WORKING.

WE HAVE BEEN EATING FRUITS. WE HAVEN’T BEEN EATING FRUITS.

YOU HAVE BEEN TAKING PHOTOS. YOU HAVEN’T BEEN TAKING PHOTOS.

NOTA: EL “BEEN” SIEMPRE SE DEBE AGREGAR, YA QUE AL TRADUCIR LA ORACIÓN ESTA

DIRÍA, POR EJEMPLO:

SHE HAS BEEN WORKING FOR 2h : ELLA HA ESTADO TRABAJANDO POR 2h.
PAST
 SIMPLE PAST
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES QUE SUCEDIERON EN EL PASADO.

✓: SUBJ + VERB PAST + COMPL.

X: SUBJ + DID + NOT + VERB PRESENT + COMPL.

¿?: DID + SUBJ + VERB PRESENT + COMPL + ?

ANSW: YES, SUBJ + DID - NO, SUBJ + DID + NOT

WH ¿?: WH + DID + SUBJ + VERB PRESENT + COMP + ?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
SHE STUDIED SPANISH. SHE DIDN’T STUDY SPANISH.

HE DROVE 4km. HE DIDN’T DRIVE 4km.

IT RAINED A LOT. IT DIDN’T RAIN A LOT.

I RAN YESTERDAY. I DIDN’T RUN YESTERDAY.

THEY DID THEIR HOMEWORK. THEY DIDN’T DO THEIR HOMEWORK.

WE ATE FRESH FRUITS. WE DIDN’T EAT FRESH FRUITS.

YOU TOOK NICE PICTURES. YOU DIDN’T TAKE NICE PICTURES.

NOTA: CUANDO LA ORACIÓN PASA A NEGATIVO, EL VERBO VUELVE A SU FORMA EN

PRESENTE, O SEA, SU FORMA BASE SIN CONJUGACIÓN.
 PAST CONTINUOUS
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES QUE ESTABAN PASANDO EN EL
PASADO, EN ESE MISMO MOMENTO. SU ESTRUCTURA:

✓: SUBJ + WAS / WERE + VERB -ING + COMPL.

X: SUBJ + WAS / WERE + NOT + VERB -ING + COMPL.

¿?: WAS / WERE + SUBJ + VERB -ING + COMPL + ?

ANSW: YES, SUBJ + WAS / WERE - NO, + SUBJ + WAS / WERE + NOT

WH ¿?: WH + WAS / WERE + SUBJ + VERB -ING + COMP + ?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
SHE WAS EATING. SHE WASN’T EATING.

HE WAS RUNNING. HE WASN’T RUNNING.

IT WAS RAINING. IT WASN’T RAINING.

I WAS STUDYING. I WASN’T STUDYING.

THEY WERE LOSING THEY WEREN’T LOSING

WE WERE FLYING WE WEREN’T FLYING

YOU WERE CRYING YOU WEREN’T CRYING

NOTA: WAS Y WERE NO TIENEN ABREVIACIÓN EN POSITIVO, PERO EN NEGATIVO SI SE

USA “WASN’T” Y “WEREN’T” PARA ABREVIAR “WAS NOT” Y “WERE NOT”.
 PAST PERFECT
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES QUE OCURRIERON EN EL PASADO
ANTES QUE OTRAS. SU ESTRUCTURA:

✓: SUBJ + HAD + VERB IN PARTICIPLE + COMPL.

X: SUBJ + HAD + NOT + VERB IN PARTICIPLE + COMPL.

¿?: HAD + SUBJ + VERB IN PARTICIPLE + COMPL + ?

ANSW: YES, SUBJ + HAD - NO, + SUBJ + HAD + NOT.

WH ¿?: WH + HAD + SUBJ + VERB IN PARTICIPLE + COMP + ?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
SHE HAD STUDIED SPANISH. SHE HADN’T STUDIED SPANISH.

HE HAD DRIVEN 4km. HE HADN’T DRIVEN 4km.

IT HAD RAINED A LOT. IT HADN’T RAINED A LOT.

I HAD RUN. I HADN’T RUN.

THEY HAD DONE THEIR HOMEWORK. THEY HADN’T DONE THEIR HOMEWORK.

WE HAD EAT FRESH FRUITS. WE HADN’T EAT FRESH FRUITS.

YOU HAD TAKE NICE PICTURES. YOU HADN’T TAKE NICE PICTURES.

RECORDAR: EL AUXILIAR HAD SE USA CON TODOS LOS SUJETOS, ESTE NO

TIENE VARIACIÓN.
 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES QUE SE ESTABAN REALIZANDO U
OCURRIENDO EN EL PASADO ANTES DE OTRA ACCIÓN YA PASADA. SU ESTRUCTURA:

✓: SUBJ + HAD + BEEN + VERB -ING + COMPL.

X: SUBJ + HAD + NOT + BEEN + VERB -ING + COMPL.

¿?: HAD + SUBJ + BEEN + VERB -ING + COMPL + ?

ANSW: YES, SUBJ + HAD + BEEN - NO, + SUBJ + HAD + NOT + BEEN.

WH ¿?: WH + HAD + SUBJ + BEEN + VERB ING + COMP + ?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
SHE HAD BEEN STUDYING SPANISH. SHE HADN’T BEEN STUDYING SPANISH.

HE HAD BEEN DRIVING FOR 4h. HE HADN’T BEEN DRIVING FOR 4h.

IT HAD BEEN RAINING A LOT. IT HADN’T BEEN RAINING A LOT.

I HAD BEEN RUNNING. I HADN’T BEEN RUNNING.

THEY HAD BEEN WORKING. THEY HADN’T BEEN WORKING.

WE HAD BEEN EATING FRUITS. WE HADN’T BEEN EATING FRUITS.

YOU HAD BEEN TAKING PHOTOS. YOU HADN’T BEEN TAKING PHOTOS.

NOTA: EL “BEEN” SIEMPRE SE DEBE AGREGAR, YA QUE AL TRADUCIR LA ORACIÓN ESTA

DIRÍA, POR EJEMPLO:

SHE HAD BEEN WORKING FOR 2h : ELLA HABÍA ESTADO TRABAJANDO POR 2h.
FUTURE
 FUTURE WILL
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR SOBRE ACCIONES FUTURAS, PREDICCIONES O
ACONTECIMIENTOS FUTUROS. SU ESTRUCTURA:

✓: SUBJ + WILL + VERB + COMPL.

X: SUBJ + WILL NOT + VERB + COMPL.

¿?: WILL + SUBJ + VERB + COMPL + ?

ANSW: YES, SUBJ + WILL - NO, + SUBJ + WILL + NOT

WH ¿?: WH + WILL + SUBJ + VERB + COMP + ?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
SHE WILL STUDY SPANISH. SHE WON’T STUDY SPANISH.

HE WILL DRIVE 4km. HE WILL NOT DRIVE 4km.

IT WILL RAIN. IT WON’T RAIN.

I WILL RUN. I WILL NOT RUN.

THEY WILL DO THEIR HOMEWORK. THEY WON’T DO THEIR HOMEWORK.

WE WILL EAT FRUITS. WE WILL NOT EAT FRUITS.

YOU WILL TAKE PICTURES. YOU WON’T TAKE PICTURES.

NOTA: ACÁ EL VERBO NO TIENE VARIACIONES, SOLAMENTE SE DEBE AGREGAR EL WILL

ANTES DE ESTE.

PARA ABREVIAR EL “WILL” SE DEBE PONER “’LL”, POR EJEMPLO: “SHE WILL” A “SHE’LL” Y
“WILL NOT” SE PUEDE ABREVIAR A “WON’T”
 FUTURE GOING TO
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES QUE VAMOS A HACER:

✓: SUBJ + IS / ARE / AM + GOING TO + VERB + COMPL.

X: SUBJ + IS / ARE /AM + NOT + GOING TO + VERB + COMPL.

¿?: IS / ARE / AM + SUBJ + GOING TO + VERB + COMPL + ?

ANSW: YES, SUBJ + IS / ARE / AM - NO, + SUBJ + IS / ARE / AM + NOT

WH ¿?: WH + IS / ARE / AM + SUBJ + VERB + COMP + ?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
SHE IS GOING TO EAT. SHE ISN’T GOING TO EAT.

HE IS GOING TO RUN. HE ISN’T GOING TO RUN.

IT IS GOING TO RAIN. IT ISN’T GOING TO RAIN.

I AM GOING TO STUDY. I AM NOT GOING TO STUDY.

THEY ARE GOING TO WORK. THEY AREN’T GOING TO WORK.

WE ARE GOING TO FLY. WE AREN’T GOING TO FLY.

YOU ARE GOING TO CRY. YOU AREN’T GOING TO CRY.

NOTA: EL GOING TO SE DEBE COLOCAR SIEMPRE, YA QUE ESTE SE TRADUCE A “VA A”, “VOY
A”, “VAMOS A”, ETC. POR EJEMPLO:

SHE IS GOING TO WORK : ELLA VA A TRABAJAR.