olfekeagiton ofa olga da fate Gus oecetiga og, faabitided | agiaheenedenacn et te ‘ vfedagieton Republic of the Philippines oe Department of Education 2 fe Ze Ba Zee GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 274 Semester — Module 2 HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH ANI MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION F Name of Learner: Grade & Section: Name of School:General Biology 2 - Grade 11/12 Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE) Module 2: History of Life on Earth and Mechanisms of Evolution First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for a profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them Development Team of the Module Writer: Andrea Xeres G. Nieves Editor: Glirod Jane T. Tindugan Reviewer: Glirod Jane T. Tindugan Layout Artist: Chris Raymund M. Bermudo Management Team: Virgilio P. Batan Jr. - Schools Division Superintendent Lourma |. Poculan ~ Asst. Schools Division Superintendent ‘Amelinda D. Montero - Chief Education Supervisor, CID Nur N. Hussien - Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD Ronillo S, Yarag - Education Program Supervisor, LRMS Zyhrine P. Mayormita -Education Program Supervisor, Science Leo Martinno O, Alejo - Project Development Officer II, LRMS Janette A. Zamoras - Public Schools District Supervisor Joselito S. Tizon - Principal, Zamboanga del Norte NHS Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education — Region IX- Dipolog City Schools Division Office Address: Purok Farmers, Olingan, DipologCity Zamboanga del Norte, 7100 Telefax: (085) 212-6986 and (065)212-5818 E-mailAddress: dipolog.city@deped.gov.phWhat I Need to Know By undergoing evolutionary changes over geologic time, living things play an important role in the development of the geological time scale. Have you ever wondered why living organisms existing on this planet is diverse? It ranges from microscopic in size, such as bacteria, to the largest ones, such as the blue whale. You can also observe in pictures or in actuality that there are organisms that are closely similar in appearance but are entirely different organisms. For example, toads and frogs are distinct species. Species consist of organisms of a certain kind that interbreed or mate with each other naturally in order to produce offspring. A toad and a frog will not mate with each other. Species can be closely similar in appearance, may not be related to one another but have similar functional features and characteristics, or no longer existing today or extinct such as the dinosaurs. This is all because of evolution. Evolution is a process of change of living organisms over time. All living things are descendants of organisms that lived more than two billion years ago. Evolution is also the reason why living things show both similarities and differences. Evolution is a scientific theory and one of the main themes in the field of biology. This theory has been supported by many scientific studies. In this module, you are expected to: 1. Describe general features of the history of life on Earth, including generally accepted dates and sequence of the geologic time scale and; (STEM_BIO11/12-Ic-g-8) 2. Explain the mechanisms that produce a change in populations from generation to generation (e.g., artificial selection, natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, recombination). (STEM_BIO11/12-Ile-g-9) HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH, EVOLUTION AND ORIGIN OF BIODIVERSITY Let us do a quick test. What do you know about the history of life on Earth? How about evolution and the origin of biodiversity?ACTIVITY 1. KNOWLEDGE CHECK Direction: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of your best answer. 1, The Mesozoic era is called the Age of reptile: era? A. Age of mammals B. Age of humans B. Age of birds D. Age of Technology how about the Cenozoic 2. The Earth has an incredibly long history. Approximately, how old is the Earth? A. 4.5 million, B.45 million C. 4.5 billion —_—D. 45 billion 3. Which organism first dominated the Earth? A. Dinosaurs _B. Fishes C. Plants D. Bacteria 4. The largest division on the geologic time scale is called . A. Eon B. Era C. Epoch D. period 5. During which era were the first land plants formed? A. Precambrian B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic 6. The geologic time scale is subdivided into four groups. What is the correct sequence if you will arrange them from the longest to the shortest? A. Eon, period, epoch, era C. Eon, era, period, epoch B. Eon, era, epoch, period, D. Era, con, period, epoch 7. Relative to the percent of time dominating the Earth, which organisms have the longest reign? A. Dinosaurs B. Plants C. Prokaryotes D. Humans 8. What is the longest part of Earth's history where trace fossils appeared? A. Precambrian B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic 9. Understanding geologic time scale is significant because it helps us to ‘A. Understand the human impact on our environment B. Understand the evolution of organisms over time C. Understand the possibility of life on other planets D. All of the above 10. Which of the events occurred during the Mesozoic era? A. Pangea formed C. Rocky mountain formed B. Asteroid killed the dinosaurs _D. Pleistocene ice age beganride What's New The history of life on Earth track down the processes by which living and fossil organisms evolved to the present from the earliest emergence of life. To have some overview on our new lesson, perform the succeeding activities. ACTIVITY 2. Where Do I Belong! Directions: Table 1 shows pictures of different organisms and their corresponding description. Determine the era and period each organism belongs to and write your answers in Table 2. ‘Table 1 Table 2 ‘Organism Description Era Period Organism 1) Trilobite 8 ‘An invertebrate, it lived in a shallow marine environment during Ordovician and Silurian periods ‘Cenozoic (66 million years ago to present} Recent ‘Quaternary Tertiary y Crinoid Crinoids look like plants but are actually animals related to our modern day starfish, ‘They belong to Phylum Echinodermata and lived during the ‘Triassic Period. ‘Mesozoic (252 to 66 million years ago) Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic e Dinosaurs (f Dinosaurs or giant reptiles ruled the Earth during the Jurassic Period under Mesozoic Era. Paleozoic (641 to 252 million years ago) Permian Carbonifero us Devonian 4) Vascular Plants This fossilized leat is once part of an early vascular plant during the Carboniferous Period, Silurian Ordovician Cambriangizs. What Is It Earth's history is divided into a series of time intervals: eon, era, period, and epoch. These time intervals are not equal in length like the hours in a day. Instead, the time intervals are variable in length. This is because geologic time is divided using significant events in the history of the Earth. Table 1 - The Geological Time Scale ‘MILLIONS EON ERA) PERIOD | EPOCH OF YEARS KEY EVENTS Aco Holocence | 0.01 HISTORICAL TIM Pleistocene | 2.6 Tee ages, the origin of homo Bipedal human ancestors appear 2s ‘Mammals and angiosperms continue to diversify Oligocene | 33.5 Origin of primates 35.8 ‘Angiosperms dominate, mammals diver Mammals, birds, insects diversify 145 “Angiosperms diversify, dinosaurs extinct at the end of period 1956 Dinosaurs evolve, origin oF mammals 2ST Dinosaurs abundant, first Triassic birds appear, gymnosperm dominate. 299 Reptiles diversily, major Permian extinction of many marine organisms B5OD First seed plants appear, Caboniferous origin of reptiles, amphibians dominate a6 Bony fishes diversity, Denovian insects and first amphibians appear Silurian aT First vascular plants appear 485.7 Fungi, plants, animals colonize land Baz First fish, many animal phyla diversify CaS ‘Appearances of algae and invertebrates Bdiacaran 1500 Oldest fossils of eukaryotic cells Carbonate rocks abundant Quaternary Pliocene Neogene Miocene Cenozoic Eocene Paleogene Paleocene Cretact Jurassic Mesozoic Phanerozoic Paleozoic Ordovician Cambrian Proterozoic ‘Atmospheric oxygen concentration increases Oldest fossil of cells. ‘Oldest known rocks EARTH FORMS Archae Precambrian [Haden] |Geological Life of Earth Precambrian Life (Hadean, Archaean and Proterozoic Eras) Figure 1: and Life Forms of the Precambrian Time Image “mage resource http//801423391439642278.weebly.com/ precambrian hal The Precambrian represents more than 80 percent of the total geologic record. The Precambrian is the earliest of all the geologic ages, which are marked by different layers of sedimentary rocks. These rock layers contain a permanent record of the Earth's past, including the fossilized remains of animals and plants buried when the sediments were formed, Life began when the Earth was already more than 600 million years old. The planet had cooled down from its molten state, developing a solid crust, and oceans came from water vapor in the atmosphere. Scientists think these primordial seas gave rise to life, with hot, mineral-rich volcanic vents acting as catalysts for chemical reactions across the surface of tiny water bubbles, which led to the first cell membranes. Other bubbles are thought to have formed self-replicating substances by attracting chemicals from around them. Over time the two combined to produce living cells, the energy-using cells. Shown up in the fossil record that as early as 3.4 billion years ago, the earliest living organisms were microscopic bacteria. As their numbers multiplied and supplies of their chemical fuel were eaten up, bacteria sought out an alternative energy source. ‘New varieties began to harness the power of the sun through a biochemical process known as photosynthesis—a move that would ultimately lead the planet to open up to simple plants and animal life. Some three billion years ago, Earth's atmosphere was virtually devoid of oxygen. At about 2.4 billion years ago, oxygen was released from the seas as a byproduct of photosynthesis by cyanobacteria. Around two billion years ago, levels of gas gradually climbed, reaching about one percent. About 800 million years ago, oxygen levels reached about 21 percent and began to breathe life into more complex organisms. The oxygen-rich ozone layer was also established, shielding the Earth's surface from harmful solar radiation.The first multicelled animals appeared in the fossil record almost 600 million years ago. These bizarre creatures known as the Ediacaransore bore little resemblance to modern life-forms. They grew on the seabed and lacked any apparent heads, mouths, or digestive organs. Fossils of the largest known among them, Dickinsonia, resemble a ribbed doormat. What happened to the mysterious Ediacarans isn't clear. They could be the ancestors of later animals, or they may have been completely erased by extinction. ‘The earliest multicelled animals that survived the Precambrian fall into three main categories. The simplest of these soft-bodied creatures were sponges. Lacking organs or a nervous system, they lived by drawing water through their bodies and filtering out food particles. The cnidarians, which included sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, had sac-like bodies and a simple digestive system with a mouth but no anus. ‘They caught food using tentacles armed with microscopic stinging cells. The third group, the annelids, or segmented flatworms, had fluid-filled body cavities and breathed through their skins. It’s thought the final stages of Precambrian time were marked by a prolonged global ice age. This may have led to widespread extinctions, mirroring the bleak endings to the geologic periods that followed. Paleozoic Era (Old Life) _ Wr ; Figure 2: The Paleozoic Era {nage resource hips / uns. googe omy igre ngurichlps 38% 2% 2Petuy comPemages2Prideopreiew%2Pthe paeoenc (ora. 14661 jguimarefurehepe aa aP2P study con2Facadems2Hlesson’2Fthe-paleoaoi ra definiton-tinain ‘ents hunlithnidefsts96ns8SeDMtivet-12ahURBuppye 9 fruanXRNKYKLadOB6YOMyaBeqUIARDWAO. doe “ayant udtdaun 024aih“S 768g paleroich 20eradved enUREuteye gl fraARXRNR THE adODSYON seg TARDWAQ ‘The paleozoic era is also known as "Old Life," started more than 540 million years ago and lasted for more than 300 million years. This era is divided into six periods: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. Many Paleozoic rocks are economically important. Much of the limestone quarried for building and industrial purposes, and the coal deposits of western Europe and the eastern United States are just some examples of rocks formed during the Paleozoic.Geological processes during this era began with the break-up of supercontinent Rodinia into continents Gondwana and Laurentia. These two continents were located near the equator that subsumed much of the current-day landmasses in a different configuration. This is a time when sea levels were very high, probably at a level that hasn't been reached since. As the Paleozoic progressed, glaciations created a global climate, but conditions warmed at the end of the first half of the Paleozoic, the landmasses began moving together. Eventually, a single supercontinent Pangaca was formed in the latter third of the Paleozoic. Glaciations then began to affect Pangaca's climate, affecting the distribution of animal life. Towards the latter part of the Paleozoic era, the Permian period, which happened 299 years ago, the largest mass extinction in history also occurred, wiping out approximately 90% of all marine animal species 70% of land animals. It is called the Permian Extinction. When the continents were rejoined as Pangaea, lower sea levels, increased volcanic activity, and climate change are the possible causes of the mass extinction during this era. Mesozoic Era (Middle Life) Figure 3: Prehistoric animals, Mesozoic Era Image resource hitps:// ww pinterest.pb/pin/ 4392417699081 18358/ ‘The Mesozoic is divided into 3 periods: the ‘Triassic (245-208 Million Years Ago), the Jurassic (208-146 Million Years Ago), and the Cretaceous (146-65 Million Years Ago). At the outset of the Mesozoic, all of Earth's continents were joined together into the supercontinent of Pangea. By the close of the era, Pangea had fragmented into multiple landmasses. Movement of the tectonic plates like the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea happened in this era. This split Pangaea into two northern continents, Laurasia (North America and Eurasia) and a southern continent, Gondwana (South America, Australia, Antarctica, and the Indian continent. During the Triassic period, Pangaea still formed one massive continent. Without much coastline to moderate the continent's interior temperature, Pangaea experienced major temperature swings andwas covered with large swaths of desert. The Jurassic period saw a rise in sea levels which flooded coastal regions and speed up the break-up of the supercontinent. With more coastlines, many areas experienced warmer, more steady temperatures and a wetter climate. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere had risen during the cretaceous era, trapping the planet's heat. As a result, the planet was hotter- possibly up to 10 degrees Celsius warmer. This era is also known as the era of dinosaurs and/or reptiles because it predominated the planet due to its ability to withstand dry climates. Small mammals and birds also thrived in this era because of being warm-blooded and hair or feathers to protect them from the changing climate. Gymnosperms were most abundant during this era because their seeds can endure the dry weather. The Cretaceous period ended with a mass extinction event. Scientists thought it to be caused by the collision of an asteroid or comet with Earth. Cenozoic Era (Recent Life or Era of Modern Life) Figure 4: Cenozoic Era, Earth Timeline Image resource https: /sites.goople.com/ site/earthtimelinev36S earth-timeline The Cenozoic Era is the most recent subdivision of the history of life. It spans only about 65 million years. The largest land animals have been mammals during that time, thus sometimes called the Age of Mammals. This is a misnomer for several reasons. First, the history of mammals began long before the Cenozoic began. Second, the diversity of life during the Cenozoic is far wider than mammals. The Cenozoic could have been called the "Age of Flowering Plants’ or the "Age of Insects" or the "Age of Teleost Fish” or the "Age of Birds" just as accurately. This era is divided into three periods: Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary. Each segment of the Cenozoic experienced different climates, but during the Paleogene period, most of the Earth's climate was tropical. The Neogene period saw a drastic cooling that continued into the Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period. As the continents drifted apart during the Paleogene period, it created vast stretches of oceans that significantly impacted the climate and marine life surrounding each continent. Several of the world’s foremost mountain ranges, including the Alps, Himalayas, and the Rocky Mountains, were formed during this era.‘The Cenozoic era was crucially affected by the major extinction event that occurred between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago. This event involved the disappearance of many Ice Age mammals that was linked to these two factors- climate change following the melting of the most recent Pleistocene glaciers or overkilled by Paleolithic hunters. Paleolithic hunters are considered the cause of the disappearance of these mammals. The speedy improved technology of Paleolithic humans produced more efficient tools for hunting. As climatic differentiation increased over the course of Cenozoic era, flora became more and more territorial. For instance, deciduous angiosperms predominate in colder regions, while evergreen varieties predominate in the subtropics and tropics. Grasses also increased and provided food to the grazing animals allowing the population to increase. Changes in the environment often create new niches that lead to rapid speciation and increased diversity. Cataclysmic events, on the other hand, such as volcanic eruptions, can result in disastrous losses of diversity. Such periods of mass extinction have occurred repeatedly in the evolutionary record of life, erasing some genetic lines while creating room for others to evolve into the empty niches left behind. The appearance and dominance of flowering plants in the Cenozoic era created new niches for insects and birds and mammals. Barly in Cenozoic era, as grasses and coral reefs flourished, new ecosystems appeared due to continuous geological processes, including the evolution of life forms. Late in the Cenozoic, further extinction followed by speciation occurred during the ice ages that covered high latitudes with ice and then retreated, leaving new open spaces for colonization. As we try to understand how our planet changed as described on our geological time scale, we also try to learn how biological changes have caused disruptions in the organismal equilibrium. These biological changes that happen through the course of geological events that shaped our planet until today are the process of evolution. Mechanism of Evolution Populations are usually evolving. The plants on the ground, the wolves in a forest, and even the tiniest insects are all, natural populations and all of these populations are likely to be evolving for at least some of their genes. Evolution is happening right here, right now! But, this doesn’t mean that these populations are reaching some final state of perfection. Evolution is responsible for both the remarkable similarities we see across all life and the amazing diversity of that life. It means that a population is changing in its genetic makeup over generations. And these changes may be subtle, but exactly how does it work? Natural Selection It is the most famous mechanism of evolution. Natural selection occurs when one allele one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome- makes an organism more or less fit, that is, able to survive and reproduce in a given environment. If an allele reduces fitness, its frequency will tend to drop from one generation to the next. We will look in detail at different forms of natural selection that occur in populations.Darwin's grand idea of evolution by natural selection is comparatively simple but often misunderstood. To find out how it works, imagine a population of beetles 1. There is variation in traits. For example, some beetles are green, and some are brown. 2. The differential in reproduction. Since the environment can't support unlimited population growth, not all individuals get to reproduce to their full potential. In this example, green beetles tend to get eaten by birds and survive to reproduce less often than brown beetles do 3. There is heredity. The surviving brown beetles have brown baby beetles because this trait has a genetic basis. Genetic Drift Genetic driftis a change in allele frequencies in a population through generations that occurs due to chance events. To be more precise, genetic drift is a change due to "sampling error" in selecting the alleles for the next generation from the current generation's gene pool. Although genetic drift happens in populations of all sizes, its effects tend to be stronger in small populations. In each generation, some individuals may, just by chance, leave behind a few more descendants than other individuals. The next generation's genes will be the genes of the "lucky" individuals, not necessarily the healthier or “better” individuals. That is genetic drift. It happens to all populations. Genetic drift affects the genetic makeup of the population but through an entirely random process, unlike natural selection. So although genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution, it doesn't work to produce adaptations. Gene Flow Also called gene migration — it is any movement of individuals and/or the genetic material they carry from one population to another. Gene flow includes lots of different kinds of events, such as pollen being blown to other destinations or people moving to new places. If gene versions are carried to a population where those types of a gene previously did not exist, gene flow can be a significant source of genetic variation. Recombination This is a process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles. This process creates genetic diversity at the level of genes that reflects differences in different organisms’ DNA sequences In eukaryotic cells, which are cells with a nucleus and organelles, recombination typically occurs during meiosis. Meiosis is a form of cell division that produces gametes- egg and sperm cells. During the first phase of meiosis, the pairs of maternal and paternal chromosomes align. During the alignment, the arms of the chromosomes can overlap and fuse temporarily, causing a crossover. Crossovers result in recombination and the exchange of genetic material between the two chromosomesresulting in offspring that have different combinations of genes than their parents. Genes that are located farther apart on the same chromosome have a greater likelihood of undergoing recombination, which means they have a greater recombination frequency. Mutation A gene mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, such that the sequence differs from what is found in most people. Mutations range in size; they can affect anywhere from a large segment of a chromosome that includes multiple genes to a single DNA building block. A change in a DNA sequence usually occurs because of errors in repair or replication. Changes in the composition of a genome due to recombination are not considered mutations because recombination alone just changes which genes are united in the same genome but don't alter the said genes’ sequence. The outcomes or effect of a mutation in an organisms’ appearance or phenotype are as follows; a. It may affect the phenotype of organism in a way that it reduced fitness-less likelihood of survival, resulting in fewer offspring b. It may produce a phenotype with an advantageous effect on fitness c. Neutral mutations will have no effect on fitness. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium The Hardy-Weinberg equation is an equation that can be used to calculate the genetic variation of a population at equilibrium. In 1908, G. H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg described a basic principle of population genetics, which is now named the Hardy- Weinberg equation. The equation is an expression of the principle known as Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, which states that the amount of genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors. To explore the Hardy-Weinberg equation, we can examine a simple genetic locus at which there are two alleles, A and a. The Hardy-Weinberg equation is expressed as p? + 2pq+q?=1 where p is the frequency of the "A" allele where q is the frequency of the "a’ allele In this equation, p? represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype AA, @ represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype aa, and 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Aa. In addition, the sum of the allele frequencies for all the alleles at the locus must be 1, so p + q = 1. If the p and q allele frequencies are known, then the frequencies of the three genotypes may be calculated using the Hardy-Weinberg equation. In population genetics studies, the Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to measure whether the observed genotype frequencies in a population differ from the frequencies predicted by the equation. HARDY - WEINBERG EQoRKTION, pP=(0.3)'=0.09 2pq= 2(03)(03)-042 qs (0A)*= 0H [Bele an Gel An] 4a “le aa | Figure 5: Hardy-Weinberg formula Image resource https:/ / www khanacademy.org/ science fap-biology /natural-selection, hardy-seeinberg-equilibrium /a/bardy-weinberg- mechanisms-of-evolution What's More ACTIVITY 3: FAMILIARIZATION, Direction: Complete the Geologic Time Scale below using the phrases or words provided. Era Geologic Events Evolution of Life Forms 1. 2. 3. a Precambrian ‘Age of mammals Pangea formed Cenozoic Age of dinosaurs Pangea split Paleozoic First prokaryotes Abundance of carbonate rocks Mesozoic First bony fishes Most mountain ranges formed Humans Appearance of grasses and coral reefs What I Have Learned At this point, you have now learned about the significant events in Earth's history using geologic time scale and things about evolutionary changes of life forms as explained on the different mechanism of evolution.ACTIVITY 4: TIME MACHINE Directions: You are going to make a narrative about your place. How does it look like decades ago, and how it will be, a decade from now. What You Need: Bond paper, pen What You Have To Do: 1, Research about your place or interview people in your town, on how it looks like before (example: landforms, landmarks, buildings, establishment, and the community folks) 2. Make a narrative (maximum of 500 words) on how the place transforms, include plants and animals that are dominant. Include important events. 3. Please refer to the scoring rubric as your guide in the preparation of your output. Scoring Rubric arate iq | Excellent (10-8) Good (7-6) Fair (5-3) Content Narration is clear [Narration stays | The narration and easy to on topic. Some _| does not stay on understand. It _| details helped the | topic. It may need uses many reader pictu more work on interesting details | what is being _| details on how the about the place it | described about | place is being describes the place described Organization It grabs the Narration is clear] Narration is @ reader's attention. | from beginning to | litle bit ‘The events happen | end, and the confusing, and it in order that paragraph was —_| needs more work makes sense. The | organized. on how the paragraph is paragraph should organized and be organized. tat What I Can Do ACTIVITY 5. RESEARCH IN ACTION Directions: Given a little background, assumption, data collection, and data analysis form a conclusion on how the genetic structure of a population is affected by: 1. Natural disasters 2. Diseases inherited by the offspringScoring Rubrics Criteria Excellent (10-8) | Good (7-6) Fair (5-3) Content and Very informative [Informative and | Content is not details and accurate. accurate. Has always related to the Very interesting to | adequate details | topic. Has few read supporting details. ‘Organization All parts are well | Tt shows adequate | Poorly organized and organized and organization and | confusing at times. complete complete parts Writing skills and [Easy to read. No | Readable. Has few | Difficult to read and writing mechanics | errors in spelling, | to several errors | understand. Has punctuation, and | in spelling, many errors in grammar. punctuation, and_| spelling, punctuation grammar. and grammar, af See” Assessment Directions: Read and understand each question, then select the best answer. 1. The Mesozoic era is called the Age of reptiles; how about the Cenozoic era? A. Age of mammals C. Age of humans B. Age of birds D. Age of Technology 2. Which organism first dominated the Earth? A. Dinosaurs B. Fishes C. Plants D. Bacteria 3. Coronacollina acula is a fossil that represents the oldest animal with hard body parts that was discovered recently in South Australia.Scientist believed that this animal existed during A. Precambrian _B. Paleozoi C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic 4. In which era were the first land plants formed? A. Precambrian _B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic 5. What is the longest part of Earth's history which covers 88% of the Earth's history? A. Precambrian _ B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic 6. When male lions reach sexual maturity, they leave their group searching for a new pride. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms? A, Natural selection C. Recombinant DNA B. Artificial selection D. All of these 7. Which event occurred during the Mesozoic era? ‘A. Pangea formed C. Rocky mountain formed B. Asteroid killed the dinosaur D. Pleistocene ice age began 8. Approximately how many mass extinction events occurred throughout the evolutionary history of animals? ALS B.4 cs D. more than 5 9. Which of the following statement is TRUE about the different mechanisms of evolution? ‘A. Natural selection works by selecting alleles that confer beneficial traits or behavior, B, Mutations introduce new alleles into a population. C. Allele frequencies can change as a result of gene flow D. All of the above10. Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection? ‘A. The seeds of two plants land near each other, and one grows longer than the other B. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. C. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner D. All of the above 4 £, ¥ Additional Activities ACTIVITY 6. COLLAGE-MAKING Direction: Create a "Photo Collage" to improve your knowledge and skills related to the origin of biodiversity. On a % size of cartolina in a portrait format, use old or recyclable waste materials, photos from magazines, and old newspaper to make a collage. Label the photos as you wish. Scoring Rubrics Criteria Description Rate | Total Rating Organization | 12¢ concept was clear and 40% ‘objectively conveyed Content The pictures are appropriate to | oy, the theme Visual The idea was clearly presented 7 Presontation | ba#ed! on the pictures and words | 20% Total 100%Answer Key General Biology 2 Module 2 sc = sosauoge) 303g -Wey Sep agsery Ipsey ESN. xsi 59) -EUND *Z ene npg nemo9e4 =yAq}) "| Suyag og ay t¢oaqamacaomvaa aN wi FH OR OO uaUSSaSY 4% ogeneyuey SDH) 209T0NReferences [Solved] relative to the percent of time dominating the .... https:/ /www.coursehero.com/tutors-problems Biology /25691918-relative-to- he percent-of tme-domnnatingthe-nurface-ce-earth-whiehy “Lnited Sates: Scientnts Develop Genetic Path to Tani Tomatoes.” MENA Report, Albwaba (London) Lid, Jan, 2017, p. n/a 182: Explaining the Dery of Life = Geosciences ‘ie /geo ibeetextsorg/Courses/Diable. ValeyCollege/Fundamentals_oL Oceanography. {Keddy)/15%3A.ntroducton.to_Mati fe) 15 00598, Explaining. thes Diversity oF ae ‘AQuis On Geologie Time Stale! Trivia Questions! - ProProfs. htips://www-proprofs.com /quiz-schoo/ story php?titlesgelopical-ime-test BIODIVERSITY: EVOLUTION - SlideShare. bips://wow itdeshare-netHonorleManeyai/ biodieraiyevoistion Causes Of Genetic Drift - 1537 Words | Cram. https: / /www.cram,com/ essay /Causes-Of-Genetic-Drift/ F3TRYLUR44X. Genosole Era = Cenozole fe | Britannica, hitpe://w.britanniea.com/selence/ Cenosole-Bra/Cencaak-e ‘Gh. 11 Chapter Summary Concepts of Biology | OpenStax. https: openstaxong/books /concepts-biology/pages/ 1-chapter-summary tihybrid inheritance, sx determination, sex lenge tps ora casynotecarda com/aotecardact/ 111249 Evolution of Life | Dinopedia | Fandom. https:/ /dinopedia.fandom.com/wiki/Evolution_of_Life Gene flow - University of California, Berkeley. http: / /evolution. berkeley.edu/evolibrary /article/evo_21. Genet drt. hapa evolution berkeley-ei/evairary article eva. 24 {Geologic Time Seale - Geological Time Line - Geology.com, ipa: /wcb nmeu.edu/~dshearer/gcologv/09 Geotime Sectinneinteract/GeotimeSeale/gcotine-seale htm bap 8014293914199642278wecbly.com/precambriaa bl Inpes/ evolution erly. era hntpe:/ evolution berkeley. ej evo Itps evolution berkeley edu evel Inspa:/ evolution erly. eva Inte:/ evolution berkeley. ed /eva btps:/ geology’ com/time hm https: / /lotusarise.com /geological-time-scale-upsc/ Ina: aites googie com aitejearttimelines 3657 carth-timeline Intpe://uemp berkcey edu conoste/enosoie php https /emp berkeley ed/mesoeoic/mesozoic al beipe/ cup bere eda paleowse/ palecase pp Inpa:/ www britannica.com science /Mesozaie-ra ithe: // rw pong com ime ngarlchtipeSA02F°42F study com2FecimageeX2Fideopreview’2Fthe-palersic. 5 TTA601 pgimgrefari-ntpehcannaPuarstudy comMaPacademy BRtessondiBt he paleoroieeradefiniuon-tmclne-ovents hmidtbnidftats96nSSrD Moret 7 2ahUKEwpye-gifruanXRNKYKHadQB6Y QMygBcgUIAROWAQ. doc eat owAf-1024ain- 376d paleosoeaderated- 2ahUKPm py fraAHXRNKYKHadQB6YQMysRegUIARDWAQ tps] war khanacademy.org/acience/ap biology natural-eclecton/hardy-weinberg- equilibrium /a/hardy-welnberg-mechaniams-of- roluton text Mechaniamne?s2000sa0evolutton’sa0correapondka0todriffo2e SSooande2onatrabe20sclection. pe hance. og/sic/p-lg/naturaaeton nay iret /a/hary-nlnergmechanies bpa:/ wr nationalgeographic.com science /atcle/preeambrian-time Intn:/ swum nate com actable/ definition hardywenberg-equation299/ bgp /w pinteret phy pin/ 4902417690081 18587, Inadditon the sm of the alle frequencies forall te. https: www: courschero.com/Sie/pbculmie/In-sddtionthe-rimn-ftheale Tfequenciceforallthealllesat the locus/ Introduction to the Cenozote.hitp: cmp. berkely ed /cenogoic/cenozoie html Introduction to the Mesezole Bra: hips emp. berkeley-edu/mesdzale/ mescaai hea] {tis an inverteorate ive in a shallow marine. https!) ww courechercom/ ie] 779209 t-ia-an-invertebratesit-lvedin ‘asrine-sufironnent dori kKoertge, Kon, “ANTIQUES ROADSHOW Visits Storyand.* The Horn Baok Magazine, vl $4, no, 1, Media Source, Jan, 2018, p. 109, Mesosoic Bra | geochronology | Britannica. httpe:/ war brtanniea.com/rclence/Mesorle-Bra Mesozoic era: Age ofthe dinosaurs | Live Science. http://w livescience com/38596-mesoecic-era ral ASN warno of global warming tend - VR-Zone, btipe//rzonecom/aricles/nusa-warae-of loba-warrmingtrend/ 18707 ml Natural selection « Understanding Evoktion. ip: fevolution berkeley edt evolibrary artee/ 0.0.0 evn. 25 Post-Cambrian Evolution | Biclogy for Majors I hepsi /coureesumeniearning com/ wt bioloy® chapter pot-cambrian-evoluton/ Precambrian | Life, Climate, @ Peete | Britannica, hitpas//wew britanniea.com /ecence/ Precambrian Precambrian Time information and Prehistoric Facts. tps /www-natonalgeographic.com/seience/article/precambrian-ime Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Jeopardy Template. https: / /jeopardylabs.com /play / prokaryotic-vs-eukaryotic-cells-6 {Questions and Anawera-Zoom Dinensurs, htps/enehantedleaning co /eubject/incwattrs/ questions] Qnsras shan Recombination »SideShare. hips Ja-ciestarenet/Marytheresat/ combination’ 74021794 Report has adequate information Content ia not always https] /wew courchero.com/ie/ps67al/Repor-has-adequate-information- Content-is-not-always-related-to-the-topic-Many/ Repreaents she frequency of ine hamonygou = Course Hero. hitps:/w.coursehero.com /file/p2ai 7b repreents-the-frequency-o-the- homozygous genotype-aa-and-2pq-represchta-the/ Sample questions for psa hips /samplequestionspsa blogspot.com / ‘The Evolution af Populations | Blog for AP Cow. ht nw’ namerade com / bok /chapter/the-evolution-ot-populations-2/ ‘The Evolutionary History ofthe Animal Kingdom ~ Biology. hup://pressbooks dev oor-hawalledu/ biology /chapter the evolutonary-history- of the-annal-kingdom) ‘The legen vision on te geologic time sale fs what ‘itpe:// wort anawers.com/@/The Jarget divisior_on_the geologic_time_scalejx_what ‘The Mesozoic Bra = Geolgle Time, hit /n2}sequs-gs weebly.com /ihe-mesozoiera hil “Thvia: Geologie Time Seale Qu Quettine!~ProPaoks Quis: ips] fw propotscom ui-schoo/story-php?tite-MT¥OMDAOSSPY Wandering inthe Void, Bilions of Rogue Planets without a. hifps:/ wow scientifearerican.com/articie/ wandering-in-he-vid-bilions ui allow ‘hetps://medlinephus. gov geneties /understanding/ mutationsanddisorders/genemutation/When Was The Cetaccous Prod? 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