Eenstein cme ecient: - Cansicly 2 intgy, howls F, ancl Fg+ Lot WN, and Nia be the PUL BA alems “Per unit volume 4D cnagy hvelh a ana a: Mr ation in, Powe trogy Lovel &, absorbs A, inctclent radiation ANA Gets encilecl 46 £y This pAeians At the AGence ©, “rectia lion ‘The ott at which abse\p lion + fare Race fem fe vel | to 2 cell oe prspertional -B te number of atéms prrtne un UD hovel £, F, and enews Olersily Of Tactiatten | aCe). op ulweleo Then, athe nume ek pee ars Loe Otters Lendingeing Tedeahe ¢ absorp isn Grit me pee Unit volume from | fa ol wD) a a BiaNi UCw) Bia > Popes tionralety content 19 tn—ato dn atom wwhech wze 0 The Cppes | ene hovel &, ky makes 4 entineset emission EL Get ducreitid t0 £, The number of 204 mackecr - Ta ol Ulw) Ne | Yew (3, = By, UC Ny AL] thermal ilibstun, the number ward _ “rolpsition = nie dawmunad beng en Bia N,Ulto) = AarNo + By UCwIN 2 f+ Uw) = Aa Nia Bra Ni~ BaiNa Ulw) = Aas ey -Caiviee by No) — Ba/ My )= Bar — pring +2 Boltxmann Law, the cates of -pepulal Lend 2 at ctenp ero ture T, |Bg RF Be) - _blensi 8” Plhancled* Lor , the radiation, )Acabs Siping Hw we? 1. | TR oF ea © Mo = Arfractove Andex of the medium . C= welncily & Light sypations @) ond ©, we News Ce. S ub « Aa) Z Kwsne 4 BBS — 1% C3 (aE ) = Aaifaa Kw 3n2 | Tees Vem —1/) 1 hints A and B orrcalled Kensbeins A ont B _ Chan ks - So Shovim at a Ae oratss &4 numberL emission ns gon by te Stimulate ventantous A 7 R- Aa Ma oun a Bar pq u(t) Ba ucro) 7 7 abe vend Cte) = _ Aaifpar - (cS -1) —— ____— TRo Pa. CB) | Be ratio me 4 per, Bout) aa i Grin Decked Lenkisire, rink time per unit Velume our 4 traci Yeoh 2 te | (dt): “s y j Og, = AaiNa _itlrdNg 2 AgiNe AE / | : _ | os dolly = Ag alt No a » Cons tom a _ | HUnNa =Aart +N (o) / 7 1 _IN[NWOFe Ng Coy SAart Thus || thre ae 7 oo Z ; a pepalodion of tevel & necluces Ay fe om ot He Ura, toric 48 © called the sp. “talline Owotatih with ye po tpentonsess _— He See » Fhe tromsition 2 te | fap ~ Agy ho >7 | (Date: | Page = rad)" 16. Consiollr ar Optical source at F= l000Kk w= Ve Bic Caleulat vake 6 Apentemeous te Himulabed — LANkSS HOV - a ——— Pos. b= eke -1 a | { = en (0.994) -} | = oto Go ee — ee ee __|_ __}, aaa Qi fa Ale 2p ls tromsitver, in drogen ate, — Ahe Aefetime of 2p sates fer Spontanrous Cressi | is tbxi6 4s. Coleulate By, WY = bS5xolOs! Ne = 1 ing Yth tp exes =| Aa Visp = 6: aS x 108 s nsec Relation , Aay = 4w3ne uot fp 2 een ASabe x10? & mifos2 3 VATXIQ+ Bae QF /U 720957) iy p Page : "| —— = —— ¥ [Th ot ebseve dhe fea f wodcabion, fem oO coll ehig wef mou PONS Ue find Shot Aadtater 4s nee Sti Aly : : | mo chnomatic | but Apreact eer 0 Lenton faenyeeney | Tandle - Semilonty fer abtenption , use find thot ~_ | MS ONC abrerboct te abser bing mee Aust o Single Leanne rut tadialion erm a bank of frequencies 4, merges Livels Aove widthond atems can cnliask csith| radiation CUesT a rronge of facapenced anol hi eee seen C 4s Calleol Aipas ented Glw) amd ut if mrouinla dined, acceding ts w)duo = | [hot is, Out Aetot Nz ancl Ny atems per wit IN vent N, glotw _anel Ni yew) Leo ators pe with be Capabtee 4, interacting ee waalators Me ee belie Wand We dw) [Thasrfose, nue ww ef SHirmuloted armiteeconnd Pe unit |Lbume ~ 2s gusen geen (a= Ba YN 2 2 JB, uC) No 9 (co) Ao a a 2 Ng Ba, (uCw) gr) oluo ay! = Ng FL \ c(t) g@wcea Se ae Kore ty) © \Hei _ | alos ane Hrkerccting curethy odiation ushee so sy loreal comporcd bo gt). Then, wsecan \ assume ouer the -g te) tokeanation eo hat tu) is” : | | LA appuciabte , ue) —ceee tin, _\ Ww euk Ahe um | x Sf geal Nani?e3 (uta (guna Nyme (ed _ L HN, & ws J HN ee a ‘ t Woy Wramsinnn ee Coscihet Gge ay zy use Censidy the atenns Ae cintera aseth Menorhsematic Aacliation and the yen cap Sf invite Setemmcting vacation us col. Then, «(to) ene Soe og Brave prokid a W=W, and geo) gan be taken ut t a aa - of tie © Linkegaat _f— _ y \a fi | Hh gray — Va”) Then, Tye Nas Lge) “3 | | \ ee _4ne + ty (or dec ” Taye Nonte3 OU gfe”) ne Esp ap - ep we See fie faced o> WUtiXS %) energy Per Ne a fos “unity {ome OWindaced) oo [einilly Ae mssmbus of Atenstatad atscuplioe e08 pe [Unie RL per Unit yobume wall be” ave oP Tae NUL (aww ao Ov na a1 s— THY] | = A res eadz Consiis, a talon 9} aloud aod we gL ness Aho medium vd ean EE aR REPRE D por pianss Prand Pp 6 areca $ Sitrated at cule Ktaxn, =X Aectng Ae obXuctcer oh prepogation of vadiodiory . 1 Taand Teed) real oe seg et sediotion eb RX amd edz aie Veluwe, 8d: ede. een af Soa ve Saz 4 Te EQS EADY ¢ ) 8 Tintensity Energy. iret a | ta j[PG)= (Poms fary ey Je = “€&\des — 6 rue Ase. egal te he mek erage _ableibed = tn the Volume Sdx. The ees gy absesbec ad atoms in going from Level [ to Revel 2 well _ rhe Hu is the ANGE absorbed her “ty am atom gov (x kvom tea. =“a demithrly the a1 enege, Heleated (emitted) through su d_emsvons from 2 te Luwill be Tp, cdzweo. =f ; pe Fay Sc) *)| Thus, ere net maka abserbed pe Unit tine ill be qugeu b 7 Tig Sdz Heo'— fh, Sdxheo!= Sz BWC Typ, aboerphro F eve - ai 3 Seploo SF ech: = SdxKes'/m,—nb) he Fey ae 2 Tc3. 9leo DS de (Ny—NaU —() HOOD ™ n Pte

P&Is> Foe" |] a cons oo _ a ification te happen, ob Adeutd be “We Fe Fre is (N\-Na) Streutd be “ve, 1-¢- Tass conditzon cb calles pepebetion sovesecen | Rete. 05-12-2023, Thoes condition :- Tr offdir te generate cvadiatior , Qw Gorn Lik ey cng medium As PHand sx an a O 2 otricth consists -pals of muro Rach ether. Radtation whl bountis bock and ford betusee the winnrorg ib Ahi soy Abe Qiyi anediun nol ale a clue to nite ctivety o¢ the aa ond ether Scattering anc oliffactron Lore oscillations howe fo fe sustacnecd aw the cowl ich ire Lote MU be di bosom Compensatecl oy Join. Ths, Twn ulakion inversion dente is Avg pid Lowes and this 4 callect the Arshvll bopulation unworn .on order 46 eblaun [earar ex Hhasbola pe peclation. det d Acpruent the Length oe Eaeeaei et a ff, Gmc Ry Apion fi Neflacha eh the Privweny HE of) Aupyserit the, faetege Lote pe welt AW clue te all. HPrechamiems. Sucli ab scatter« . Lifaach Cenecter | Vw hada Co tc & vacation with intensity z= Leanne WMO) \As it kh _ php egates Hrreugh the cre and caches! Ane second Triana it 4b on cool by ead ravcl alye re Bu. wy ‘a Boas. a ee The ontonsiy the & etek toeam— the Second Mitheyy coll Ae TR, ek Aa, A Second pases __ [Axe gi he Avenater ond the lo cto "ok ise imev Readt te an - Antensi ‘¢ the racettior __ afer comple Round vip) of, TR Re Fad Monee) fer Rowe esscillation fe begin, aeRre eK {fl a, Ry EOFS i] — The efuably Cyn gerd the thermold value fore’. | lL Ve | Tote, meteors Regaadlr ech —InRiRr ~h % ThA Re od haDate : 7 G Page : ——— s Rus bf 2an@ ends on pare Covi p ponents Tas ety toy of cmedionn, yer te Oe ao -peint secures by a Qld R, Rae att = caffe — Lorie) Aime cowpenling® te Ene Astund tip . be Adbced ~ ae xp (—adn \ + Thus MI MURRe) =e tds cte Toeting, fogarithnr. en bath kas use have 7 yw Qk, — Ania > ade a = E Aw, + “ye Fe $end Ln, a ” Cc Zquationd a by aos x= Wer ga) 0) MH > nv tspDate: y 7 Page : co? Ki oo fem) 9) (n-ne) F Moy © (Rd ost tbp gin Ri Ra = Ete) ez Ne Se _Lem 3) SNa-N, > wane? tsp \’ Tc? te 9 (wo) Z_ QUT) 2 NP tsp - Tc? te gw) eee an [&.- “i> Aven \__ aah Ga Te *% Qn gives the threrirold es winnie daw 4 Gprreck dex the orcillatiory 64 the Laser Te trelue Revo Houbotd Value op population Lnversion, Aho uo ONL = eet be Range jue (awily Wie muse PE EEmall iy’ Arorll be Smaller values 4 ‘tsp ( Alaa tion Sa 1. (ii) Trt peale vals 9) 8 crve ‘prspostional He wwldth B® of “Glw) edd 4g “fometion matter wrlth, gros _ Longe vous se which sein at § Smoller Hreshrold Valu ¥ Ni-N ae usd OY) taco (fe fun egt” GD) Conkeptes a Aube Rewer, with, the paramrcby A, 2 ga, | {sgn® v ae va > 40 | = 3xistc Mee Te, A= Sem, Riz Rr=0.9, | Ih —_ Oyo Pind Nyo-Ny- fle) = Per x16 _ snd! 33 | No-Ny = ayn? (45) [1 td ~ eo ke gfe _ Dror SBA =D YD = a - fee” 4, yee (sn) gle) a = ea ne Tete Nie / LnRR: oo Sa (2 no) a = 3x? (=Jno.s1) = 3-51x 109 - oT — ~ Sre ONSEN One (ifien): 3. stxto4, a) ; OO ' _ non, by tee axl. 32x10")? «(). Te KKK 357 ie i Ex (CB? x 1. Ixio TE = ZS HAB3x 36 2-¢T x10l7 No -N, Dovey dt (owl? —<——: | Men = Na (Tat WyQ) =? No. WwW — hebes fate Ration: _ Two - Lerel 4 - (Consiolr o aleve Q- i g Jenn ¢ consist (Sea Zip Me velg Kancl & wrth Ni, ancl No rember Of atoms Yunit v = Let vactation egen co ie oe L a yshen _Ceith cnonpy § olin sity u be inetdeot oP Z Wa (Ni-Ne) TN. Nz a Wie (Nee) FT Ng | Tn, = Noe) ahoms Uncle w>$ Spontaneous trransitioo from £, to &- f Radae.< U nco-radsalevé ) | At equilib Scr , aN, - AN, = 0. | At ae | wylNiaND-TaN, 20 5 Wat, = WN, = TaN, 12 ~ Wet Tay | 7hsce - denel Lager $ steno: - a _ a (Consider a 3- herseh Systeme cans) -, eresgylewls Fi kg ancl & Act Ny ny ancl ae kesent the Population olensit, « hee Lvvels, _ The pump Life the _atsm fom teed Ito 3 Fem eoAC CA “ee dic toe Ler | i ts the “pps ter achieved beteveen- Band 2 son for hf Btu out « Aso, Lowel way Agptred, Te toe Su feiny| Lon “ae sound. Lesel 40 that ot erinary Lendl (ert most unpepulated - GRE Ny, Na, Ny and Ny Jocthe pepulation obesity | “levels (193 and #. crab of change of Ny pany Wy (A — Ny) = Tae Ny mn Ny ws the numbu “X lerns z urnped, ys Ems pur unit valume- ohh = W, (Np ~ Na) TaNy — Ty, Nz —@) ii iy (N= Natty TN —O a ae = wet va) —~ AE 2 at a ise dip 2c olt D3 MEA Cert: 20) Ne = We Sea the, fbi DS” dawn Apes, Bean Der WoT, 4% nau Gan) ee aa ; To anAc fist Lara t be operated wat “he Ruby Sarcss- Th wat fabricated by Maiman tn (960. Zt Sensists of 0 Cpstat. Auby where and one is Cettly cbiseted and the othe” parctially Silverd [prtenics loading (8 populatioo Ab O mele lable tate othe ut ke Fa ea dlihg” te depletion 4 pe condition erik. prcbability of ms excitation ef neen abr fey tis ibe and get olurxtifid to Level E+ = TAs Legh porn gat Laden 28 compasied tethat from sebid Stats Lasers is found te be more auch ond Tre menechremalit. Thes ig clara ei fee eee phuent to Ki Selicl and alse & darn. The gas Losers ase expats I, appdqir oppeyens & continucus Lares Bean One lisadva wba 28 rfernol mused Lis That mianogs oN endkal ded by the discharg ¢ + CARD eter fH MoKOLS Ade cUied, : ihe encls the Aischatge 1 lube Cause a ‘a bose dus te ____Pefecctivn. f0, erate HS coindouss at thaents Are discharge CaO which are at Breswstels affe\_ 4 =} pe — ee _ To ee Ta Co, Loren: Ths Loser wes the hransifieng ecent, Yw Lifferent Vibtatienoal ¢ tote % he Co, molecule - A Co, mekuly Can vibmate eh Bthdepencline mocks ~ the symmti Stretch, the benoclng® the vie. &tretchmecles . Fach & tore hag a definite Argpenny Of vibration . The vibrattenod Aygtes ane “Yaint Red Thuss, ; +4 ae | Coll % AR Comurpe, ing te the Eymmetrie Staeth moda The melrewle ean har. LPLRQES % sn | Ey = Cote )h®, | M20,1,8,.., a when HE Vibralts tn Pha Symmnekei e Steetch mode. Thus the Ape of exeilation +8 ehoracterined by m. | Ln Os (otek , Ore Maicos ure ef transitions 6/0 | &% Aelational sublesed of a vibvalte nal Ler Mand Aetalis Bublevel F 4 tever No Lt —-p ane _ oe4k “achieved Brox Ba. G™ Shag. and tx, Cain action produces Cuba at /0, per ak 9. 6, Ac @ clolilien aK No gs foo tha cA, Jj* as Herb np fi 6 pficia GTA Caner . Thus, TaN, , mobrouSes an, excited (Othe, upper Vibaa. tional) Lorre and 4 Sep hat the treo, differen bho by TAS Lervef ancl care vational! ae husd) the. nitrogen meleerle maps, ENE: molecule wb Ho alfa Level. Thus thewig , Vieiy ficitnd trans RL Yur a. a "thregen, ieeuste and & Casban Aisxide, molecule Rb lbin tH The her exci labo « 7 the Co, molt This neater, the Hfiecene ef the Co, (acea | EN mene fficwant Commpaes Othe ot ih because og the ee thal oe ayes ws He de renee The lover a lam ret dar te The peurd Loved snvabves & Sapé A cine penne Y orespy, uhich « ALI Net Contribeate /* he Oo Clare. behm. Lr Contrast an Ree Ca, are, ceils Jak en, fon in Late. Prans fensase Shs. vibrational tomer ~retatip nal Le ave lg °f: Tha - » hee be 7 the ground. lev ef and Renee KE, ia a eng, © “J CCS ate vey © clan a Lege pet tiwo ke Com, ented a Tee cafe |Lave. reg Aes tng Ln ey oe (icin ies . = Nibwooen Dye Largs i uscd 19 Lasers are nee subs dances which absesbin the roar Ov viaib ee ot reas TR vepicns a the Ero Spectkurn - These Substances ALL molt Commenty selrals which are ot % wlved 4p voscous Sobvenlt Like watu, thet alcohol , methanol aie style geet, ate. Spend toteish wias gerscaled Here, Fn ol fant vibrationd) sublevels deches— patter HK Afferent le Konic Staaf The — eye mekcule Poke part ty Fhe Tk , Avansition » The fegere _ pat Lagan of = a cohsch Spuscat AFR elec lkonve PEL Level coh Contain § aks Le reco a Subhevels . This Burr colle. toads a near Cantiniciinn Miche els lea on oonDate : absos tion and emissieo Spectr - - Because % absorption af bigb , tie ret cavited ks unol Stat. Sp Fag, Vibrational votabtoncd vet the next Lonic t theemal Acdistebubionin ¢ Se Becase smest ef the dye meteculss rep devon te the” Lewest vib hel Bet S, > Rackation emitted when tha meteeules olecay fKerthe | Lowel B te ony ft Aypeng, vibrational Subs, a The LefebimeT bf So. Tha “Perma Lluwreston ce . of worl B fos dye moteeules about 1615 ?. rt a ee Trepictl|- to as APHAS slEm Choktin relaxations te trp & trvel T,, AW Aloe coles som &, Cah altomake a nonvadiati i} | Le Aas. achion {ori 2 Xeasoms:- Leadis CoMebpo rudi “pe ulakion which is the upper Last Level. veoh This As detrimental | 1) Thes -pdocess Loads te a Seduction S) 2) The Absorption Apecteum Of TG Wu overlaps the Lmisccon 4 | prevent Laser oscillakeon ee Ate a Loss al the wavelength thy Lows can be 48 Strong. as £901 ctrum 9 Si so te the Lorn 2 mussion _ Th] act + For Geod Lases action one rust Acouh toe threrheld Luvel before a significant riucmbe Arguing an exeiuine Seurea with a Aube times e™ pulicd Lasers Cate . 08-01-2024 Quality facto the MmeCe cules hove Aso el Level T. This | Tra a’ me nsiondess ah oy fat Aver gy olkssipatron an a Arsomamnte ii a asxametir “dhat chara ckeriees | GS by. femparing, tire time conttonk of ok Sy SMG Fe cthe oscillation period Of the Syshen cay. ofae aren wm © tical Avsonater {there Oke cliffurent b, of Lote and cdissi a ain snug dig in deums ) Q. Tt & obtfined ag te Qe WoKencd ana oc: Req - 4 roads, Onenay Seiya 1 Wt) > Aepruvents _ the ene Stored tn thy me d, Ok Atme ty thin Faw; the he enka, setyab PA Second. Then (Or hecons Gs WW > dw = 7 owt | —2 ot a FS _ _) dw. -w, Wik) LE Q u Baabing Anwi(&) = ~Wet +0 [too = C= = On (is) . Q This ends to Cs : sy, votth cp S46 exponential de ey 2 PS 0 a rede, ah tha field Abtoe cated orth, at given ny E(t) = ogee Ome vee fo B Hake ae “Ivonigesm E>) = SE SME tae fam,Cede. ~ ED) = Jee e 28 ert ee — = et fe, CF" — - Ee ery E. —— o = & ue : l AB = EO __ an Ut @- ae —® TO) 2 [Eel am ae > FrAcagpencep ew peaked, ak y=? and '— ee — 98 /\\. as + (P=? y = 2, | _ ae _ Fe { »,? — an FO2Ye aa : - . >». SI Yo >»? 2% Yo (=P) aR aa 2O a De = nm oe — = eae to tall the peale Vale at P= %eD and P-D-D 2a 2g S FWHEO > P-D, 5 Mt Pe _(X- 2) 22 - pees Vo jo" Q>= ually fetes —_ | Homer , neat, of culput oleps pencls 4 mcle inetly ¢ enQ oe ned co the —s Smaller tu Nosrsis HP at Favela conc Amel wiclth), - In ordar te be tha total 4 culate Q ef aerator, at WY “4 Contained _esethin | Se _ rut Compete cs cle ef oseill pgeilati! AD (Fret feequency- at half tanity ak t-0_a Roe cavity coerce penile toa po of bef le chon idvem mises M, and ™)_ and, aH OL | dubsesp-hion ee: Oe pu unit Length. Henne, the LMEKG, Nematning wolhin — | cant alr ne Completh fel , 6 NOK Ree whe eee ogee dungth of the cavity . LMehave #& 2nd —@ oe = Cc t qe oan oH? = oe — @ > Wk)= Woe 8 tet —~® ___Companiry and 3 = mary — 27D sx 2d WE Ry Re PMt = Wey 6 PRE [7 — (Boe ORR ADM |) os. CORR) =e Ae ee Qed — An RR = AT, Ned =e | ae (58s iind sad (1) _[ Rd -ANRRa) © ReaD - $$$ SZ, | Ultemati Line Width Of tret Lager :- | One of the emnos+ cmperteunt ‘pAcp erlicse/ Las Hs it abildy te produc Light of Aegh Spectral __ [pwd (ThE Spechal widlte 6f Layee Ub ecacued b | Teco (ie “oe BLAS | |G) @ur te extemal fartou such as kempaatau_| ®seillate ng oo 2c) 1 Je She Ba we ; moc £ acven b 7 Q- Pang ‘sere ents clisip ated pax Ako Aine width Ay 4cllletion, Ab Arlatadte Qual fick by 05). 5, b tllion i Aedale Gull y Dy, U ARs Bay ER SO in? LMRion, Rotons fro, d nko k= 13 Ay gay DL Us HO, k= 23 KX oe5 Ae the passive cavily Lifeline, tha rumbas/ atems 40 “pp Aewel (Nz) <& Joven by N,& Ee e Put G@) H@®, vate of Spontanvo us tmission per unit me = Va. —t) 7 ae of, ened, eperaking, per untt bme dus to Spontaneous cSgteML LMnisyiown = hv, ~G Arvownt eC Zh there ahr Vv photons in escillating mode gui total ange Nh», then Subput power Pout = Nh or - Nh ——8) No. 4 pholons prnent & cavity mode, Ns Pout fe 4 ee Aso, mereu, Stored in the mode Nh>D> = Pout t—@ ar QP ym Qe et Rut tes Wa fayst We hy, ~ aT DO Lae aa rae 2 Q= ATM Putte = rv, ea ot hyvs A» rT Ay = YS a S he __#e) 04-01-2024 ATP REE Covity Lifetione t: Nlotd te @ kez Q any,oat I, atu" Date ey [Bina Q = = Ar , tee am (Ty bes DY , pattie cowiliy Kine widely te> vam —@_. Put @ in @, then - e _ | Pee Wut BY Seep athe” ae Line esidth = Pout — — > a oThSory 2Q%) a oF ee SS oe _ Aine : Ah Ling width a 4 t altterminect aux to § — (Omnows etseion ultimate Aine width is a “2 De | sith. Bocccave Aw oul atput ee Vi awiclth A>} —__ pews, Line wiclth A} | dlictcases. | _ — | ____ aan - Oo | Semicondirctios Lasers - cil —