Cell reference is a combination of column letter and row

number that identifies the location of a cell within a worksheet.

There are two types of Cell references:
 Relative and absolute. Relative and absolute references behave
differently when copied and filled to other cells.
 References are used in formulas to do calculations.
 Relative references change when a formula is copied to another cell.
 Absolute references, on the other hand, remain constant no matter where
they are copied.

COUNT Function
The Excel COUNT function counts the number of cells containing numbers.

Syntax: COUNT (value1, [value2], …)

COUNTA Function
The Excel COUNTA function counts the number of cells containing numbers, text,
logical values, error values, and empty text. Empty cells will be ignored.

Syntax: COUNTA (value1, [value2], …)

COUNTIF Function
The Excel COUNTIF function counts the number of cells meeting a specific criteria. It
supports all sorts of logical operators and wildcards (*,?) for partial matching.

Syntax: COUNTIF (range, criteria)

SUMIF Function
The Excel SUMIF function returns the sum of all cells meeting a specific criteria. It
supports all sorts of logical operators and wildcards (*,?) for partial matching. If the
range for the criteria check and the sum range are not the same, the sum range can be
provided as a third optional parameter.

Syntax: SUMIF (range, criteria, [sum_range])

Lookup functions in Excel are used to search for specific data in a specified range
of cells and return a corresponding value based on certain criteria.

=VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup])

=HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num, [range_lookup])