28.5. REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTINGS Our code of practice has given the following specifications in connection with reinforced concrete footings : 1. General. Footings shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and the induced reactions and to ensure that any settlement which may occur shall be as nearly uniform as possible, and the safe kearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded. In sloped or stepped footings the effective cross- section in compression shall be limited by the area above the neutral plane, and the angle of slope or depth and ; uae location of steps shall be such that the design , requirements are satisfied at every section. Sloped and stepped footings that are designed as a unit shall be constructed to assure action as a unit. Thickness at the edge of the footing. In reinforced and plain concrete footings, the thickness at the edge shall be not less than 150 mm for footings on soils nor Jess than 300 mm above the tops of piles for footings on Fig. 28.3. piles, Plain Concrete Pedestal In the case of plain concrete pedestals, the angle « between the plane passing through the bottom edge of the pedestal and the corresponding junction edge of the column with pedestal and the horizontal plane (See Fig, 28.3) shalll be governed by the expression. where, q =calculated maximum bearing pressure at the base of the pedestal, f, =characteristic strength of concrete at 28 days. 2, Moments and Forces. In the case of footings on piles computation for moments and shears may be based on the assumption that the reaction from any pile is concentrated at the centre of the pile. For the purpose of computing stresses in footings which support a round or octagonal concrete column or pedestal, the face of the column or pedestal shall be taken as the side of a square inscribed within the perimeter of the round or octagonal or pedestal. Bending Moment. The bending moment at any section shall be determined by passing through the section a vertical plane which extends completely across the footing and computing the moment of the forces acting over the entire area of the footing on one side of the said plane. The greatest bending moment to be used in the design of an isolated concrete footing which supports a column, pedestal or wall, shall be the moment computed in the manner described above, at sections located as follows : (a) At the face of the column, pedestal or wall for supporting a concrete column, pedestal or wall; Scanned with CamScanner(6) Halfway between the centreline and the edge of the wall, for footings under masonry wall; and (c) Halfway between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the gusetted base, for footings under gussetted bases. ‘Shear and bond, The shear strength of footings is governed by the more severe of the following two conditions : 51 (a) The footing acting essentially as a wide beam, with a potential diagonal crack extending in a plane across the entire width; the critical section for this condition shall be assumed as vertical section located from the face of the column, pedestal or wall at a distance equal to the effective depth of the footing in case of footings on soils, and a distance equal to half the effective depth of footing for footings on piles. Fi (6) Two-way action of the footing, with potential diagonal cracking along the surface of a truncated cone of pyramid around the concentrated load; in this case, the footing shall be designed for shear in accordance with appropriate provisions specified for flat slabs. ; In computing the external shear on any section through a footing supported on piles, the entire reaction from any pile of diameter D, whose centre is located D,/2 or more outside the section shall be assumed as producing shear on the section; the reaction from any pile whose centre is located D,/2 or more inside the section shall be assumed as producing no shear on the section. For intermediate positions of the pile centre, the portion of the pile reaction to be assumed producing shear on the section shall be based on straight line interpolation between full value at D,/2 outside the section and zero at D,/2 inside the section. 7 The critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall be assumed at the same planes as those described for bending moment and also at all other vertical planes where abrupt changes of section occur. If reinforcement is curtailed, the anchorage requirements. shall be satisfied as follows. L The reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is no longer required to resist flexure, for a distance equal to the effective depth of the member or 12 times the bar diameter whichever is greater. 3. Tensile reinforcement. The total tensile reinforcement at any section shall provide a moment of resistance at least equal to the calculated bending moment of the section and the total reinforcement thus determined shall be distributed across the corresponding resisting section as given below : (a) In one-way reinforced footing, the reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing. (6) In two-way reinforced square footing the reinforcement extending in each direction shall be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing. (©) In two-way reinforced concrete rectangular footing, the reinforcement in the long direction shall be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing. For reinforcement in the short direction, a central band equal to width of the footing shall be marked along the length of the footing and a portion of the reinforcement determined in accordance with the equation given below shall be uniformly distributed across the central band Reinforcement in central band width __2_ Total reinforcement in short direction B+1 where, B = ratio of the long side to the short side of the footing. The remainder of the reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed in the outer portions of the footing. 4, Transfer of load at base of column. The compressive stress in concrete at the base‘ of the column or pedestal shall be considered as being transferred by bearing to the top of the supporting pedestal or footing. The bearing pressure on the loaded area shall not exceed the Scanned with CamScannerAy permissible bearing stress in direct compression multiplied by a value equal to & but not greater than 2; bared where, A, = supporting area for bearing of footing, which in sloped or stepped footing may be the largest frustrum of a pyramid or cone and having for its upper base, the area actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical to two horizontal; and A, = loaded area at the column base. The permissible bearing stress on full area of concrete shall be taken as 0.25 f,. In working stress method and 0.45 f, in limit state method, ti Where the permissible bearing stress on the concrete in the supporting or supported member would be exceeded, reinforcement shall be provided for developing the excess force either by extending the longitudinal bars into the e supporting member, or by dowels. here transfer of force is accomplished by ‘ i reinforcement, the development length of the reinforcement hall be sufficient to transfer the compression or tension to the supporting member, Extended longitudinal reinforcement of dowels of atleast 0.5 percent of the cross-sectional area of the supported column or pedestal and a minimum of four bars shall be provided. Where dowels are used, their diameter shall not exceed the diameter of the column bars by more than 3 mm. Column bars of diameter larger than 36 mm in compression only can be dowelled at footing with bars or smaller sidé'of the necessary area. The dowel shall extend into the column, a distance equal to the development length of the column bar and into the footing, a distance equal to TTF FE TTTF tt TTTTETTT A 8 the development length of the dowel. 28.6. SQUARE COLUMN FOOTING General principles of design : BZ Let the column section be 6 x b. Let the footing area be! x I. Let the safe bearing capacity to the soil be p’ per e unit area, Let the load on the column be W, including the weight ood, of the column, Let the weight of the footing be W,. The weight of the footing may be approximately estimated at 10% of the load on the column. ’. Area required of the foundation W+W, ee ee Sa WW, tight sce Ie Vu, ~—— 1) 4 Thus, the side of the foundation is determined, Fig. 28.4. Depth of the footing. The depth of the footing is determined from the following ‘onsiderations : Scanned with CamScanner() B.M. consideration. i i sideration. . 3 a Da eee BM consideration. ‘The critical section for maximum bending moment is corresponding to the column face (Fig. 28.4). Let p be the net upward pressure intensity Ww s are 7 (The weight of the footing should not be considered while finding the net upward pressur, on the footing). . | Maximum bending moment at the critical section 1-b 1-6 _ pl(l-)? =M= pl eel 8 Ultimate moment (Factored moment) M,=1.5M ; Equating M, ,_ to M, we can determine the effective depth required. If M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel be used then equating M__toM, M, 0.138 f.6 Effective cover to reinforcement 0.138 f,6=M, = Clear cover to lower layer to bars + diameter of bars + half diameter as bars. The clear cover may be 60 mm. for footing reinforcement. Generally the depth to footing required is greater than the value determined to limit the shear stress. Actual depth provided may be 25% to 30% greater than the value determined above. a (ii) Punching shear consideration Let We the load on the column including its weight. Let p be the net upward pressure intensity on the footing slab. If the footing should fail by punching shear, the type of failure will be as shown in Fig.28.5, Let D be the depth of the footing. Ww Load causing punching shear W, = ze? -6) Factored punching load = W,, = 1.5/W, Let the design puncting shear stress be q, per unit area, Equating the punching resistance to the punching load, Wou : q seD=—(e -b*) Wu (l? - 62) ~ 4bql? For M 20 concrete, the design punching shear stress is 1.8 N/mm?, Generally the depth requirement from punching shear consideration is considerably small, Scanned with CamScannerCheck for shear Check for shear shall be made at tho following critical sections. () Critical section for one way shear, ‘This critical section is a vertical section taken at a distance equal to the effective depth from the face of the column, Shear force at this critical section ve ple “ 4] Factore shear - SV=1L5V Nominal shear stress at this critical section = Seat where, b' = Width of the footing at the top at the critical section. and d' = effective depth at this critical section. crit soemah ee t, shall not exceed the design shear strength t,, wy auer eae (i) Critical section for two way shear. a we ‘Two way shear means, the total shear on the perimeter surrounding the column ata distance of half the effective depth from the face of the column. The nominal shear stress. calculated on this basis shall not exceed K;x,. where, K, = (0.5 + B,) but not greater than 1. B, = Ratio of short side to long side of column 4 section. and +, = 0.25 fy. Design.28.3 A square column 500 mm x 500 mm carries an axial load of 1500 kN. Design the column and a square footing for the column. The safe bearing capacity of 044 the soil is 225 kN/m*. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Solution. Design of the column Load on the column W =1500kN Factored load P, = 1.5 x 1500 = 2250 kN Fig. 28.6. Overall area of the column section = 500 x 500 = 250000 mm? Area of steel =A,,mm? Area of concrete = A, = 250000 - A, mm? Ultimate load P, = 0.4 fA, + 0.67 f, A, = 2250 x10? N 0.4 x 20 (250000 — A,) + 0.67 x 415.A,” = 2250 x 10° A,, =925.75 mm* Provide 4 bars of 20 mm $ (1256 mm?) Lateral ties ‘The diameter of the lateral ties shall be not less than ( } diameter to the longitudinal bass = 2 =5mm Gi) 5mm Provide 6 mm ¢ ties. Scanned with CamScanner38 Pitch of Lateral ti - ‘The pitch of lateral ties shall not exceed the following @ Least lateral dimension of the column = 600 mm @_ 16 times the diameter of the longitudinal bars = 16 x 20 = 320 mm (@)_ 48 times the diameter of the ties = 48 x 5 = 288mm Provide 6 mm ¢ ties @ 250 mm c/ce Design of the foundation Load on the column = 1500kN Approximate weight of the footing at 10% of column load 150kN Totalload = 1650kN = 225kN/m? Safe bearing capacity of the soil o Areaofthe foundation =4852 «7.333 metre? Side of the footing =V7333 =2.71m Provide 2.75 m X 2.75 m Net upward pressure intensity = 1500x108 2 P= S75x9.76 = 198847.11 Nim Depth from B.M. consideration : Critical section for bending moment is shown in Fig. 28.7. Projection beyond the critical section 2750 mm, ae = 2750-500 1195 mm yp_tmn_,! Maximum bending moment M =198347.11 X 2.75 x 1.125 x 1s = 345170 Nm Factored moment M_= 1.5 M= 1.5 x 345170 = 517755 Nm Equating M_,,. to M, 0.138 f,, 6 d* = 0.138 x 20 x 500 d? = 517755 x 1000 = d=613 mm Providing 12 mm @ bars at a clear cover of 60 mm Effective cover to upper layer of bars = 60 + 12 +6 =| 78 mm Over all depth required = 613 + 78 = 691 mm The depth may be increased by 30% to limit the shear stresses. Provide an overall depth of 900 mm A Critical Section for BM, Actual effective depth d = 900 - 78 = 822 mm Fi . 28.7. Depth from punching shear consideration a Punching load = Column load — Reaction on column area : = 1500000 - 198347.11 x 0.50? = Factored punching load = 1.5 x 1450413 = 21756195 N oe Design punching shear stress for M 20 concerte = 1.8 N/mm? Scanned with CamScannerEquating punching shear resistanco to tho punching lond 4% 500 X DX 1.8=2175619.5 NV. D=604 mm Hence provide an overall dopth of 900 mm as determined earlier. Mu _ 5177551000 ba? ~ "500x822" Percentage of steel required = 1.589 = 0.47% oa Ay =Fo9 * 500 x 822 = 1932 mm? Provide 18 bars of 12 mm ¢. Seley provide 18 bars of 12 mm § in the other principal direction also. Check for Shear (® Check for one-way shear The critical section for one way-shear is considered at a distance equal to the effective depth from the face of the column. Let the depth of the footing at the edges be reduced to 300 mm. -. Overall depth at the critical section . 900 - 300 i D°=900- T7595 * 822= 461.6 mm + Effective depth at the critical section 8 =d' = 461.6 - 78 - 383.6 mm Shear force at the critical section = 198347.11 x 2.75 x 0.803 = 165272.7 N Factored shear Vu= 1.5 x 165272.7 = 247909 N Width of the footing at the top at this critical section = 6 + 2d = 500 + 2 x 822 = 2144 mm Nominal shear stress at this section V,_ 247909 : ‘a Dd 2144x389,6 ~ 9-30 N/mm! : Area of steel provided = 18%113 = 2034 mm? = 2084 100 =0.12% = —2084_ Percentage of steel provided = 577 go5 2144 8 Corresponding t, = 0.28 N/mm? (Practically equal to +, ) Scanned with CamScanner e22mm }+-—+-— 2750 mm 500, Fig, 28.8, 2750 mm[—4]_ 8 mm ¢tios [~@ 260 mm cle i He soe 4+ 204 a 18 bars - 12 ima |}+-___——_ 2750 —_____-| 18 bars- 126 2750 18 bars- 124 Fig. 28.9. (ii) Check for two-way shear The critical section for two way shear is taken at the periphery surrounding the column at a distance of half the effective depth from the face of the column. Overall depth of the footing at a distance ¢ = 2 =411 mm from the column face. = 900- Ties = 411 = 680.8 mm Effective depth at this section = d’ 80.8 — 78 = 602.8 mm. Critical perimeter b’ = 4( 500 + 822) = 5288 mm Shear force at this critical section 198347.11 (2.757 — 1.322") = 1153352 N Factored Shear «5 X 1153352 = 1730028 N 1730028 5288 x 602.8 _ Short side of column section _ ©” long side of column section _ K,=05+ BP, =0.5+1=15 But k, should be limited to 1 Nominal shear stress 1, = 0.54 N/mm? Scanned with CamScanner