@ NB(2120D. ao" Apel CFrdasy nm Ay -Ab??) — Mideorn. Contents CHAPTER 1 Surfaces in the Real Space Tangent Space Surface Measure Surface Integral (of the First Kind) Gauss-Ostrogracky Theorem CHAPTER 2 Differential Forms in the Real Space Differential Forms Integration on Surfaces Stokes Theorem CHAPTER 3 Differential Geometry of R*3 Surfaces Fundamentals Main Curvature Geodelics on a Surface Surface lsometry Theorema EgregiumTWO REAL ANALYSIS THEOREMS Implicit Functions Theorem: Cok rane G=>R Fec™(wm2/), ,4.)eG ¢ Rx wk FGe.5.) =O, - hk (& 30), be noni low. R, JU: aneqhourhoo! taa 99: oP Bz IV nnesbourhoed P50 wD 5 U-vV sceonzamed na anon xe U on) Yell aa Is be only, value of e eee Fy) =O. FS, (UA) =avohs Local Diffeomorphism Theorem: ie UcR be 2 UR ee a i‘ a ive ” Yor U neizpouvhoo Xo luch a 10 — R at Ui cicero" oz:Surfaces in the n-Dimensional Real Space DP of Beamecarted k Carface w Br, Le BS (Gila am ) A wop ¢:U->B’, Ge" UcR open, Yuell: rok( Deca kL TE, Bs cal fare LB. Bronecerie) I, Gules ¢U CR? 1s called & 1s Romeo PP, U-> ed) Can ke ehesre (mapa) « Le Cal canzinunous) E@O at) Gen neteraee f ji hoe “o pe LNT CUVU 1S a He p @ FG) ) HS (a-cosv, ufay, u), 429, veR ann 9~Parface nk, 12 1s Nonoclhee ame ~ Noz euen on nee oe Is needteli eles ‘s hos oChewre \eelA ck re open. fs i Se ah op clots Ge (mea) Rs Yury (ue #60) 1's a L- Rove of adlals Rook ee is stor Le, e Nes mk DE, sl. Is e" con- we cunwous ov GU)? & fe aveberietian onzo YU) of fe prweccion a Xn) RS Ou ) an) aa ee Ay Ga an a eeAlso remark that whenever we talk about vectors, we shall understand 1-dimension by n-dimensional matrices even if te write them horizontally. —Th Fairs maps a Mop f. UcR>E (Ss & Povowm. Yew: Paco . R, zo enh uel Fe exiles sagen cee Yo ich Ys wuercible <5 a GY: Uc ReBiedelah C4 Uae 1s open wiles U cl, ri =k Peal a ele, Yrs wueveible on a! (Ue) n @CTL\Ue)) = Fe» Il wak- thee nd Foot © We leno wank Deli) = L=Jdao Rayare lek jnaerix Decne) Puch p rs wonhugulasr. oe x Be Sree PM ed Pes Gudhs Buree's Frumala- ae = WLOG lez (Baws): be coat A Dh, be all Pe i (ny. ol wn) Cell), - 1 ¥(Q)) ) Pas eet vhs ae ad pe L. ea one nae is ‘ eomemp Net MH be ner Vo bee co ) Us "PSR cules Lr Is Muerzt ible We need 20 be - ar caves M0us on Ue) Be. APRame 2 eanuerte— J fone uence xz =%lu:) > X= Ue) , WiUoes , buz Ui +7 le — Te cs commpacz. > Rayance ud eet” Cee ee Xeta= Use) + 4(u), pes Qu") =xe =@a). Byafhungeor Hata Marre Dua... ¢ 5 ~ yur aware all ewewres pal ora oEx ¥: Gav) Hy (woos v,u-hnviy) ; Hel, kK). ve Corian). TF Iisa chose, De R he PFScR sa beGalere 6P clats Cm m2) 1? to Ss) pore Ke S pee cds aelove " “UCR “RB” (PelaB C™) aan) pare ens a nerzbouslocd of x (mR) huch & @U)= SaV. Peele ‘I 2 a imple we fF O 0 \ TP Sci s ab-wap. pen aug leech maps A wip Pe PP) S= Yor? ss eae. pe alas oP laface & o one ars we =u) Is called ae! ~lebace ys seal als is Sma ce ho ae oben Cees SR” Spee Peal $ =Sn G, where &cUM ' Ve=V a oe heel cih Je defamed pe baeet “Raresenbose ls Ss Nee oe ; B2, —Tinplerely De2e) Surface Lee 6 CIR’ be open, P:¢->i8* IS Pelak C™ m2). les Vice f “$93, vanlDogg=v-k . Pea PF wal Peder wB'sPelaB C™ Reo! Leeae $“F0%. Swe vaek Diggs nek Sen: Boss, da Parner eect alae of Pll vonk. WLOG- jez (ahdies, vias be von brigulow. Vales 3 nerpaneod Garon) a Capeasens On) AV aelals C2505 (Unv) = sy Py : Graph Pas Brava bus £-“40% ts eParPa ce.Ex @ S = 1 Ce4,3) \ ye Saye Ay Fxg) 3 Ragged DP (x43) = (224,23) +0 fn ZA : @ S = [xtexdexpexced, y Xn t Ket yt Ky =0§ eo ACrl des uv R : Clee ruzcea|’)a a Nien Shamamowphiba? @ T mash ae voneey eeChomardgh b> 25/2/9022, CVRVES ON A SVREACE &-PE TANGENT SPACE OF A CVRVE k cuyue Bees Eee e:13S8 Lion weevual, ew ofelat a ( Mon Pala possnecer esleunue) b. — Okiwee wa pbie lee Q: U cR IR ra creavconnd ela Cla) be Q Pee lay poamerente) cuyue on lame Pag Llc vl), Bn ne ¢be Le (A iso verge porainecere) cayue lv U and ae c=You, Pool wis 0 eoncimucas mar . Ts u aly play Cac Gl} wel, denoze Xo = Co) Uo '= €0e); (tas 1%) vark Dew) “ke, WLOG lee (B).<) be NS. Danose F: Chey Ke) PFC Kes §'= ae EC D (uo) ts NS > by ‘vey inv.20b. J x on Pome wren aod VoF Vo = ar) joa ton €eo) nw Wy) ut oe =F tar oe an amerbaurhood oft a “s of Ale 04TILVSTRATIONk Rovk CaYou 38> 2 Hye, eT Def IS a Veexoz. V Ae 15 & TaMZONe VECO® ey ee | Pacface Sc R xe ee Brees if v=Oo0e! amore led ewue c:l>$§ heve exis Bune ¥ ala OV on be vac S "0, Lo me c (eo) =x and o'(ca) ev. B | conan VECEDSS of S ot ap is Jenoced WxS. Cea Del) wops Lyeceawely Delay RSS KS. bk Gnuenciay Ve Paul Jenoce $¥(4) ie ae mS Clea (m2 % beween nd TS byecccion)R,— Reps zedndch es process ae ScR’ss onl (idee ours xeS, rine Isa L-dumenbona! limeoy Le e of Rg af mozeduey Y. UcpR»S 1s evel! «= Qa) b. fe u eU ben © T.S= fp Bo, - aL uh Roo! Te PRces co thes be® ops Us @ le OFVE fant, oy Be caps v2 btw, (di, tu) +(0, 4 O). : He e2):=¢ CU, peas Upt de) pele 8) We chook Ss0h } feos aymenz.o ere CONTRI Sa = Clee Is o NS vawereri(ed eurue nS e(a)= a) =x c)= Zi Hw) ev. lene ve TS; : , oe ewe ©: 7S, © Jax Se ance 4 NSpoos we |, cleo) =, cl@a)=V . \WLOG lee ¢Q) c¥(U) Rn by fe bre ou ere mC ales A ehee = ae 4 a4 y i: hee c!(Co) =e OE , Us(t) ¢ fan (eto, i Fe}Ba aia RUA UCCAN lac er (AS ons YN FS Zon eens Pp pe Pardee 4 Rach M 2G) rtv)s® Ry og Poe: G4) 7 Yet) 96 C4 JWfeomorhi : aud zholds D(¥b Yu) (Jee) IO) 2. Feu)-PO)eM. Rood x =u) = YuyeM (ucU, veV) is R’+TxS iS an oro oval P= 9 Bae ou g sare®, hsorey ob pec DOV ove NS => hove ct J) feovnceph mS on be asouthn oan lire "8, =y~4 of aveallo C+ J ino sou be nergbourhood Oe Yo(¥t 60) >Deeuy= DV) o DY bea) Jecu) = 8 FOOD S4)l) > be Rowmalae. QEDtek OM os zo verb fe Jferenciloie ol @ of ho g SUAS Is acwe 2 yt $a)-7 . b.— rekenok Wrico’ DEO Pe dePlarcion of A Ist Mant unger cls Eee. av CMNELEN! jadow game wee EST cloyz? Rood €U> SHV 8. =O ese Hope Hey) o(¥o) oP u)=D(b? () op (44o'?) W) —DO@#))° DGo¥ u= DS) Getto SD(Goe)tu) 9¢t) =D Gre} 2 W. - Moetwacion | Rt >R" ncov (Len) M cae L(R’? IR" eer Lechaves, A= ¥(V)=S, YP USV isa C4) Reomortin; BEB BS PTeFuJve f Tet [eeD Pee) = © wg) eB) el 2 vm) Su ce cuugn- | @ é atta au reeds QED [Maneader fee enlare pe cpanel eso Qasy The, atlas of any amet is at Most countable. oe ‘a2, (( leas « (Pee corel ceveves oud Flay. lege W wp Sc 16 oe shove; xe S o> Folwre %, x0 mF} Jime IN: xe iggy nS cum. 3J:= =2i@: xeStCIT 53. Choa Same. 25¢S be 265)"5 Ren Az £%; 5 ‘s emarlas o}Theorem & Definition - Existence a jednoznatnost miry na plose: Upon every k-surface S, there exists precisely one Borel measure muS Satisfying for each chart psi of surface S: Cs humy S (my. i Pe SUN Counc 0 Roo! |e ushraue 2% 12 elt$ Na Canoe {On counzoible acles ofS. We conbder fe ae S= US: ; wheve S,=1m, ine Seti gains \ Com baw wae), lee Y be ex chavo! S. Re fis(B) = E (emp(BoSi) BeBoS. Be mip Brel BZ engl Bn Ss) =Z fim BnSs) = (bw (B) 3 as cceraratl canzasd IcTON- Unayeal mabe abou we By the previous theorem, if two measures differed they would have to also differ on some images and this would contradict the final equality. QEDDefinition: SC R's nb Surface, M, g+IR Ded meahwvable. We define ala Pace-wacesval aps “5 fafa: $98 = SPdas 2 be RHS is neon" . oe (1m a Lebefoue Corte). Remark: The symbol dS is unrelated to the labelling of S, it is a traditional notation of the surface integral of the first kind. Theorem - Izometrie ploch: TS cits ab-chave and oR Is on tomers rma n 9(S) 19% Ledwve aud holds Cs 4s" in aber words fses(®) “fs SUB) Behacl). Tnoperwerds ge (B) = us (8(B), BEB 798). Rood YYclRe> S, uheve Sis Pme harkace a Sef: $6) tsacheve Ju (9 #)(u) = (dee Do) Cay" DGoe I) where C&= b+ Rx, und pus = Te (QeDelu ReDeGo) Rrewarcons = \Rex Dea BRDyen’ = He #00. Becwngs Brel = (us B)= ges 5(B) lez A ie enrolas of S > Fpoy:e Ag a -adlas of (5) ; ee)Se’ veal Prbaces SCS is af- be noe oO. Roop FARTA Teh Meoseolhow he cawalells 2. swnts PoP S=¥(A), $= YW) UC R* Vcr" ope Taraunzable azlases Si s. oe PADT 9) Qe yes and Barace oa “ah fy: V> Riva tabee - Palm DARTS QcR Xsan d- howe > K()0 at (3 fts(¢@) =0). au Boar 3.1 oe => J aves Lourhos } 0 Daavables of pare x buch Core KS" The r Peter varie We oo QeRisn£- jumerRorel el ipa. Cu 1 sDaPocey Tr: RES W san OGprieccion D5 2, ee en et em ae ofv,t PYVoQ ee GO 7 L-chosre on Pane vesiaoiel Ve re eC 26 rifl-0 EEipgy”* © iy “att om 69) Mw) = J anerbowhood “” y / Ir xeQ 3 oH ae a a By a Puree Pee gc U0; peve ex Rs a ¥) Pent ecouneable we FU Her. FPR) 9 " => @= Oo QEDA Lemma: 4g ¢C Observe we have used a weaker form of this lemma before for curves on a surface. Roo? Wee or RW heapraiecxion IMTOO AN “ at of dunk (Re wel cH) 2 yamed pal 1 HPaamery es cn brnernesbowhaod of U. - 4 C4 a) Sosy =séore? ©? fome ve Lowrhood of bv. van el) tare ¥)) = L (cleawrhs . A &MDis byeccwe ) — Obvivee na pk gee Definition of Generalised Surface: 1S. SCR sx evevohled ve Revbacer? J adeconrpaleon S=S,v...uSp wno-Su Mag wheve iS fel le Preface ont M; ove Lj-frfoces, : heb and icholls Sop (US: U OW; ) =O; tea ip t#) J Remarks: @) S3 ave components Ae enevalied ni @ Example 9 o's agenevals be) DP cnrcion Gun ee Brealey PEO eee -Spu bly My we Yehane pe livPace-weéelare (13> Cosa" (“SpA1BIA24 @ Dower ji pe ple 0- Pelee Ch le Av pip. RevPace = AP. I Voce i) pones By (as ts tnlepentene oP fe charce oP ke eer eeel pone RooP hee S= Say. Sp oMv-- “lS . Sy pv oMy heewo te Pesce Ss Ww Zp “El rca 22 Z pls Denoze é =F: P a Bec Ze “Ete Iss eta S305h me 4 (ui) - wlachisesnapen oub. J FO, Le) Jo cre iP beds, Y xH+ Caches) J.P Ue thot) ye an Vn) Rawal fF <6) We se a 3 {eourw- Shs. 6.ban —- Gaul,-DReoxredflys Bre Lee CLCIR” be ain open fee Pac 9Ntba sere | eles Gof -odunenowd espa Pore indece aveer-[Se Moe cucry nonbiviculos: x€ 9. , YC) be a unre vere howl zo 92 re ceca ee Dus xt eH fA. x- EV) © OS {Peeve pel 220, ee F:A—+IR E {moa Bos J FENG = (FY:JS a 0.0. PROOF LIERRew lee he PAI oie (2 seoncowned Mma eb Ieasplies a hee Oeie” beas in be peeutaus bmn and T: DAR bea Braap tcanPald CoBelc)L be Pon futur i Y>dS5 dn TG) S FFE,UH, Two: vera ce |NtEeeAL oF be Seconp Kina Mvitivectors & DirrepeNTIAL Forms Lee Vbeo recronlpoce Over M2. _ junV/= nb, > pence) mney - aan p. \/x---xV—y R eae Pee ol (near weall TVIeS. peer a aa pa Pysie “ss aancthyramecrse £ Vote 2 »Vyreus) = fe (an) - (ay VO ve VcleVE, we ZG) isa ueZOLION on [3 Eneample PAs ts an anebymmecre w Pam. \ XNtw hall | Jenore ancl ita piu date linea fhace (und _— QVECROR pace) “Tazoeal eae OF tC =o uy, Ve cheerios Remark, |. Eh ny en PV, Pe AV vga Jezewnmed by P eA etaecaen Zeneca Companion ar ot wile a w we ai fe aa Neneiow Te6q( T T= f,- 8 wy» Eel tR) No yh 51S nS hy Oy, Oi) = Aditi fe OelfeBn Le VIT=L5 foam abel APR), Gem dam AAC) =) PY ef: ITI=L ove hua mbependene. Lex Zoey = 0 SVI- ta¢ a “130-26, w@,)* i t-k Il=k * Kae 1. ET=V5 Pas fp, Te vernainszo Pow Les \n= ky Ie Sa ee VLA" (BD: P= 2 abret, hee d= Bley) T=%a Ze. ing, QDYY, cart. nt Xx (IR”) = Dl (e" do where ® a be e diveez Pave aw) peer Ol), ze Ee euoy ae Re be we ect Rum a bce one dbeeans by yo bobs ol befes of pe rt Etch. jh i i _< Beastie CY... My wede meer acy = a oO PT +D fy wan pomucaion on £4, ..., HR whos t wh ap ek i pete ee a ones Ems pevermoons (3) Clearly ef et aes € elt “ICP *) ) peexceroe Uta lveadlycnaied ono CIR") Foams am exi or alpebeeTowa! fe A(R), yet R") e A 5 la oa a) = Me ar) Feces ca vgs) 3lvnmo meen 2 (1,2) Jenore> eperenucauon Fach TOV<---LEW)< - O (kt) <--2 (CL Neen T-t3 ore ew =o% = dj € A“cR") T= tic. 2a DG ade a adage Pemark + NR")=R K* 0) = 403 Plow.9) 1813/2092. Tol bee Vbea VP. tae “es Call ene on V We call « [lacey “ret Teles ViF¥=\; FeV**, P= fo) Eve Pe \V* We Wencify Ve ob V becau! e heves ahem Novmeph bn. DI By amlenerxor we undead J (0) =A (RY) Pasutlaue (R= AMR) & ACR) = (RY =" N(R’) = Loks OF Hey Tetene--2 28 ¢ fy). | Qa? Weefnes exconoe produce an lea) fens be eee \** = V we orld Por pele veczo2s as lea 0: zmMs on he zg Iercow foams De Ate) =D Ae); X(R-R, A@-R, Nir ee A0r")= f arhern. Aen ee Te Avmaleveezar de Ar’) Is Ppl a “4 a.- avy IR” ame V4, ...Wy & 4 Ex Qveaae in Ro: €, ne ex,ey IS NOT frnple! Rynee Flares =CarGx€s) oe ivmple LR’) hos alae fer ns =e g4..03kein Dp On A Ue ‘) heversdeFined peblowns tnner produce peo IID) 6 - “< It [31-l c oO... Elfe lll ae WZ d hoem le A (IR”) Ex (0) ty toe R= Uy 2-6 dela)” an DaveR’> uray= Zi Nj usva)e, Saal [sl de A Ar’), Ld): ~fveR"| vad = as ) tsaVP dumenr Qh Atwo ° dun |}@e= =k if dis Pimple . tans Ve \ + dy MID) frwple , LO) oe) ace om eR Ge Swe b, es ed everene Yee guenze) ress, fafpae Tolho : a Def B a Rfheverraa| b ee wenberfecund of cn onan oper EGE af whichis C? et Fach f Sie ee (B") P O which altigus ua wa Visa soe Tota hele e(Q). ar fice PJ Aeverreial APrems an 0... teesBun Even, )fferevreral Lom ree be worrcen th fe foam w = 2 erdes, cree) =k, level Ixy =e ‘ dxz= dnza--adniy Ex Ww GaSdx ~2eydy e ER’) we Le DER" eapn elt, pe Oat JeRalam DP- Ve take pe entries o¥ be ka | d€'TQ)> se (Go) ae aoe Zovle OL oe ce @ L-o; w-fe COQ); dus =e 2 dni e A(R’) b=4; we ee dw= 2 2 Be dn adar =D dus »3xr. Die Olek Lom i «s Now ecomedence we denoze. J Porerseals ke Pane wary os peendoPoncesvaind Se ~dy — MozeSercauls lacev- Ex ww =leg) dx -2 Ay PO Woe pesow dw = Dedaadn + 2y ya dx ~ 2x dydy a wly ds ads, € EUR). )Bn OcIR” heopet | fk, Lon; we E40) ce EXD Tehalds © L-L> Core) =Ju+dT dud T)= dw ACECAEO A dz. Rod “IG O h D) 6. ose I a” de: Wwaltian wk pele wes rd if ce 30% 5 Ae ) I Gordy a T5dx3)= ety Ty das ads) — 7 Wwe Pevmur ZO Titer 32) dx; rdxzadey Doe “ays ) Ae Ody Bees _ Aud bus dQoaT) = dus ace Cay tis ee ObRevue we dd nachaue. ie Ca tee aw def Keesha Poe cates heal \drlll wm bee «ere rl pies tS ole eale & lu— ay ow I Optge 9 us 2B os . oe FS lsh f dx 5) oe fon “ he be - . )s AdK = 2 ee bam Cece 238 Oat Mia dxp dU ra dey 1o = I(t ndag) 2 Peay ad ng Jorg addxz =O —Die €*(.0) 15 @Exace Peo =37 SoaPme te CA) & kA t Cif) BJO [am Evens ee wclokd (by peprer-pim, pome@) Paneose’s Leimmes A= Elk... enery Seam hee €£COQ) wexoer (24). Exb-A we 2 cade; deb) 23 0- dw = wae dx;adni tPA joa Qwi _ Gus P% Oxe )e*). woo D wsde 1S exacz Rear be har eC m2) Reoneal la, ee oes ydeec GOD) wie eV Re ‘Be, “l ples wetarderfeand (A, . a) st 7 (A+) ms aveewalpace erat y. aoa + Aw on opevorcre wh 4—> Pca aye s ticaaa |tehebes aN IS) Ne wre +@ PEP3/222- Definition - Differential Form Transferrance We” Vel" spnkee; FUrVobeh OC? pee i: se) Ate) Fae QLk Stun fing we lene he mp e Aw a. wet) a) Fw = 2 eordey pe Du=Z Wom) dd: ID, T+fg2..- 7 eae = W*(Q%,), be Op ibicn ia nod fo Dyna ada, Frock. O imtiov. Qws vydxy ee ‘tad x, Il- De k. d ace H (tape 3x5 ae (coy BNE DIS, x AIPY KG A. nS ren Bre. Ovw- tardag 1-44 on om 7 een Wd = D (E9Y ar ads) 2(45 os B re oces I, \@%)=I@roB)IF, Bs, = Ziew one dh; ad, A |W com se pe Gua ved eae eA us wenced to ay ve pé tur tums bene Presa, Fay Bi oa di Fo. feet), Gow)*e = 1G Ch fo Y= = Yr D)— POH) vy + B toedy,: (Be) sas PIE y= F (OB yy aa ee de) = =Y5*L). OCH Corfe - tk ©, 09® OB (DMG, »_dB,= (t:0)(2.9% ae «(2 5Ed)- ee aa oe tl AoA es ee 8).° \RFACE Obert ION & hivesernow IFFERENTIAL Ni TN Se r s Plas ofe Ree arentation soba : ace weundecleoud wert fe: SAR" ,; ry te zach xeS TO) SA lp ‘Sy McGy =¢ and (%&)) = Sa (ax toe ‘CkS) Recall Ml AGED. lEmh @ Loe She a A-ParPace 26) ele le vecexe Con i : r yore he uve). @S= - F(x si2) | x% xe HAS he pe wall ite Il dev Chey 2) aC. ~x ee a Oe A —Tucoea wer DL A Bun le L, bbs. a) ras Pree ouentabion : ea cCeluy) = fae B09, uel (( ~ Quantatian wduced by pechare g. TIS tuo my Bw poncerfelin eye age elem oucnention her wm ag pet ‘cima poeb atlas A L PPro S 6 oz1ented Preany ex chores peveol ue ame ozentacion Ge pewturey es wikerfeck ) fBprereacond le atlac determines peoerentation of a Tatartal Tor chants 0,0 of uPvbee S nuMine wares haue ke ume ceoncacian dO S(4 €)(u) =dee( DIY YE)4) >0 uel, Glu) EwmY, TAP Tate Cran oP Deverrtral Fam : O Q°cR” is navewrty , a) we eacoy, te aden Jeo fer dnier Phe RHS oe wall defned EO; EG): @ S=¢(u) eabpl efaee (c*), aos wie m Pr w eet ): Juss ui f MteRvel ony peealle\ceg em J Jie Dewy lanfe PHS rule @ lee ¢ ie aon ortented eas Palul C= im Rub he atlas 1-2 he ape Wwe e*Q): Se ee J (bye) where. Coby ss ‘S he tn Seearps friar om ee be Rhodmrece ctl A ; f Ce hpe C°CR”), ely comp: shy: “[0, A) Vx Jere: Helbdy BOs. 295? VxeSZ LpGa=AVdeS Ie ely cM, 4 bole” Saly= Mb) . b Wee = ixh@ to a Seabee DLE. [Er Caelree SCR” (5 oaenked 0 bere ex: ls onatlhs ob ame—oziented choves. he atlas A determmes fe ete onentbetiayAIG(29 22. @ Recall fe DPof DP fone Tnvesraeion DQCR open, We ETA); bus 9 =P den adxu foe fec%Q) : r fe * Jer $Pl.,rn0 J, den PheRHS ‘> mecnnwny PH D Ser” hehnple le faface ofelah 0%, $=) 29S be open wel coh) | S Oa 5 YF 0 fe RHS rsimecrnens le 8 XY @ Scp” rele bobs (Ee) naa Fame select onented), ASS lac ona SM) rp 4 : ( ewer) on) Mull dS< ‘ ae ; ford j (ye) L's pedeco ol im 72 Ruon aunt ow wre SEUEILE ie is svey oriented Sq fewis compact, where 5 eq 2 tx W404 Moreover, the map wy 3,, is linear. Finally, the correctness ¢f the definition is still to be demonstrated. Ded De Ares at One on Pouce be Det M RR means festeend of all le ha )y Rol Relay Capa ce tapests ehelhe: $ od: belo Be. o+Fis luiee DV xe M : SlyGa=darty oor eal ake ee Peer ea at for uch ae “ybp won Phe une (hy) on S15 ta ae eeeet vies ets *t n ely Clwfy The decomposition of a unit is a tech nical term which is in a way an analogy to partitioning the underlying set of ha be a parameterisation. So can we here. We no longer have a measure to work with, we have this. Theorem - Unit Decomposition Existence: If S is a subset o the n-dimensional real space as smooth k- surface with an atlas A, then there eixsts a unit RI Wiel, (h_alpha) on S subordinate to the atlas A. Rb We thal owl proucé cB ct cafes Perl Yxek whee af Sf, Ls Dts Are C8 fe vly)>O lly-xil (o} SeeAt Bow G)aS cong, Sa wie & (pene couey) 5 ‘ny. one Sere’ Kes ki wages fry OW beat Cleavl > h; =A, Zh, G5) 5) =O a Pewhewe rosySa beh z =S BG: , 1G) Comp; Cea eA. OS IS agoneval k Proekace (No The basic Gea is to decompose laproal) into nested compacts and cover the belts (Xn \ Xn-1) with smaller compacts. Be apace ADE Bonn te Geee of ee at pe hc ee” Yeik* ia Cre ()>0 mV we - Sts Oe, ey! L ae ae cued (x2 S¥(uy Paw b ine-carentes, QOS sal roel On > pen =¥(V) Sees Fes on A, Fnac ae aaentes atlales lme behave SAR” Pe fa C% au) Gl elendwece Secorpa peareee Phe unre onS awd frends <0. Dan ne ee ziher-Z theo, eel Dwe= ee secs 2 Op (Fo ») Mya. 2 dg ae Sox Sea, 5 ge- Josep aw Fe mtenal se cpl SlRscweior Rom NP Bel | ev<at Cems rabzaeenc’> © Rewer "SY UoV sae? Ss I Peaunoe rp 45 20 CRetutoeal), Lol r =og Av Jit - Jeez St wthe/O77_] ye Doe eal bath’ cpus’ aa M2 Pir! ri g hee () , me he ho rn eae pewnee. aks Le al lucey 2adds api eAfet Se, F5 J (atic) x voly om gees 0 vy : -Z J (Zh) Saale Com fe . aa Ne A Key to understanding the intlhiired sets transitions is that in many case we integrate over sets where one of the decompositions are zero and therefore the integral is not increased when these nullsets are included (we integrate their products).Foe Prnces cal Conpubections. Ba bee SER” beep RurPuce, Yr. =p be Pama chavs Quoof) ERS pate “sO c ae Abe Ps Jee S\US iS OM, eee U; wre linfaceraP bench TEQ>S ws aud co 6 E “C29; Joo 2 Su Rok beak he oun oc€la.s aS, hd ee Jecampol vhien OP pene mS pares IE [er Siem at yok: if hte @lban) 3 Me UfUeeor. Vet uw -7> | lye) = xz I Ply.) ob tA Up is) 41 f@*Croalfy) = >> yy =ZS(Zhw=Zhe. A +8 7g, 0 Se GEDSveraces Wh Govnparies G STOLES Ry ne ee Ceo, o rp" Ts See” ‘ealel Mop we {ounery Pda C) P¥ixeS 4VerR™ open, xeV A L-dhare (C*) te Uy 2” and 0 eloks halflface Hye Re fuel pe aHe)= SV. KKb Jebine belo 98 -= Le en 9H) anh cae fe bnede qs (ccnp) ™ beth cormplerore thé S: =S\9S 'scalled pee nye lav Tab lee O68) be mente foe mad he 9). 1S TB Uc pe veloeruel Ope" MaGex opens U= =AnG a Th Ran © be dDhapacer a Rave ral eft ae! u, bAUtn)) H=fxeR' |, arZey ae IR all= 4, eelR Av wo We Cele an net Sen S oa lereeoe Nee pve wb a velautly open cloled @ xe re S feeder wS nl hie wr p oer” fume open Palos of TR" ® Worms aS does NOT denote fe boundory BDA (aR? ®@ 1g exchovt of a Pipe e bournday > (we H UY. >), phen 2 soeens ave, P none bu db Nowe L-RPaces ® us i" TP RhneRe. Sc be ak fface usb abound => OS 6 Oda, i Fook xe 96 l.-chare sg 1B" IVI Be) cleaner Qi Led hal Mace heh CaV 7 (pe a H ) bale Rees to check | fe venetian % =A a 9He) * al-A)-chove OH, ee ) Uea Hy isa velaletuals open Rube of OHe = 1R-4 Se CY” Dew Del Merrlheess &-Upaoll PO Sis Nm if (¢ ond P “are a cea rcol continsoas vee on} pes continuous. Ex OS =Fay2)) MyseL4j 9S =S* @ iS =2xy4,2)] xg L=AG DR Poce wp ecbarndawns, = 05 =9S De Lxeerioz Noemal Ye Iz er DeeR He? x KKx,a> re ches \ald| Ce .-- rn sepa @ Sci bea LfrPeve wh or boundary 5 xe 9S, f be a herfaee ofS lu) =x Prewnel ue Uy TDpw@lT@S)] here T. (9S) v0 So | ll i. me Ths I> an crparonel poyection of fe vackon y to be Re eee . l ae fab fpace spozonal eo (( £an: ene frevce 9SRan iS see ee a pace of pe In6ey oz meS Gcceine) Quer fe aandoxy ” ass = tm (Docu) Be Eeierran pee CLP. ee TS 2 ES) Ys We ES Is perenny outwavds Ve SF hence X* EQS VO ie lbancdisbl ee, Peni > C5 c Sd bSaTa(98)'4 -. vs wnriqenely Sa wmf determined, Int Sam ay ee e Qperatae Ceucoem) : lee Vbe ow VP... cull? aud er ON lanes (nea «> AMY), #V te AG) HUN? Gra. aly ueV. ke halbs: Vy ae AVE IRV SS NEM RM TL Qhieneation ee Seabee Rounosr ap Sc Re wb Perfuce wp abaundon fel tris be ouentation of be Ineevior, ‘TCrmaryloe ehaerinioutly extended & he who f S 1D) Neyer) = Vol), ENS -.. induced oxenteton of fe bouundasny OBS. Reve THTkS aud is fe Feadge-aperagne m T wip a ouehee tray —> 0%BR Depa eree arctic reer tell oxetenrenveed Reales arcluclly MERGE ice VPs > & vnewedas eee 2 P Pam Foe Ty sans a tics alco Ue h wb aliens Te eke Aycan 2220 eee words, “eo, Ve VED ISICN pokewely ouente § bes PTS. Stokes Profor Tallfrnce Lee i ce £ ox claled el Pee Coup DULUEAEIAN Cra-- Prana wee ), pe Ww be caw es. by. Jie= fu. nel on a WH Ze Ww, 5 OX an -- AM g AUK Gag be AOR, dw E%) , 7 ere Pepa Ree WLOG lee tt ttl ed 7 Vise [@8dC2 6 eee ' Vi2n ee Reto {ai (Jem Jae pom Les pwc: Oi Gone ee on 4% a0). katian| mel fue Jed. = eat Jeae Cg OA 8A Bag, dre = dy. Di Pa oo Wy ce i ove equal SED Xueaom Ceokes R, Sek" Wrowarrerrce) LP Bc wh erbourdoary QoS pen wee (0). By J dw = Je Pac leah, one weevel is Se 9S tw rene. / the & compact 2B Conn. z De ls at Gn fre Ow 7 5 be tacexvaly as . Roa Leedbeanadas, (hy) | Belivcree eampohan oP be ante. Va > R Ha be o halle, Saleh, CimGy. i deo = Z Sheacr= Z fertatu) PZ $208.) L baeS name Yan mele Ma nwre ld Staley _ = Z Jetty) 7 fluwe Ju ZWh /to22. Correction of the Definition: In the definition of the surface-integral of the second kind (point 3) we add the criterion that: Sesnys 200 S And in order the the theorem immediately following it (regarding point 3 being equivalent to integrating via an atlas) we introduce the following theorem: Bn [fol é SheoudS S Ss B OS= gis nlrple cha. eae pre = Flop ata abi, (Tet ee £243) ~Z lene) dee (Se vi pare AU Ie X of)” PA 94 is » Co Eine Ucog) NSye] > | fu I Ne £ Shays 4 Shoot elas = [oulOS s sre Sut IZ {bse £ Flute Z Jihuebs = fucaJS. $ R. pimewate alee Z| Sago <0, Lang hraue abfolete con- Rw S 1 Mpeco 8 compact > be new abu Ug mee. Obfevne few Parle) Lys & => hence te. eae (ox at leafe local, compacs) " Deneeevion ismes. U7 @ WOH atehins almoximain on compact he K-=S.P? Wot © eon i i @ Ke compace cist k) < % (fee eucozta)). 2. ScR’bea fuFace up cy bones (Ss heed NOT ie lod), be Gauls - Renal fs ows ee Creches fun YU.Gq Ese ence oe Jee SR” be coms ct fovPacer/abowrley . Aosude, F: O72" BR? Ry Pr x, J wF dX = [CFv4))S * mts : 98 q wie ZC) F; Vnancee ASK ina ANGtaa-a K€ etm) =A Seoul Yo Uw F)draa--adnu 2 SOF" = fo! SKE YSIS may 98 49S @rD Cy - Greene Po Leg SER” ba compact, connecte) I-faurface w/a Begs i yBecune fa bouatad ay 9S wm fe feat jeuke Che dees, 4°) 1S bepen F: 0.7 ofelatsC” Pen iE J GonsFIS= ; (EdseFidg) shove voe = 3-38 . C/s B a as ite aee )=(xO, Ce) vgep)= Gio wi alll Bay fe dejo fo {o~ GI) = o,,cr8 = Ecudecs) ¢ = (FE)‘Dp Ser” Is nee fuvPace aie neoyl by feoob ee &S S Eee S=So S.u.- Seu Mav-- ywheve D7,- ove Lew — Paces of aboundosy and Ce zwtlQu-..u o- Mile OS, Sae..u Sp eva [alee farce e/a voce) G,xmeGou-.-v Sp) 72) S. a “Sp eke CE rs ave fad Paces of dan [de> fox Noproal meS 9SChapter 3 Surface Differential Geometry Introduction SECTION 1: Normal vector to a surface, 1st and 2nd fundamental forms of a surface. Henceforth we shall only consider 2-surfaces in R*3 (of class C’infty). Let S be contained in R*3 and let it be an oriented surface ... the orientation is given by the normal N(x), x in S. a, oe phi: U -> S chart, x = phi(u) ... N(x) =_@4 7 Que | Y—i— I N: S -> R*3 is a so-called 'Gauss's mapping’. Recall: The differentiability on a surface definition Lemma: Gauss's mapping is differentiable and it holds P DNG) CTanxS )CTanyS . ¢ U8 chav > 4) =% are Nop : we, oe He “fe & ae af. ( N—t => Nis SPevencrable ING) =D (w) ody W); dco PTS Cul), wlW>=4 226DrW) la) cud) =O Yao R Dn (MB) Cann S SPNOTHSICTRS. aDYou can think about the previous in the following way: When you're gliding with the normal-vector over a sphere, all increments there occur are in the tangent direction. De be Seg’ be anozented eee xeS @ Were IZ =-DNG) : SKS TE headac - Nein ve a @ us Tk bil Nirears ees ow xS. 3 Lx, y= OG y>, xe yetsS - A& Pardounerreel Roum ofS ex LON =<1,60, WS XVekS,..2°3 7p USS 1s achave, W)=x jul $)= T(J cu) (£) ‘ ’ s ince, $38 LG.) = 1,.G uy (§), Jeeta a 5S a Ale pele es dy (w) L, {Ss 3 (6) = IRF), y¢.(€)> i = Ke (un) i) Pownce matrix1/4/2022. 3 Caves e: 1 IR Ge ct 0 ee) cc) _ Wecey dl =<———— tn = EUV e és Ice aae eas kar-4 econ ACE) =[I'@l Ch) €&)+ THEO) Tenet Feemulae (4) =e LO) -H& Ble =Ic@n-TW)4 &) DY Lee Glen Pen, e178 evn eevee, .., Lee Sch oeveree PG She. enrey on ) SG aud lee ce be unce-| vomoreviled (Fis le'ceyll= 4, se 4 aa t ae Cees), £6) = KG) Neo ecsy hood ,seL (46) , wes) ho rey ple noel, cuvmaenve at S, Noo -nowmal of Leak ae one eS.) Bi WLO lee Patek o showelp +8 sty oe) malian We Leow as = ¢ ae =PoU, dep = (gous) =D (acy) ne Tl Gy) = by cg ('s) es) Chy Jef) . \ =- Pls) 1s frame Peccseers bind NoeGy}, Nee Lin Ihts)3 nev banins £9 pe Woz \ / ¢ ae a Nees lernacuve of Sat x and bwe cov Rn @ . x) = kG), L#+O0 ie emery) ® wo(X) 6 Srna cost ly th pe fe nounal feeron f elevPace So aboty, ios eZ fil eon Veer fo 4 DTH S=WeTS ltl =F @ sens > kent! Jweceiory seca pra Ky ateams a EVE MU Wt TS ® k(x) “6 hen aalled peponerpal Cav Hache ela ee atx.Qu, AX (40) Hollalfe be eal le a poser dreeyon. FinDin iG Re woirat Direecro Als, &5- CvRvATNRES Bousded ¢ exevenaion :twnnafnax L(x.) | Tx.) =4. Lee ¢:UPS be mchare, yO =x mearfmax h(E, D5. eo Mafdotlasonse Hiller NM half §)- GEN DAS. N00) =f) 25 ul§ 2) =O, wee R™ t, a otk) : =O de bn ® Wve WRevnatiors @z snerph dvectiour or d) Neal Olis seers ectton Ch, iyi (£.5 On) O@Den “To ad ee Plusons, => all Plucis of a pe Sivec€ious Fr comesebewres,$f lambda1, lambda2 are two distinct solutions of (**) and xi1, x2 are the corresponding solutions of (*), then gu(xi1, xi2) = 0 and thus X= DLS, se Def are orthogonal. The principal direction Xi = phi( u)xi_i are the eigenvectors of the Weingarten mapping. Thus L (x2) =\:Xz, 24,2). RO ahd. 50) Oy (ff)-9 0) (elles 3)f.20) hal §.)- N54 (f..f.)=0 ey na fo) Oa a(f..§.) =O. ® wwe. ines between m fe From Ta(x Y= Tx.) * he pine 460, Wer, uA Xs ep. de =1,(x)= =X YekSWhat are the possible outcomes? (1) (**) has a single solution lambda1, then lambda1 = kn(X) for all X in TxS, X is nonzero. (a) lambda1 = 0, then we say x is a planar point (observe that the surface need not actually be a plane merely something resembling it locally) (b) lambda is nonzero, then we say x is a circular point of the surface (sphere) (2) (**) has two distinct solutoins lambda1, lambda2 (a) lambda * lambda 2 > 0, then we s x is an elliptic point (ellispoid) (b) lambda * lambdaz2 < 0, then we say x is a hyperbollic point (or also a saddlepoint) (single-piece hyperbolloid) (c) lambda1 * lambda2 = 0, then we say x is a parabolic point (parabolic cylinder) cry bale “Dp ho) eo (SG), HO = O46) (Canine Cuvungave Hean PaO ee R, Py S a crave plar=*- Pan KO) = fae Hoy = 50 hits 324htt- Deals Besa Ph. Skeed, D | BNE La Ngee Kie- ie Le Re Gy kK y ove gz i) Lean on alse R po 3 poh anerase.B. Fh), Gro) + ols), her pacertes lame nerdeaurhoal Val xe ond os Mu Nn Jefined ov» eb egeens 24 Roel Wie ON. LG), 26d ave pareipal hs ‘| e fuce ae x, R % $ uaS eal. els) ee “ D:D a) eX 2H Garr LGuay) Uk he wthere Fars po at fe Fo C),0%0), Uo) aud Okke), 40) Goll hoes on of ae 2D (\, (5) 46) #2.604)- I pome Pe DS - De (to) © 7=4,2. GEDGeogetics on a Surface Theorem: Let S be a surface in 3-dimensional real space, c: | ->S be a curve on the surface S. Then the length of the curve satisfies Le = {fT 6O, cok ag If Y: (448 is a chart of the surface S and ¢: T+ ¢(u) then Lee f 5.) (CO), AD Je, where cC6) “Poult, eT. oT B Bde LO = J Leon de leo LW), c@)=Teco OW), CH) = Su Tue (Dy. Des) a (@,0G)) fl Motivation for Defining Geogetics: Geogetics connect two given points on a surface, which are sufficiently close, the shortest possible way. Consider the trivial examples of a plane and a sphere. LoSuppose then we have c(t), tin | and c(t) on S. We shall change c(t) 'a little bit' in the direction tangent to the surface and orthogonal to the curve. CeCED= cE) + EolE (CPE) x NOCD) where LC€) + hoop ours & henle Lee.) = Shcgcoll ee; Munsaaleisy condition sole II ell =O I =o Ce =C'+ eg (exNec) + €oL(0”x Nec) + ed Co’x(No e)’) ile I= LO (ex ND+K0?, bc” aan +e dlc’ iwed} N Me Ps alder exNed—_ ea 2 ele” "Ned bis: TA NSecuue €-1> S, is capehed iD) eG ),¢ Uy, Nice) =O €eJ, RR ree fla \ee ealeceonatvfoce’ 1S MmuUcwion€ Unde npg aad rere RoRace od pe cave. Re esheeauk Myce dependance of cr oh Nec S$ MaowvlereEx © A pepe ee ae ce Seb), OES owe ear dlydl p- ® Ginen any la Eo anemia Hae hia Sw ae eee. OM, afhove Se 1x ot ev Sigene ewes ave a” ches D Guna llabucal oe S=Ests' «vF pepeoscecsire @ Ines D Padua eves © Prelixes R.. Al [expeees abtey a) Ne line gees R. Sem alley, xeS > J avershourhe Ve ory (ar On each eozeee ¢* T3SoV, ¢ Conneces an Dofus powes alevy fe had (ness ) J one: De Gls ece Un lesen cee: “j ca) & ch) p= hee ) > ee [caus and patsy occurs & fesmsyes ae Lop Carnes a : No peso? ir Onaeslh ndev wehaue, how boca ll, eeyres oPany aD cb $ be acuruecnralwldce. uz dee(C1C), °C6), Noe) ga. T 3 hocoll? - ae eurracuve Cercle) RUA carer cur costae tare ® = R.Q Seat independeine of Proninceerlneir ot fecaruee dS, o) sk eh eozekic. ad oa 9), €eT Fah «ye fo, © s he ows “ye hecuoar | = aes [oP feplaine aud per 00 ane amd pe olcull welw iM cane bre. rca ie hess pe “ h ms BR KLOC lee lel =4 on T Core Bee povand) C Noe Ikycal = dees, 0), Noes) = deel cs, kessitcsy, Neots») Pal plore = fas) < bis) xf fics) , Ne Gs) = KOK ECS), Noco> = KES) fan OO. > X(L@, Neco) = F-8 Pon Recall Herbrer'sformala IZl= 0) cos C6) akw- Kiter+}ale bell Meee Sil lec ove [eetace Sip lL Sere ape eps eis ms eve & ICOM 5 eos Leone roll nae veebhall, a Pos Sdevrceond he afar Sef.Re es o parent ie: & veel, ce) isaunulerle of Noc&). (le'll conle > Lee, COS = conle S 2K), POD = O. oc€) Mees dee (ce, Gy N) =O B2.NiIu. Se. } ° Oe OGETIC EQVATions Neg: es eee lee Yir e & Pix < » ige 4 “al J utay= Noyes Vue: Lep,coo, et of R Reowel Pigere bes ie (a W= leva, iB i epee VHenas (yis(ur.cw) =178G0) ae Chueh’ Dovel, Pa ta “pt ois, Ae Ihll xplerey Llc fo Aer heobage#clé)= Pouce), cel. ; 4 c= u,O4,eul6)+ Hele ou) ed)= we, +N(u? Gis Pue)oue ‘taal a wade) = a : +2 wus (G+ «Higa shecewesl’ © 5 h of 7 2 ue +t 22 wy Bae zai h @® /@ i> pasa) ia eaO@= oO (k=4.2) R. C= Pott: TS bl a porsund seo. eS ur «ZZ ugtaly =O hed Zobeg hs ° Tatce (ts a (om ncn ted olber ODEs.Ps auenel Kaeo hee Sig mmeuenee) Pel ra. xeS, ev eee uc, pfx TS eve SX ecilele ge TeO7ey ote dime As ous from Chey Que fiow (oa© : AS612022. leeS E[p Lan Pes Ty aes —Fu on m 1s allows us ca Ce ag Ga | aad Aveas Aine (es of bows Cur€-ve coors Nees TP “rvecely” 4 Wy (veya of Exchdeos sniev prod.) i het be ace bee B By Pe Peanaietncene on Crearelbes Leo xx xeS i Fluo “Agee en “Tincour Oe Paes whee’ Io \199; ww pe lows pe jee You a mec $ rok “Khe Csi es per tal es ow Reeers xed . w(S, ) ‘s cal Med o ere pace. V2 CEORS Ex GI) (L. Af) Retna labace (ambetled sree R) yf: URS dave 5 (U5 ) G EH) ae Rubee. Le GC a errr Ys , 258 corueon S -Ler=[ Ng C6); de PAGe oe (C3) @BcS Borel; (2B): =) def, SS svrrace Area Zee € [an Hh eZ @) x€S OFX, VETan,S F (KY) ates Gonlgan 2 NECIOR- ANGLE oHGS. We es hs € j BS, 78, beat lal Gee (SE te FS, ahove, By ls: Rs C) “ey -_ ) < Then S:, xeS, @ 6) 8) Dy Su. (Ser5-) Reese loelace 6 Or © oO: nes teadflomonrhh ! Qis a bupecion avd 4, 6 Ofe toe Le P: St =S, (3 Onc Vee PD pcs ae ia 2eeTS | enue D1 Ce) = ep OQDRomo i 2. Is coerce ne h Perec We Sip xy ae EK, Ne =4(DI@ “oy oy) MY IP &): Ta lang S In Thor fase en bijectsausk. & a)? (S 45) oval ts ety we S, ‘ GD. DG ., (POX, IG); XY Tare Sy. @olL be é VxeS.u dcw>e « Gs ae eo) Bade X, doo »), Xe TouxS, ‘# @ = |ee @ hold burs 2° TS, be Kear - L(Qee) = IG PY (Po } Ede (4 ae (eueous) ©) ° SwODb« ce)- 2B 52 NG CO, ce =, =) (utecel) eens. IX, Ye Tox, Ge (6% y+ F5ey ls Og9SX, io) be ean sb on c'ce)) ad o) Ay EA sae Sebunce — Is sary < exp. (uedv ec se foci et mid “ (x, 3G 900%, oT pnteitclegie 4 CAVA » Ve te Je a ) oe Ja) pe ros ): 38>0 ee C8 0 Pca, cl) < Gy Ges xg @eo') CO) berehrieeians: 169,97 “Wel (0 8), onc Beat herceereBa pehutace He =§(DeR ~ 8-34 =A 2503 (pper Pa of oO euo-pecehyper holo.d) | | we ie pe Rernasnn meevic Baal Xun Edie Me) =X NAVE Z, (1,9, De Tang, 2=A2 ke 5 (H) ‘s poleuendehnice on 1, H, 3 ” ac y (ats i (is () . ‘Rocave wmode] Phsperbehe pe 2. PG (Se — tv 5 ere Vou H, NG % Drs nites we hee refeeion) ot i (Had IO). oO ae? ee Fi gu’ ou Ou (1-a*- wy)? 4 (uy amen) “Gew Ge) ty 2 gay A-ev?, 2u) ec od D (e —4-EL By ‘)e Of Soul “(0 H) 2. v Ja ov @ Ae = Jeun'rer)Observe that from the perspective of Riemann Geometry, any two isometric models are indistinguishable. So far, we have seen two, we shall soon see a third one. The function Y: 2p» 2-2 = 2 (ee /t 3) |H- 452eC[In2 08 = 39)! 505 Ste: H, a4 ‘s ab.section ae Cveeall UF Caw) u24 V *<43) thal £. bind Aiea Meare +6 3 (H+) f hf Siisecelorescy re a GAYA _ 2: OY 9 (Pey- 42 Ear Pos. a a5 (242)* (ie Coaelay- Rarnass Rebacins BIOS eae . Bory= POs 25% 3) = He) , AH Y 2) -fyp ERD . as) l-ceR jos. lee # oe Ove veckors of dere ealwnra: weade ons) ope ((QY , OY) = O=z(He) Ja? K or) Jews ar 2 3 hen Ss (&: ge) = =3 0,655 95° Si)- rapa [2+ at xy oO ak Mgeat = pola (2) TTD Nel ea | a MG -A (t- (2}) les (zeal (2-2/7)? syHe, (Hs) ane mo Dp ( ar 4. i ht te del oul rapeboo a ( yea a20/6/2022 acer o Sverace fe fepeemies (Lea Scr. ‘Bs f la audev Becki uy Bek ae he eS rk (Or, eS reo ities i Sear Rev se Ex Pelew ho oes lee os ay ks Ep eeeues aa Or Ch) 18 NOT an mon (3 Nin hemes Normal (oF ov Ou) orsHllece 3 oe NegUAR bea cheve. «S=P(U) ; G20; 5g 5 aCe al ete 5 vg Bar ee : . “4 i ie wee Makyices of Ty Dy. Ai J, = (1,78) 550 ain" a= (ad) age TetR. O uz ZEN, jena Peal a= 3" @ly=Zal i, > * $F toa Tn Riemann Zeametyy 5 te oyane e ~ £@ ie, 0 wele leompuce “354 (5, “32 ~ 384) G Ii dove merece gale a ele Neon Apa ‘ss ree es J > a doe- 20 rer HOWE heap /%. 1%, ny ap 22 ae Cady - “22 CH. Thay Re _ oy 3 Deis d= Ty see 13 (ge = ais, y= te lags iF iy. ¥.> ie. 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