\ Binomial Piskibubon Binomial Disbibutien coo Cascrels probaly Wy distadbukin vohich vs oblaened vshen the probability, pear ay the happening of, an ewonl D Cares Gs vn all giak and there ae only twoo events ‘tn cock tu'a) Hoy ex y The Pmbalr; iby a, acting ahead whina con & Jocsad ano af) dimen mut *ermauw, Come ta each tose te Pp- BI The occw tence of an evrertl Wom aca) called a cuccess. Te probability of access i duncted by op and gha mon- occurance ve failure. Thess the probability of a potlase im a wengle bol wy rztp fond [pra=i Let an ekperiment conmantun g of “n' trials be perlermed and thab tarolk one mdependints then athe probatalty of happening 40m event %' timex ond Sollurc ‘nov’ berms By musthiplicabion theorem, saab = rv ~ i The toatl no of Ways ow which the event cary happen t hemes exactly in'n’ tual is - Ne, where Yer ways one equally Wel mulnolly elluive and erhausbye event:\ yoneticn] Bx od, he Binomial reo P) i} r ou on n ; “ Aa) ne ne clef patos, th n ” \” HF iy cor? as Cy Pr . cs q° crt) ise S ° otter d «f disteibatren Ihe probabitd, Note thak - Ina bina 14) °, & getting, > bres ence ey Pixerde pore MP4 nee \ Aisessbutlico hen 2 poamele Poe Binomta iy Total probed . 3 Er: poo Pl® T= ptr) o yoo . oq" + P94 my "% ry ve on ra n-¥ [ern" Ze ey ee | 0 ae : 2 "apa = (p+)? eo "= | . OW) Tf the experiment (each cernnialng. of ntl) de Stpeatid N times, thenthe fern fodon ef Binemal dishibuben & f(s)- NPE) > Klong, van -y“ pysvel conditions fa Urneria) Distrloubien ‘ @) £ach trial veoulls tn duo musk cables Asnqned oubcornee — a success ov a |aihue Q We v0 of hiak.made when ny fine Othe bial one independLent of cach other 0 the probalslty Cuccese ‘plo @ con¢homt fo cach thal and failure 4 Ip? @ the mean ond Vaatomee of Probabitiky olishibubon. ~ n E(*) = 20) = S ve , ye . n Ton-¥ = SS Y. (cy P G a ni ry 0-¥ © f° pata beep! el “¥ 2 ul pqs © Be Gotwe S PO eey . apn @-)! pe n-i- Cre) 10 O-1-Cr)| Cr) y tl = fe! y mv) @-v-le) 5 fe me ai Crem) CI)! -f <) mele Ctl) EO)= PP es me va Y=! ne. (ptt <"P.pretemurnaasieiiecae Nosiance yr. eo - EC q cle) 22 feos a pi ¥r0 q te +t) pc) 68 ; Jew , soCa) + rth) = MOVIL ap 7 i mn veo - ee yPQ= | £ agp." PY yso Lb eal Bot _ 0 n-n)! | YO) (v2) - s 4 n) 7 o0-¥ - a Ys, P 0-0! (CALAIO- 9)! 9 = s cy poe 9-2-(1-3) 0 (a-CoylCl = 5 _NeHan-2)! tem g(t) = rare (22)! , = rUn- “1p” 1-2 1h 9 So rare? < Aen p” af ay”? L Ata) pya & . vind) pe — Gee ror (Gree f cw) = ACN) Py »p EC?) ~ (oy 2 aa panp - (mp)® yaw, i = Ry -op np-%?P = wp(t-p) - mpr Moment gennating funckoo we [ expectakon qe Be Tina amathematica and ws dencted by my We) - e(et*) ieee a “Se pO) -Se ) Some ee Pe Yn tT -7 fet he, par a0 boot > (pe +4): *ocoins axe tossed cimultameoruly , lind the probablity sh ed, athast ¥ heacls Ts Yate -foloves the Prnemial Aichi buben - Robabs lily of geting ¥ timer cuccess P(r) = ey, pan ‘i dials P= Vx te A Plasa)> cq (3B? # 1% (Dy ("1S L9”erfaewere] . os _tol +l yl : at * shal AV Olio} - ‘oy [soe wt + wees) + 10 +1] = bP] 10 + ys +n) . 219g = te 288 310 ey 22 = NOY Loy AL " Ce _ n Cy = Cnr ce Plays band B poy termig goanes Retr chaney vane na a ame ane in the vaho air Prespechiely find A's chance of wianing atleast 2 ee out” Sr nS WE Bee Wed. ¢ Probalaitay of A chance of winning +2 “S RC = BL) + WS We! = 2 > Ge 6 E2ay Be z Boh + Fen —Pr, of hh 4 al Bey pay Alte ta I, A = [T+ avlyyre) ie -@® _ sp SBM gk 62S PS) $B A + Out of 1600 Lamilies with a childven in each domnily - How Mamy jarriles Would be expecterl +o hase at least | bow ; exactly 2 boys. and. nboy, s4 > Probability of getting a boy paYo POD = Ney pap? N = 1600 Do 4 POY) = Vey (Cy Atleast one boy ‘Gg (DT. Sey I POre) = MG + Yee Te UG, 4 DCU \6 \6 i l¢ a en eae SQ) a No of families having exactly 4u00 boys ~y So) = NPC) = i000(3e) 6.0% No boy ea) : tee = te Noof families having 90 bow Elr)= Aply) = 1600 Ap) 100: ® Find the probabilily of -xolling Umexk 2 sixes , qive sos of alice ” probability of getting Ge PHY Vole ee ee tea rolls rida yey ost 9 ker io fire P(ver) = P(¥=0) + P(ver) + pOve2) = (OW GCI EB > ba O69 6g =rr axe dhsvogs FH! tomes How mi timez do you et atlost Aa te Showa 5 > a t ge P(ave) = PCA) + PCA) PLAQB) a getting empl b> qin" CG seb=d + tee 6 G Pe a 6 3 avon data follows tous the Binomial dishsienkon PO) = Mey prat” nee - 6 Y 7346 Sls @ cr 6 6-7 C an Ms (ye 2 “Ge 3 (423) z oo + Fey + °c6 _ ce Be =~ Lf 6! xo 4 bl eka 6 alas rt] a| sar vt sat anil 6\ xX = tf Gt xe + 6) iy ar Ox241 x| 3A ARB! vv -1 XSKUYSD XI a a + ce a 6 xa] ! (bo cae 10(ts) + gor 2th) 8 ~ 23d. _ = ca (729 £6) : aarst F Fax ase TT ime 3BPP ke oven pacer percentage *f 4 se mol eat a nN i 20. Whed ne prob mites Tey i) 6 candidetin atloet 4 P “me! 2 = i a FO) = Sey ey (aye Pr = 6 y BK KE + boy 9B ae | ge 22 ea 10 (oe - fel nay \ joe [st x tea rhRS + ina] = Le fasxst 6x98 5, [aes EXP X34 96 B : Hest 6xax3 +39] Be x ? Be a _ ae aie ie * lias we [12 te & ( S310 969 2 ayaa oh 10S = 0-444 the. men ond, Vorionce of bsnomal oyetn bution at HeS ama W2c Aespeck) Then fe sobabalty of PCxz ) “i fe5 = bie | a apy 2h l26 Ge OAS “F ps o-4s ne #8 Lg, os pP(xz') = I- P(x=0) = Io feo (0-48)"(0-28) =l— { (o:2s)* _ al = |1- 2U4xI0 by = 09997, *Findthe probate lity of guccese p a Q binem 1a) distiibukon - Ot HPCK=Q) = P(K=D , m=¢ Sqr ’ = bry pga = “he pag! axp _ a -C-))" MP = Lt PEP SP +ap slo Pegh™ i _ pro Sp rsp-prt =? “(ps 2p (pri) =\(px0 =O .POIScon _pistrravnon (9%)! >, | Poisson drstsibubon bb a discrete dtehs boty @ Nimmiting case of binomial dichsbuben. ce Poisson diclsbubion can be wed Under tp. emdihons, Pl, Each Ania) pewlls into two nuluatlyerth.- Outcome Lesmed as a Streceee and dh The ne of truvote' 2 | tf, { texod u weil dorge ie D> 6 Gi) TRe conshomt pre babstidy of succe gy Pp avery br < Small le pro m lope ay A base teal ono ba imicte,, 2 ped Y= '-P= 1A 7 4 ig Consicltr the 1 otlovoum eu les. o i 4, Aehech ve, objection a lorge + aa iota manbecaning Company. : the pool hooves wo raed) ues 5 particular hothie jonchinn’ om TH m2 of printing sides on each page both s nee bea diarete YONderm Variable v. aid to follow a poisson dishibuben 4 ye oh met ON Gabine Valuer V2 1, ”here O is Rnewn at the Poxemelinef tite é ai | gupsbutton KIN . \ 0. BAyt mA ru Aa - fe =| w Baa a @ a -ee =O jin Suppose the experiment Tepeated N times hen se ag, Of 7 eases FY fla) = NPM = nara? | Tete | fw) The dlichbutton funckoo F(D= &A= £ eat TEH rye0 ol p(s) ~ "e ms pond ‘om (4) (- sy ea sw a Co es) (ay aie) A (3 ys “(u Yo\(1-%)..- (1 es ay e oa (ey rl, Ce we M40) «(CE At” 5 Y eB Deine ae we a vl | il2) “po? : 2_(o0-+2) 70) 72 ¥20 © 2 xpo) - 27-0) + S7P tee EAN? + MA So eTa = tom -AtA Nesiiance, = VX) = EO?) -(Eoy =Apa-a¥ = ra Moment Genexating funckon Soy poisson my) = Ele) , E(e")B 2 2 eteta’ | veo 3 : 00 : +r x . ef ge. (acd (oy Y=0 a - fe ~et 26 a é Z 30 e ) ea sina book SF Goo POG, there as GOlypo Gophical Coors, the powson laws’ Tanoof pr no of exsors per page. Find rhe pookabiliy bat a rondomly chooser 4 pages Wall conlatn NO ervers/ 7 {peefiom the Cavers : Mean of exsor per page = GO® - O.| 6 CO Average N° of Mistober pew page =A =6) pti) = ponbng mic tones per page : slay — ol y = - 'e (0-1) a ae 2¢ Ths data. follows powsen dishi bution Mean = Az2°¢ “ pG) = + deaths - Ply=2) = ex - 2 G23)” | 2) Ina Manuferctusing cormnpamey ai, of the clecbse bulbs one defective Uswng probaly diskesb uty, find AML probatticty thak a Sample OF to butbe wiy Contain no ie. N=100 p= 0-03 or af pO = oe, (0-03 (0-93)? (em, cy 2 loage Mean =Az= 100(, =2 ~3 : P(rzo) = © 3° = By persson ) = Cn Tes on) U Thos Gucces [habs meclifectre. bulbsws no of phene calle per cnenunle om ing wok We th board belween 28 4 pam bo 25 fenctm a opabitily od dunting ene parkeulen menue ise wil he uo cable, | call .atmott scalls , piled 20. CONE » more than é6arlk. bd A=aQ@s- ph) = ana wT A 3295 «mo call plvzo) ie oe aor EG reall => P(v=I) = a eg)! S 2 C2) VW atemost S call: PRES) = P(ve0) + Plves)+-- - —f Pres) Be . Mod 2S 24 y 21 al re Gs X80. Sar 2 es) . sf Wee) = je P(X 420) Plsred= IH Pree)bez 2 Assuming thak ypi typiak fellows poiss prequencies ra the qotlewing mistakes Noof mictakus/page No ofpages | Sd> do poten disbtbulier meee) one Perorraty, 4 Ae mean = SAA Efi 120 ng. ruins PEY PARE COMM! “~ on distribution Find the expecta, Yo, distiibuben of typi 7 a |3 qo |30 \20 |IS | tol sp eet (go ee ror él 1-59 SE=N x! Plvs0) = 0-22 pCr=) = 0:33 pl=2) Ono Ss P(e) = 0125 play) = 0 O4F P(e) = 0-014Expectel | ey fy8 YP) 26-71-27 Pr ives ne Go-r=40 ZO-122Yy =30 1S 216 564-6 ey” oP Ae 2) 2% Continuous Random vasialle drondom voxiable X in said tobe continuous yoadem verialle uy Se cut poceible values ine given inteowei) Se afar tandann vosiobt.) — age, height were hl, eickene 3 Peobobilidy denscty tunchen for Continuous Zandem vorialle - Consider a emai interved (x4, uy dad length 44 oon he port * (Melghbourhecd of t) — Vain ~dy S ath dd fox) beomy siapeis anchor, So that fOddx Rapy Peent Se probed lity thot x polls int inteaval—_ NC 4the probability of p(x “da <% z+ de) = foun Now fxd represent the area Unde th Xaxts and the ordinals % dx ko ae . Itty an (a The Lunckion {te) & call probabildy dencit funchion and TM Cue 2 fa) 6 caked The Pobaeg Cue - The probability cnsity funchon £4) co fettersing condihons O) fp 76 Vr EI 7) | Foods =| Mane Tre probally of (ae teb) ~PlacreB = PCaex wont pede Sf mn L Foxy =f 4edde = Tob palalty | Flay « [aman -? If FG) non ceereas "9 ie it nite Fo, > f(r) = Fi) at all pont ee aC UCy dilfeentiable ; ) Norma). distnbubon 2) Multionak dishrbuhon 2) Umi fern (Reckamguler) Hs nbuhon 4) loeaewmo} ddtribubon YY? exponential dulnbution 7/6) Geanma disbibuben 2) Beta dithibubon Y Cor distsbuhon 7) logue digbibubay to) Lag Logistic dishAbubon VY Weibull. ats4, —— fa) a JOL oe tel 4 oO olbevwue fi E Pa int £0), vex) E(aurs), v(2-sx) = 5V® 1 So 7 ie - B+ Je = 3tS-% =] eon =he CK) = [PFI 1 j Qxt-2! w+ tor) ain 3 ie -2u +)o is " 5 4 3 ae — ay 8 2 86450 _o2] _ &6 -2 = 34Y-3NS is q | fc ot es 2 CO V(x) = s. 4 > = tf (x) = [eers- DIimT + 102?) da CE) eye 2s = Boe Ww (29)\" ee tA v = os- (o-4e3) ” O3-— 0:2336 " 0: 06638. BS SD: 0.9536Plrey) 7% =) Hla) da = aan J $000» ah a(h ee meal kt and 4 joke - J, zs 2 4 2 z yJq -2 1se3 ’ - 3 3 BEL" ~ $4 + Gok -G = 0 => 3 GEY -I4E® + gL] =6 Fe ea hae =e od ea abeFr. Ed ie Qa yercr Atte ~-ant3a 26% 63 SS | 0 6 2 3 an = fflvda+ { Sla)daa ( ¢Cajolas (FOrrdm { for _S ° i ~ i oO + \Erdn > , - 6% panda a Vodnt arta) ato } ( = ox! a on) (- aily3an) = Lr att - fs}+3a-(1) > Hatq — a > a vis = a-ha - > 2a Gg 20 =) > ath P(106 a e2- w) a findan + q "Yolde vol = yle-ie) + ed (2-1-06) 4 - 2 yee LIT 3) tL] @19"| +2 (0-95). B oH irmr Ne uation 2° Nornat pistabuben pian Fe - MolvTe Aevelopect N. English Mather Distsibukion th 1733 04 07 omen a bine dittribucten (dinlling cove & Prinemal cla tobutton) Laplace usec the noma) case 9 (183 to ean, lhe cListsibuben of ers Gubsequently Gorse wae, neval cuaue fo analyse aswenomal cata th ( Notma) @ittbubon & also cabled Gomsetan, dstibution: : rpat A nesmal distmbuben BO VOY a Hotutticas det, dikdbutien pattinn occuring v many nallanl phenemenova earch os height, weiaht, lengths Of te. objec prduced by a machine ee. fx a DAMA) distAbubion the twe prramétrs involved in the probotuit, dutnbubon funchonans- Dmean (p) D Standoxd Deviation (a) Daigeevali the neimal duhubuliin was daiwed he tonto eA, Micomiad istbutton | 1 ar Ovo lege & p&a-p ane nb very . wa conkenueus fandorm Vonielile X & said to have 1 ‘ pe G Gomtétan Dinbibution wth parayniti! bef probabil, disterbutinn Landiontb cob4 1 =( 22H)" 1 fO > Tre © ~%EH C00 ~ © p(2 Ae \ -afe ~ =A Je ary =le-e -Av Fax) - Free a0 ¢ O cleo where * het the milage Cth thousands af mile) of o porticule, Hynes be a Yandom vaxtable'X? having the pavbahlit dencrty funchon £0) Ve EP x50 LLo find the probalmbty that one of these tepes will [ast ®) abynoet (0,000 mils ») Oona where faom 16,000 to 24,000 m ile, c) atleast av,oco miler. d) find mean & Voxtance sl - da 3 mian = 5 20 Vastonce 2 1 a +00.Reto. ao Wo 1 gore O-3q 3469 > _ piles % 424) a i Sods aM 6 Xho = JS Reey, L 1G _ ae hye piel! eee a + rl » ' ~~ OS+ a.qaq Olea OIE @xi=t2 0) este eG its) © = 1 f 4a fs sa =l- (i-e _2&ho aaeeCo Sal St = O23 535“det tome ‘2’ (in ceamds)thal Ut tater @ Certarh Compute teminal (tie elapred me bhw the o, eas enquiry & the pe tnkng of the eystime oy Te te) as an easier dichibuhon ite! Xo wconcls . Comp utc The probolilitice ety 0) P(xeae) , 9P(x220) * 9 PR%exer,) d) foy what Valu ben UXeV=05 S]- Given Arbo tans £0, flx) = Py Porc PX € a0) - & 2" = P20 ~ 3r ~l{-2 =| = [-0-22318 = O76 > b) P(x 20) . I~ p(x €20) a ~@-e%) z| = 03672 c) P (202% 226) . -2e4)° = S/o _ Boe: = ©3678 9.99219 n.uuG9 7)= 13-863 ae qoma Dist buben- vy ee vv “pniade! a caystem contuting 4, one onginal gant aNd Y-1 Spase components (Hotal y ce-mponerts) Vet when ovigurel cornponent hauls, ome of the Cet) a component te Ubed TL this component folk eh the (2) Ypare Comnponenttz Be Used The eystirs pis ony uzhen the otic component anda tthe tiene componente Yo . gccume that lite tumen Xi yXa-- -hy oH aa jupltoalt of Ure essential componente home nfuni. aye Hermes ex cept for the onquney} component . © Suppose each ofthe random Vosiakles Xx) Ky hawethe Come exponentral ditch bution with foometix A % ore probabilitically Independent Then -the ife tmz (Lime until frllurre) of the enkre_ Systum & Y qe aa haseng the qe diets bulton vorthdunccy Hinthin fy = § Mayen V 20 3@ oO fy eter L fave) 2 Gan 2 vUv41) ind \ ke* eot)= BE Variance = EU®) - Ew)” = ¥(t4) ~9¥Y = PRY at a qemrne. Aicden buen — mean &Varionce coincide. Note “VIE T=1 the gamma distabution,.& reduced ‘iste eronuntial dListtbulan. > When for a longe. voles of © (8350) then the ey ® reduced ‘nto normal distmeubeon 7 hen Oe & Fe X/p he Gamma distrbuta vecluced ” the chi cquaw & dicénibubon with eq rece st—__ ™~ y preedom. Remoullis, spisteibution on ia usefial When Thee > pernoullis dicks bution ; . Ge no omnes ancl our Inter ea! leg ty mby “Poe pestible ovte "ter et syheber g cu ANY One of-mwe outcorner - a ? fon, buys & ervlain prod uch a N90 £) Succece & foulure. D Male & Female 7 Abuten ALL, - “The name Ol-the Bernoullis Se $10 the Sunny Moth emalsecan James Qemoulli These eiclermer are usually lenslecp by diguay Valurs [og 1), Suppose thabadwal oran eX Pewmnent whose oulcome can be clacei fre c) a2 either a cup oY frtine ws Pperlamed AW X=) when the ‘Y xzo outcome lo a Succery When it & a faluae : Voriable'X’ hara Bemou Mebeci til macy f then Qrtand We atchib whey 4 the anchon of x i iy Ten by Wx en). ¢ P Wf Xe] UP=4 WF wep Greene distsbubo, Lunchiag Fes 6 Mix Zo SP UF oar \- hen” © Consider the continuous random variable - ~ wating tim A the train’ — suppose that atrain AMES eve Zomy & Te waihig tine of a.panticular perser * Yand ‘and % canbe any time contained in the Mlervay 0-20 mijp “he 104, pro bobltey densihy funche, & Sty) = i Osi £0 ‘ eins \ . Yue EQ) - 1 food nae > 36 38 = to J YOO = EG) = Teens, oO w= ah o p=lo = LY woo 102 ate = | = “eLit) = 100 Ae) a we can color probablify af waiting b] lo- 3 RL jo49 2 qe -- = fF to } 20 Ut c=F By Tschebyschers Iuqualily PCK-Wee) a y- Var (x) a 2 |— 100 349) 2 I 9-66 > ki - 0-32.Voor ! ° fe distribukon - ial f (om dimen a) plu 4id+ PL 4) + POU ya) t= = FPO YO) P( XeXi 2 RkPiLt Pist- - Pin YY = B.A = Pit ie IM pepe The maryinal probability function cb Y ) Pobabrlhy pretibulien of y P(1= 4p) = P(K=%EOY= $y) or PO zt 0 Ye 4g) can PREAH O MH) “P(X = 4m ¥* 4) a PRM) + POG Yj) + --4 PLL t ml Pl Xen 143) M V Take tees te ARs t Pj See = Pa§0 ‘tidy function o rl Re conditional Prphalbilely function ef y qr Vacca ee =4i au“ dace { . cop 0 Ye Y 4 P(x2rijey)= LOD A \ Ply=4y) ( - Play) Pej e ce} § xi, (Fii/tey)f & called Iie condittona) Probalatch, diclAbubon of x ec Ye 4 In Condékoned Bobabiliky 4 quer X=U te si) eu) = PUY AX =H) r( pa -@ ry Pie And the tot LB (Pui/o. if ty called the condlittonal Probability drctabuton of Y aren Kam {Cure 45 Note hu te20 random vasiable x,¥ are independent, P(R=ti {= 41) = PLX= Xi). Pye 4i)ative pistrbulton Funchon om 6) bea two Dimenu’ (~,¥) F onal dicack randen The Oe nike COE of &Y) & defined as able gin) 2 Plxe ced) © POE™ and Ye4) Apo be Xe ed and oe cote kus the follows 4 F(- 4 = wo é aa F(-0,00) ae 7 PASSE VAD > PCB) Flas p(Kex, cayed = F(x,4)- PCa, c) ¥p(aexcb, Cer eyed) = €(b,d) - Fe) forthe [ploustng Buwortate fe eengeo.7 ene) yo bo 4 ct fe 7) Vhs qn. [aa 13,0 Wag TarPartner Meet FEY ~ 3P( xen yd ne pay) > P(Yed = - plye ot p(yent Piven) = p(reor fog + OC L Jeti 39 _ &br Ply=i) = Ife P(y22) = Var Mer) Sah oY \ plys2) = 1- & _ oF OD oe 2 P(x 22) = P(sso) + Plx=\) & Ha. + for vo Sane / 33" e = Ia = BRS > P(xet fy 62) = Pear nyed) PCY £2) P(X £1 nYE2) = P(xsoM=0) +P(K=0,¥=t) + O(x=0, YL $P(K at, Yeo) & PC KEL, Yar) + PCa 9 + a 2 ‘ Btn a tl AOS etd 20 32 vP- a 20/3 in a fl (te avez) = Tan - oe gt aon mast bunchcond (x, J P(U4) ~ k(sxtay) qi AabL 34 d= 0) d= pe marginal dictnbution QOnd conditional a distnbuen of xe Y. P Xi fy or 4) of 42/4 41) MO = y= I Aq Mx aay [y« 2) = Pe um Ox2D PY =2) aRist? | be Plyery qck POH) yh Ab dL %=2) Yeu PURea 4a) gk 1 “PCRS hee Ae PC Gh) =) ‘ P(x e2/ye)) > P(x er nye) plve)) Wet) v=0) + P(X =U Y>0) +P(K=3, ¥~0 4 P(X=1, Ye 9aP(e ea, yet) 4 P(e 3,721) aay rey 2 Sha Gk Hay shank Higg Ge + aah ~ I+ 3ale Shy oh ———pyobatriby aril honky fanclen f eonknucux Hell vauall. ant /¥) be a two dimensional conbnuous © oiable- Consider an infinitesimaS redemgulas ir of Grace dad 4 depenecl by [eas * tea f@- i <¥ < yey). ye aan that « peret ey Pate val ona 1 wer be er fant > jateel* wh ' . j2 [Era] nN eke rdaret & Heb) dx © Ge 1) = aa es ) ule wey ~ 2% for ) ~ (Sr Py, A = a[ats = ro to ov S$ J aly dady Y=o xu (rr oY = P(y evel, oevel) 0 :wf [ase ey -ai' xe es tae ~ Yeo 2 tt 3 f Fe a CaP) APR s— Ds = 2 f gcapn vt) + (a0? Jab 0 » =| — yr is ae > ' 6 =| — ogi ue r a) P(xe *) = Poe X6 4a) = P(o exe2/3, o Cth ECX), ¢-p" “ ¢ Cx), $d ewe | = Wy — A ye spre’ fe iver? peputation « 3 cum skater tice! Invest, ations, we ven by , ives AQoe Cortain charactessshes af o youp wot duals yather than of the individuals . Cuel y iad 4 ou?” of jodiiduals” @ cattec| a pepulaten oy 4 co The individual meu be obpects (anime ov it ) and population may be Lint o infiicl can industry may be manufackiang elecvic Fos Tre tokaliky che fuses mantbackued Hyd a population. a spike poprlaten is Unfiris cr ven Jonge then t - cack posvible & glicdy a chavactcai che: Using the Mie population: We Colechafinide subsetor wbsits thee poprliation u calla as Gampler, for chdying Ba characdeyuties . The no of tndividuedls rhe sample & called the sample A2@. Te process fudecking these sowmpler ia-callid Sampling. ie ne objective Wn" sampling oto draw Inlevence. population alterstudying the charachevichy te Samples or usdng, tre info. obtadned from the Samba Tae : bhfo we te may assive ata decigion of a ceephogl a Porkiculer ituns by examing of Samples oh the if, However tre alee p tance [ fejeckion b& bated 0 the Characterishes of the campy samples gives Tee 4 the ® error called as sarnpling ener. = Roi roplin ene dhe sampls are solr cky random which excludsthe poserbstifer and ead of Pepulaton has equal chanced being melded e the Somnps The main panemelins 3} the Bela arn Mercy L Yoniownce. The populatin pacomelie — Mean = . Vaxanns o™ Sample Prrometere - Mean's X 3 vortounce = g* Some dhonackristic Ate wv. whih we are ‘intirestid & hot bnew, We choot: A Yandor sarqple and eblen: info. absut thir characen she, which tokernas an ethmatr ef tw characienshic Qthe pepulabon. TAas & colledthye population of estimahen. Sone into about acharacesistc ofthe popu: Hon move. Ne with fo kmow whether thiscorp We choese Q Tandem Sample and te thes charackenske bared ants info, Fy ile yghether wrovetlall unfe -ef tine i ol he pop ulacticn can be acecplid ov also with to know that dub can be Hh un to what deguee 4 conpifenee ¥ canbe (ates i callid the problem 4 Cating Me 1" cqpipicon ; (pe a ponarsult a population and & be ponding cample porarnetr- Seince 8. eblaincd nr) sandom Sample there Will bedeviaten | rane BY O LOTR may be due be te Year icon 5} comple is nét cormplatcly random. . A populedtion & aiven bo ut and we wth fo haw” pomebion about a characteriche Of the population , ) ypttoat With Fhe ostumpher that there no. ipigcant dlyerence Hiv the Sample ctobishe,(somfe warner) and “the coretponding pepulal : joamler ov blw to sample Cabctec This info. jottheve to NO eign ktcance te called ac NULL qportesie. and “Ub t ended by “H’, . ne tat uw alt ror he Null Agpethule k md a “Atternative lly potheste and bb dendted by methoce that ore used fo. clecicle whither OK fopk oy refeck & Null ly pothesis 62 an olbinalive Me ros wehypothesis ave called Teste of -ilypotbests «1 © Beth poameer of pepulation and & be conesperdng Slatetic eblained for rondo SAMPIC OY Senp parsomekuy then we swotak Vint Yo > O > Oy (Right Biledl tp Hy - ee? 8 Be (Hoff balled tay -caitical Region 9 Giktcal Values, dure! iif coe Leclthe comple chariche ¥’ Le ina certain Teqion “R" ty the comple aes If we decide that the: AY bl the penametin puladisn andy, cample stabulic 4 we hen te the null Le 8 lefectid & aceepid alternatwe tu poate Th, refed reqien b salud Gritica) Region rejection. Fe complimentary regen of R' a calli pewplenes Ragin kage ef acceptance. Let bby rods By Shakiche obtained wi, & random cawaple oF VIL 0 pe EQ - Xa) Lh bet Cibo reqeot? Region S Ye\ ection LD be the a of accep ed etek) My) ea P(EER/ ty) = Bo Than = gives the probability that & random valu oy Statistic ies nthe 1 ee as “ier oe wel of Sterniperne”, 108) , reais ¢,| Gamiktcamce & Un expressed ara */, = y pel eed the Pieaneene ie wSittepae fhe ors jrgmificonce . The value qu Ct el a )lowr coleutaleeh vole} which eprecents iTgtté wr reqien oF CHE cal veq on and the accep- # epee is called the Cuttcal value ©y) the siqni- i! a d, % & thin vo dendkd byrZ, ert, Where fe a . wos i iM a he two tailed o single tailed’ tet the cae . bo quen by the porben op the atta under of jphhy Curve of the cam pling dickAbubon Of the rer bebe. Jn this. case of two tevkidrtint the Wi yale im) aprer Pre Perko’ of tre wren lying job ha erts ym). the peel woes In the case 4} LH tail tere the enbical region & the ligt tated under the probats th, wars dll Up the wig he tolled) test the enbeal eqion ‘yin the nght foul under the probabilihy anve. tubo lave] of eran) kicance ‘se’ be presembed dence] by 2. The eiteol value Of test chobee Oa Ke given lave) of siaripicamer (0) forthe Stat we hove youewenes re ; () Two toiled tot. . Plat? 2.) aon : . Chea) valvereu Obtained fiom the nw ung the tables st area — Theunder -the ctandord mormal cwwe) » calculated 2 < tabulatd /precle fina x then lo w accepted 2 £>kx Ho & rejected Rejected! veanon mea P( 127 %x)= & “The +otal anced}, the MH eed Yegien undey the Prbability uve ts % Kinee the cyrnmg af dhe Probably CUE. P(Jzl> zz) SP(deaxn oe + P(x Zx) : = P(%7 Ra) + P(Z7%x) = BPR Za) OP(K? zu) = 4 PlRrRu) = pes P(%¢-22) = Plerz4ye & The reqecid region ao | > The wea woder tach tail b wy Q ee it oh Real vale, Za-zy olor CHbico] : we she acceptance weopion Uy 2y 2 24% 2, %, an . <1 7k), Thos interval ts called conkiden c eee Hr beet of seine.failed lest | fi, orbcal Yale 26.0. obtained. fromthe eg 774) = a of cncal i tole it tell unde ee ie the the 19 oP te 20h a ley sede Gee p Why curve, iaile red Cet fon enttcal value 2 ce ablatned from the cq” mde atea Of the ophbcal Yégien ba x 1 te gu 4 the left ful Under the Probability { ure: Tipe Lewor We Aeject the Ww trypotheris de, when hi Bure we refect a comagnmnent of Li when He Urns Ont Good. eedent 0 contiqnment of items rohan ay ane Pod] = P [Reject He/He is towel Malye ok ewer & called the Teduces 7st —r Tepe D exsor ~~ We aecept the nuit hypottetis When not o i-€ we accept a comaignrtent of tims when the oan ase notgeod Placcept a comagn ment of tems when Tey an. geod) = P(accept Ho(He % 64 bee) - Proceduse of esting of HYPE Step! * Define a nul hy pothesis He & athermatiine hypothesis HI He duped basecl On topo tated Bat oF Ging tolled tut p2: fix the Surtable Wel oF Bignifecance o wh, depencle onthe porbicularpreblenn Ths ia” prescvibed in aclvance. beforethe random, comple iu draven trom the Handond nomad ebtes amd we obtain tne Value Ae, boy the Clip 2: Compute tw. tak ghaticho £=Z = te Ee) the tat Stabistics in the vasious cases deed eorln quien below — cased Text for tu df ce Hw ¢ Lv populate wee Hw comple mean X- KoB Th the. a b popwlation Yosdonwee(sp) is not know "a (awk al me where SP standard deviation 4 canmple. 18 fo Aibferen ce belween Meang ose that two samples are drawn fom same 0 athe SD eo’. amd wth ahr z, - X; yl ae ‘ o a ging of fiast sample ‘of sample 2° os not qiven. AEN, ! 2 . where SP AS? ace Vouciance Pte sumples . Ps ff 17 os Spt s>. oa casee » Test for the digg blw standard demiaheng “pte populations @ | populahon , i sample om) rsaanples , Theiv variamess of 2 oF one unknorsy Jen WE approximate by Covseg panding Vaniances Yr a. 38Y ag 8 trem Corresponding 2 a ka = pr tee Compane the Values of 12) Cour caleulated ‘alue) and tabulated value Xa)if jz] ez, then "accept 4H, (no exrer) eh w Yejected] 5) Tr lel > ky then we ve fect Ho CThere is & cagnisi « bi A awen dati" « Lene! of siemibicnnts)“Tra large lol of electsic bulbs, tre mean life anche. cIhe butbe ave 260 his a dob ‘tpl act ©f Gace bulbs & Choose, ur & foun a me Llp and Sp ofthe bulbs im 2 FA™PL Oe AEE can we enude that the o hys respectrely ; ‘i Sample draun faom Ain oe Mh abe, tos Sole Al, = m0 exer [pull hy pothes & [the sample hay be, dvoun rom the popuha } with H=260h, and ¢P &) = 9ohrs: Ye: pe Pee poner Right tarledtet Me pot 860 p, net du eve not queen any companizion Me cme two tailed tect. gz x-k o_ Vn 2 355-360 A Spe o * ae) bas e-ae Be Te = = 12384, \2] = 1339 : =— Ka Xe7 = Xooe (dete vallut for two wild wat) = 196| “ s/. lof ye d 2ss 233 196 boys at’ a Re ee ae ah wane > al p- EL 22a| a aA P| eo 4 Sess > Vranios 4c ED Ex - a | ew SEH) p(e-ee< sy, = a7 o(b- a SER) £ ELS Xe SEC) = a te SEC) df sample l= XI ; . The sek Gall padunts voho ponkctpated £ athala, te compehon Somple Xze7he StF at nd ponticip ated on competion . x) 2167 9) = S0 Sr 1) = 160 Yo=(e3cem Y=loen) ean b eiq ht of =90mM Nutt defiered — Noll luypeth eis Ho: Ho KX: (no Ganire : XK -SC Sqniptoant diy. bw mons of poukict- pating L not paticipaing tudunita a 4Hp= Xi > Xa Studi, - . ‘ ON tallur) “ a ans Tus deta fottews r tani tolled tut auld TOY S3n qe Benk Bog? he Ge a y aE ale [itae orteh seo ~ 3.4 © To ¢ 192 bor so" 166 BV? VEE 3? nous = 4X al’ doe vejectecl LH is Mecepted hee sarrple of 200 people i in a city , 108 liketo andthe rernaint like te ico watches Can we conduc thatthe both, qe loca) wakchis axe pops ina cy. Tesh ee significance. je fe thc dala Sasople age ° = 200 + . s fe sample proparbion S people who would) ike to ohove Impovtecl voakchts = 108555 3 c sa pileoen proportion 4 people prnchosing imparted Q@- 1-P=(-K=G- oo oO | Oo c= Be You 200 cm ok 8/00!" MeN Foo _ =tl3- Ld $ “Test chabkiche ze Ph Pa _ 0:06 xe