WINDING UP OF A COMPANY BY TRIBUNAL, CRITICAL

STUDY OF RELATED LAWS UNDER COMPANY ACT, 2013

AUTHOR :AESHITA MARWAH

https://taxguru.in/company-law/winding-up-company-tribunal-company-act-2013.html

Abstract

The winding up of a company is the process of terminating its business operations and liquidating its assets. The
process can be initiated voluntarily by the company or by an external entity, such as a creditor, and can also be
done through a tribunal. This paper presents a critical study of the laws related to the winding up of a company
under the Companies Act, 2013, with a focus on the role of tribunals in this process.

The Companies Act, 2013, provides for two types of winding up: voluntary and compulsory. Voluntary winding
up occurs when the company’s directors or shareholders decide to wind up the company due to various reasons,
including loss of profitability or inability to pay debts. Compulsory winding up, on the other hand, is initiated by
an external entity, such as a creditor, and is usually done through a tribunal.

The paper analyzes the role of tribunals in the winding up process and the various provisions under the
Companies Act, 2013, that govern the process. The study also examines the challenges faced by tribunals in the
winding up process, including delays in the process and the need for adequate resources to manage the
liquidation process efficiently.

Page Contents

1. Winding up of a Company by tribunal

2. Introduction to Winding up of a Company by tribunal
3. Historical Development of Law Relating to Company Winding Up
4. Formation and Registration of Companies
5. Corporate form of Company Enterprises
6. The Co-Operative Organisation
7. Definition of ‘Company’
8. Incorporation of Companies (Procedure for Registration)
9. Effect of Registration of Company
10. Management and Administration
11. Restrictions on Powers of the Board
12. Meetings of the Board
13. Concept of winding up of company
i. Definitions of Winding up
ii. Meaning of ‘Winding up’ of a Company
iii. Winding up under Indian Company Law
iv. Winding up under the Companies Act, 1956
 14. A Company may be Wound up
i. Winding up by the Court
ii. Voluntary Winding up
iii. Winding up of the company by the Tribunal: Compulsory Licensing by Tribunal
15. Grounds of Winding up of Company
16. Suggestions
17. Conclusion

1. Winding up of a Company by tribunal

Winding up of a company is a legal process that involves the closure of a company’s affairs and the liquidation
of its assets. The process can be initiated by the company or by an external entity such as a creditor, and it can
also be done through a tribunal. The purpose of winding up is to bring an end to the company’s operations,
discharge its debts, and distribute the remaining assets among its shareholders.

Winding up of a company can be a complex and time-consuming process, involving multiple stakeholders such
as shareholders, employees, and creditors. It is governed by various laws and regulations, and the process can
differ depending on the circumstances and the type of winding up.

In the case of compulsory winding up, where the process is initiated by an external entity such as a creditor, the
court or tribunal plays a crucial role in overseeing the process and ensuring that it is conducted fairly and
transparently. As noted by Justice Nariman in the case of Innoventive Industries Limited v. ICICI Bank[1],
“the object of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 is resolution, wherever possible, and failing that,
liquidation”. This highlights the importance of exploring options for resolution before resorting to liquidation in
cases of winding up of a company. Overall, winding up of a company is a complex legal process that involves
multiple stakeholders and requires careful consideration of various legal and financial factors

2. Introduction to Winding up of a Company by tribunal

The winding up of a company is the process of bringing its affairs to an end and liquidating its assets. The
process can be initiated either voluntarily by the company or by an external entity, such as a creditor, and can
also be done through a tribunal. In the case of winding up of a company by tribunal, the process is initiated by an
external entity, usually a creditor, who petitions the court for the winding up of the company.

The process of winding up by tribunal is governed by the Companies Act, 2013, which replaced the Companies
Act, 1956. The Act provides for two types of winding up: voluntary and compulsory. Voluntary winding up
occurs when the company’s directors or shareholders decide to wind up the company due to various reasons,
including loss of profitability or inability to pay debts. Compulsory winding up, on the other hand, is initiated by
an external entity, such as a creditor, and is usually done through a tribunal.

The winding up process by tribunal involves various stages, including the appointment of a liquidator to manage
the liquidation process, the realization of the company’s assets, payment of creditors’ dues, and distribution of
the remaining assets among the shareholders. The tribunal plays a crucial role in overseeing the winding up
process and ensuring that it is done in a fair and transparent manner.

The winding up of a company by tribunal can have significant implications for its stakeholders, including
shareholders, employees, and creditors. It can result in the loss of jobs, investments, and reputational damage for
the company. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the winding up process is conducted in an efficient and
transparent manner to minimize the negative impact on the stakeholders.

3. Historical Development of Law Relating to Company Winding Up

The law relating to the winding up of companies has evolved over time through various legal developments and
precedents. The concept of winding up of companies can be traced back to the 19th century, where it was first
introduced in the English legal system through the Companies Act, 1862. This Act provided for the winding up
of companies and the distribution of assets among the shareholders in the event of the company’s insolvency.

The concept of winding up was later incorporated into the Indian legal system through the Indian Companies
Act, 1913. The Act provided for the winding up of companies by the court and the appointment of a liquidator to
manage the liquidation process. The Companies Act, 1956, replaced the 1913 Act and further developed the law
relating to the winding up of companies. It introduced the concept of voluntary winding up, where the
shareholders could initiate the winding up process, and made provisions for the appointment of an official
liquidator.

In recent years, the law relating to the winding up of companies has undergone significant changes with the
introduction of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016. The Code provides for a unified legal framework
for the resolution of insolvency and bankruptcy cases, including the winding up of companies. The Code
emphasizes the resolution of insolvency cases through a time-bound process, and failing that, the liquidation of
the company. The Code has also introduced various mechanisms for the protection of the interests of creditors
and other stakeholders in the winding up process.

In summary, the law relating to the winding up of companies has undergone significant development over the
years, with various legal developments and precedents shaping its evolution. The introduction of the Insolvency
and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, has further modernized and streamlined the winding up process, providing a more
efficient and effective legal framework for the resolution of insolvency cases.

4. Formation and Registration of Companies

A company is a legal entity that is formed and registered under the law of a country. The process of forming and
registering a company involves various legal and procedural requirements, which may differ depending on the
country and the type of company being formed. In general, the process of forming a company involves the
following steps:

i. Choosing a name for the company and obtaining approval from the relevant authorities.

ii. Drafting the company’s articles of association, which set out the rules and regulations governing the
company’s operations and management.

iii. Appointing directors and other officers of the company.

iv. Issuing shares and raising capital for the company.

v. Registering the company with the relevant regulatory authorities and obtaining the necessary licenses
and permits.

5. Corporate form of Company Enterprises

The corporate form of company enterprises refers to the legal structure under which a company is organized and
operated. This form of organization provides certain advantages such as limited liability protection, separate
legal personality, and perpetual succession. A company can take various corporate forms such as a private
limited company, a public limited company, or a limited liability partnership, among others. Each form has its
own legal requirements and obligations.

6. The Co-Operative Organisation

A cooperative organization is a type of enterprise that is owned and operated by a group of individuals who have
come together to achieve a common economic goal. Cooperative organizations are formed on the principles of
voluntary membership, democratic control, and equitable distribution of profits among members. Examples of
cooperative organizations include agricultural cooperatives, credit unions, and housing cooperatives.

7. Definition of ‘Company’
A company is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners or shareholders. It is created under the
law of a country and can own assets, enter into contracts, and conduct business in its own name. A company can
be owned by one or more individuals or other entities, and its ownership is represented by shares. The liability of
the company’s owners or shareholders is limited to the amount of their investment in the company, which
provides a measure of protection against personal liability for the company’s debts or obligations. The term
‘company’ can refer to various types of entities, including corporations, partnerships, and limited liability
companies.

8. Incorporation of Companies (Procedure for Registration)

The process of incorporating a company involves several steps, which may vary depending on the jurisdiction.
Generally, the process includes the following steps:

i. Choosing a name: The first step in incorporating a company is choosing a unique name that is not
already in use. The name must comply with the requirements set out in the applicable laws and
regulations.

ii. Memorandum of Association: The Memorandum of Association is a legal document that sets out the
company’s constitution and objectives. It includes the company’s name, registered office address, and the
names of the initial shareholders.

iii. Articles of Association: The Articles of Association set out the rules and regulations for the
company’s internal management and operation. It includes provisions related to the appointment of
directors, the conduct of meetings, and the distribution of profits.

iv. Appointment of Directors: The company must appoint directors who will be responsible for
managing the affairs of the company.

v. Registration: Once the above steps are completed, the company must be registered with the relevant
government authorities.

9. Effect of Registration of Company

Once a company is registered, it becomes a separate legal entity from its owners. It can own assets, enter into
contracts, and sue or be sued in its own name. The registration of a company provides various benefits, such as
limited liability protection for the shareholders and the ability to raise capital through the issuance of shares.

10. Management and Administration

The management and administration of a company are typically vested in its Board of Directors, who are
responsible for making strategic decisions and overseeing the day-to-day operations of the company. The Board
of Directors appoints the senior management team, including the CEO and other executives, who are responsible
for implementing the Board’s decisions and managing the company’s operations.

The Board of Directors is responsible for managing the company’s affairs and making strategic decisions. The
Board is accountable to the shareholders for the performance of the company. The Board is responsible for
setting the company’s objectives, policies, and strategies, and for monitoring the company’s performance. The
Board appoints the company’s officers, such as the CEO and other executives, and is responsible for overseeing
their work.

11. Restrictions on Powers of the Board

While the Board of Directors has broad powers to manage and administer the company, there are certain
restrictions on their powers. These restrictions may be set out in the company’s Articles of Association or in the
applicable laws and regulations. For example, the Board of Directors may be restricted from entering into certain
types of transactions without the approval of the shareholders.

The Board of Directors is also subject to fiduciary duties, which require them to act in the best interests of the
company and its shareholders. These duties include the duty of care, the duty of loyalty, and the duty of
disclosure. Directors who breach their fiduciary duties can be held liable for damages.

12. Meetings of the Board

The Board of Directors typically holds regular meetings to discuss and make decisions on various matters related
to the company’s management and administration. These meetings must be conducted in accordance with the
procedures set out in the company’s Articles of Association or the applicable laws and regulations.

The Board must give notice of the meeting to all directors and allow them sufficient time to prepare. The notice
must include the date, time, and location of the meeting, as well as an agenda of the items to be discussed.

During the meeting, the Board must keep minutes of the proceedings, which must include the date, time, and
location of the meeting, the names of the directors present, and a record of the decisions made.

Resolutions:

Resolutions are decisions made by the Board of Directors or the shareholders of the company. Resolutions can
be passed through a meeting or by written consent. Resolutions may be ordinary or special, depending on the
nature of the decision being made. Ordinary resolutions require a simple majority of votes, while special
resolutions require a higher threshold, such as a two-thirds majority.
Resolutions can have significant legal implications, and therefore, it is important to follow the correct procedures
when passing a resolution. Resolutions must be properly drafted and recorded, and the relevant parties must be
notified of the decision. Any deviation from the proper procedure may render the resolution invalid.

13. Concept of winding up of company

Winding up is the process by which a company is dissolved and its assets are liquidated to pay off its creditors
and distribute any remaining assets to its shareholders. The concept of winding up can be traced back to the early
days of corporate law, when the purpose of incorporation was primarily to raise capital for large-scale projects
such as building canals and railways.

Over time, the purpose of incorporation expanded to include a range of business activities, and the rules
governing the winding up of companies became more complex. Today, the process of winding up a company is
governed by a complex set of laws and regulations, including the Companies Act, 2013 and the Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Code, 2016.

The winding up of a company can be initiated voluntarily by the company’s shareholders or by an order of the
court. In the case of a voluntary winding up, the shareholders pass a resolution to wind up the company and
appoint a liquidator to oversee the process. In the case of a court-ordered winding up, the court appoints a
liquidator and the process is governed by the rules set out in the Companies Act and other applicable laws.

One of the key issues in the winding up of a company is the distribution of its assets. The assets of the company
are typically sold off, and the proceeds are used to pay off its creditors. If there are any remaining assets, these
are distributed to the shareholders in accordance with their rights and preferences.

In India, the winding up of companies has been the subject of a number of court cases over the years. One such
case is Madhusudan Gordhandas & Co. v. Madhu Woollen Industries Pvt. Ltd.[2], which dealt with the issue of
whether a company could be wound up if it was unable to pay its debts. The court held that a company could be
wound up if it was unable to pay its debts, and that this was a valid ground for winding up under the Companies
Act.

Another important case is Official Liquidator v. Dayanand & Sons[3], which dealt with the issue of whether a
company’s assets could be sold off before it was wound up. The court held that a liquidator could sell off a
company’s assets before it was wound up, as long as this was done in the best interests of the company and its
creditors.

i. Definitions of Winding up

Winding up is a legal process by which a company is dissolved, and its assets are sold off to pay its debts and
distribute any remaining assets to the shareholders. It is a complex legal process that may be initiated by the
company itself or by its creditors, and it involves the appointment of a liquidator who is responsible for
overseeing the winding up process.

One of the most significant cases in this regard is In Re: Oriental Trading Co. Ltd. In this case, the court defined
winding up as “the process by which the life of a company is ended, and its property is administered for the
benefit of its creditors and members.”

ii. Meaning of ‘Winding up’ of a Company

Winding up of a company refers to the process by which a company is dissolved, and its assets are sold off to
pay its debts and distribute any remaining assets to the shareholders. This process may be initiated voluntarily by
the company’s members or creditors, or by the court on certain specified grounds.

One of the most significant cases in this regard is Official Liquidator v. Dhakeswari Cotton Mills Ltd.[4] In this
case, the court held that the term ‘winding up’ means the entire process of liquidation, including the collection of
assets, the payment of debts, and the distribution of assets among the creditors and members.

Another important case is Seth Mohan Lal v. Grain Chamber Ltd.,[5] in which the court held that the object of
winding up is to ensure that the assets of the company are distributed fairly among its creditors and members,
and that the liquidator has a duty to ensure that this is done in an orderly and efficient manner.

In summary, winding up is a legal process by which a company is dissolved, and its assets are sold off to pay its
debts and distribute any remaining assets to the shareholders. The process may be initiated voluntarily or by the
court, and it is a complex legal process that requires the involvement of a liquidator who is responsible for
overseeing the winding up process.

iii. Winding up under Indian Company Law

Winding up of a company under Indian law refers to the process by which a company is dissolved and its assets
are sold off to pay its debts and distribute any remaining assets to the shareholders. The law governing winding
up of companies in India is primarily contained in the Companies Act, 1956, which has now been replaced by
the Companies Act, 2013.

iv. Winding up under the Companies Act, 1956

The Companies Act, 1956 provides for two modes of winding up: (1) winding up by the court, and (2) voluntary
winding up.

14. A Company may be Wound up

A company may be wound up under the following circumstances:

if the company passes a special resolution to wind up voluntarily

if the company fails to commence business within a year of its incorporation
if the company suspends its business for a year or more
if the company is unable to pay its debts
if the court is of the opinion that it is just and equitable to wind up the company

Some of the notable case laws in this regard are:

Madhusudan Gordhandas & Co. v. Madhu Woollen Industries Pvt. Ltd.[6]: In this case, the Supreme
Court held that winding up is a remedy available to the creditors of a company when the company is
unable to pay its debts. The court also held that the mere fact that the company has been unable to pay its
debts does not necessarily mean that it should be wound up.
Hind Overseas Pvt. Ltd. v. Raghunath Prasad Jhunjhunwala[7]: In this case, the Supreme Court held that
winding up of a company is a drastic remedy that should be resorted to only in cases where it is necessary
to protect the interests of the creditors or the company itself. The court also held that the fact that a
company is unable to pay its debts is not sufficient to justify winding up, and the court must consider all
 the circumstances of the case before ordering winding up.
In Re: ICICI Bank Ltd. v. Sasan Power Ltd.[8]: In this case, the National Company Law Tribunal held that
winding up of a company is a last resort, and the court must consider other remedies before ordering
winding up. The court also held that the fact that a company is unable to pay its debts is not sufficient to
justify winding up, and the court must consider all the circumstances of the case before ordering winding
up.

In conclusion, winding up of a company under Indian law is governed by the Companies Act, 1956, and it can be
initiated either by the company itself or by the court. The court can order winding up of a company on various
grounds, such as inability to pay debts or just and equitable grounds. However, winding up is a drastic remedy
and should be resorted to only in cases where it is necessary to protect the interests of the creditors or the
company itself.

i. Winding up by the Court

Winding up by the court refers to a situation where a company is ordered to be wound up by the court due to
various reasons such as inability to pay debts, fraudulent activities, and public interest. The process of winding
up by the court is regulated by the Companies Act, 1956 (now replaced by the Companies Act, 2013). The court-
appointed liquidator takes charge of the company and liquidates its assets to pay off the debts owed to the
creditors.

Some of the reasons for winding up by the court include:

The company is unable to pay its debts

The company has ceased its operations for a year or more
The company has engaged in fraudulent activities
The court deems it just and equitable to wind up the company
Public interest demands the winding up of the company

ii. Voluntary Winding up

Voluntary winding up is a process where the shareholders of a company voluntarily decide to wind up the
company due to various reasons such as the expiration of the company’s lifespan, inability to carry on the
business, or the realization of the company’s objectives. The process of voluntary winding up is regulated by the
Companies Act, 1956 (now replaced by the Companies Act, 2013)[9].

The process of voluntary winding up involves the passing of a resolution by the shareholders for winding up the
company, appointment of a liquidator, and the liquidation of the company’s assets. The liquidator is responsible
for settling the company’s debts and distributing any remaining assets among the shareholders[10].

iii. Winding up of the company by the Tribunal: Compulsory Licensing by Tribunal

Winding up by the Tribunal, also known as compulsory winding up, is the process of dissolving a company by
order of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT). This process is initiated when the company is unable to
pay its debts or when it is just and equitable to do so. The provisions related to compulsory winding up are
enshrined in the Companies Act, 2013.

Section 271 of the Companies Act, 2013 provides for the circumstances under which a company may be wound
up by the Tribunal. These include the following:
 1. If the company has by special resolution resolved that it be wound up by the Tribunal.

2. If default is made in delivering the statutory report to the Registrar or in holding the statutory meeting.

3. If the company does not commence its business within a year from its incorporation or suspends its
business for a whole year.

4. If the company is unable to pay its debts.

5. If the Tribunal is of the opinion that it is just and equitable that the company should be wound up.

The first circumstance is self-explanatory. The second circumstance arises when a company has failed to file the
statutory report or hold the statutory meeting within the time prescribed by the Companies Act. The third
circumstance arises when a company does not commence its business within one year from the date of its
incorporation or suspends its business for a whole year.

The fourth circumstance arises when a company is unable to pay its debts. Section 271(2)(a) provides that a
company shall be deemed to be unable to pay its debts if a creditor, to whom the company is indebted in a sum
exceeding Rs.1,00,000, has served a notice of demand and the company has failed to pay the sum due within
three weeks of the service of the notice. Section 271(2)(b) provides that a company shall also be deemed to be
unable to pay its debts if it is proved to the satisfaction of the Tribunal that the company is unable to pay its
debts as they become due.

The fifth circumstance arises when the Tribunal is of the opinion that it is just and equitable that the company
should be wound up. This is a wide provision and is not defined in the Companies Act. The courts have held that
this provision can be invoked when there is a deadlock between the members, where the company’s substratum
is gone, where the company was formed for an illegal purpose or where the company’s affairs are being
conducted in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the members or the public.

In the case of Hindustan Construction Company Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra[11], the Supreme Court held that
the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 relating to winding up of a company by the court were applicable to
winding up of a company by the Tribunal under the Companies Act, 2013. The court also held that a company
can be wound up by the Tribunal if it is just and equitable to do so.

The process of winding up by the Tribunal begins with the filing of a petition before the NCLT. The petition can
be filed by the company, any creditor or creditors, any contributory or contributories or any person authorized by
the Central Government. The petition must be supported by an affidavit verifying the facts stated in the petition.

If the NCLT is satisfied that the company should be wound up, it may make an order for winding up the
company. The order will be deemed to have been made at the time of the presentation of the petition. The order
will be published in the Official Gazette and also in a newspaper in the district where the registered office of the
company is situated.

Once the order for winding up is made, the company shall cease to carry on its business, except in so far as is
required for the beneficial winding up

15. Grounds of Winding up of Company

Under the Companies Act, 2013, there are various grounds on which a company can be wound up by the
Tribunal (previously known as the Court) through compulsory winding up. These grounds are as follows:
 1. Inability to pay debts: A company can be wound up if it is unable to pay its debts. This means that if a
company owes a debt of at least Rs. 1 lakh and has failed to pay it for a continuous period of 21 days, the
creditor can apply to the Tribunal for winding up of the company. This provision is covered under Section
271 of the Companies Act, 2013.

2. Just and equitable: The Tribunal can also order the winding up of a company if it is of the opinion that
it is just and equitable to do so. This means that the company is unable to carry on its business in
accordance with its memorandum and articles of association or there are disputes among the shareholders.
This provision is covered under Section 271(1)(c) of the Companies Act, 2013.

3. Oppression and mismanagement: If the affairs of a company are being conducted in a manner that is
oppressive or prejudicial to the interests of any member or members or the company as a whole, the
Tribunal may order the winding up of the company. This provision is covered under Section 271(1)(b) of
the Companies Act, 2013.

4. Regulatory non-compliance: A company may be wound up by the Tribunal if it has failed to comply
with any of the provisions of the Companies Act or any other law applicable to it. This provision is
covered under Section 271(1)(d) of the Companies Act, 2013.

5. Public interest: The Tribunal can also order the winding up of a company in the public interest. This
means that if the company’s activities are detrimental to the public interest, the Tribunal can order its
winding up. This provision is covered under Section 271(1)(f) of the Companies Act, 2013.

In the case of M/s. Hindustan Gum and Chemicals Ltd. v. State of Rajasthan and Ors.[12], the Rajasthan High
Court held that the winding up of a company on the ground of inability to pay debts should not be a mere
formality but should be based on sound and reasonable grounds. The court further held that the creditor should
be able to establish that the company is unable to pay its debts and that the debt is bona fide.

In the case of Miheer H. Mafatlal v. Mafatlal Industries Ltd.[13], the Supreme Court held that the ground of
oppression and mismanagement should not be used as a tool for harassing the management of the company or
for seeking the winding up of the company. The court further held that the oppression and mismanagement
should be of such a nature that it makes it just and equitable to wind up the company.

The provisions of the Companies Act, 2013, regarding winding up of companies are comprehensive and provide
for various grounds for compulsory winding up by the Tribunal. The grounds for winding up ensure that the
interests of the stakeholders, creditors, shareholders, and the public at large are protected.

Passing of Special Resolution: A special resolution is passed when at least three-fourths of the votes cast by
shareholders are in favor of a resolution. It is required for important matters such as altering the company’s
memorandum and articles of association, changing the company’s name, or winding up the company. For
example, in the case of Hindustan Unilever Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra, the court held that the decision to close
down a unit of the company could not be taken by the board of directors alone, and a special resolution of the
shareholders was required.

Sovereignty and Integrity of India: The government can file a petition for winding up a company on grounds
of national security, sovereignty, or integrity. For instance, in the case of Union of India v. R. C. Jain[14], the
court held that the government could intervene and seek the winding up of a company if it was found to be
acting against the national interest.
Winding up on an application made by Registrar when Affairs of the Company conducted in fraudulent Manner:
The Registrar of Companies can also initiate winding up proceedings if it is found that the affairs of the
company are being conducted in a fraudulent manner. In the case of M/s. Hindustan Gum and Chemicals Ltd. v.
State of Rajasthan and Ors[15], the court held that the Registrar of Companies had the power to seek winding up
of a company if there was fraud or serious irregularity in the company’s affairs.

Default in filing with Registrar its Financial Statement etc: The Registrar of Companies can also initiate
winding up proceedings against a company if it fails to file its financial statements or annual returns for a
consecutive period of three years. In the case of In Re: Shiv Shankar Trading Co. Ltd.[16], the court held that a
company that has not filed its financial statements or annual returns for three consecutive years can be wound up
on the grounds of public interest.

Just and Equitable Causes: A company can also be wound up if it is just and equitable to do so. In the case of
Miheer H. Mafatlal v. Mafatlal Industries Ltd., the court held that the winding up of a company could be ordered
if there was a just and equitable cause, such as a breakdown in the mutual trust and confidence between the
shareholders, oppression of minority shareholders, or where the company was being used for a fraudulent
purpose.

Deadlock in Corporation Partnership: A company may also be wound up if there is a deadlock in the
corporation’s management or partnership. In the case of Madhusudan Gordhandas & Co. v. Madhu Woollen
Industries Pvt. Ltd.[17], the court held that a company could be wound up if there was a deadlock in its
management, and it was unable to carry out its objectives.

Company has lost its Substratum: A company may be wound up if it has lost its substratum or the main object
for which it was formed. In the case of Hindustan Construction Company Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra[18], the
court held that a company could be wound up if it had lost its substratum or if the object for which it was formed
had become impossible to achieve.

Mismanagement and Losses: A company may also be wound up if there is evidence of mismanagement or
losses. For instance, in the case of U.P. State Sugar Corpn. v. U.P. State Sugar Corpn. Karamchari Union[19],
the court held that a company could be wound up if there was evidence of mismanagement or financial loss.

Oppression of Minority: A company may be wound up if there is oppression of minority shareholders or if they
are being unfairly treated. In the case of Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corpn. Ltd. v. A. Nageswara.[20]

16. Suggestions
Winding up of a company by the tribunal under Companies Act, 2013 can be a complex and challenging process.
However, there are certain suggestions that can be followed to ensure a smoother and more efficient winding up
process. Some of these suggestions are:

1. Engage a qualified professional: The process of winding up a company can be complicated and may
involve various legal and financial complexities. Therefore, it is essential to engage the services of a
qualified professional, such as a chartered accountant or a company secretary, who has experience in
handling such matters.

2. Ensure compliance with all legal requirements: The Companies Act, 2013 lays down various legal
requirements for winding up of a company, and it is essential to ensure compliance with all such
requirements. Non-compliance with legal requirements can lead to delays in the winding up process and
 can also result in penalties.

3. Maintain proper records: It is essential to maintain proper records and documentation related to the
winding up process. This includes maintaining a record of all transactions, correspondence, and
communications related to the winding up process. Proper documentation can help in resolving any
disputes that may arise during the winding up process.

4. Ensure timely payment of liabilities: One of the most important aspects of winding up a company is the
payment of liabilities. It is essential to ensure that all liabilities of the company are paid off in a timely
manner to avoid any legal or financial repercussions.

5. Maintain transparency: It is essential to maintain transparency throughout the winding up process. This
includes keeping all stakeholders informed about the progress of the winding up process, and providing
them with regular updates on the status of the winding up process.

6.Avoid disputes: Disputes can significantly delay the winding up process, and it is essential to avoid them
as much as possible. This can be done by maintaining proper communication with all stakeholders and
ensuring that all disputes are resolved amicably.

7. Ensure compliance with environmental laws: Companies are required to comply with various
environmental laws, and failure to comply with such laws can result in legal and financial liabilities.
Therefore, it is essential to ensure compliance with all environmental laws during the winding up process.

17. Conclusion
In conclusion, winding up of a company by a tribunal under the Companies Act 2013 is a complex and
significant process that requires a thorough understanding of the legal provisions and procedures. The tribunal
has the authority to order winding up on various grounds, such as failure to pay debts, just and equitable causes,
mismanagement, and fraudulent conduct. It is essential to take necessary steps to ensure that the company’s
assets are appropriately valued, creditors’ claims are settled, and the remaining assets are distributed among the
shareholders.

It is important to note that winding up does not necessarily mean that the company has failed or is incapable of
running a profitable business. In some cases, it may be the most practical solution for resolving issues that
cannot be resolved through other means. The process can be lengthy and complicated, requiring the involvement
of various stakeholders such as shareholders, creditors, and the liquidator.

To avoid winding up by a tribunal, it is crucial for companies to maintain proper financial records, fulfil their
obligations towards creditors, and ensure compliance with relevant laws and regulations. It is also essential to
take timely measures to address any issues that may arise, such as disputes among shareholders or management,
financial difficulties, or legal disputes.

Overall, winding up of a company by a tribunal is a serious matter that should be approached with caution and
careful consideration. It is crucial to seek professional guidance and advice to ensure that all legal requirements
are met and the process is carried out smoothly and efficiently.

[1] Innoventive Industries Limited v. ICICI Bank is (2018) 1 SCC 407.

[2] M/s. Madhusudan Gordhandas & Co. v. M/s. Madhu Woollen Industries Pvt. Ltd: (1971) 3 SCC 632.
[3] In Re: Oriental Trading Co. Ltd.: (1940) 10 Comp Cas 1 (Cal).

[4] Official Liquidator v. Dhakeswari Cotton Mills Ltd.: AIR 1955 SC 65.

[5] Seth Mohan Lal v. Grain Chamber Ltd.: AIR 1968 SC 445.

[6] Madhusudan Gordhandas and Co. vs Madhu Woollen Industries Pvt. Ltd. – (1972) 2 SCC 260.

[7] Hind Overseas Private Limited vs Raghunath Prasad Jhunjhunwala – (1976) 3 SCC 259.

[8] ICICI Bank Ltd. v. Sasan Power Ltd. – (2019) 10 SCC 572.

[9] Hind Overseas Private Limited vs Raghunath Prasad Jhunjhunwala – (1976) 3 SCC 259.

[10] ICICI Bank Ltd. v. Sasan Power Ltd. – (2019) 10 SCC 572.

[11] M/s. Hindustan Gum and Chemicals Ltd. v. State of Rajasthan and Ors is (2004) 2 SCC 319.

[12] Hindustan Construction Company Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra is (2019) 2 SCC 232.

[13] Miheer H. Mafatlal v. Mafatlal Industries Ltd. (1996) 4 SCC 607.

[14] Union of India v. R. C. Jain: AIR 1981 SC 951.

[15] M/s. Hindustan Gum and Chemicals Ltd. v. State of Rajasthan and Ors: (1986) 4 SCC 90.

[16] Re: Shiv Shankar Trading Co. Ltd: (2008) 4 SCC 613.

[17] Madhusudan Gordhandas & Co. v. Madhu Woollen Industries Pvt. Ltd.: AIR 1972 SC 260.

[18] Hindustan Construction Company Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra: (2019) 2 SCC 540.

[19] U.P. State Sugar Corpn. v. U.P. State Sugar Corpn. Karamchari Union: AIR 2004 SC 1954.

[20] Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corpn. Ltd. v. A. Nageswara: AIR 1956 SC 213.