9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 a FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY Qa. Ans. N w Ans. . Difference between organic and inorganic chemistry: . Biochemistry covers all chemical processes taking place in living organisms such ._ In biochemistry we study how living things obtain energy from food and how the . Examples of applications of biochemistry are in the field of medicine, food Short Questions and Answers Define Chemistry. The branch of science which deals with the compositions, structure, properties and reactions of matter is called Chemistry. Define physical chemistry. Physical chemistry is defined as the branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between the composition and physical properties of matter along with the changes in them. Differentiate between organic and inorganic chemistry. Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of Inorganic chemistry deals with the covalent compounds of carbon and study of all elements and their hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their compounds except those _ of derivatives. compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their derivates. Define biochemistry and write its scope. Biochemistry is the branch of chemistry in which we study the structure, composition and chemical reactions of substances found in living organisms. Scope of Biochemistry: as synthesis and metabolism of biomolecules. fundamental biological changes occur during a disease. science and agriculture. Define industrial and analytical chemistry. Industrial Chemistry: The branch of chemistry that deals with the manufacturing of chemical compounds on commercial scale is called industrial chemistry. Analytical Chemistry: It is the branch of chemistry that deals with separation and analysis of a sample to identify its composition For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 a. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. What is nuclear chemistry? Nuclear chemistry is the branch off chemistry that deals with the radioactivity, nuclear process and properties. The main concern of this branch is with the atomic energy and its uses in daily life. What is environmental chemistry? It is the branch of chemistry in which we study about compounds of the environment and the effects of human activities on the environment. The knowledge of environmental chemistry is necessary for the improvement of environment and its protection against pollution. Write the difference between physical and chemical properties. Difference between Physical and Chemical Properties: Physical Properties Properties that are associated with the physical state of a matter are called physical properties like colour, smell, taste, hardness, solubility, melting and boiling points. Chemical Properties Chemical properties depend upon the composition of the substances e.g., ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity etc. are the chemical properties. When a substance undergoes a chemical change its composition changes and new substances are found Define element. Element is a substance made up of same type of elements having same atomic number and cannot decomposed into simple substances by ordinary chemical means e.g., oxygen (0), hydrogen (H), sodium (Na) etc. What is the significant (ei) of the symbol of an element? In chemistry an element is represented by a symbol because it is easy to write symbol in chemical formulas and chemical reactions instead of complete name of the element. Define valency. On what factors does it depend? It is the combining capacity of an element with other elements e.g., the valencies of sodium, oxygen and nitrogen are 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Valency depends upon the number of electrons in the outermost shell What is meant by radical? For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 A radical is a group of atoms that have some charge e.g., ammonium (NHZ), carbonate (CO3~), sulphate (SO~) etc. Q. _ Howdoes homogeneous mixture differ from heterogeneous mixture? Ans. Ans. Difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture: Homogeneous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture Those mixtures that have uniform Those mixture in which composition composition throughout are called is not uniform throughout e.g., soil, homogeneous mixtures e.g., rock, wood etc. gasoline, ice cream etc. Q. Write the difference between compound and mixture. Ans. Difference between compound and mixture: Compound Mixture Compound is a substance made up When two or more elements or of two or more elements chemically compounds mix up physically combined together in a fixed ratio by mass e.g., water (H20), sodium chloride (NaCl). The components of compound cannot be separated by without any fixed ratio, they form a mixture e.g., the components of mixture can be separated by simple physical means. simple physical means. Q. State three reasons why do you think air is a mixture and water a compound? Air is a mixture becaus 1. Airis a simple mixing up of Nz, O2, CO2, noble gases and moisture. 2. Air shows the properties of constituents. 3. The compounds of air can be separated by physical means. Water is a compound because: 1. Water is formed by chemical combination of oxygen and hydrogen 2. The constituents of water lose their identity. 3. Hydrogen and oxygen present in water cannot be separated by physical means. Q. State the reasons: soft drink is a mixture and water is a compound. Soft drink isa 1. Soft drink is a simple mixing up of water, sugar and CO 2. Sot drink shows the properties of constituents. 3. The compounds of soft drink can be separated by simple physical means. Water is a compound because: ture because: For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 4. Water is formed by chemical combination of oxygen and hydrogen. 5. The constituents of water lose their identity. 6. Hydrogen and oxygen present in water cannot be separated by physical means. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Or Ans. Differentiate between atomic number and mass number. Difference between atomic number and mass number: Atomic Number Mass Number 1. The atomic number of an element 1. The mass number is the sum of is equal to the number of protons number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of its atom. __present in the nucleus of an atom. 2. It is represented by symbol “2”. 2. It is represented by the symbol 3. Formula: Z= A-n, where nis the “A”. number of neutrons. 3. Formula: A= Z+n, where n is the number of neutrons. What is meant by relative atomic mass? The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of an atom of that element as compared to 1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon-12 isotope. The unit of relative atomic mass is amu. Lamu = 1.66 x 10% g Define atomic mass unit. Why is it needed? One atomic unit is 1/12" the mass of one carbon atom of carbon-12 whose symbol is amu. It is the unit of relative atomic mass. Atomic mass unit is expressed as follows: Lamu = 1.66 x 10% g Atomic mass unit is needed because the mass of an atom is extremely small and cannot be determined experimentally. How many amu 1 of a substance has? We know that amu = 1.66 x 10% g 1.66 x 1074 g = 1 amu 1g=—— = 6.024 x 10-?3amu 66x10 Hence 1g of a substance has 6.024 x 107 amu Differentiate between molecular and empirical formula. Difference between molecular and empirical formula: For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 Molecular Formula Empirical Formula Molecular formula shows the actual Empirical formula is the simplest number of atoms of each element whole number ratio of atoms present in a molecule of that present in compound e.g., empirical compound e.g., molecular formula formula o glucose is CHO of glucose is CcH120s Q. — Whatis the relationship between molecular and empirical formula? Ans. Molecular formula is derived from empirical formula by the following relationship: Molecular formula =n (Empirical formula) Where nis 1,2,3 and so on. Q. _ Differentiate between molecular mass and formula mass? Ans. Difference between molecular and formula mass: Molecular Mass Formula Mass The sum of atomic masses of all the The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of 2 atoms present in one formula unit of molecular substance is called a substance is called formula mass. molecular mass. Example: Molecular mass of water Example: Formula mass of sodium (H20) is 18 amu chloride (NaCl) is 58.5 mu Q. What is the empirical formula of acetic acid (CHsCOOH)? Find its molecular mass. Ans. Molecular formula of acetic acid = CH3COOH = CzHsO2 = (CH20)2 So, empirical formula of acetic acid is CH,O. Molecular mass of acetic acid = 2(mass of C) + 4(mass of H) + 2(mass of 0) = 2(12) + 4(1) + 2(16) 60 amu Q. Calculate the molar mass of nitric acid (HNOs) and sulphuric acid (H2SO.). Ans. Molecular mass of nitric acid (HNOs) = (mass of H) + (mass of N) + 3(mass of O) =1+14+3(16) =14+14+48 = 63g molt Molecular mass of H2SO«= 2(mass of H) + (mass of S) + 4(mass of 0) = 2(1) +32 + 4(16) For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 a Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. =2+32+64 = 98g mol Differentiate between atom and ion. Difference between atom and ion: Atom lon ‘Atom is the smallest particle of an lon is an atom or group of atoms element that can part in chemical having a charge on it e.g., CI, K* etc. reaction e.g., sodium (Na), hydrogen There are two types of ions: (H) etc. Atom can or cannot exist 1. Cation 2. Anion independently. It is electrically lon can exist independently. neutral. Differentiate between cation and anion. Difference between cation and anion: Cation Anion An atom or group or atoms having An atom or group or atoms having positive charge on itis called cation. negative charge on itis called anion. e.g., Na’, K’ etc. e.g., Cl”, O- ete. What is meant by free radical? Free radicals are atoms or group of atoms possessing odd number of (unpaired) electrons. It is represented by putting a dot («) over the symbol of an element. For example, H’, Cl’, H3C* are the free radicals. How free radicals are generated? Free radicals are generated by the homolytic (equal) breakage of the bond between two atoms when they absorb heat of light energy such as the generation of Cl* in the presence of light is expressed in the equation. Sunligh cl, —S 2cr Differentiate between molecule and molecular ion. Difference between molecule and molecular ion: Molecule Molecular lon Molecule is the smallest particle of When a molecule loses or gains an an element or compound which can electron, it forms a molecular ion exist independently and shows all e.g., CH, He*, Ndetc. For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. the properties of that compound It can have negative or positive e.g., CHs, He, Nz etc. charge. It is always neutral. It is reactive specie. It is stable unit. Define monoatomic, diatomic, triatomic and polyatomic molecules and give their examples. Monoatomic Molecule: A molecule consisting of only one atom is called monoatomic molecule e.g., He, Ne, Ar etc. Diatomic Molecule: A molecule consisting of two atoms is called diatomic molecule e.g., Hz, 02, Clz ete. Triatomic Molecule: A molecule consisting of three atoms is called triatomic molecule e.g., COx, HO etc. Polyatomic Molecule: A molecule consisting of many atoms is called polyatomic molecule e.g., H2SQs, CHe etc. Differentiate between homoatomic and heteroatomic molecule. Difference between homoatomic and heteroatomic molecule: Homoatomic Heteroatomic A molecule containing same type of A molecule containing different atoms is called homoatomic types of atomsis called homoatomic molecule e.g., Hz, Ps, Ss etc. molecule e.g., HOz, H2SOz, CHs.etc. What is gram atom? The atomic mass of n element expressed in grams is called gram atomic mass or gram atom. For example, gram atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.008 g. What is gram molecule? The molecular mass of an element or a compound expressed in grams is called gram molecular mass or gram molecule. For example, gram molecular mass of water is 18.0 g What is gram formula? The formula mass of an ionic compound expressed inn grams is called gram formula mass or gram formula. For example, formula mass of sodium chloride is 58.58. Define Avogadro’s number (Na). For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 Ans. The 6.02 x 10” number of particles i.e., atoms, molecules or formula units is called Avogadro's number that is equal to one mole of respective substance. It is represented by the symbol Na. Na = 6.02 x 107 particles Q. Define mole. Ans. A mole is defined as, “the amount (mass) of a substance that contains 6.02 x 1023 number of particles i.e, atoms, molecules or formula units”. It is abbreviated as mol. Example: One mole of carbon is obtained by expressing the atomic mass of carbon (12 amu) in grami.e., One mole of carbon = 12 g of carbon Q. Write the relationship between mole and mass? Ans. The relationship between mole and mass can be expressed as: Known mass of substance No. of moles = Molar mass of substance or Mass of substance (g) = number of moles x molar mass Q. Calculate the number of moles in 40 g of HsPOs. Ans, Given mass of H3PO4 =40g Molar mass of HsPOs = 98 gmole? We know that Known mass of substance No. of moles = ————————_—_ Molar mass of substance No. of moles = > = 0.408 mol Q. Calculate the number of moles in 9 grams of coal (carbon) Ans. Given mass of carbon =9¢ Molar massof carbon = 12 gmol? We know that Known mass of substance No. of moles = —————————_—_ Molar mass of substance * = 0.75 mol re No. of moles For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Multiple Choice Questions 10. 11. Industrial chemistry deals with the manufacture of compounds: (a) in the lab (b) on micro scale (c) on commercial scale (d) on economic scale The branch of chemistry which deals with the manufacturing of chemical compounds on commercial scale is called: (a) biochemistry (b) organic chemistry (c) industrial chemistry (d) physical chemistry The number of naturally occurring elements are: (a) 80 (b) 86 (c) 92 (d) 109 Which one of the following elements is found in most abundance in the Earth’s crust? (a) oxygen (b) aluminum (q)silicon (d) iron The most abundant element occurring in the ocean is: (a) oxygen (b) hydrogen (c) nitrogen (d) silicon Percentage by weight of hydrogen in ocean is: (a)11 (b) 12 (13 (d)14 Percentage by weight of chlorine in ocean is: (a)1.8 (b) 2.8 (93.8 (48 Which element is found in most abundance in atmosphere? (a) oxygen (b) nitrogen (c) argon (d) chlorine Percentage by weight of nitrogen in atmosphere is: (a) 78 (b) 76 (77 (d)79 Percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere (a) 21 (b) 22 (23 (d) 24 The third abundant gas found in the Earth’s atmosphere is: For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com Chapter No. 19th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. (a) carbon monoxide (b) oxygen (c) nitrogen (d) argon Major part of a living body with respect to mass is made up of: (a) benzene (b) ammonia (c) urea (d) water The percentage of oxygen in human body is: (a) 66 (b) 65 (63 (d) 64 Potassium, Sulphur, magnesium and sodium constitute --- mass. (a) 0.6% (b) 0.7% (c) 0.8% (d) 0.9% Majority of the element exist in the form of: (a) gasses (b) liquids (c) solids (d) metalloids The element present in liquid state is: (a) bromine (b) fluorine (c) chlorine (d) iodine Mercury is the metal which exists in (a) Solid (b) Liquid (c) Gaseous (d) Plasma The symbol of boron is: (a) Be (b) Br (8 (d) Ba The symbol of silver is: (a) Si (b)s (c) Ag (d) Hg The valency of chromium is: (a)2 (b)3 (94 (a5 The valency of boron is: (a)1 (b) 4 (c)3 (d)2 The valency of phosphate radical is: (a) 1- (b) 2- ~- of our body For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com 109th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 ()3- (a) 4- 23. The valency of Fe in FeSOs is: (a) 2+ (b) 3+ (c) 4+ (d) 5+ 24. The chemical formula of washing soda is: (a) Na2CO3 (b) Na2CO3.6H20 (c) Na2CO3.7H20 (d) NazCO3.10H:0 25. Which one of the following can be separated by physical means? (a) mixture (b) element (c) compound (d) radical 26. Example of homogeneous mixture (a) soil (b) rock (c) wood (d) ice cream 27. Atomic number of an element is represented by a symbol: (a)k (b)L (c)A (d)Z 28. The atomic number of fluorine is: (a)3 (b) 4 (5 (a)9 29. Mass number of an element is represented by: (a) K (b) N (A (a) Z 30. Which one of the following is mass number of potassium (Kk)? (a) 12 (b) 14 (c) 40 (d) 39 31. One amu (atomic mass unit) is equivalent to: (a) 1.66 x 107 mg (b) 1.66 x 107" g (c) 1.66 x 107 kg (d) 1.66 x 107? g 32. Mass of proton is: (a) 1.0073 amu (b) 1.0087 amu (c) 5.486 x 10% amu (d) 6.486 amu 33. Mass of neutron is: (a) 1.0073 amu (b) 1.0080 amu (c) 1.0087 amu (d) 1.0097 amu 34. The mass of electron is: For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 (a) 1.674x 10% g (b) 9.106 x 1078 g (c) 1.672 x 10% g (d) 1.66 x 10% g 35. The empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide is: (a) CH (b) HO (c) CH20 (d) SiO. 36. The empirical formula of benzene is: (a) HO (b) CHO (c) CH (d) CeHe 37. The empirical formula of glucose is: (a) CH (b) CH20 (c) OH (d) H202 38. Molecular formula of benzen: (a) H.02 (b) CHO (c) CeH1206 (d) CcHe 39. Molecular formula of glucose is: (a) CsH1206 (b) CHO (c) CHO (d) CoHeO2 40. The molecular mass of O2 is: (a) 44 amu (b) 40 amu (c) 32 amu (d) 50 amu 41. The molar of H20 is: (a) 18 amu (b) 18 g (c) 18 mg (d) 18 kg 42. Formula mass of sodium chloride is: (a) 57.5 amu (b) 58.5 amu (c) 35.5 amu (d) 38.5 amu 43. Formula mass of potassium sulphate (K2SOx) is: (a) 174 amu (b) 164 amu (c) 154 amu (d) 144 amu 44. The molecular mass of nitric acid (HNOs) is: (a) 65 amu (b) 63 amu (c) 62 amu (d) 60 amu 45. The removal of an electron from an atom give rise to: (a) cation (b) anion (c) molecule (d) molecular ion For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 46. After gaining one electron chlorine atom becomes: (a) cation (b) anion (c) molecular cation (d) molecular anion 47. Charge on an atomis: (a) positive (b) negative (c) neutral (d) none of these 48. Point out mono atomic molecule: (a) He (b) Ne (c) On (d) Os 49. _Allof the following are tri-atomic molecules except: (a) Os (b) H20 (c) CO (d) CO2 50. Which one of the following is a diatomic molecule: (a) COz (b) HCI (c) H20 (d) CHa 51. Example of diatomic molecule is: (a) Os (b) H20 (c) He (d) COz 52. Which one of the following molecules is not triatomic? (a) CO2 (b) He (c) O2 (d) H20 53. Which one of the following is polyatomic molecule? (a) H280+ (b) CO2 (c) H20 (d) CO 54. Gram atomic mass of hydrogen is: (a) 1.008 g (b) 2.016 g (c) 1.008 amu (d) 2.016 amu 55. One gram molecule of sulphuric acid (HzSO.) is equivalent to: (a) 98 kg (b) 89 amu (c) 98. amu (d) 98g 56. The molar mass of KzSOs is: (a) 174g (b) 98 amu ()9.8¢ (4) 9.8 amu 57. The molar mass of nitric acid (HNOs) is: (a) 63g (b) 63 mg For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 (c) 63 amu (d) 63 kg 58. Molar mass of HsPOs is: (a) 98 gmol* (b) 100 gmol* (c) 63 gmol* (d) 174 gmol* 59. The symbol of Avogadro’s number is: (aA (b)Z (Na (d) Ay 60. How many numbers of moles are equivalent to 8 grams of CO2? (a)0.15 (b) 0.18 (c) 0.21 (d) 0.24 61. - -- number of moles are equivalent to 11 grams of COz. (a) 0.15 (b) 0.2 (c)0.25 (a) 0.3 62. The number of moles in 29.25 g of NaCl is equivalent to: (a) 0.25 (b) 0.21 (c)0.50 (d) 0.75 63. The number of moles of carbon in 4 grams of coal is: (a) 0.25 (b) 0.33, (c)0.50 (d) 0.75, 64. The mass of one mole of water is: (a) 18. amu (b) 18g (c) 18 mg (d) 18 kg 65. Which one of the following pairs has the same mass? (a) 1 mole of CO and 1 mole of Nz (b) 1 mole of CO and 1 mole of CO2 (c) 1 mole of 02 and 1 mole of Nz (d) 1 mole of O2 and 1 mole of COz 66. 12g of carbon contain atoms: (a) 6.02 x 107 (b) 12.04 x 1078 (c) 1.672 x 1074 (d) 18.06 x 1073 67. Which one of the following pair has the same number of ions? (a) 1 mole of NaCl and 1 mole of MgCl, (b) % mole NaCl and % mole of MgClz (c) 4 mole NaCl and 1/3 mole MgCls (d) 1/3 mole NaCl and % mole MgClr For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 1 Answers. caw EGEG coo Bla » o 14 c cry c c c b c a d a d d c d a c b b b d a i b b a c b "4 b b a a d a c b c b b a c For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com