Increasing and Decreasing Functions : * The terms increasing , decreasing , and constant are used to describe the behavior of a function as we travel left to right along its graph. For example , the function graphed in Figure 4.1.1 can be described as increasing to the left of x =0, decreasing from x =0 to x =2, increasing from x =2 to x =4 , and constant to the right of x =4. LINX ZZ Increasing | Decreasing | Increasing | Constant x Increasing _| Decreasing Increasing _| _Constent_ 0 2 4 Figure 4.1.1 Page (233)Increasing Decreasing T Constant Constant | | | i fe) fx) ! | Ry fe) | fx) | fx) " » | | | | | | 1 ! L L L % * x = 4 u Ms) Aan)it fox) = fos) for all and xy @ ® © Figure 4.1.2 * Figure 4.1.3 suggests that a differentiable function f is increasing on any interval where each tangent line to its graph has positive slope , is decreasing on any interval where each tangent line to its graph has negative slope , and is constant on any interval where each tangent line to its graph has zero slope. | |i oot | fi | 1 1 | I 1 I I | fi | | | fi L Lx L Lz 1 Ls Eaaieiee ice ie inom Figure 4.1.3Page (233) * Observe that the derivative conditions in Theorem 4.1.2 are required to hold inside the interval [a,b] , even though the conclusions apply to the entire interval. * Although stated for closed intervals , Theorem 4.1.2 is applicable on any interval on which f is continuous. For example , if f is continuous on [a,+0) and f'(x)>0 on (a,+00) , then f is increasing on [a,+) ; and if f is continuous on (—«,+0) and f'(x)<0 on (—c,+0) , then Sf is decreasing on (—<, +). Example 1: Page (234) Find the intervals on which f (x) =x? —4x +3 is increasing and the intervals on which it is decreasing. Solution f (x) =x? -40 43* The graph of f in Figure 4.1.4 suggests that f is decreasing for x <2 and increasing for x 22. fa) == 4043 Figure 4.1.4 * To confirm this , we analyze the sign of f'. The derivative of Sf is f' (x)=2x-4 =2(x-2) Remember that = Ix] apy * It follows that f'(x)<0 if x<2 f'(x)>0 if 20 on the interval (—«,+0).f= 8 Figure 4.1.5 * Also , Figure 4.1.5 suggests that f (x) =x° is concave down on the interval |(—@,0)| and concave up on the interval (0,+0)|. This agrees with Theorem 4.1.4 , since f(x) = 3x? and f'"(x)=6x , 80 S'(x)<0 if x<0 and f"(x)>0 if x>0.Inflection Points = Page (236) * We see from Example 4 and Figure 4.1.5 that the graph of f (x)=x° changes from concave down to concave up at x=0. Points where a curve changes from concave up to concave down or vice versa are called inflection points. Defi Page (236) Inflection point Inflection point Figure 4.1.9 Examp! Page (236) Figure 4.1.10 shows the graph of the function f(x) =x? -3x7 41. Use the first and second derivatives of f to determine the intervals on which f is increasing , decreasing , concave up , and concave down. Locate all inflection points and confirm that your conclusions are consistent with the graph.f= 8-341 Figure 4.1.10 Solution f (x)= x7 - 3x7 +1 * Calculate the first two derivatives of f we obtain f'(x) = 3x? - 6x = 3.x(x- 2) Remember that : ay reper fe ]ers * S''(x) = 6x-6 =6(x-1) * The second table shows that there is an inflection point at x=1, since f changes from concave down to concave up at that point. The inflection point is (1, f (1))=|(4,-2) |. Au of these conclusion are consistent with the graph of f .EXERCISE SET 4.1: (Home Work) Page (241 15,16,19,20 Find : (a) the intervals on which f is increasing (b) the intervals on which f is decreasing , (c) the open intervals on which f is concave up (d) the open intervals on which f is concave down and (e) the x-coordinates of all inflection points. 15. f (x)=x? -3x+8 16. f(x)=5—-4x-x? 19. f (x)= 3x! —4x3 20. f (x)= x4 - 5x7 + 9x?Relative Maxima and Minima : * If we imagine the graph of a function f to be a two- dimensional mountain range with hills and valleys , then the tops of the hills are called "relative maxima," and the bottoms of the valleys are called "relative minima" (Figure 4.2.1). Highest mountain Relative maximum Relative minimum Deepest valley Figure 4.2.1 Page (244)Example 1 * We can see from Figure 4.2.2 that : 7 yeh ie eared Figure 4.2.2 © f (x)=? has a relative minimum at maxima, ° f(x) =x" has no relative extrema. Page (244) y=8—3x+3 al y=cosx x=0 | but no relative f (x) =x! -3x+3 has a relative maximum at [x==T]| and a relative minimum at x=]of (xja txt tx -x? + 4x41 has a relative minima at 2" 3 and | x=2 | anda relative maximum at| x=1]. x= © f(x) =cosx has a relative maxima at all even multiples of 1 and relative minima at all odd multiples of x . * In general , we define a critical point for a function f to be a point in the domain of f at which either the graph of f has a horizontal tangent line or f is not differentiable. To distinguish between the two types of critical points we call x a stationary point of f if f'(x)=0 (Figure 4.2.3). y Point of nondifferentiability Figure 4.2.3 * The points x,, X), X;, X,, and x, are critical points. Of these, X;, X,, and x; are stationary points. 4.2.2 Theorem : Page (245)First Derivative Test : Page (246) * Theorem 4.2.2 asserts that the relative extrema must occur at critical points , but it does not say that a relative extremum occurs at every critical point. For example , for the eight critical points in Figure 4.2.6 , relative extrema occur at each Xy in the top row but not at any Xx) in the bottom row. Moreover , at the critical points in the first row the derivatives have opposite signs on the two sides of Xj , whereas at the critical points in the second row the signs of the derivatives are the same on both sides. This suggests : A function f has a relative exremum at those critical points where f' changes sign. y y wy ”y /'\ : IN, [oes oe 5 5 5 5 aa) ape) [ae ED St " 5 5 5 , =a) [aoe aa _ secret | |semmet | |fteamimyome | [ices eam] [feeetetaenn| {eet eenm| | tee nm Figure 4.2.64.2.3 Theorem (First Derivative Test): Page (247) Solution * We will prove part (a) and leave parts (b) and (c) as exercises, We assuming that f'(x)>0 on the interval (a,xq) and that S'(x)<0 on the interval (xp ,b) , and we want to show that S (x)= L(x) for all x in the interval (a,b). * However, the two hypotheses, together with Theorem 4.1.2 and its associated marginal note imply that f is increasing on the interval (a,xq] and decreasing on the interval [x,b). Thus, f(x))2 f(x) for all x in (a,b) with equality only at Xo.Second Derivative Test : Page (247) * There is another test for relative extrema that is based on the following geometric observation : A function f has a relative maximum at a stationary point if the graph of f is concave down on an open interval containing that point , and it has a relative minimum if it is concave up (Figure 4.2.7). r J x J x Integration Formulas : Page (324) * Some of the most important basic integration formulas are given in Table 5.2.1. Table 5.2.1 Integration Formulas Derivative Formula Equivalent Integration Formula Example 1: Page (325) Evaluate the following integrals 3 * x? dea =+e = * fx? dv=|*—+0 3]