HANDBOOKS ra Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics Edited by Jeffrey HaynesRoutledge Handbook of Religion and Politics From the United States to the Middle East, Asia and Attica, religion has become an increasingly important factor in political activity and organisation. This Handbook pro- vides a definitive global survey of the interaction of religion and politics, Featuring contributions from an international team of experts, it examines the political aspects of all the world’s major religions, including such crucial contemporary issues as religious fundamentalism, terrorism, the war on terror, the ‘clash of civilisations’ and science and religion, Four main themes addressed include: The World Religions and Politics Religion and Governance Religion and International Relations Religion, Security and Development Bibliographies at the end of each chapter guide the reader towards the most up-to-date references on various topics. In addition, large amounts of information make this book an indispensable text for students, academics and the wider public interested in the dynamic relationship between politics and religion. Jeffrey Haynes is Professor of Politics at London Metropolitan University, UK, He is the ‘author of 17 previous books and over 100 journal articles and chapters in edited volumes. Contributors: John Anderson, Michael D, Barr, Steve Brace, James Chiriyankandath, Gerard Clarke, Adam Dolnik, Jonathan Fox, Paul Freston, Peter Friedlander, Rohan Gunaratna, Jefirey Haynes, David Herbert, Allen D. Hertzke, Atsuhiro Katano, John ‘Madeley, Payam Mohseni, Andrea Mura, Mohammad Nafiss, Brenda O'Neill, Thorleif Pettersson, Shmuel Sandler, Giorgio Shani, Andrea Teti, Noah J. Toly, David Wessels and Clyde Wileox. Politics/Religion>Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics Edited by Jeffrey Haynes R RoutledgeFirst published 2009) by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN ‘Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada bby Routledge 10 Madison Avenue, New York, N¥ 10016, [Routledge isan imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, a informe busines ‘This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis of Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” {© 2009 Bakeoral selection and mater, Jeff Haynes; individual chapters, he contributors ‘All ight reserved. No part of tis book may be reprinted or reproduced or waived in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage oF reareval ister, withowt permision in writing from the publisher British Libary Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘Avcatalogue record for this book ie srulable fiom the Brith Library Library of Congres Cataleging ie Publication Dat Routledge handbook of religion and politics / edited by Jeff Haynes pcm, 1. Religion and politics. I. Haynes, Jeffrey. BL65 PRIS. 2008, 322 109-22 2008012961 ISBN 0-203-89054-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 10; 04415~41455-5 (hb) ISBN 10: 0-203-89054-x (cb) ISHN 13: 978-0-615-41495-5 (bk) ISBN 15:978-0-205-89054-7 (cbl)Contents List of figures viii List of tables ix List of contributors xi 1 Introduction 1 Jefiey Haynes Part I: The world religions and politi 9 2 Buddhism and politics ui Peter Friedlander 3. Christianicy: protestantian 26 Freston 4 The Catholic Church and Catholicism in global polities 48 Allen D. Hertzke 5 Confucianism, from above and below 64 Michael D. Barr 6 Hinduisn 79 James Chiripankandath 7 Islam and Islamisn 92 Andrea Teti and Andrea Mura 8. Shiism and polities um Mohammad Nafssi‘CONTENTS 9 Judaism and the state ‘Shinuel Sandler Part I: Religion and governance 10 Seculatisation and polities Steve Bruce 11 Religious fundamentalisms Jefirey Haynes 12. Religion and the state John Madeley 13. Does God matter, and if so whose God? Religion and democratisation John Anderson 14 Religion and political parties Paya Mohsent and Clyde Waleox 15. Religion and civil society David Herbert 16 Religious commitment and socio-political orientations Different patterns of compartmentalisation among Muslims and Christians? Thorleif Pettersson Part Ill: Religion and international relations 17 Integrating religion into international relations theory Jonathan Fox 18 Religion and foreign policy Jefivey Haynes 19 Transnational religious actors and international relations Giorgio Shans 20 Religion and globalization David Wessels Part Religion, security and development 21. On the nature of religious terrorism Adam Dalnik and Rohan Gunaratna 128 159 174 192 aut 231 246 271 273 293 308 341 343.22 23 24 25 Conflict prevention and peacebuilding Atsuhiro Katono Religion and women: Canadian women’ religious volunteering: compassion, connections and comparisons Brenda O'Neill Religion and international development Gerard Clarke Changing the climate of religious internationalism: evangelical responses to global warming and human suffering Noah J Taly Indes: contents. 351 366 385 419Figures Ta 16.1 162 163 16.6 167 168 169 16.10 22.1 2.2 Practices Results of a confirmatory analysis of four indicators for religious and political involvement Religious and political involvement in four groups of countries Results of a confirmatory analysis of four indicators of views on democracy and the relationship between religion and politics in four groups of Islamic and Western countries Critical views on democracy and preferences for a religious impact on polities in four groups of countries Results of a confirmatory factor analysis of four indicators of bio-ethical and socio-economic morality in four groups of Isamic and Western countries Socio-economic and bio-ethical morality in four groups of countries Results of confirmatory analysis of four indicators of emancipative values and gender roles in four groups of blamie and Western countries Emancipative values and preferences for gender equality in four groups of countries Results from a confirmatory factor analysis of four indicators towards a centralised vertical power within the UN system Differences in preferences (factor scores) for a centealised vertical power within the UN system ‘The time dimension in peacebuilding ‘The web of reconciliation 254 255 255 256 258 259 260 2612a 12.1 12.2 123, 131 141 16.1 16.4 165 166 16.7 18.1 20.1 Tables ‘The largest Buddhist communities The religiosity of states in Europe (de jure), 1900-2000 State-religion regimes in 2002, by historically dominant confession Government involvement in religion scores in 2002, by region Religions and fieedom Major dimensions on religion and political parties in five sample cases Results from four multiple-regression analyses with critical views on democracy as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent Results from four multiple-regression analyses with preferences for a religious impact on politics as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent Results from four multiple-regression analyses with strict bio-ethical morality as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent Results fiom four multiple-tegression analyses with strict socio-economic morality as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent Results fiom four multiple-regression analyses with emancipative values as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent Results fiom four multiple-regression analyses with preferences for gender equality as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent Results from three multiple-regression analyses with preferences for a centralised vertical power within the UN system as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent Religion and foreign policy in the United States Global politics and particular religions: convergence and divergence 16 180 186 187 202 217 257 257 259 260 261 262 263 298 336aaLes 23.1. Women’s volunteering (96) 23.2 Comparing women volunteers (%) 23.3 Determinants of women's religious volunteering 23.4 Women’s volunteering activities (%) 23.5 Women's volunteer skills development (self-reported) (4) 23.6 Women’s reasons for volunteering (self-reported) (%) 23.7 Comparing religious denominations (%) 23.8 Political participation 23.9 Determinants of women's voting at the federal level 372 373 374 377 377 378 379 379 380Contributors John Anderson, University of St Andrews, UK Michael D. Barr, University of Queensland, Australia f Aberdeen, UK Steve Bruce, University James Chiriyankandath, London Metropolitan University. UK Gerard Clarke, Swansea University, UK Adam Dolnik, Insitute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore Jonathan Fox, Bulla Univesity, bael Paul Freston, Calvin College, USA. Peter Friedlander, La ‘Trobe University Australia Rohan Gunaratna, Institute of Defence and Suategic Studies, Singapore Jeflrey Haynes, London Mewopolitin Univesity, UK David Herbert, Open University, UK Allen D. Herteke, University of Oklahoma, USA Atsubiro Katano, R. sano Gakuen University, Japan John Madeley, London School of Economies, UK,‘conrriaurors Payam Mohseni, Georgetown University, USA Andrea Mura, Loughborough University, UK Mohammad Nafissi, London Metropolitan University, UK da Brenda O'Neill, University of Calguy, Ca Thorleif Pettersson, Upprals University Sweden Shiauel Sandler, Bar-Ilan University, rel Giorgio Shani, Ritsumeikan University. Japan Andres Teti, University of Aberdeen, UK Noah J. Toly, Wheaton College, David Wessels, iphia University Japan Clyde Wilcox, Georgetown University, USAPrior co the eighteenth century and the subsequent formation and development of the modern (secular) international state ligion was a key ideology that often stimulated political conflict between societal groups. However, following. the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 and the sub- sequent development of centralised states first in Western Europe and then via suropean colonisation to most of the rest of the world, both domestically and inter nationally, the political importance rekgion significantly declined Tn the early twenty-first century, how= ever, there isa resurgence of ~ offen politi- cited forms of = religion. This trend has been especially noticeable in the post-cold war er (that is since the late 19803), notably among the so-called ‘world religions Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism). Regarding important’ events in this context, many observers point to che Iranian revolution of 1978-9 — as it marked the ‘reappear ance’ of religion (in this case, hii Islam) as a significant political actor in Iran, coun tuy that like Turkey, with its Sunni Muslin majority, decades before had adopted 2 Western-derived, secular development model Since the late 1970s, numerous other examples of the growing political influ ence of religion have been noted ~ with the partial exception of Europe, especially Introduction Jeffrey Haynes its western segment. Europe is widely seen as an exception, because most regional countries are now very secular, with reli- gion squeezed from public life. Among ‘developed’ countries and regions, how. ever, Europe's position contrasts with that of the USA. More than half of all Americans claim regulaely to attend relic gious services, three or four times the Eu .orm. In addition, eight words ~ “In God We Trust’ and the ‘United States of America’ — appear on all US currency, both coins and notes. The continuing pop~ lar significance of religion in the USA is to some degree a cultural issue, deriving in part fiom the worldview of the original European settlers in the seventeenth and cightcenth centuries, many of whom shared an Anglo-Protestant culture. This has stayed an important cultural factor tontil the present time. Elewhere in the world, since the late 1970s we have seen increased political involvement of religious actors within many countries, as well as internationally Much attention is often focused upon so~ called ‘Isamic fundamentalism’, particu- larly in the Middle East, to the extent that 4 casual observer might assume that the entize region is polarised religiously and politically between Jews and Muslims, This is partly because both groups chim ‘own- ership’ of various holy places, including Jerusalem, while conflict between them 1JEFFREY HAYNES is also a result of the plight of the continu- ing conflict between Israel and the (mostly ‘Maslim) Palestinians. There are also other political issues in the region — notably the lage number of non-democratic gov- ermments — that have also encouraged ‘widespread political involvement of vari- fous Ilamist actors! In addition, Islamists are ako active in, inte aia, Attica, Central Asia, and South East and East Asia However, it is not only Islamists who pursue political goals related to religion. In officially secular India, there have been significant recent examples of mulitant Hinduism; many stemmed from, but were rot confined to, the Babri Masjid mosque incident at Ayodhya in 1992, This event ‘was instrumental in transforming the country’s political landscape, to the extent that a Hindu fandamentalis’ political party, the Bharatiya Janata Paty (BIP), swiftly grew to political prominence. From the ‘mid-1990, the BJP served in several coali- tion governments and until May 2006 — when the BJP lost power to 2 resurgent Congress Party - it was the leading party in government? In addition, Jewish religious parties currently serve in the Olmert government in Israel, while the Roman Catholic Church was a leading player in the recent turn to democracy in, among others, Poland, South Aftica and several Latin American countries. In sum, there are numerous examples of recent religious involvement in politics in various parts of the world, in both domestic and international contexts Debates about the current political importance of religion alo include a focus ‘upon various issues that can be grouped together under the rubric: ‘Religion, Security and Development’, What unites them is a common concern with the impact of religion on conflict and devel- opment issues and outcomes. Among, tiem can be noted Samuel Huntington's controversial thesis about ‘clashing civiisa~ tions’, with religion and culture key 2 factors, while others stress the potential of religion to help resolve political conilicts and be a major component of peacebuild- ing, Scholars aso focus upon the influence of religion on various manifestations of ter- rorism and, more generally, the post-9/11 “War on Terror’ (now known as ‘The Long War’), as well as the significance of religion in relation to the develop- mental position of females. Finally, a new religion-linked controversy has emerged: a debate between ‘religion and science’ on the relative scientific merits of Darwin's Theory of Evolution and ‘Intelligent, Design’. In sum, a variety of religious actors and factors are now involved in various politi- cal issues and controversies, For many observers, this ‘return’ of religion is both, novel and unexpected: until recently, it appeared that religious actors could safely be ignored in both polities and interna- tional relations because they appeared to be collectively insignificant. Now, how- ever, governments, analysts and observers would all agree that things have changed in various ways. This book examines the recent ‘return’ of religion to polities and international relations, ‘The book approaches this issue as fol- lows. The first part of the book comprises cight esays under the collective heading: “The Would Religions and Politics’‘The fol- Jowing religions are examined: Buddhism, Christianity: Protestantism, Christianity: sholicism and the Catholic Church, Confucianism, Hinduism, Sunni Islam, Shia Islam, and Judaism. The overall aim is to illustrate the contention that in recent years, around the world, each of these reli- ious traditions has engaged for a variety of reasons with a variety of political issues and controversies. In the second part of the book, the focus turns to the relationship between ‘religion and governance’ The seven essays that comprise this section are on the fol- owing, topics: secularisition and politics,