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    Module 3 - IC Engines

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    Module 3 - IC Engines

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    ayushthanthri2005
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    Module 3- IC Engines

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    7 views7 pages

    Module 3 - IC Engines

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    ayushthanthri2005

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    CHAPTER 3 1.C. ENGINES 3.1 1.C. Engines ‘An internal combustion engine more popularly kno f h converts the beat energy released by the combustion of the fuel taking place inside the engine ylinder into mechanical work. Its versatile advantages such as high efficiency, light weight compactness, easy starting, adapiability, suitability for mobile applications, comparatively lower initial cost has made its use as @ prime mover universal. 3.2 Classification of I.C. Engines LC. Engines are classified according to : (i) Nature of Thermodynamic Cycle as = 1. Otto cycle engine. 2. Diesel cycle (ii) Type of the Fuel used as: 1. Petrol engine. 2. Diesel engine. 3. Gasengine. 4. Bi-fuel Engine (iii) Number of Strokes as : 1. Four stroke engine. 2. Two stroke engine. (iv) Method of Ignition as : 1. Spark ignition engine, known as S.I. Engine. 2. Compression ignition engine, known as C.I. engine. (vy) Number of Cylinders as : 1. Single cylinder engine. 2, Multicylinder engine, (vi) Position of the Cylinder as: 1, Horizontal engine 2, Vertical engine. 3, Vee engine. 4. Bi-fuel Engine. 5. Opposed cylinder engine, 6, Radial engine. (vii) Method of Cooling as: 1. Aircooled engine. 2. Water cooled engine. wn as LC. Engine, is a heat engine which engine, 3. Dual combustion cycle engine ENGINES - 75 4a. Parts of LC. Engine Aa EXHAUST VALVE ‘the various important parts of an 1c. Engine are shown in Fig. 3.1 MET vaeve outer 1, Olinder The heart of the engine is the ajinder in which the fuel is burnt and _ etme the power is developed. The inside INLET ameter is called bore. To prevent the wearing of the cylinder block, a sleeve will be fitted tightly in the cylinder, ‘the piston reciprocates inside the cylinder. 2. Piston The piston is a close fitting hollow-cylindrical plunger moving to- and-fro in the cylinder. The power developed by the combustion of the fuel js transmitted by the piston to the crank PANCASE -shaft through the connecting rod PISTON RINGS PISTON CONNECTING ROD FLYWHEEL 3. Piston Rings The piston rings are the metallic rings inserted into the circumferential crane grooves provided at the top end of the piston. These rings maintain a gas-tight joint between the piston and the cylinder while the piston is reciprocating in the cylinder. They also help in conducting the heat from the Pars of LC Engion piston to the cylinder. ail 4. Connecting Rod TLis a link that connects the piston and the crankshaft by means of pin joints. It converts the ‘ectilinear motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. 5. Crank and Crankshaft ‘The crank is a lever that is connected to the end of the connecting rod by a pin joint with its ther end connected rigidly to a shaft, called crankshaft. It rotates about the axis of the crankshaft ‘and causes the connecting rod to oscillate. 6 Valves The valves are the devices which controls the flow of the intake and the exhaust gases to and ‘ftom the engine cylinder. They are also called poppet valves, These valves are operated by means of ‘Cams driven by the crankshaft through a timing gear or chain, ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEER yy, 76 7. Flywheel mM rotation of the ir aintain unifor Itis a heavy whee! mounted on the crankshaft of the engine (0 m crankshaft. & Crankcase shaft and also as a sum, This the lower part of the engine serving as an enclosure for the cranks! » for the lubricating oil. 3.4 LC. Engine Terminology 1. Bore : The inner diameter of the engine cylinder is called a bore. . end of Stroke > It is the linear distance traveled by the piston when it moves from one the cylinder to the other end. It is equal to nwice the radius of the crank. 3. Cover End or Top Dead Centre (TDC) ; ‘The extreme position of the piston near to ite core or cylinder head of the engine is called cover end. In the vertical engines, this extreme position of the Piston is also called as rop dead centre (TDC), 4. Crank End or Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) : ‘The extreme position of the piston near to the crank is called crank end. In the vertical engines, this extreme position of the piston is also called as bottom dead centre (BDC), 3.5 Four-Stroke Petrol Engine A four-stroke petrol engine, Fig. 3.3, consists of a cylinder with its one end fitted with a cover and the other end left open. The cover is provided with the inlet and ¥ exhaust apertures. These inlet and the exhaust apertures are 2 & REVERSIBLE opened and closed by mechanically operated valves, ‘The valve operating the inlet is called inler valve and the valve ‘Operating the exhaust is called exliaust valve, The spark plug fitted at the top of the cover initiates the ignition of the Petrol. A freely moving piston reciprocates inside the cylinder. The connecting rod and the crank convert the Theoretical Otto cycle reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotary motion, Fig. 3.2 The petrol engines work on the principle of theoretical Onto Cvc volume cycle, shown in Fig. 3.2. The piston performs four strokes i ae a Known as constant The four different strokes are; (i) suction stroke, ii). compressiny rota (i stroke and (iv) exhaust stroke. : Fig. 3.3 shows the construction and working one working cycle. working or power of a four stroke petrol engine, Suction Stroke ExWAUs, GASES Compression Work ing Stroke Stroke ane Four Stroke Petrol Engine Fig. 3.3 At the beginning of this stroke, since the inlet is open, the pressure in the cylinder will be samospheric. As the piston gradually moves from the cover end 10 the crank end. the volume in cylinder increases, while simultaneously the pressure décreases. This sets up a pressure differential between the atmosphere and the inside of the cylinder. Due to this pressure differential the petrol-and-air mixture will be drawn into the cylinder through the carburetor This dawal of the petrol-and-air mixture will be taking place at atmospheric pressure, This stroke is represented by the horizonval line AB on the PY diagram shown in Fig. 3. At the end of this stroke, the cylinder will be filled completely with petrol-and-air mixture and tte inlet is closed by the inlet valve. © Compression Stroke During this stroke, botl she inler and the exhaust ave closed. the piston moves from the crank end to the cover end and the crankshaft revolves further by half roration. The energy required 10 perform this stroke is supplied by ‘cranking ' only during the first cycle at the time of starting, and “while the engine is running the flywheel supplies the mechanical energy stored by it during the Working stroke of the previous cycle. As this stroke is being performed, the petrol-and-air mixture contained in the cylinder will be ‘compressed. The ratio of compression in petrol engines ranges from 1:7 to 1:11 The process of i ible adiabatic or isentropic, represented by the curve BC and the PV ' i al . 7 Ze Siesta Ma Lew! 78 ELENENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINE ay, AV or near the end! of this stroke, the petrol-and-air mixture is ignited: by the electric sp... tiven out by the spark plug, Singe the ignition of the petrol is wy i ee e ie Spark Plug, this type of engine is also called as spark égurtion engin’ a The combustion of the petrol releases the hot gases which will increase the pressive ty Consiant votune This constant volume combustion process is theoretically represented by the On the py diagram shown in Fig. 3.2. Working or Power Stroke During this stroke, both the inler and the exhaust ave © end to the crank end and the crankshaft revolves by half rotation. The high pressure burnt gases force the piston to perfor working or power stroke. The linear motion of the piston causes | work or power during this stroke which will be transmitted to the crankshaft by the connecting rog and the crank. As the piston moves, the pressure of the hot gases gradually decreases. Theoretically, the expansion of the burnt gases is considered as reversible adiabatic process represented by the © DE on the PV diagram shown in Fig. 3.2. ‘At or near the end of this stroke, the ¢viats opens which will release the burnt gases to the atmosphere. This will suddenly bring down the cylinder to that of atmosphere. This drop in pressure at constant volume is. theoretically represented by the vertical line EB on the PV diagram shown in Fig. 3.2. Exhaust Stroke During this stroke, the €viaust is open and the inlet is closed, the piston moves from the crank end to the cover end and the crankshaft revolves by half rotation. The energy required to perform this stroke is supplied by the flywheel from the energy absorbed by it during the previous stroke. 'As the piston performs this stroke, the bumt gases will be expelled out of the cylinder ai almospheric pressure. This process is represented by the Horizontal line BA on the PV diagram shown in Fig. 3.2. Summary Since this engine requires /0u" strokes to complete one working cycle itis called a four-stroke engine. The crankshalt makes nro revolutions 10 complete one cycle. The power is developed in ever alternate revolutions of the crankshaft. Since the four stroke petrol engines have higher load carrying capacities than two stroke petrol engines, they are generally used in passenger cars and also in some high power-high speed motor cycles. 3.6 Four Stroke Diesel Engine The basic construction of a four stroke diesel engine is same as that of four stroke perrol engine, except instead of spark plug, a fuel injector is mounted in its place as shown in Fig. 3.5. A fuel pump supplies the fuel oil to the injector at higher pressure. ‘The diesel engines work on the principle of heoretical Diesel Cycle, also known as constant pressure heat addition cycle shown in Fig. 3.4. The four stroke diesel engine cycle also comprises of suction, compression, working and exhaust strokes, Fig. 3.5 shows Theoretical Diesel Cycle the construction and working of a four stroke diesel engine. Fig. 34 ve closed, the piston moves from the cov 1m this stroke, called expansion o, he piston to produce the mechanicay EXHAUST VALVE AG cover cuo Eee 4 JcRANK END Compression Working Exhaust Stroke ‘Stroke Stroke Four-Stroke Diesel Engine Fig, 3.5 ‘suction Stroke During this stroke, the inlet is open and the exhaust is closed. the piston moves from the ©°°¢7 ‘ed othe crank end and crankshaft revolves by half rotation. The energy required to perform this sinkeis supplied by ‘cranking ‘ only during the first cycle atthe time of starting, and while engine is running, the flywheel supplies the mechanical energy which it had absorbed during the working ‘soke of the previous cycle. ‘At the beginning of this stroke, since the inlet is open, the pressure in the cylinder will be sorphaic, As the piston gradually moves from the cover end to the crank en, the volume in the Hcreases while the pressure decreases, This sels up a pressure differential between the fand the inside of the cylinder, Due to this pressure differential only the atmospheric air will be deawn into the cylinder through the air filter and the inlet. This drawal of air will be taking ‘pe at atmosphere pressure. This stroke is represented by the /istzovtal line AB on the PV diagram shown in Fig. 3.4. ‘At the end of this stroke, the cylinder will be filled completely with air and the inlet will be sed by the inlet valve, Compression Stroke During this stroke, both the inlet and the exhaust are closed, the piston moves from the

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