Basic Concepts of Intercultural Communication Selected Readings edited by Milton J. Bennett @BIpLioteca’ Bh ORTEGA. HABOU D INTERCULTURAL PRESS, INC,First published by Intercultural Press. For information contact: Intercultural Press, Inc. Nicholas Brealey Publishing PO Box 700 36 John Street Yarmouth, Maine 04096 USA London, WCIN 2AT, UK 207-846-5168 44-207-430-0224 Fax: 207-846-5181 Fax: 44-207-404-8311 www. interculturalpress.com www.nbrealey-books.com © 1998 by Intercultural Press Book and cover design and production: Patty J. Topel All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in criti- cal articles or revizws. Printed in the United States of America 04 03 02 0100 45678 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Basic concepts of intercultural communication: a reader/ edited by Milton J. Bennett . cm, Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-877864-62-5 1. Intercultural communication. 1. Bennett, Milton GN345.6.B37 1998 303.48'2—dce2 1 98-15278 cIPPermissions Grateful acknowledgment is made to the authors and publishers who granted permission to reprint the following articles: Adler, Peter S. “Beyond Cultural Identity: Reflections on Multiculturalism.” In Culture Learning: Concepts, Applica- tions, and Research, edited by Richard W. Brislin, 24-41 Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1977. Banks, James A. “Multicultural Education: Development, Dimen- sions, and Challenges.” Phi Delta Kappan (September 1993): 22-28. Barna, LaRay M. “Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communica- tion.” In Intercultural Communication, A Reader, edited by Larry A. Samovar and Richard E. Porter, 7th ed., 337-46. Belmont: CA: Wadsworth, 1994 Barnlund, Dean. “Communication in a Global Village.” In Public and Private Self, 3-24. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, 1989. Bennett, Janet M. “Transition Shock: Putting Culture Shock in Perspective.” International and Intercultural Communica- tion Annual, vol. 4, Falls Church, VA: Speech Communi- cation Association, December 1977.vw Basic CONCEPTS Bennett, Milton J. “Overcoming the Golden Rule: Sympathy and Empathy” Communication Yearbook, vol. 3. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, March 1966. Hall, Edward T. “The Power of Hidden Differences.” October 1991. Kochman, Thomas. “Black and White Cultural Styles in Pluralis- tic Perspective.” In Test Policy and Test Performance: Edu- cation, Language, and Culture, edited by Bernard R. Gifford, 259-95. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989. Whorf, Benjamin Lee. “Science and Linguistics.” In Language, Thought, and Reality: The Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, edited by J. B, Carroll, 207-19. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1956.Table of Contents ISI SISISITITISISISISIS Preface... Acknowledgments Introduction Intercultural Communication: A Current Perspective 0.0.0. Rathi teat eet tel Communication in a Global Village Dean Barnlund.... The Power of Hidden Differences Edward T. Halll... sssssesssessseccnstenseeeereeeeteeeteeeee BS Multicultural Education Development, Dimensions, and Challenges James A. Banks Science and Linguistics Benjamin Lee Whorf Culture: A Perceptual Approach Marshall R. Singer........ asain Interactions between North Americans and Japanese: Considerations of Communication Style Sheila J. RAMSEY... cee eeccstessseeeseseeeeseeneeneeeeseee LDLvi Basic Concerts Black and White Cultural Styles in Pluralistic Perspective Thomas Kochma: 131 Cultural Assumptions and Values Edward C. Stewart, Jack Danielian, and Robert J. Foster? ........0.0cccccceeeee 157 Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication LaRay M. Barna............... 173 Overcoming the Golden Rule sympathy and Empathy Milton J. Bennett ...... ve DDI Transition Shock: Putting Culture shock in Perspective. Janet M. Bennett .. Beyond Cultural Identity: Rellec ions on Multiculturalism Peter S. Adler SEPEROSTEECeOT Additional Readings .. Author Index........ Subject Index...Preface ASSL LST) ST LS EST GIG EGP SITET, There are two major schools of intercultural communication: the theory-and-research school and the theory-into-practice school. While these two approaches have not been formally defined, they are clearly differentiated by distinct professional organizations, conferences, and journals The theory-and-research school tends to be based on tradi- ional sociological and communication perspectives and meth- ods, and it is represented by divisions of the speech communica- tion professional societies and by publications such as the Inter- national and Intercultural Communication Annual. The theory-into- practice school is more interdisciplinary, drawing on communi- cation theory, psychology, anthropology, sociolinguistics, and other fields. This school is primarily represented by the Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research (SIETAR) and by The Intercultural Communication Institute. Literature repre- senting this perspective is published by Intercultural Press, Sage Publications, and the International Journal of Intercultural Rela- tions, among others. This book represents the theory-into-practice school. My goal in the book is to present basic concepts from a variety of per- spectives which, when taken together, explicate the practical aspects of intercultural relations and present a compelling casex Basic Concepts for improving intercultural communication skills through educa- tion and training. The underlying assumption of this book is that good practice in facilitating intercultural relations must be ac- companied by conceptual sophistication, and that good intercul- tural theory is that which can be applied pragmatically. This vol- ume is not a “how to” book, except in the sense of how to think productively about the topic. It serves as an introduction to the topic of intercultural communication, and it also provides an overview of important concepts for established practitioners. In addition to its contemporary usefulness, this book is meant to preserve some of the classic statements of what has become known as an intercultural perspective. As the intercultural field matures, more and more of the once-original contributions of its pioneers become the unconsciously accepted assumptions of its third- and fourth-generation practitioners. While this is a healthy sign of the ongoing consensus that defines any discipline, it also begs a reprise. I hope this book will remind us of our conceptual roots. As a reprise, this book does not pretend to be comprehensive in its treatment of evolving intercultural topics or inclusive of the diversity of contemporary authors in the field. This is particularly true regarding the gender of the contributors, where happily the current crop of scholars is not so overwhelmingly male as the ones represented in this volume. Nor are all the important early contributors to intercultural communication represented here; many compromises were necessary to balance the inclusion of classic authors with coverage of “basic” material. { ask the for- giveness of those who were unfairly excluded from this volume, and [ request the patience of readers who must look beyond this book to fully appreciate the variety of topics and authors writing on intercultural subjects today. Educators will find that the concepts in this book are pre- sented in developmental sequence. That is, I have arranged the readings in an order that builds bases for the subsequent mate- rial, with the goal of generating in readers a coherent conceptual picture rather than a potpourri of ideas. The rationale for this sequencing can be found in my introductory chapter. Using these readings as a core, educators can build courses that elaborate certain ideas and/or stress particular applications of the perspec- tive Trainers will also appreciate the developmental sequence of readings, since, even more than in academic courses, the suc- cess of training programs depends on careful attention to the